DOCSLIB.ORG

India's Contribution to the Mining, Extraction and Refining of Gold: Some Observations Related to the Pre-Christian Era

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
India's Contribution to the Mining, Extraction and Refining of Gold: Some Observations Related to the Pre-Christian Era 0 2001 NML Jamshedpur 831 007, India; Metallurgy in India: A Retrospective; (ISBN: 81-87053-56-7); Eds: P. Ramachandra Rao and N.G. Goswami; pp.163-181. 8 India's Contribution to the Mining, Extraction and Refining of Gold: Some Observations Related to the Pre-Christian Era ' R.K. Dube. • Department of Materials & Metallurgical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanptir .208 016, India. ABSTRACT India has a very old and fascinating history of gold. Various aspects of the mining and metallurgy of gold were known to the Indians since time immemorial. In this paper, different types of the gold ore deposits', and the technique used in the extraction and refining of gold in ancient India as obtained from the literary sources 'composed in the pre-Christian era and some archaeological findings are discussed. The recovery of a novel variety of high purity gold powder, known as Pipilaka Gold, from the auriferous soil of ant-hills, as stated in the Maheibharata, has also been discussed. Key, words : Alluvial placer gold, Vein gold, Liquid ore of gold, Panning, Deep mining, Cupellation, Solid state refining of gold, Anks'r gold. INTRODUCTION Man and metal have an age-old relationship. Out of all metals known to man in ancient times, p-6i-haps gold was the first with which man became acquainted. Indians had, and still continue to have, great fascination for gold. Its special attributes, such as pleasing and untarnishing colour, excellent corrosion and . oxidation resistance, ease of forming, and limited availability made it an ideal metal for ornaments, decoration, currency, and store of wealth in ancient India. 163 R.K. Dubey Its characteristics also made it a symbol of sacredness in ancient times in India. The attributes of gold influenced the mind and heart of early Indians so de'eply that they conferred upon the supreme spirit the designation of "Hirnyagarbha". It was so called because, He remains in a golden egg as an-embryo. In the present paper the literary and archaeological evidences related to the gold ore deposits, and the mining, extraction and refining of gold in India in ancient times up to the beginning of the.. Christian era have been discussed., and the contribution of India in these areas have been analysed. The literary evidences cited in the present paper are mainly derived from •the following texts: Figveda[1], Atharvaveda[2], Satapatha Brahmana[3], PincavimL Brahmanam, Ramayana[5], Mah-abharata161, Kautilya's Arthagastram, and Anguttara Nikaya[8]. A brief description of these texts are given in the Appendix. Although scholars differ on the exact date of composition of these texts, a representative date of their composition is given in Table 1. Table 1 : Dates of composition of ancient Indian literary sources Text Date Rgveda 4500 BC Atharvaveda Later part of 4500-2500 BC Satpatha Brahmana 3000 BC Pancavimsa Brahmana 3000 BC — 2000 BC Ramayana Before 500 BC Mahabharata 600 — 500 BC Kautilya's Arthasastra 300 BC Anguttara Nikaya 500-300 BC DEPOSITS OF GOLD IN ANCIENT INDIA In the Atharvaveda, the earth has been referred to `hiranyavaksa', i.e., the one containing gold in her chest - / • visvambhara vasudhani pratistha hiroyavaksa jagato nivesanr I vagvanararb bibhrati bhamiragnimindrarishbha dravine no dadhatull (Atharvaveda, 12.1.6) The above hymn implies that the earth has mines of gold. The word thumi' in the above hymn does not denote merely the surface of the plain land, but it also includes banks and beds of rivers, hills_ of mountains, together with the interior of the earth. In ancient India, the following types of gold deposits were known-:.. 