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English, French, and Spanish Colonies: a Comparison
COLONIZATION AND SETTLEMENT (1585–1763) English, French, and Spanish Colonies: A Comparison THE HISTORY OF COLONIAL NORTH AMERICA centers other hand, enjoyed far more freedom and were able primarily around the struggle of England, France, and to govern themselves as long as they followed English Spain to gain control of the continent. Settlers law and were loyal to the king. In addition, unlike crossed the Atlantic for different reasons, and their France and Spain, England encouraged immigration governments took different approaches to their colo- from other nations, thus boosting its colonial popula- nizing efforts. These differences created both advan- tion. By 1763 the English had established dominance tages and disadvantages that profoundly affected the in North America, having defeated France and Spain New World’s fate. France and Spain, for instance, in the French and Indian War. However, those were governed by autocratic sovereigns whose rule regions that had been colonized by the French or was absolute; their colonists went to America as ser- Spanish would retain national characteristics that vants of the Crown. The English colonists, on the linger to this day. English Colonies French Colonies Spanish Colonies Settlements/Geography Most colonies established by royal char- First colonies were trading posts in Crown-sponsored conquests gained rich- ter. Earliest settlements were in Virginia Newfoundland; others followed in wake es for Spain and expanded its empire. and Massachusetts but soon spread all of exploration of the St. Lawrence valley, Most of the southern and southwestern along the Atlantic coast, from Maine to parts of Canada, and the Mississippi regions claimed, as well as sections of Georgia, and into the continent’s interior River. -
The Political Thought of Harry Oppenheimer, Under the Editorship of Kalim Rajab
THE JOURNAL OF THE HELEN SUZMAN FOUNDATION | ISSUE 81 | DECEMBER 2017 BOOK REVIEW Gary Ralfe retired from active business life in 2006 after forty A Man Of Africa : The Political years of service firstly with Anglo American Corporation, and then Thought of Harry Oppenheimer with De Beers where he was Managing Director for eight Edited by Kalim Rajab years. In addition to My forty-year career with Anglo American and De Beers developed the HSF he chairs the Board of Governors under the benign shadow of Harry Oppenheimer (HFO). To generations of Michaelhouse, the of managers and staff in what used to be called the greater group HFO fund-raising arm of the Alexandra Education was more than a chairman and leader. He was a living icon. I was Committee, the fund- not the first or the last young man or woman to join Anglo American raising arm of Business Against Crime and the because it was a force for good in Southern Africa, the most important Beyond Foundation engine of economic growth, industrialisation, urbanization and a which does community work in rural areas. better life for all. I associated with the credo attributed to HFO’s father Sir Ernest Oppenheimer that “the purpose of large corporations such as Anglo American is to make profits for its shareholders, but to do so in such a way as to make a real and lasting contribution to the welfare of the communities where it operates”. It is surprising that seventeen years after HFO’s death there is still no biography. I know that the family wisely wanted time to elapse before commissioning one. -
Emigration from England to South Africa
Chapter 11: Emigration from England to South Africa When we landed at Harwich this time there was no trouble with Customs. Out of the dock area our first need was to fill up with petrol and when we did so Nigel was very intrigued and said to me quietly so as not to hurt anyone’s feelings ‘Daddy, They all speak English here!’ Of course, as they were often during the day in Utrecht in the care of a Dutch nanny (after her marriage, Kitty had been replaced by ‘Babs’), they heard a lot of Dutch spoken and understood quite a bit. When Babs took them to the Wilhelminapark (where it was forbidden to walk on the grass!), she would take them to see the ducks and they knew them as ‘eendtjes’ and a passing horse would be referred to as ‘een paard’. Only two days after we returned to England Stuart was being a little fractious when being taken for a walk in his push-chair, or stroller as it seems to be now called, and we attempted to distract his attention from whatever was worrying him by pointing out a passing horse and cart by saying ‘Kijk, Stuart, een paard!’ he replied crossly ‘It isn’t a paard, it’s a horse!’ Life in England was obviously not going to easy because we did not have a home, we only had the car for a few days until I would have to hand it over to Dr Johnson, my replacement for the job in Holland, and all I had to build a practice around was my appointment at the Middlesex which thanks to the introduction of the National Health Service was paid now, but not enough to keep a wife and family of three children. -
Llchaprer Four the U.S
