w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w Ï w w International Atomic Energyw Agency (IAEA)w w w w International Atomicw Energy Agency (IAEA) GLOBALGLOBAL CHALLENGESCHALLENGESx ANDAND THETHE w w A w w Scientific Forum at the General Conference 2007 w w w Scientific Forum at thew General Conference 2007 w w w w DEVELOPMENTDEVELOPMENT OFOF ATOMICATOMICw ENERGY:ENERGY:w AustriaAustria Center Center Vienna Vienna w x w w w w 18-19 September 2007 w 18-19 Septemberw 2007w w w w THETHE NEXTNEXT 2525 YEARSYEARSw w w w y x w w w w w w w w w w w w w y w Ï w w w w w w w w w w w w w x y w w w w w w w w N w x w w w w x w CONTROL OF ANIMALx DISEASES w w w w w w w w w w x w w y w OF A ZOONOTIC NATURE - w w w w w w w w w w x w x w Ï w w w Ax CHALLENGEw FORw OUR FUTUREw w w w w w Ï w w w w w x y w w w w w x w w x w w w w x w w w y w w w w w S w S. MAS-COMA w w w x w w w w y w w “Meeting New Challengesw w w w w President, European Federationw of ParasitologistsÏ (EFP) w w w w w w w in Food, Expertw Member, World Health Organization (WHO) w w w w w w w Boardw Member, International Federaw tion of Tropical Medicine (IFTM) w w Agriculturew w w w w x w w Boardw Member, World Federation of Parasitologistsw (WFP)w w and Health w w w w w Ï w w w w Chairman,w Department of Parasitology, w w w x w w w Universityw w of Valencia,w Valencia, Spain x w x w w w x x y w w x w w w w w x w x DPUV w w w w DPUV w w w Ï w COMMUNICABLECOMMUNICABLE DISEASESDISEASES zz AA communicablecommunicable disease disease is is an an illness illness that that is is transmitted transmitted from from a a person,person, animalanimal oror inanimate inanimate source source to to another another person person either either directly,directly, withwith the the assistance assistance ofof a a vector,vector, oror by by otherother means means
hh CommunicableCommunicable diseases diseases cover cover a a widerwider range range than than the the person- person- to-personto-person transmission transmission of of infectious infectious diseases: diseases: theythey include include thethe parasitic parasitic diseases diseases in in whichwhich a a vectorvector isis used, used, thethe zoonoses zoonoses andand all all the the transmissible transmissible diseases diseases
hh ItIt is is this this element element of of transmission transmission that that distinguishes distinguishes these these diseasesdiseases from from the the non-communicable non-communicable
hh CommunicableCommunicable diseases diseases are are presentpresent in in endemicendemic or or epidemic epidemic forms,forms, whereaswhereas non-communicable non-communicable are are referredreferred to to as as acuteacute or or chronicchronic
DPUVDPUV COMMUNICABLECOMMUNICABLE DISEASESDISEASES
XX Recently,Recently, communicablecommunicable diseases diseases have have caught caught the the attention attention of of thethe world world with with the the appearance appearance of: of: hh AvianAvian flu flu caused caused by by thethe H5N1 H5N1 virusvirus hh SevereSevere acute acute respiratory respiratory syndrome syndrome (SARS) (SARS) hh BovineBovine spongiform spongiform encephalopathy encephalopathy (BSE (BSE oror mad mad cow cow disease) disease) andand new new variant variant Creutzfeld-Jacob Creutzfeld-Jacob diseasedisease (CJD) (CJD) hh TheThe relentless relentless increase increase in in HIVHIV infectioninfection (AIDS) (AIDS) hh TheThe use use ofof anthrax anthrax as as aa weaponweapon and and the the potential potential use use ofof other other microorganismsmicroorganisms in in thisthis way way XX ButBut communicable communicable diseases diseases have have always always been been with with us: us: notnot a a seriousserious problem problem in in developeddeveloped countries, countries, butbut the the main main cause cause ofof deathdeath and and infirmity infirmity in in thethe developing developing world world hh InIn thethe developing developing world, world, thethe burden burden of of communicable communicable diseases diseases hashas alwaysalways been been a a majormajor concern concern DPUVDPUV COMMUNICABLECOMMUNICABLECOMMUNICABLE DISEASESDISEASESDISEASES
zz TheThe key key to to any any communicable communicable disease disease is is to to thinkthink of of it it in in termsterms of of agentagent,, transmissiontransmission,, hosthost andand environmentenvironment
zz ThereThere needs needs to to be be aa causativecausative agent, agent, whichwhich requiresrequires a a meansmeans of of transmission transmission from from one one host host toto another, another, butbut the the outcome outcome of of infection infection will will be be influencedinfluenced by by thethe environment environment in in whichwhich the the diseasedisease is is transmitted transmitted
DPUVDPUV COMMUNICABLECOMMUNICABLE DISEASESDISEASES
zz TheThe range range of of communicable communicable diseases diseases occurring occurring throughout throughout the the worldworld is is considerable. considerable. NumerousNumerous types types of of agents agents are are involved:involved:
XX ProcariotesProcariotes XX EucariotesEucariotes (parasites): (parasites): (microorganisms):(microorganisms): hh Protozoa:Protozoa: hh Helminths:Helminths: hh arbovirusesarboviruses hh sarcomastigophoranssarcomastigophorans hh trematodestrematodes hh otherother viruses viruses hh apicomplexansapicomplexans hh cestodescestodes hh bacteriabacteria hh ciliophoransciliophorans hh nematodesnematodes hh rickettsiaerickettsiae hh microsporidiansmicrosporidians hh acanthocephalansacanthocephalans hh spirochaetesspirochaetes
hh Ectoparasites:Ectoparasites: hh FungiFungi XX Other:Other: hh arachnidsarachnids hh prionsprions hh insectsinsects hh toxinstoxins
DPUVDPUV COMMUNICABLECOMMUNICABLE DISEASESDISEASES
hh WhilstWhilst communicable communicable diseases diseases mainly mainly affect affect the the developing developing world, world, newnew and and emergingemerging diseases diseases have have re-awakend re-awakend the the developed developed countries countries to to the the importanceimportance of of these these infections infections