1. Alluvial Placer Deposit 2. Vein Deposit, and 3. "Liquid" Ore 164 India's Contribution to the Mining, Extraction and Refining of Gold... Alluvial' Placer Deposit There is a considerable amount of reference to the alluvial placer deposit of gold • and the recovery of gold from such deposits. The Rgveda (10.75.8) mentions that the river Sindhu (Indus) contains gold — sva6v-asindhuh suratha suvasa hiranyaii sukrta vajinivati I urn-avail yu■/atih iilarn-ava tyutadhi vaste subhaga madhuwdham II The greatest commentator of the Rgveda — Sayana has given the following commentary On the above hymn — "This is the river Sindhu which is full of horses, chariots, cotton, gold, grains, and wool these materials are either produced or found on the banks or the nearby area of the river Sindhu). Its banks contain ropelike plants which are used to tie down ploughs. It bestows fortune on people, and such plants are grown on its banks that help in producing greater amount of honey". In another reference in the Rgveda (8.2.18), it has been mentioned that the path, i.e., both banks, of the river Sindhu contains gold — ut sya svetayavari Vahistha vain naciiriam sindhurhiranyavartanih II According to Sayana, the translation of the above hymn is as follows — "And moreover, the river Sindhu having white (i.e. clean) water flow, and path (i.e., both banks) containing gold, praises you (Ashwin)". It is noteworthy that Sayana has translated, 'hirnyavartani' as chirnyamayobhayaki.115' (i.e., both banks containing gold). The famous lexicon Amarko6a (2.1.15) mentions that 'vartani' is one of the .twelve words used to denote the word path. The above hymns of the Rgveda are some of the earliest indirect references to the alluvial placer gold deposit, and throw light on the antiquity of such deposits in India. In another Vedic text Satapatha Brahmana, it has been stated that gold is found in water, apparently referring to alluvial placer gold found from rivers — atha hiranya sambharati I retastasmadapsu vindantyapsu hi tsm-adhiranya sambharati I (Satapatha Brahmana, 2.1.1.5) The classical Sanskrit literature, notably the R-am-ayana and the Mahabharata, has also given references to allUvial placer gold. The Mah-abharata (2.28, daksinatya recension) mentions that sand and mud of the Jambu river contains gold meruril•pradaksinar'n kritva parvatapravara(n prabuh I 165 R.K. Dube-. The gold obtained from the river Jamb6 was known as Jambunada, meaning literally "the produce of the river Jambu". In the Mahabharata (Drona, 68.11), it has. been stated that the Jambunada gold was considered to be a highly pure variety of gold and was very famous - . jambunadasya sudhasya kanakasya mahayasari I There is another reference in the Mahabharata, which states that the water flowing in the rivers of the kingdom of the king Suhotra contained gold, thus justifying the name of the earth as vasumati, i.e., satyarrarn7a. vasumati yam prapyasijjanadhipam I hiranyamavahan, nadyastasminjanapadeare I (Mahabharata, S5nti, 29.26) The relationship between rivers and gold was *so strong that the names of many rivers producing alluvial placer gold started with the word meaning gold. Some notable examples are as follows. The Mahabharata (Bhisma, 8.5) states a river named Hairanyavati. Various Puranas have also stated similar such river names - Hiroyaskandavaha river (Varaha Puracia,- 82.35), K-dricanaksi river (Vamana Purana, 37.8), Hairanyavati river (Vayu Purarla, 45.10), etc. The famous lexicon Amarkosa (1.10.34) states that the Hiranyavahu is another name for the river Sona. Vein Deposit Vein deposits are the important deposits of gold. The rocks of mountains are the important source of vein deposits of. gold. The Ramayana mentions various mountains, which contained gold. These were: Udai and Saumanasa mountains in the eastern, Soma, Pariyatra and Varaha mountains in the western, and Kala mountain in the northern direction of India. In the Mahabharata (Vana, -104.2), it has been stated that the Meru or Sumeru mountain contained gold. - adrir-ajan maha'sailarh meruen kanakaparvatam I udayEstane bhanuh pradkshinamavartata.11 The identification of the Meru or Sumeru mountain has been subject of a number of studies. In the Mahabharata (Aswamadhik, 4.25/26), it has been stated that the Meru mountain is situated to the north of the Himalayas- merurin parvatamasadya himavatparsva uttare I raTicanah sumah-an padastatra karma Cakarsab I I Harshe191 believes that the Meru mountain is no other than the Altai. mountain in the Central Asia. Altai is the name given to a vast 'system of highlands and lofty mountains of southern Siberia and MongoliaE10]. In the older geographical system the Altai included nearly the whole of the entire northern mountain system of Asia, extending through. the Yablonoi and Stanovoi ranges to the N.E. extremity 166 India's Contribution to the Mining, Extraction and Refining of Gold... of the continentm. The name Altai has been derived from the Turkish — Mongolian `altan', meaning `golden'illi and resembles with the description of Meru as gold mountain in Sanskrit texts. Pathakr"lbelieves that the complex mountain chains from the Altai to the Upper Himalayas are variously termed as Meru. Liquid Ore of Gold In ancient Sanskrit texts, there is a mention of certain naturally occurring special liquids containing gold, which may be considered as 'Liquid' ores of gold. Such references are unique to Indian Sanskrit'texts, which have not yet been noticed in ancient texts of other part of the world. The Atharvaveda (5.28.6) mentions in a very concise (Sutra) manner that one type of gold is the essential (sara) of powerful liquids — ap.amekarii vedhasarii reta ahustat to hiranyarii trivrdastvayushe I The above hymn refers to the liquid in which gold i8 present in the dissolved • form. Kautilya in his Arthastra has stated that one of the origins of gold in nature is in the form of solutions, referred