llcHAPrER FouR THE U.S. COMES TO AFRICA term presidency is ticking away. Americans are unaware that another such presidency will not soon follow. They don't know that in Vietnam they are already entering their first losing war. They believe that the people of most countries would welcome the arrival of American troops just about the same way the French did in t944. After eight years in office, Eisenhower, the general who commanded those troops in t944, surprises many supporters by worrying publicly about the growing uncontrollability of what he calls a "military-industrial complex" in the United States. John F. Kennedy, the opposition candidate to succeed Eisenhower, com- plains instead of a "missile gap." (It later proves nonexistent.) He pledges to repair "our lost prestige, our shaky defenses, our lack of leadership." Over and over he charges that turmoil in Cuba and the Congo is proof of U.S. weakness. He campaigns to beef up the U.S. military to meet "the communist ghallenge" in such places. He declares the world "half slave and half free," and says it can't continue that way. He doesn't say which half he considers the Congo to be in-or to which half Fulgencio Batista, the deposed anti- communist Cuban dictator, belonged. 196o sees new fleets ofjet-powered Boeing 7o7's and Convair 88o's begin to shrink the country and wodd. Runways are extended, propeller craft replaced, ocean liners mothballed. Europe, Asia, South America, and Africa swell up offshore, only hours away. These new planes, incidentally, create a need for a previously little-known metal that is vital to jet aviation: cobalt. -
The Diamond Cartel
THE DIAMOND CARTEL Although the United States is the principal consumer of the world's dia- mond supply,' the diamond industry is so cartelized as to be virtually imper- vious to pressure by American users of diamonds. Within the past ten years industrial diamonds have become indispensable to various high-speed, pre- cision manufacturing operations.2 Since distribution of ninety-five percent of the world's diamond production is channelized through a single marketing combine, competitive forces within the industry have been short circuited.a Therefore consumer resistance has been impracticable and American efforts to obtain a better bargaining position have so far been ineffective. The cartel is completely foreign-controlled and operates entirely outside the United States,4 thus obviating effective action under the antitrust laws and making 1. Leslie, Diamonds as Tools Speed up Victory, DoMEsTIc CoxriRcE, Aug. 1945, p, 28. Today, the United States uses approximately 90% of the world's production of Indus- trial diamonds. § 29 Complaint, DeBeers Consolidated Mines Ltd. v. United States, 325 U.S. 212 (1945) [hereinafter referred to as Complaint]. This figure includes all cate- gories of industrial diamonds--ballas, boart and carbonado. For a description of the types of industrial diamonds, see Diamonds for Victory, FOREIGN COMMERCE, Jan. 17, 1942, p. 4; Industrial Diamonds,.FORTUNE, June 1935, p. 22. Carbonado is rare and almost entirely confined to Brazil and will not enter into the discussion hereafter. Post-war production should produce the following ratios of diamond types: out of every 10,000 carats 250 will be carbonado, 1,900 ballas, 1,975 gemstones, and 5,875 boart. -
Colonial Theodicy and the Jesuit Ascetic Ideal in José De Acosta's
chapter 6 Colonial Theodicy and the Jesuit Ascetic Ideal in José de Acosta’s Works on Spanish America Bryan Green This chapter aims to demonstrate the centrality of the problem of theodicy in José de Acosta’s (1540–1600) scientific, ethnographic, and historical writings on Spanish America.1 Based on Acosta’s experience as the Jesuit provincial of Peru and his active participation in the political and ecclesiastical reforms initiated under the viceroy Francisco de Toledo (1515–82), these works bear witness to the moral evils running rampant among his fellow Spaniards and the concomi- tant suffering inflicted upon the indigenous population.2 While Acosta recog- nizes the moral evil at the root of Spanish sovereignty, namely greed in the ruthless pursuit of precious metals, his colonial theodicy nevertheless main- tains that this evil is a means to the greater good of the Amerindian’s salvation. In his guidelines for missionary conduct, Acosta offers a response to this ethi- cal impasse through the performance of a distinctly Jesuit ascetic ideal, which 1 This chapter was written at the Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso with the sup- port of a research grant from the Chilean government (fondecyt Iniciación en Investigación no. 11140527, 2014–17). 2 The son of a prosperous merchant from Medina del Campo in Spain, Acosta entered the Society in 1552 and completed the first years of his studies at the Jesuit college in his home- town. Having distinguished himself as a student and grammar teacher in several Jesuit schools throughout Iberia, Acosta moved on to study philosophy and theology at the renowned University of Alcalá de Henares in 1557. -
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) Case Log October 2000 - April 2002
