Defense Line Jamie Bube How an animals immune system works:

An animal’s immune system works in two ways to protect itself against diseases.

● One is through producing antibodies that respond to antigens, humoral immunity.

● The other is by specific cells that respond directly to pathogens, cell-mediated immunity. Definition

Humoral Immunity - protects the body by producing antigen-specific antibodies against a specific invader.

Cell-mediated immunity - is an immune response that occurs inside the infected cells and does not involve antibodies. It releases various cytokines ( a group of large proteins ) in response to an antigen. Antibodies Antibodies are made up of large protein molecules that are known as immunoglobulins. Like antibodies, some cells help protect animals against invaders. Macrophages, neutrophils and monocytes surround foreign invaders, killing them by releasing powerful enzymes. The Different Types of Blood Cells Erythrocytes are a type of white blood cell that circulates in the bloodstream as well as produces antibodies when there are invading pathogens present. Erythrocytes are present in thymus, lymph nodes and spleen. Eosinophil, also known as platelets, are important in the blood clotting process.

Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell found in tissues, derived from monocytes. It engulfs invaders, destroying them with enzymes. Basophil is a type of white blood cell that circulates in the bloodstream, leaves vessels and enters tissues in response to disease-causing agents, surrounding invaders, killing them with enzymes. And is a precursor of macrophages. Neutrophil, also known as red blood cells, contains hemoglobin and carries oxygen from the lungs to the tissues.

Macrophage, a rare type of white blood cell in which is involved in the detection and destruction of bacteria and other harmful organisms. As well as initiate inflammation, activating other cells. Thrombocyte, a type of white blood cell that circulates in the bloodstream. The numbers increase in response to allergic or parasitic conditions.

Monocyte is a type of white blood cell that contains granules full of enzymes and circulates in the bloodstream. Destroying invading organisms by engulfing them with enzymes. A complete blood count ( CBC ) reports the number of red and white blood cells as well as the type of white cells in a blood sample. These results can help diagnose and identify diseases. Normal Blood Cell counts of various species *times 1000*

Guess how many white blood cells are in each animal pictured, to the right of the picture is the answer! Hamster

5

A hamster’s white blood cell count is 5 - 10.6 Pig

A pig’s white blood cell count is 11 - 22 Horse

A horse’s white blood cell count is 6 - 12 Cattle

A cow’s white blood cell count is 4 - 12 Cat

A cat’s white blood cell count is 5.5 - 19.5 Dog

A dog’s white blood cell count is 6 - 17 Rabbit

A rabbit’s white blood cell count is 5.5 - 12.5 CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the immune system uses a variety of blood cells and antibodies along with different ways it works to protect itself against invaders or disease.