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Positive PFS Results for Razorback High Grade Iron Ore Concentrate Project
    ASX Announcement 5 July 2021 Positive PFS Results for Razorback High Grade Iron Ore Concentrate Project Highlights: • Pre Feasibility Study completed and scope defined for Definitive Feasibility Study • PFS supports declaration of a maiden ore reserve of 473mt based on a 12.8Mtpa plant throughput, backed by PFS level or AACE Class 4 capital cost estimates and/or third-party service proposals1 • Optimisation of the processing plant configuration with a nominal 15.5Mtpa feed plant utilising three grinding stages, three stage magnetic separation and flotation to generate a premium grade magnetite concentrate with 67.5 - 68.5% Fe content • Non-process infrastructure and transport studies confirm preferred scope for operating inputs and initial route selection to load annual production of between 2 and 3 Mtpa of high grade concentrate on to Cape size vessels • Initial capital investment of US$429-$506M (A$572-$675M) resulting in optimised case results of NPV of A$669M and 20% IRR for selected go-forward case at long run average prices (post tax, ungeared) • Preparation for a prompt commencement of Definitive Feasibility Study is well advanced with further drilling, testwork, metallurgical investigation and engineering workplans in progress Magnetite Mines Limited (Magnetite Mines or the Company) today announced the results of the Pre Feasibility Study (PFS) for development of its 100% owned Razorback High Grade Iron Ore Concentrate Project (the Project or Razorback) and is now proceeding with the Definitive Feasibility Study (DFS). The PFS has confirmed the opportunity for a high return, long life, initial development of the large scale Razorback resource which leverages the advantages of resource scale, low stripping ratio, available infrastructure, low cost sustainable power and leading product quality.
    [Show full text]
  • Recovery of Magnetite-Hematite Concentrate from Iron Ore Tailings
    E3S Web of Conferences 247, 01042 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202124701042 ICEPP-2021 Recovery of magnetite-hematite concentrate from iron ore tailings Mikhail Khokhulya1,*, Alexander Fomin1, and Svetlana Alekseeva1 1Mining Institute of Kola Science Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Apatity, 184209, Russia Abstract. The research is aimed at study of the probable recovery of iron from the tailings of the Olcon mining company located in the north-western Arctic zone of Russia. Material composition of a sample from a tailings dump was analysed. The authors have developed a separation production technology to recover magnetite-hematite concentrate from the tailings. A processing flowsheet includes magnetic separation, milling and gravity concentration methods. The separation technology provides for production of iron ore concentrate with total iron content of 65.9% and recovers 91.0% of magnetite and 80.5% of hematite from the tailings containing 20.4% of total iron. The proposed technology will increase production of the concentrate at a dressing plant and reduce environmental impact. 1 Introduction The mineral processing plant of the Olcon JSC, located at the Murmansk region, produces magnetite- At present, there is an important problem worldwide in hematite concentrate. The processing technology the disposal of waste generated during the mineral includes several magnetic separation stages to produce production and processing. Tailings dumps occupy huge magnetite concentrate and two jigging stages to produce areas and pollute the environment. However, waste hematite concentrate from a non-magnetic fraction of material contains some valuable components that can be magnetic separation [13]. used in various industries. In the initial period of plant operation (since 1955) In Russia, mining-induced waste occupies more than iron ore tailings were stored in the Southern Bay of 300 thousand hectares of lands.