Description of document: Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) Case Log October 2000 - April 2002 Requested date: 2002 Release date: 2003 Posted date: 08-February-2021 Source of document: Information and Privacy Coordinator Central Intelligence Agency Washington, DC 20505 Fax: 703-613-3007 Filing a FOIA Records Request Online The governmentattic.org web site (“the site”) is a First Amendment free speech web site and is noncommercial and free to the public. The site and materials made available on the site, such as this file, are for reference only. The governmentattic.org web site and its principals have made every effort to make this information as complete and as accurate as possible, however, there may be mistakes and omissions, both typographical and in content. The governmentattic.org web site and its principals shall have neither liability nor responsibility to any person or entity with respect to any loss or damage caused, or alleged to have been caused, directly or indirectly, by the information provided on the governmentattic.org web site or in this file. The public records published on the site were obtained from government agencies using proper legal channels. Each document is identified as to the source. Any concerns about the contents of the site should be directed to the agency originating the document in question. GovernmentAttic.org is not responsible for the contents of documents published on the website. 1 O ct 2000_30 April 2002 Creation Date Requester Last Name Case Subject 36802.28679 STRANEY TECHNOLOGICAL GROWTH OF INDIA; HONG KONG; CHINA AND WTO 36802.2992 CRAWFORD EIGHT DIFFERENT REQUESTS FOR REPORTS REGARDING CIA EMPLOYEES OR AGENTS 36802.43927 MONTAN EDWARD GRADY PARTIN 36802.44378 TAVAKOLI-NOURI STEPHEN FLACK GUNTHER 36810.54721 BISHOP SCIENCE OF IDENTITY FOUNDATION 36810.55028 KHEMANEY TI LEAF PRODUCTIONS, LTD. -
The Early History of Greed the Sin of Avarice in Early Medieval Thought and Literature
The Early History of Greed The Sin of Avarice in Early Medieval Thought and Literature RICHARD NEWHAUSER Trinity University (San Antonio) published by the press syndicate of the university of cambridge The Pitt Building, TrumpingtonStreet, Cambridge, United Kingdom cambridge university press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge cb2 2ru, UK http://www.cup.cam.ac.uk 40 West 20th Street, New York, ny 10011±4211, USA http://www.cup.org. 10 Stamford Road, Oakleigh, Melbourne 3166, Australia # Cambridge University Press 2000 This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2000 Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge Typeset in Adobe Garamond 11.5/14pt [ce] A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress cataloguing in publication data Newhauser, Richard, 1947± The early history of greed: the sin of avarice in early medieval thought and literature / Richard Newhauser. p. cm. ± (Cambridge studies in medieval literature) Includes bibliographical references amd index. isbn 0 521 38522 9 (hardback) 1. Avarice ± History. 2. Christian ethics ± History ± Middle Ages, 600±1500. I. Title. II. Series. bj1535.a8n48 2000 241'.3±dc21 99-25922 cip isbn 0 521 38522 9 hardback Contents List of abbreviations page viii Preface xi 1 Alms and ascetes, round stones and masons: avarice in the 1 early church -
I'm Making $21 an Hour at Mcdonald's. Why Aren't You?
I’m making $21 an hour at McDonald’s. Why aren’t you? | The Great Debate 8/29/14 9:37 AM Safari Power Saver Click to Start Flash Plug-in RECOMMENDED VIDEO Whole organ 'grown' inside animal for the fir… U.S. Navy releases video it says shows aircraft t… I "Shaun" the sheep could be the world's woolliest work for McDonald’s and I make $21 an hour. No, that isn’t a typo. It’s really my salary. Girl shoots instructor during shooting lesson You see, I work for McDonald’s in Denmark, where an agreement between our union and the company guarantees that workers older than 18 are paid at least $21 an hour. Employees younger than 18 make at least $15 — meaning teenagers working at McDonald’s in Denmark make more than two times what many adults in America earn working at the Golden Arches. To anyone who says that fast-food jobs can’t be good jobs, I would answer that mine isn’t bad. In fact, parts of it are Sponsored Financial Content (?) just fine. Under our union’s agreement with McDonald’s, for example, I receive paid sick leave that workers are still fighting for in many parts of the world. We also get overtime pay, guaranteed hours and at least two days off a week, unlike workers in most countries. At least 10 percent of the staff in any given restaurant must work at least 30 hours How CashPro has helped Shure achieve a week. seamless cash efficiency Bank of America Estimate how much you’ll need for retirement with My Retirement Plan® Wells Fargo Meet Warren Buffett's Worst Nightmare Motley Fool Use Free 2-Step Reverse Mortgage Calculator For Cash Estimate, Today! Liberty Home Insurance One Smart Penny Ridiculously Easy Way to Pay Off Mortgage Faster One smart penny MORE REUTERS NEWS But in New York last week, I met fast-food workers from around the world who aren’t as lucky as I am. -
By Courtney Campbell