hh AlthoughAlthough most most diseases diseases arise arise within within the the same same country, country, therethere is is an an internationalinternational importance importance as as moremore peoplepeople travel travel to to different different countries countries and and exoticexotic diseases diseases are are importedimported
hh ConcernConcern has has beenbeen raised raised that that climate climate change change due due to to global global warmingwarming could could provideprovide conditions conditions for for diseases diseases to to increase increase their their range range and and affect affect countries countries wherewhere they they have have not not normally normally been been a a problemproblem
hh Similarly,Similarly, thethe so-called so-called global global change,change, includingincluding facts facts as as increasingincreasing man- man- mademade modificationsmodifications of of the the environment environment and and import/export import/export of of mainly mainly domestic domestic animalsanimals (farm (farm animals, animals, pets)pets) butbut unfortunately unfortunately also also exotic exotic sylvatic sylvatic animal animal species,species, isis also also playing playing a a rolerole inin thethe spreading spreading of of several several infectious infectious diseases diseases
DPUVDPUV COMMUNICABLECOMMUNICABLE DISEASESDISEASES TRANSMISSIONTRANSMISSION zz InIn communicablecommunicable diseases, diseases, thethe method method of of transmission transmission is is the the key key for for theirtheir control control zz CommunicableCommunicable diseases diseases fall fall into into a a numbernumber of of transmission transmission patterns: patterns: DirectDirect transmission: transmission:without without intermediates intermediates (human (human toto human, human, animalanimal toto animal,animal, animalanimal to to human) human) HumanHuman reservoirreservoir with with intermediate intermediate invertebrate invertebrate host: host:the the causal causal agentagent mustmust undergo undergo developmental developmental stages stages in in anan intermediate intermediate host host (snails (snails in in Schistosomiasis)Schistosomiasis) AnimalAnimal asas intermediateintermediate host host or or reservoir: reservoir:vertebrates vertebrates play play thethe role role ofof intermediateintermediate host host (Taeniasis) (Taeniasis) oror that that can can bebe reservoirsreservoirs (Chagas (Chagas disease) disease) Vector-borneVector-borne transmission:transmission:an an arthropod arthropod carries carries the the infection infection from from one one hosthost to to another another ( (AnophelesAnopheles mosquitoesmosquitoes in in malaria;malaria; althoughalthough often often called called vectors,vectors, snailssnails are are onlyonly intermediate intermediate hosts hosts and and not not true true vectors vectors because because theythey do do notnot carry carry the the infection infection from from one one host host to to another) another) DPUVDPUV COMMUNICABLECOMMUNICABLE DISEASESDISEASES ZOONOSESZOONOSES zz InIn thethe classification classification by by transmissiontransmission cycle, cycle, communicablecommunicable diseasesdiseases fall fall into into two two main main groups: groups:
DiseasesDiseases in in whichwhich only only humans humans are are involvedinvolved
DiseasesDiseases in in whichwhich there there is is an an animal animal reservoirreservoir or or intermediateintermediate host: host:
XX ZOONOSESZOONOSES == infectionsinfections that that are are naturallynaturally transmittedtransmitted between between vertebrate vertebrate animalsanimals and and humans humans
DPUVDPUV ZOONOSESZOONOSES zz AccordingAccording to to the the focality focality of of the the disease disease (intimacy (intimacy of of the the animal animal toto thethe human human being),being), theythey can can bebe groupedgrouped in: in:
hh Domestic:Domestic: animalsanimals that that live live in in closeclose proximity proximity to to man man (e.g. (e.g. petspets and and farm farm animals) animals)
hh Synanthropic:Synanthropic: animalsanimals that that live live in in closeclose association association with with man,man, butbut are are notnot invited invited (e.g. (e.g. rats)rats)
hh Exoanthropic:Exoanthropic: animalsanimals that that are are notnot in in closeclose association association with with man,man, butbut are are notnot invited invited (e.g. (e.g. monkeys)monkeys) zz InIn aa zoonosis,zoonosis, thethe animal animal reservoreservoirir is is of of prime prime importanceimportance in in anyany rationalrational attempt attempt for for its its control control DPUVDPUV ZOONOSESZOONOSES zz TheThe most most important important difference difference between between human human diseasesdiseases of of zoonotic zoonotic originorigin and and those those in in whichwhich animals animals do do notnot play play aa rolerole ofof reservoirs reservoirs is is thatthat in in zoonoses,zoonoses, oppositeopposite to to the the la latter,tter, eradicationeradication becomes becomes almost almost impossibleimpossible and and elimination elimination becomes becomes a a tasktask always always believed believed to to be be farfar fromfrom affordable affordable zz Therefore,Therefore, thethe greatest greatest efforts efforts by by internationalinternational agencies agencies andand national/internationalnational/international funding funding institutions institutions are are nowadaysnowadays concentrated concentrated ononhuman human diseasesdiseases of of non-zoonotic non-zoonotic nature/source nature/source
hh TheThe so-called so-called big big three, three, includingincluding malaria, malaria, HIV/AIDSHIV/AIDS andand tuberculosistuberculosis
hh TheThe so-called so-called neglected neglected diseases diseases as as schistosomiases,schistosomiases, filariases,filariases, onchocercosis,onchocercosis, ascariasis,ascariasis, trichuriasistrichuriasis and and ancylostomiasis/necatoriasisancylostomiasis/necatoriasis are are presentpresent priorities priorities for for WHO WHO
DPUVDPUV zz ANONYMOUS,ANONYMOUS, 2006.-2006.- Editorial. Editorial. TheThe Lancet, Lancet, 368368 (4(4 Nov.):Nov.): 1547.1547.