    [Show full text]
  • Treatment and Microscopy of Gold
    TREATMENT AND MICROSCOPY OF GOLD AND BASE METAL ORES. (Script with Sketches & Tables) Short Course by R. W. Lehne April 2006 www.isogyre.com Geneva University, Department of Mineralogy CONTENTS (Script) page 1. Gold ores and their metallurgical treatment 2 1.1 Gravity processes 2 1.2 Amalgamation 2 1.3 Flotation and subsequent processes 2 1.4 Leaching processes 3 1.5 Gold extraction processes 4 1.6 Cyanide leaching vs. thio-compound leaching 5 2. Microscopy of gold ores and treatment products 5 2.1 Tasks and problems of microscopical investigations 5 2.2 Microscopy of selected gold ores and products 6 (practical exercises) 3. Base metal ores and their beneficiation 7 3.1 Flotation 7 3.2 Development of the flotation process 7 3.3 Principles and mechanisms of flotation 7 3.4 Column flotation 9 3.5 Hydrometallurgy 10 4. Microscopy of base metal ores and milling products 10 4.1 Specific tasks of microscopical investigations 11 4.2 Microscopy of selected base metal ores and milling products 13 (practical exercises) 5. Selected bibliography 14 (Sketches & Tables) Different ways of gold concentration 15 Gravity concentration of gold (Agricola) 16 Gravity concentration of gold (“Long Tom”) 17 Shaking table 18 Humphreys spiral concentrator 19 Amalgamating mills (Mexican “arrastra”, Chilean “trapiche”) 20 Pressure oxidation flowsheet 21 Chemical reactions of gold leaching and cementation 22 Cyanide solubilities of selected minerals 23 Heap leaching flowsheet 24 Carbon in pulp process 25 Complexing of gold by thio-compounds 26 Relation gold content / amount of particles in polished section 27 www.isogyre.com Economically important copper minerals 28 Common zinc minerals 29 Selection of flotation reagents 30 Design and function of a flotation cell 31 Column cell flotation 32 Flowsheet of a simple flotation process 33 Flowsheet of a selective Pb-Zn flotation 34 Locking textures 35 2 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Addressing the Information Gaps on Prices of Minerals Sold in an Intermediate Form
    The Platform for Cooperation on Tax DISCUSSION DRAFT: Addressing the Information Gaps on Prices of Minerals Sold in an Intermediate Form Feedback Period 24 January 2017 – 21 February 2017 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) World Bank Group (WBG) International Monetary Fund (IMF) United Nations (UN) 1 This discussion draft has been prepared in the framework of the Platform for Collaboration on Tax by the OECD, under the responsibility of the Secretariats and Staff of the four mandated organisations. The draft reflects a broad consensus among these staff, but should not be regarded as the officially endorsed views of those organisations or of their member countries. 1 Table of Contents Introduction................................................................................................................................................................ 6 Domestic Resource Mobilisation from Mining......................................................................................... 6 Report Structure ................................................................................................................................................... 9 Building An Understanding of the Mining Sector – A Methodology ................................................ 10 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................ 10 Steps in the Methodology ...........................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • An Issue Dedicated to Solutions for the Modern Mining Industry
    Metso’s customer magazine » ISSUE 1/2017 Mining minds An issue dedicated to solutions for the modern mining industry More efficiency Six-fold reduction Longer wear life and with less energy in moisture content fewer liner changes 06 and water 18 at Olenegorsky GOK 28 reduce costs “Metso has gone beyond combining and re-releasing technology based on prior designs. Its solution is more efficient, lasts longer and reduces operating costs.” mining Results mining is PUBLISHED BY EDITOR-IN-CHIEF © Copyright 2017 PRINTING Metso’s customer magazine Metso Corporation Inka Törmä, Metso Corporation. Hämeen Kirjapaino Oy, showcasing our work and [email protected] All rights reserved. February 2017 Töölönlahdenkatu 2, the success of our customers. P.O. Box 1220, DESIGN AND LAYOUT Reproduction permitted ISSN SUBSCRIPTIONS FI-00101 Helsinki, Brandkind, brandkind.fi quoting “Results mining” 2343-3590 To receive your personal Finland as source. ENGLISH LANGUAGE ADDRESSES 4041 0209 copy, please contact your Printed matter tel. +358 20 484 100 Kathleen Kuosmanen All product names used Metso customer data nearest Metso office or HÄMEEN KIRJAPAINO OY www.metso.com are trademarks of their the e-mail provided. respective owners. This magazine, including all claims regarding operational performance, is intended for sharing information on successful customer cases. Metso makes no warranty or representation whatsoever, either express or implied, that similar or any performance levels or improvements are achievable for all sites or for any particular site. Metso assumes no legal liability for any use of information contained in this presentation. If requested, Metso can execute a site specific survey to provide an estimate of performance or performance improvement for a specific site and operation.