by Courtney Campbell © Courtney Campbell 1998 The proverbial verdict of history on Columbus and the legacy of the Spanish conquest has been at best ambivalent in this quincentenary year of the discovery of the new world. Last fall, a mock trial conducted at the University of Minnesota Human Rights Center sentenced Columbus to 350 years of community service and education following a guilty conviction on counts of slavery, torture, murder, forced labor, kidnapping, violence, and robbery. The chief prosecutor remarked that though Columbus was a man who lived by the standards of his times, modern persons must hold Columbus accountable for these various crimes against the indigenous populations. Was it really the case that Columbus and those who shortly followed him to the new world lived by an "anything goes" morality? Consider the voice of protest raised in 1511 by the Dominican friar Antonio de Montesinos. Warning his Spanish audience that their conduct towards the Indians on Hispanolia (Haiti) risked mortal sin, Montesinos asked: "By what right or justice do you keep these Indians in such a cruel and horrible servitude? On what authority have you waged a detestable war against these people, who dwelt quietly and peacefully on their own land?..." (17) Those questions of right, justice, and authority, defined the Spanish debate over the morality of the conquest of the new world for the next century. The standards of justice and authority were not anything goes, but were given substantive meaning through the application of the traditional moral framework of the "just war." Montesinos described the war on the Indiansas "detestable"; others would not agree, but the framework of just war provided the substantive parameters for debate over the moral and theological justification of the conquest. -
Directory of Organisations and Resources for People with Disabilities in South Africa
DISABILITY ALL SORTS A DIRECTORY OF ORGANISATIONS AND RESOURCES FOR PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES IN SOUTH AFRICA University of South Africa CONTENTS FOREWORD ADVOCACY — ALL DISABILITIES ADVOCACY — DISABILITY-SPECIFIC ACCOMMODATION (SUGGESTIONS FOR WORK AND EDUCATION) AIRLINES THAT ACCOMMODATE WHEELCHAIRS ARTS ASSISTANCE AND THERAPY DOGS ASSISTIVE DEVICES FOR HIRE ASSISTIVE DEVICES FOR PURCHASE ASSISTIVE DEVICES — MAIL ORDER ASSISTIVE DEVICES — REPAIRS ASSISTIVE DEVICES — RESOURCE AND INFORMATION CENTRE BACK SUPPORT BOOKS, DISABILITY GUIDES AND INFORMATION RESOURCES BRAILLE AND AUDIO PRODUCTION BREATHING SUPPORT BUILDING OF RAMPS BURSARIES CAREGIVERS AND NURSES CAREGIVERS AND NURSES — EASTERN CAPE CAREGIVERS AND NURSES — FREE STATE CAREGIVERS AND NURSES — GAUTENG CAREGIVERS AND NURSES — KWAZULU-NATAL CAREGIVERS AND NURSES — LIMPOPO CAREGIVERS AND NURSES — MPUMALANGA CAREGIVERS AND NURSES — NORTHERN CAPE CAREGIVERS AND NURSES — NORTH WEST CAREGIVERS AND NURSES — WESTERN CAPE CHARITY/GIFT SHOPS COMMUNITY SERVICE ORGANISATIONS COMPENSATION FOR WORKPLACE INJURIES COMPLEMENTARY THERAPIES CONVERSION OF VEHICLES COUNSELLING CRÈCHES DAY CARE CENTRES — EASTERN CAPE DAY CARE CENTRES — FREE STATE 1 DAY CARE CENTRES — GAUTENG DAY CARE CENTRES — KWAZULU-NATAL DAY CARE CENTRES — LIMPOPO DAY CARE CENTRES — MPUMALANGA DAY CARE CENTRES — WESTERN CAPE DISABILITY EQUITY CONSULTANTS DISABILITY MAGAZINES AND NEWSLETTERS DISABILITY MANAGEMENT DISABILITY SENSITISATION PROJECTS DISABILITY STUDIES DRIVING SCHOOLS E-LEARNING END-OF-LIFE DETERMINATION ENTREPRENEURIAL -
Turkey's National Struggle: Contrasting Contemporary Views
Turkey’s National Struggle: Contrasting Contemporary Views and Understandings Honors Research Thesis Presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for graduation with honors research distinction in History in the undergraduate colleges of The Ohio State University by David Richard Howard The Ohio State University June 2011 Project Advisor: Professor Carter Findley, Department of History Howard 2 Introduction: “In the first half of this century an amazing reversal took place—Turkey became a healthy nation in a relatively sick world.”1 This event, after the First World War, was one of the more controversial, mind-changing events of the early twentieth-century. The majority of the world considered the Turkish people to be finished and defeated, but the Turkish National Struggle (1919-1922) proved this opinion quite wrong. This paper examines the factors behind this successful national movement and the birth of the Republic of Turkey by offering comparative insights into contemporary accounts of the National Struggle to close in on the truth. This understanding of the subject will involve analysis and comparison of primary sources (in English) representing several different viewpoints of the period. The Turks were the only defeated people of the First World War to force a rewriting of the peace terms imposed on them at Versailles. The Treaty of Sèvres (1920) left the Turks with but a small part of central Anatolia and the Black Sea coast, and yet they managed to achieve victory in their National Struggle of 1919-1922 and force the Allied powers to a renegotiation of peace terms in the Treaty of Lausanne (1923), thereby recognizing the emergence and legitimacy of the Turkish Republic.