hh PreviouslyPreviously a a fragmentedfragmented coalition coalition of of advocates advocates for for specific specific infections,infections, whowho had had little little to to talk talk about about save save their their uniform uniform feeling feeling of of neglect,neglect, thethe now-cohesive now-cohesive neglected-disease neglected-disease community community has has putput asideaside its its special special interests interests to to champion champion a a “rapid“rapid impact” impact” approach approach thatthat could could bring bring about about substantial substantial reductions reductions in in morbiditymorbidity in in developingdeveloping countries countries by by tacklingtackling several several diseases diseases at at once once.. TheThe GlobalGlobal NetworkNetwork for for Neglected Neglected Tropical Tropical DiseaseDisease Control Control (GNNTDC),(GNNTDC), aa collaborationcollaboration between between neglected-disease neglected-disease experts experts and and public-private public-private partnership,partnership, launchedlaunched in in WashingtonWashington lastlast October, October, isis leading leading the the way way
hh ByBy useuse ofof a a packagepackage of of low-cost, low-cost, safe,safe, andand effective effective drugs drugs for for mass mass administrationadministration once once aa year,year, GNNTDCGNNTDC proposesproposes to to protect protect individuals individuals fromfrom seven seven infections infections (trachoma, (trachoma, threethree types types of of soil-transmitted soil-transmitted helminths,helminths, lymphaticlymphatic filariasis, filariasis, onchocercosis,onchocercosis, andand schistosomiasis) schistosomiasis)
DPUVDPUV PRIORITYPRIORITY LISTLIST AMONGSTAMONGST NEGLECTEDNEGLECTED PARASITOSESPARASITOSES
XX AdditionalAdditional neglected neglected within within the the neglected neglected diseases: diseases: thethe need need to to add add them them within within thethe priority priority list list XX DiseasesDiseases for for which which it it is is very very difficult difficult to to get get funds funds for for research, research, despitedespite being being of of highhigh human human impactimpact globally, globally, regionallyregionally or or locally locally XX MostMost of of them them are are zoonoseszoonoses which which are are emergingemerging at at present, present, includingincluding both both vector- vector- borneborne andand non-vector non-vector borneborne diseasesdiseases hh IntestinalIntestinal protozooses:protozooses: hh Food-borneFood-borne trematodiases:trematodiases: hh Giardiasis*Giardiasis* hh Fascioliases*Fascioliases* hh Cryptosporidiases*Cryptosporidiases* hh Fasciolopsiasis**Fasciolopsiasis** hh Amoebiasis**Amoebiasis** hh ClonorchiasisClonorchiasis hh Opisthorchiases**Opisthorchiases** hh Vector-borneVector-borne protozooses:protozooses: hh ParagonimiasesParagonimiases hh Leishmaniases**Leishmaniases** hh GastrodiscoidiasisGastrodiscoidiasis hh SleepingSleeping sicknesssickness hh ChagasChagas disease disease hh Cestodiases:Cestodiases: hh TaeniasisTaeniasis / / CisticercosisCisticercosis hh Nematodiases:Nematodiases: hh HidatidosisHidatidosis hh TrichinellosisTrichinellosis (Triquinosis) (Triquinosis) ** globallyglobally emerging emerging hh StrongyloidiasisStrongyloidiasis **** regionallyregionally / / locallylocally emerging emerging DPUVDPUV ZOONOTICZOONOTIC PARASITOSESPARASITOSES
XX However,However, forfor most most of of these these zoonoses, zoonoses, similarlysimilarly as as forfor non-zoonotic non-zoonotic diseasesdiseases which which are are presentpresent priorities, priorities, thethe crucial crucial needsneeds are are alreadyalready available:available:
hh thethe general general knowledgeknowledge on on the the disease, disease, includingincluding the the transmission transmission cyclecycle of of the the causal causal agentagent
hh thethe tools tools for for the the diagnosis diagnosis ofof the the disease disease in in bothboth humans humans and and animal animal reservoirs,reservoirs, asas wellwell as as inin thethe intermediate intermediate host host or or vector vector inin vector-vector- borneborne diseasesdiseases
hh effectiveeffective drugs drugs for for both both animal animal andand human human useuse
XX TheThe control control ofof many many of of these these zoonoses zoonoses appears, appears, thus,thus, affordableaffordable and and eliminationelimination of of human human morbiditymorbidity may may becomebecome a a realisticrealistic task task for for several several of of thesethese zoonotic zoonotic diseases diseases at at least least in in manymany countries countries and and continental continental regionsregions DPUVDPUV MOLECULARMOLECULAR BIOLOGYBIOLOGY ANDAND ZOONOSESZOONOSES
XX MolecularMolecular BiologyBiology is is today today a a veryvery broad broad fie fieldld which which has has veryvery quickly quickly evolved evolved in in recentrecent yearsyears and and continues continues to to grow grow nowadays nowadays XX ThisThis science science furnishes furnishes molecular molecular toolstools for for the the genetic genetic characterisation characterisation of of living living organismsorganisms and, and, throughthrough gene gene expressiexpression,on, thethe baseline baseline for for phenotypical phenotypical analyses analyses XX ThereThere are are manymany kinds kinds of of molecular molecular approachesapproaches with with different different resolution resolution degrees, degrees, includingincluding methods methods and and techniques techniques for for the the genetic genetic characterisation characterisation of: of:
hh individualindividual specimensspecimens hh strainsstrains hh populationspopulations hh speciesspecies
hh supraspecificsupraspecific taxa taxa
XX BioinformaticsBioinformaticsis is a a modernmodern computer computer science science which which has has evolvedevolved parallely parallely to to Molecular Molecular BiologyBiology with with the the main main objective objective to to furnish furnish high high capacities capacities for for the the mathematical mathematical analysisanalysis of of genetic genetic data data (mainly(mainly nucle nucleotideotide and and aminoacid aminoacid sequences sequences of of DNA): DNA):
hh MolecularMolecular phylogeneticsphylogenetics hh PopulationPopulation analyses analyses DPUVDPUV AFFORDABLEAFFORDABLE INFRASTRUCTURESINFRASTRUCTURES
MOLECULARMOLECULAR BIOLOGYBIOLOGY STUDIESSTUDIES DEVELOPMENTDEVELOPMENT OFOF NEWNEW MOLECULARMOLECULAR DIAGNOSTICDIAGNOSTIC TOOLSTOOLS