    [Show full text]
  • Charge Calculations in Pyrometallurgical Processes
    Charge Calculations in Pyrometallurgical Processes Smelting It is a unit process similar to roasting, to heat a mixture of ore concentrate above the melting point The objective is to separate the gangue mineral from liquid metal or matte The state of the gangue mineral in case of smelting is liquid which is the main difference between roasting and smelting Inputs – Ore, flux, fuel, air Output – Metal or Matte, slag, off-gas When metal is separated as sulphide from smelting of ore, it is called Matte smelting e.g. Cu2S and FeS When metal is separated as liquid, it is called reduction smelting e.g. Ironmaking Density of liquid metal or matte is around 5-5.5 g/cm3 Density of slag is around 2.8-3 g/cm3 The additives and fluxes serve to convert the waste or gangue materials in the charge into a low melting point slag which also dissolves the coke ash and removes sulphur Matte Smelting Advantages of matte smelting • Low melting point of matte so that less amount of thermal energy is required by converting the metal of the ore in the form of sulphide and then extracting the metal e.g. melting point of Cu2S and FeS is around 1000 degrees Celsius • Cu2S which is contained in the matte, does not require any reducing agent It is converted to oxide by blowing oxygen • Matte smelting is beneficial for extraction of metal from sulphide ore, particularly when sulphide ore is associated with iron sulphide which forms eutectic point with Cu and Ni The grade of the matte is defined as the copper grade of matte A matte of 40 percent means, it has 40% copper, so matte is always given in terms of copper, because it is used to produce copper not iron Slag in matte smelting is mixture of oxides e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • World Bank Document
    ReportNo. 1351-BA Burma Appraisalof the Tin and TungstenExpansion Project Public Disclosure Authorized February8, 1977 Industrial ProjectsDepartment FOR OFFICIAL USEONLY Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Document of the World Bank Thisdocument hasa restricteddistribution and may be usedby recipients only in the performanceof their officialduties. Its contents may not otherwise be disclosedwithout World Bankauthorization. CURRENCYEQUIVALENTS Except where otherwise indicated, all figures are quoted in Kyats (K) and US Dollars (US$). K 1.00 = US$0.15 K 6.65 = US$1.00 ABBRIVIATIONSAND ACRONYMS CIDA Canadian InternationalDevelopment Association DGSE Directorateof Geological Survey and Mineral Exploration Government Government of the SocialistRepublic of the Union of Burma KfW Kreditanstaltfur Wiederaufbau ITC InternationalTin Council LMB London Metal Bulletin LME London Metal Exchange LTPY Long tons per year MC2, the Corporation No. 2 Mining Corporation (formerlyMyanma Tin Tungsten Corporation - MTTC) MDC Mineral Development Corporation MEB Myanma Economic Bank IMEIC Myanma Export Import Corporation MMDC Myanma Mineral Development Corporation HOC Myanma Oil Corporation 1'PY Metric tons per year PTA Primary Tungsten Association UBB Union Bank of Burma UGCF Union Government ConsolidatedFund UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development UNDP United Nations Development Program USBM US Bureau of Mines WBMS World Bureau of Metal Statistics WEIGHTSAND MEASURES 1 Hectare = 2.47 acres 1 Kilometer (km) = 0.62 miles 1 Long Ton (LT) = 2,240 pounds 1 Long Ton Unit (LTU) = 1% of a long ton or 22.4 pounds 1 Meter (m) = 39.3 inches 1 Metric Ton (MT) = 2,205 pounds 1 Metric Ton Unit (MTU)= 1% of a metric ton, or 22.05 pounds 1 Picul (Pikul) = 133.33 pounds FISCAL YEAR April 1 - March 31 Industrial Projects Department February 1977 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY BURMA APPRAISAL OF THE TIN AND TUNGSTEN EXPANSION PROJECT TABLE OF CONTENTS Page No.