DNADNA SEQUENCINGSEQUENCING SEARCHSEARCH FORFOR NEWNEW RIBOSOMALRIBOSOMAL ANDAND MITOCHONDRIALMITOCHONDRIAL DNADNA MARKERSMARKERS
DPUVDPUV MOLECULARMOLECULAR BIOLOGYBIOLOGY ANDAND ZOONOSESZOONOSES
zz MolecularMolecular markermarker combinations, combinations, includingincluding from from high high resolution resolution DNA DNA sequencingsequencing (as (as SingleSingle NucleotideNucleotide Polymorphisms Polymorphisms - - SNPs) SNPs) upup toto less less detailed detailed techniquestechniques (banding (banding analytical analytical methods methods as as RFLP/RAPDRFLP/RAPD oror microsatellite microsatellite markers)markers) areare veryvery useful useful tools tools for for zoonoses zoonoses and and communicable communicable diseases: diseases:
InIn epidemiology:epidemiology: XX toto distinguish distinguish between between different different strains strains of of the the causal causal agentagent and and their their relationshipsrelationships with: with: hh higher/lowerhigher/lower prevalences prevalences and and intensities intensities in in humanshumans and and animals animals hh concreteconcrete animalanimal speciesspecies which which constitute constitute the the reservoirs reservoirs and and infectioninfection sources sources for for humans humans hh concreteconcrete intermediateintermediate host host or or vector vector speciesspecies which which constitute constitute the the transmissiontransmission sources sources for for humans humans hh climaticclimatic factors factors and and environmental environmental characteristics characteristics hh geographicalgeographical distribution distribution and and spreading spreading capacities capacities DPUVDPUV MOLECULARMOLECULAR BIOLOGYBIOLOGY ANDAND ZOONOSESZOONOSES
InIn clinicsclinics and and pathology: pathology: XX toto distinguish distinguish between between different different strains strains of of the the causal causal agentagent and and their their relationshipsrelationships with: with: hh moremore oror less less pathogenicity pathogenicity hh moremore oror less less immunogenicity immunogenicity InIn diagnosis:diagnosis: XX forfor the the highly highly sensitive sensitive and and specific specific diagnosis diagnosis ofof the the causal causal agentagent in: in: hh humanshumans hh reservoirreservoir animals animals hh IntermediateIntermediate hosts hosts and and vectors vectors InIn treatment:treatment: XX forfor the the characterisation characterisation of of resistant resistant and and susceptible susceptible strainsstrains InIn controlcontrol andand surveillance: surveillance: XX forfor the the development development of of vaccines vaccines XX forfor the the follow follow up up ofof postreatment postreatment re-infections re-infections
zz AA veryvery recent, recent, stillstill going going example example AvianAvian flu flu caused caused by by thethe H5N1 H5N1 virusvirus DPUVDPUV ZOONOTICZOONOTIC PARASITOSESPARASITOSES zz ExamplesExamples of of zoonoses zoonoses in in whichwhich molecular molecular toolstools have have decisively decisively helped helped in in clarifyingclarifying disease disease epidemiology epidemiology and and transmission transmission are are numerous:numerous: justjust to to mention mention well-knownwell-known cases cases amongamong parasitic parasitic diseases diseases
XX CryptosporidiasisCryptosporidiasis(among (among non-vector-borne non-vector-borne protozooses):protozooses): hh intestinalintestinal coccidianscoccidians of of very very small small size size and and of of direct direct transmission transmission which, which, thanksthanks to to molecularmolecular tools,tools, havehave proved proved to to include include a a numbernumber of of different different human-infecting human-infecting speciesspecies and and specific specific reservoir reservoir hosts hosts markedly markedly higher higher than than initially initially believed believed
XX Hidatidosis/echinococcosisHidatidosis/echinococcosis(among (among cestodiases): cestodiases): hh today,today, thanksthanks to to molecular molecular tools,tools, differentdifferent EchinococcusEchinococcus granulosus granulosus strainsstrains (genotypes)(genotypes) withwith different different host host ra rangesnges and and geographical geographical distributions distributions are are differentiated:differentiated: sheep-dog,sheep-dog, horse-dog,horse-dog, catcattle-dog,tle-dog, camelcamel dog, dog, pig-dog,pig-dog, cervidcervid strains strains
XX TrichinellosisTrichinellosis or or triquinosis triquinosis(among (among nematodiases): nematodiases): hh AA diseasedisease in in whichwhich only only one one species, species, TrichinellaTrichinella spiralis spiralis,, waswas believed believed to to be be thethe causalcausal agentagent time time agoago andand we we know know today,today, thanksthanks to to molecular molecular tools,tools, toto have have differentdifferent TrichinellaTrichinella speciesspecies with with different different sylvatic sylvatic cycles cycles and and geographical geographical distributionsdistributions involved involved DPUVDPUV zz CHAGASCHAGAS DISEASEDISEASE OROR AMERICANAMERICAN TRYPANOSOMIASISTRYPANOSOMIASIS (among(among vector-borne vector-borne protozooses)protozooses) hh WeWe need need to to go go back back againagain to to field field work work to to ascertain ascertain today today epidemiologicalepidemiological situations situations domesticdomestic
Para ver esta película, debe disponer de QuickTime™ y de un descompresor TIFF. hh AA nicenice example example can can bebe foundfound in in ChagasChagas disease: disease: sylvaticsylvatic peridomesticperidomestic hh molecularmolecular techniquestechniques applied applied to to both both the the causal causal agentagent TrypanosomaTrypanosoma cruzi cruzi andand the the triatomine triatomine insect insect vectors vectors have have furnishedfurnished a a completelycompletely new new frame frame
hh WeWe are are todaytoday able able to to differentiate differentiate groups groups and and subgroups subgroups of of T.T. cruzicruzi andand combined combined haplotypes haplotypes in in triatominestriatomines
hh ItIt is is now now time time toto go go back back toto the the field field to to ascertain ascertain which which are are thethe patternspatterns of of transmission, transmission, geography,geography, pathology,pathology, etc.etc.
DPUVDPUV MAPMAP SHOWINGSHOWING COLOMBIA LOCALITIESLOCALITIES ECUADOR FURNISHINGFURNISHING THETHE 20 BRAZIL 48 TRIATOMINETRIATOMINE PERU 18 MATERIALSMATERIALS STUDIEDSTUDIED 5 BOLIVIA 6 45 2 3 31 46 37 51 9 38 21 10 1 4 40 39 PARAGUAY 27 12 36 22 23 24 41 T.T. infestans:infestans: 3131 populationspopulations 25 26 17 47 32 30 35 19 16 13 28 29 14 42 11 33 44 34 50 T.T. melanosoma:melanosoma: 11 populationpopulation 15 43 49 CHILE 7 URUGUAY ARGENTINA T.T. platensis:platensis: 22 populationspopulations
T.T. delpontei:delpontei: 1010 populationspopulations
DPUVDPUV DISTRIBUTIONDISTRIBUTION OFOF MINISATELLITEMINISATELLITE REPEATSREPEATS ININ THETHE rDNArDNA ITS-1 ITS-1 SEQUENCESEQUENCE OFOF THETHE INFESTANSINFESTANS SUBCOMPLESUBCOMPLEXX SPECIESSPECIES ANDAND HAPLOTYPESHAPLOTYPES
SPECIES AND GENOTYPES POSITIONS 153 164 180/181 192 208 219 219 236
T. infestans GT1A 5’ A 10 A TA 15 -T 10 A TAAA 15 G 10 C 3’ T. infestans GT1B 5’ A 10 A -- 15 -T 10 - ---- 15 G 10 C 15 G 10 C 3’ T. infestans GT1C 5’ A 10 A TA 15 -T 10 A TAAA 15 G 10 C 15 G 10 C 3’ T. infestans GT2A 5’ A 10 A TA 15 -T 10 A TAAA 15 G 10 C 3’ T. infestans GT3A 5’ A 10 A TA 15 -T 10 A TAAA 15 G 10 C 3’ T. infestans GT4A 5’ A 10 A TA 15 -T 10 A TAAA 15 G 10 C 3’ T. infestans GT5A 5’ A 10 A TA 15 -T 10 A TAAA 15 G 10 C 3’
T. melanosoma GT1A 5’ A 10 A TA 15 -T 10 A TAAA 15 G 10 C 3’
T. platensis GT1A 5’ T 10 A TA 15 AT 10 C 3’ T. platensis GT1B 5’ T 10 A TA 15 AT 10 C 3’
T. delpontei GT1A 5’ A 10 A CA 15 -T 10 A 3’ T. delpontei GT2A 5’ A 10 A CA 15 -T 10 A 3’ T. delpontei GT3A 5’ A 10 A CA 15 -T 10 A 3’ T. delpontei GT3A 5’ A 10 A CA 15 -T 10 A 3’
minisatelliteminisatellite 10 10 == CCGCAAAGACCCGCAAAGAC minisatelliteminisatellite 15 15 == TAAATAAAATAAAAATAAATAAAATAAAAA
PositionsPositions refer refer to to nucleotides nucleotides separating separating minisatellites minisatellites in in thethe alignment alignment of of all all species species and and haplotypes haplotypes DPUVDPUV ThickThick lines lines represent represent the the rest rest of of the the sequen sequencece ofof each each haplotype haplotype in in bothboth 5’ 5’ and and 3’ 3’ senses senses POPULATIONPOPULATION GENETICSGENETICS ANALYSESANALYSES
MinimumMinimum spanningspanning networknetwork forfor thethe 88 differentdifferent ITSITS compositecomposite haplotypeshaplotypes foundfound inin T.T.infestans infestans populationspopulations.. NoNo alternativealternative connectionsconnections toto thosethose representedrepresented inin thethe minimumminimum spanningspanning treetree werewere foundfound
BOLIVIA, sylvatic
TheThe scalescale barbar representsrepresents numbernumber ofof differencesdifferences includingincluding Bolivia, Peru, Chile indelsindels Argentina Bolivia Argentina Argentina Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay, Uruguay DPUVDPUV T. infestans GT1A 0.1 substitutions/site 45 40 T. infestans GT1B Bolivia,Bolivia, Peru,Peru, ChileChile
T. infestans GT1C rDNArDNA ITS-1, ITS-1, 5.8S,5.8S, ITS-2ITS-2 39 100 T. infestans GT3A 97 T. infestans GT2A Chile,Chile, Uruguay,Uruguay, 97 T. melanosoma GT1A Argentina,Argentina, Brasil,Brasil, 100 ParaguayParaguay 64 T. infestans GT4A
T. infestans GT5A (= “dark morph”) 100 T. platensis GT1A PHYLOGENETICPHYLOGENETIC TREETREE OFOF T. platensis GT1B 100 THETHE INFESTANSINFESTANS T. delpontei GT1A SUBCOMPLEXSUBCOMPLEX SPECIESSPECIES 98 T. delpontei GT2A ANDAND HAPLOTYPESHAPLOTYPES 98 T. delpontei GT3A
T. delpontei GT3B MLML treetree obtained obtained withwith HKY85 HKY85 modelmodel T. rubrovaria 10001000 puzzlingpuzzling replicates replicates DPUVDPUV MAPMAP ILLUSTRATINGILLUSTRATING MAINMAIN PHYLOGENETICPHYLOGENETIC RESULTSRESULTS ONON THETHE GEOGRAPHYGEOGRAPHY
TriatomaTriatoma infestans infestans
ff TheThe trees trees obtained obtained support support a a two-wavetwo-wave dispersal: dispersal:
ff T.T. InfestansInfestans 1A,1A, 1B1B andand 1C 1C fromfrom Bolivia Bolivia andand Peru Peru appear appear sepparatedsepparated from from haplotypes haplotypes ofof other other countries countries
ff T.T. InfestansInfestans 2A2A isis the the haplootypehaplootype highly highly adapted adapted to to humanhuman dwellingsdwellings and and responibleresponible for for the the large large colonizationcolonization of of Chile, Chile, Paraguay,Paraguay, Argentina,Argentina, UruguayUruguay andand Brazil Brazil
DPUVDPUV ANIMALANIMAL FASCIOLIASISFASCIOLIASIS CUBACUBA
PREVALENCESPREVALENCES (%)(%) BYBY FASCIOLAFASCIOLA HEPATICAHEPATICA ININ CATTLECATTLE
YearYear PrevalencePrevalence * *
20042004 40.940.9 20032003 38.938.9 20022002 37.737.7 20012001 31.831.8 20002000 37.537.5 19991999 35.335.3 19981998 31.531.5 19971997 25.925.9 19961996 21.121.1 19951995 19.219.2
zz OfficialOfficial data data furnishedfurnished by by Dr.Dr. L.L. RojasRojas (I(Institutonstituto PedroPedro Kouri,Kouri, LaLa Habana,Habana, Cuba)Cuba) DPUVDPUV HUMANHUMAN FASCIOLIASISFASCIOLIASIS (among(among snail-transmitted snail-transmitted food-borne food-borne trematodiases)trematodiases)
THETHE CONVENIENCECONVENIENCE OFOF SELSELECTINGECTING AA KEYKEY COUNTRYCOUNTRY
NorthernNorthern Bolivian Bolivian Altiplano Altiplano ANDEANANDEAN COUNTRIESCOUNTRIES VenezuelaVenezuela Colombia BoliviaBolivia Colombia EcuadorEcuador PeruPeru
BoliviaBolivia
THETHE ANDEANANDEAN EXPERIENCEEXPERIENCE ArgentinaArgentina ChileChile
SOUTHSOUTH AMERICAAMERICA DPUVDPUV THE NEAR AND MIDDLE EAST HUMANHUMAN FASCIOLIASISFASCIOLIASIS
NORTH AFRICA
DPUVDPUV SOUTH EAST ASIA
HUMANHUMAN FASCIOLIASISFASCIOLIASIS
Fascioliasis-infectedFascioliasis-infected patientspatients diagnoseddiagnosed throughoutthroughout VietnamVietnam
DPUVDPUV HUMANHUMAN FASCIOLIASISFASCIOLIASIS ININ EGYPTEGYPT
zz Index:Index:
hh TheThe endemicendemic areaarea hh HumanHuman surveyssurveys hh AA newnew probeprobe forfor fasciolidfasciolid speciesspecies differentiationdifferentiation hh DNADNA characterisationcharacterisation andand clasclassificationsification ofof lymnaeidlymnaeid snailssnails hh LifeLife cyclecycle featuresfeatures hh GenotypingGenotyping ofof EgyptianEgyptian fasciolidsfasciolids hh PhenotypingPhenotyping ofof EgyptianEgyptian fasciolidsfasciolids hh ConclusionsConclusions andand repercussionsrepercussions forfor controlcontrol hh AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements DPUVDPUV HUMANHUMAN FASCIOLIASISFASCIOLIASIS ININ EGYPTEGYPT
AA NEWNEW PROBEPROBE FORFOR FASCIOLIDFASCIOLID SPECIESSPECIES DIFFERENTIATIONDIFFERENTIATION DPUVDPUV AA NEWNEW PROBEPROBE FORFOR FASCIOFASCIOLIDLID SPECIESSPECIES DIFFERENTIATIONDIFFERENTIATION
28S IG ET 18S ITS-1 ITS-2 28S IG rDNArDNA 5' 3' 5,8S
M
28F128F1 28R60028R600
618 bp zz TheThe firstfirst 618-bp618-bp regionregion waswas usefuluseful becausebecause ofof includingincluding thethe nunucleotidecleotide differencesdifferences
GeographicalGeographical GenBankGenBank SpeciesSpecies HostHost originorigin Acc.Acc. No.No.