    [Show full text]
  • FIG. 1 I Crush And/Or Grind to Free the Iron Oxide
    Aug. 22, 1967 J‘ E. LAWVER 3,337,328 IRON ORE BENEFICIATION PROCESS Filed June 19, 1964 6 Sheets-Sheet l Heavy Media Tailings Tailing Pond Fines or Semitaconite 25 to 50% Iron FIG. 1 I Crush and/or Grind to Free the Iron Oxide Partial Concentration to Separate Iron Mineral from Waste Product by one of Following Processes or or A B C High Intensity Wet Froth Gravity Magnetic Separation Flotation Separation l l I I Partial Waste Partial Waste Partial Waste Concentrate Product Concentrate Product Concentrate Product L I I . Gravity Gravity Concentrates or Separation of Partial‘ Concentrates Low-grade Hematitic Ore From "An or “all or "ch 40 to 58%‘.Iron Crush and Grind to Liberate Silica Coarse Fraction Minus O. 010" plus 0.003" Fine Fraction‘ Less than 0.003" G to 75% Weight @ 25 to 100% Weight Electrodynamic Process to Separate Froth Flotation Process to Separate Iron Oxides and Silica Iron Oxides and Silica Silica Product to Waste Silica Product to Waste Iron Oxide Concentrate 62 to 65% Iron 5% Silica ' INVENTOR J9me; E. L’ AWl/ER 14 T TORNE Y! Aug. 22, 1967 J. e. LAWVER 3,337,328 IRON ORE BENEFICIATION PROCESS Filed ‘June 19, 1964 6 Sheets-Sheet 2 Crude Ore %Wt. 100. O0 FIG.' 2 %Fe%Insol.4l.l9 39 . 35 4" Screen -4" Ore +4" Ore %wt.84.45 %Wt. 15.39 %E‘e 4O. 19 %E'e 34. 75 %Inso]l . 48. 57 Crush 8 Screen %Fe Rec.l3.59 _ -___.______ +14 Mesh ~~14 Mesh Heavy Media Sands Slimes Separation '7‘Wt- 9-58 Spirals %E‘e 11.78 Sinks Floats ' Concentrate r(‘ailing %Wt.
    [Show full text]
  • Fundamental Aspects of Alloy Smelting in a DC Arc Furnace
    F U N D A M E N T A L A S P E C T S O F A L L O Y S M E L T I N G I N A D C A R C F U R N A C E ------------ Rodney Trevor Jones PhD 2015 F U N D A M E N T A L A S P E C T S O F A L L O Y S M E L T I N G I N A D C A R C F U R N A C E Rodney Trevor Jones A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Johannesburg, 2015 DECLARATION I declare that this thesis is my own unaided work. It is being submitted to the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy to the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. It has not been submitted before for any degree or examination to any other university. Much of the information presented in this thesis was obtained during the course of my employment in the Pyrometallurgy Division at Mintek in Randburg. 17 June 2015 DECLARATION I declare that this thesis is my own unaided work. It is being submitted to the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy to the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. It has not been submitted before for any degree or examination to any other university. Much of the information presented in this thesis was obtained during the course of my employment in the Pyrometallurgy Division at Mintek in Randburg.