zz SequencingSequencing ofof thethe 28S28S F.F. hepaticahepatica CattleCattle Altiplano,Altiplano, BoliviaBolivia AJ440788AJ440788 genegene ofof bothboth speciesspecies SheepSheep Cullera,Cullera, SpainSpain AJ439738AJ439738 rendedrended aa totaltotal lengthlength ofof CattleCattle Damanhour,Damanhour, EgyptEgypt AJ440787AJ440787 41714171 bp,bp, withwith nono F.F. giganticagigantica CattleCattle SantiagoSantiago island,island, CapCap VerdeVerde AJ439739AJ439739 intraspecificintraspecific differencesdifferences SheepSheep Bobo-Dioulasso,Bobo-Dioulasso, BurkinaBurkina fasofaso AJ440785AJ440785 CattleCattle Damanhour,Damanhour, EgyptEgypt AJ440786AJ440786
DPUVDPUV AA NEWNEW PROBEPROBE FORFOR FASCIOFASCIOLIDLID SPECIESSPECIES DIFFERENTIATIONDIFFERENTIATION
Restriction enzyme F. hepatica (bp) F. gigantica (bp) Ava II 529, 62, 27 322, 269, 27 Dra II 529, 89 618
MMFh Fg Fh Fg Fh Fg
bp bp
618 529
322 269
Digestion: none Ava II Dra II DPUVDPUV LYMNAEIDLYMNAEID SNAILSSNAILS OFOF THETHE HUMANHUMAN BEHERABEHERA GOBERNORATEGOBERNORATE FASCIOLIASISFASCIOLIASIS ENDEMICENDEMIC AREAAREA NILENILE DELTADELTA REGIONREGION EGYPTEGYPT
L.L. caillaudicaillaudi L.L. columellacolumella L.L. truncatulatruncatula
zz BolinBolin ElEl AalyAaly (Kafr(Kafr ElEl DawarDawar district):district): L.L. truncatulatruncatula zz MonshetMonshet BolinBolin (Kafr(Kafr ElEl DawarDawar district):district): L.L. truncatulatruncatula zz ElEl KazaKaza (Hosh(Hosh EsaEsa district):district): L.L. truncatulatruncatula andand L.L. caillaudicaillaudi zz TibaTiba (Delengate(Delengate district):district): L.L. sp.sp. aff.aff. columellacolumella DPUVDPUV HUMANHUMAN FASCIOLIASISFASCIOLIASIS ININ EGYPTEGYPT
zz DNADNA MARKERSMARKERS USEDUSED FORFOR THETHE CLASSIFICATIONCLASSIFICATION OFOF LYMNAEIDLYMNAEID SNAILS:SNAILS:
XX NuclearNuclear ribosomalribosomal DNA:DNA:
hh FirstFirst internalinternal transcribedtranscribed hh SecondSecond internalinternal transcribedtranscribed spacerspacer (ITS-1):(ITS-1): evolvesevolves spacerspacer (ITS-2):(ITS-2): evolvesevolves usuallyusually slightlyslightly fasterfaster markedlymarkedly fasterfaster thanthan thethe rRNArRNA thanthan ITS-2ITS-2 genesgenes 5.8,5.8, 28S28S andand 18S18S
IGSIGS (NTS+ETS)(NTS+ETS) 18S18S ITS-1ITS-1 5.8S5.8S ITS-2ITS-2 28S28S rDNArDNA
DPUVDPUV L. (L.) stagnalis GT1 0.05 substitutions/site 33 L. (S.) turricula GT1 EGYPTIAN SPECIES IN L. (S.) palustris EGYPTIAN SPECIES IN 78 L. (S.) fuscus THE LYMNAEID FAMILY L. (S.) corvus THE LYMNAEID FAMILY O. glabra L. humilis GT1 37 L. humilis GT2 LymnaeaLymnaea (Simpsonia)(Simpsonia) humilishumilis 44 L. cousini G. truncatula GT1 74 G. truncatula GT2 GalbaGalba truncatulatruncatula G. truncatula GT3 N. sp.I GT1 14 N. sp.I GT2 N. sp.I GT3 43 N. sp.I GT4 PHYLOGENETICPHYLOGENETIC TREETREE N. cubensis GT1 60 N. cubensis GT2 OFOF EUROPEANEUROPEAN ANDAND 22 N. bulimoides N. viatrix AMERICANAMERICAN LYMNAEIDSLYMNAEIDS 43 N. sp.II GT1 25 N. sp.II GT2 96 P. columella GT1 Pseudosuccinae columella P. columella GT2 Pseudosuccinae columella R. auricularia GT1 Radix sp. Radix natalensis caillaudi 72 Radix natalensis caillaudi 52 R. labiata R. balthica 59 R. ampla DerivedDerived fromfrom C. emarginata R. lagotis thethe maximummaximum 37 C. catascopium of Wisconsin rDNArDNA ITS-2ITS-2 C. catascopium of Michigan 66 likelihoodlikelihood C. elodes (ML) model C. occulta (ML) model H. caperata 65 B. pfeifferi 55 H. trivolvis B. amazonica 10001000 puzzling replicates DPUVDPUV HUMANHUMAN FASCIOLIASISFASCIOLIASIS
GalbaGalba truncatulatruncatula
LymnaeaLymnaea (Simpsonia)(Simpsonia) humilishumilis
CLIMACLIMA CHANGECHANGE
PseudosuccinaePseudosuccinae columellacolumella RadixRadix natalensisnatalensis caillaudicaillaudi
GEOGRAPHICALLYGEOGRAPHICALLY GLOBALGLOBAL CHANGECHANGE SPREADINGSPREADING DPUVDPUV HUMANHUMAN FASCIOLIASISFASCIOLIASIS ININ EGYPTEGYPT zz DNADNA MARKERSMARKERS USEDUSED FORFOR THETHE CLASSIFICATIONCLASSIFICATION OFOF FASCIOLIDS:FASCIOLIDS: XX NuclearNuclear ribosomalribosomal DNA:DNA: CR 2 hh FirstFirst internalinternal transcribedtranscribed spacerspacer (ITS-1):(ITS-1): 12S evolvesevolves usuallyusually slightlyslightly fasterfaster thanthan ITS-2ITS-2 16S I hh SecondSecond internalinternal transcribedtranscribed spacerspacer (ITS-2):(ITS-2): 1 evolvesevolves markedlymarkedly fasterfaster thanthan thethe rRNArRNA mtDNAmtDNA II genesgenes 5.8,5.8, 28S28S andand 18S18S A8 b A6 XX MitochondrialMitochondrial DNA:DNA: 6 III hh NicotinamideNicotinamide adenineadenine dinucleotidedinucleotide dehydrogena-dehydrogena- 3 se subunit 1 (ND1): one of the fastest in evolution 4L 4 se subunit 1 (ND1): one of the fastest in evolution 5 hh CytochromeCytochrome CC oxidaseoxidase subunitsubunit 11 (CO1):(CO1): evolvesevolves atat aa raterate similarsimilar toto thatthat ofof thethe rDNArDNA ITSITS spacersspacers
IGSIGS (NTS+ETS)(NTS+ETS) 18S18S ITS-1ITS-1 5.8S5.8S ITS-2ITS-2 28S28S rDNArDNA
DPUVDPUV MOLECULARMOLECULAR CHARACTERISATIONCHARACTERISATION OFOF LIVERLIVER FLUKESFLUKES mtDNAmtDNA CO1CO1
mtDNAmtDNA COICOI fragmentfragment lengthlength == 474474 bpbp InformativeInformative positionspositions SamplesSamples LiverLiver flukesflukes HostHost CodesCodes 2424 5858 174174 225225 429429 435435
EgyptEgypt F.F. hepaticahepatica cattlecattle FHFH AA CC GG GG TT AA F.F. hepaticahepatica cattle*cattle* FH2FH2 AA CC GG GG TT AA F.F. hepaticahepatica cattle*cattle* FH3FH3 TT TT GG GG CC GG hybridhybrid
F.F. giganticagigantica buffalobuffalo FLOFLO AA CC GG GG TT AA hybridhybrid
FasciolaFasciola sp.sp. cattlecattle FSPFSP AA CC GG GG TT AA hybridhybrid
Spain F. hepatica sheep OCAS A C G G T A Spain F. hepatica sheep OCAS A C G G T A purepure F.F. hepaticahepatica CorsicaCorsica F.F. hepaticahepatica cattlecattle CORCOR AA CC GG GG TT AA BoliviaBolivia F.F. hepaticahepatica sheepsheep BBOLBBOL CC CC GG GG TT AA
IranIran F.F. hepaticahepatica CattleCattle HIRHIR CC TT GG AA TT GG IranIran F.F. giganticagigantica cattlecattle GIRGIR CC TT GG GG TT GG
UruguayUruguay11 F.F. hepaticahepatica cattlecattle HEPA1,2HEPA1,2 33 CC CC GG GG TT AA 1 ZambiaZambia1 F.F. giganticagigantica cattlecattle GIGA1GIGA1 CC TT AA AA TT GG purepure F.F. giganticagigantica ZambiaZambia11 F.F. giganticagigantica cattlecattle GIGA2,3GIGA2,3 CC TT AA AA TT GG JapanJapan11 FasciolaFasciola sp.sp. cattlecattle F.SPF.SP CC TT GG AA TT GG
11 afterafter ITAGAKIITAGAKI etet alal.. (1998)(1998) DPUVDPUV HUMANHUMAN FASCIOLIASISFASCIOLIASIS ININ EGYPTEGYPT zz VeryVery numerousnumerous hybridhybrid haplotyphaplotypeses foundfound upup toto thethe present:present: rDNArDNA ITSsITSs followfollow thethe phenotype,phenotype, butbut mtmt DNADNA genesgenes dodo notnot (confirmed(confirmed byby CIASCIAS phenotyping)phenotyping)
hh InIn humans:humans: 2525 ND1ND1 haplotypeshaplotypes (903(903 bpbp long)long) andand 3939 CO1CO1 haplotypeshaplotypes (1533(1533 bpbp long),long), includingincluding purepure F.F. hepaticahepatica;; severalseveral ofof thosethose alsoalso foundfound inin animals;animals; aa casecase withwith aa veryvery highhigh intensintensityity (more(more thanthan 20002000 epg)epg) waswas byby anan hybridhybrid haplotypehaplotype
hh InIn animals:animals: veryvery numerousnumerous ND1ND1 haplotypeshaplotypes andand CO1CO1 haplotypeshaplotypes
hh HybridHybrid viability:viability: alreadyalready confirmedconfirmed inin 22 hybridshybrids fromfrom animalsanimals andand 22 hybridshybrids fromfrom humans;humans; wholewhole transmissiontransmission patternpattern elucidatedelucidated
DPUVDPUV HUMANHUMAN FASCIOLIASISFASCIOLIASIS TRANSMISSIONTRANSMISSION byby FasciolaFasciola FasciolaFasciola DEFINITIVEDEFINITIVE hepaticahepatica giganticagigantica HOSTHOST DomesticDomestic AnimalAnimal ReservoirReservoir HostsHosts
SheepSheep CattleCattle TRADITIONALTRADITIONAL (Others)(Others) TRANSMISSONTRANSMISSON PATTERNPATTERN
ANIMALANIMAL ENDEMICENDEMIC AREASAREAS LymnaeidaeLymnaeidae HumansHumans INTERMEDIATEINTERMEDIATE HOSTHOST
DPUVDPUV HUMANHUMAN FASCIOLIASISFASCIOLIASIS hybridshybrids TRANSMISSIONTRANSMISSION presentpresent
DEFINITIVE Main DEFINITIVE Main FasciolaFasciola Main HOSTSHOSTS Main FasciolaFasciola hepaticahepatica DomesticDomestic AnimalAnimal DomesticDomestic AnimalAnimal giganticagigantica ReservoirReservoir HostsHosts ReservoirReservoir HostsHosts SporadicSporadic SheepSheep CattleCattle BuffaloesBuffaloes CattleCattle SporadicSporadic DomesticDomestic AnimalAnimal BuffaloesBuffaloes DonkeysDonkeys SheepSheep DonkeysDonkeys DomesticDomestic AnimalAnimal ReservoirReservoir HostsHosts ReservoirReservoir HostsHosts Horses,Horses, Goats,Goats, Horses,Horses, Goats,Goats, Dromedaries,Dromedaries, Dromedaries,Dromedaries, CamelsCamels CamelsCamels INTERMEDIATEINTERMEDIATE Lymnaeidae Lymnaeidae HOSTSHOSTS Radix natalensis Galba truncatula Radix auricularia SylvaticSylvatic AnimalAnimal SylvaticSylvatic AnimalAnimal ReservoirReservoir HostsHosts ReservoirReservoir HostsHosts LagomorphsLagomorphs LagomorphsLagomorphs RodentsRodents
HumansHumans HUMANHUMAN NILENILE DELTADELTA -- Egypt Egypt ENDEMICENDEMIC GILAN,GILAN, CASPIANCASPIAN SEASEA -- Iran Iran AREASAREAS DPUVDPUV COMPLEXITYCOMPLEXITY OFOF ZOONOTICZOONOTIC DISEASESDISEASES ANDAND PROBLEMSPROBLEMS