    [Show full text]
  • Mining Tax Guide 2018 2018 Distribution of Production Tax (Based on 2017 Production Year) Total Production Tax ­— $93,792,543* Production Tax Per Taxable Ton – $2.701
    Mining Tax Guide 2018 2018 Distribution of Production Tax (Based on 2017 Production Year) Total Production Tax — $93,792,543* Production Tax per taxable ton – $2.701. Taxable tonnage – 32,109,738 tons. Property Tax Department of Iron Range Cities and Townships School Districts Counties Resources & Rehabilitation Other Relief and Misc. (IRRR) $10,998,266 $20,440,406 $11,885,958 $11,064,355 $8,613,242 34.2 cpt 63.6 cpt 37.0 cpt $30,790,316 26.8 cpt 34.5 cpt 95.9 cpt City and Township Taconite School Regular Taconite Property IRRR Fund** Taconite Economic Mining & Conc Fund** $0.0343 Fund** County Fund** Tax Relief $3,151,470 Development Fund $1,867,542 $1,382,880 $7,267,637 $11,064,355 9.8 cpt $8,430,530 5.8 cpt 4.3 cpt*** 22.6 cpt 34.5 cpt 26.2 cpt IRRR Fixed Fund Regular School Township Fund $1,252,520 $0.2472 Fund** County Road and $1,060,065 3.9 cpt $8,823,468 Bridge Fund** Range Association 3.3 cpt 27.5 cpt*** $3,833,944 Iron Range Higher Education of Municipalities & Schools** 12.0 cpt Acct. $118,494 Taconite Municipal Aid** Taconite Railroad $1,605,486 0.4 cpt 5.0 cpt $5,707,956 $1,106,935 Taconite 17.8 cpt 3.4 cpt *** Railroad Producer Grant & Loan Fund Hockey $784,377 $2,866,569 Hall of Fame 2.4 cpt Taconite Railroad Building Maintenance Fund 8.9 cpt $64,218 $591,142 $1,284,390 0.2 cpt 1.8 cpt 4.0 cpt Educational Revenue Bonds $3,990,034 Mining Effects** Taconite Referendum** 12.4 cpt $1,614,524 $6,178,596 5.0 cpt 19.2 cpt Iron Range School Cons.
    [Show full text]
  • A Partial Glossary of Spanish Geological Terms Exclusive of Most Cognates
    U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY A Partial Glossary of Spanish Geological Terms Exclusive of Most Cognates by Keith R. Long Open-File Report 91-0579 This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey editorial standards or with the North American Stratigraphic Code. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. 1991 Preface In recent years, almost all countries in Latin America have adopted democratic political systems and liberal economic policies. The resulting favorable investment climate has spurred a new wave of North American investment in Latin American mineral resources and has improved cooperation between geoscience organizations on both continents. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has responded to the new situation through cooperative mineral resource investigations with a number of countries in Latin America. These activities are now being coordinated by the USGS's Center for Inter-American Mineral Resource Investigations (CIMRI), recently established in Tucson, Arizona. In the course of CIMRI's work, we have found a need for a compilation of Spanish geological and mining terminology that goes beyond the few Spanish-English geological dictionaries available. Even geologists who are fluent in Spanish often encounter local terminology oijerga that is unfamiliar. These terms, which have grown out of five centuries of mining tradition in Latin America, and frequently draw on native languages, usually cannot be found in standard dictionaries. There are, of course, many geological terms which can be recognized even by geologists who speak little or no Spanish.
    [Show full text]
  • ITP Mining: Energy and Environmental Profile of the U.S. Mining Industry: Glossary
    Energy and Environmental Profile of the U.S. Mining Industry GLOSSARY Agglomeration In beneficiation, a concentration process based on the adhesion of pulp particles to water. Also refers to briquetting, nodulizitng, sintering. Beneficiation The dressing or processing of coal or e ores for the purpose of (1) regulating the size of a desired product, (2) removing unwanted constituents, and (3) improving the quality, purity, or assay grade of a desired product. Brine Water saturate or strongly impregnated with common salt. By-product A secondary or additional product. Carbonizing The reduction of a substance to carbon by subjecting it to intense heat in a closed vessel. Coal A readily combustible rock contain more that 50% by weight and more than 70% by volume of carbonaceous material, including inherent moisture; formed form compacting and in duration of variously altered plant remains similar to those in peat. Difference in the kinds of plant materials (type), in degree of metamorphism (rank), and in the range of impurity (grade) are characteristic of coal and are used in classification. Cyanidation A process in extracting gold and silver as cyanide slimes from their ores by treatment with dilute solution of potassium cyanide or sodium cyanide. The slimes are subsequently fused and cast into ingots or bullion. Doré Gold and silver bullion that remains in a cupelling furnace after the lead has been oxidized and skimmed off. Effluent A liquid waste discharged from a process. Electrowinning An electrochemical process in which a metal dissolved within an electrolyte is plated onto an electrode. Emissions A gaseous waste discharged for a process.
    [Show full text]