zz TheThe complexitycomplexity ofof zoonoticzoonotic infectiousinfectious diseasesdiseases offers,offers, however,however, severalseveral problemsproblems whichwhich mustmust bebe solved:solved: hh AlthoughAlthough thethe generalgeneral knowledgeknowledge onon thethe diseasedisease epidemiologyepidemiology andand transmissiontransmission isis usuallyusually available,available, thethe knowledgeknowledge onon locallocal epidemiologyepidemiology andand transmissiontransmission characteristicscharacteristics isis stillstill lackinglacking inin manymany casescases hh MultisdisciplinaryMultisdisciplinary approachesapproaches andand trtransprofessionalansprofessional teamteam networksnetworks areare neededneeded forfor bothboth researchresearch andand training.training. EffortsEfforts willwill bebe neededneeded toto convince convince differentdifferent ministriesministries andand healthhealth responsibresponsiblesles toto co-workco-work andand relatedrelated political-political- strategicstrategic difficultiesdifficulties mustmust bebe solvedsolved hh FundingFunding agenciesagencies shallshall bebe convincedconvinced aboutabout thethe needneed forfor increasingincreasing effortsefforts atat animalanimal levellevel hh StudiesStudies onon geographicalgeographical distributiondistribution anandd epidemiologyepidemiology ofof zoonoseszoonoses byby usingusing modernmodern toolstools areare crucialcrucial toto establishestablish thethe appropriateappropriate locallocal controlcontrol measuresmeasures hh FieldField workwork shallshall againagain bebe encouragedencouraged hh TheThe needneed forfor “old-fashioned”“old-fashioned” disciplines disciplines asas MedicalMedical MalacologyMalacology andand EntomologyEntomology shallshall bebe emphasizedemphasized DPUVDPUV zz THETHE NEEDNEED TOTO AGAINAGAIN EMPHASIZEEMPHASIZE THETHE IMPORTANCEIMPORTANCE OFOF FIELDFIELD STUDIESSTUDIES hh ExperimentalExperimental workwork hashas sensesense ifif itit isis forfor thethe understandingunderstanding ofof whatwhat happenshappens outsideoutside hh DuringDuring yearsyears andand yearsyears wewe havehave beenbeen developpingdevelopping numerousnumerous new,new, modern,modern, sophisticatedsophisticated molecularmolecular totoolsols forfor thethe diagnosisdiagnosis ofof manymany infectiousinfectious diseases;diseases; onceonce thethe newnew ttestest obtained,obtained, aa fieldfield trialtrial hashas beenbeen usuallyusually performedperformed toto verifyverify itsits uusefulness;sefulness; andand afterwards,afterwards, onlyonly a a fewfew oror nobodynobody isis applyingapplying itit inin endemicendemic areasareas
hh TooToo sophisticatedsophisticated toto bebe applieappliedd inin manymany developingdeveloping countriescountries hh TooToo expensiveexpensive andand consequentlyconsequently unaffordableunaffordable hh TooToo muchmuch similarsimilar teststests forfor thethe samesame disease,disease, soso thatthat healthhealth responsiblesresponsibles becomebecome lostlost
DPUVDPUV zz THETHE NEEDNEED TOTO AGAINAGAIN EMPHASIZEEMPHASIZE THETHE IMPORTANCEIMPORTANCE OFOF FIELDFIELD STUDIESSTUDIES
hh DivorceDivorce betweenbetween traditionaltraditional memethodsthods (as(as thosethose forfor simplesimple epidemiologicalepidemiological surveys)surveys) andand newnew technologiestechnologies hh InIn manymany centrescentres ofof developingdeveloping countrcountries,ies, healthhealth responsiblesresponsibles thinkthink thatthat traditionaltraditional diagnosticdiagnostic methodsmethods areare oldold fashionedfashioned andand makemake effortsefforts toto incorporateincorporate modernmodern methodsmethods whichwhich areare usuallyusually moremore expensive,expensive, needneed sophisticatedsophisticated infrastructureinfrastructure anandd notnot appropriateappropriate forfor largelarge epidemiologicalepidemiological studiesstudies inin endemicendemic areasareas hh TheThe consequenceconsequence isis thatthat thosethose momoderndern techniquestechniques areare onlyonly usedused inin a a fewfew centrescentres andand appliedapplied toto onlyonly aa fewfew patients,patients, andand thatthat almostalmost nobodynobody isis carryingcarrying outout surveyssurveys inin thethe endemicendemic areasareas anyany moremore
DPUVDPUV zz THETHE NEEDNEED TOTO AGAINAGAIN EMPHASIZEEMPHASIZE THETHE IMPORTANCEIMPORTANCE OFOF FIELDFIELD STUDIESSTUDIES
hh Consequences:Consequences:
hh Today,Today, oneone ofof thethe greatestgreatest problemsproblems wewe havehave isis thatthat inin manymany areasareas ofof thethe developingdeveloping worldworld wewe dodo notnot knowknow whichwhich areare thethe epidemiologicalepidemiological situationssituations
hh So,So, forfor givengiven diseasesdiseases wewe disposedispose ofof moremore oror lessless effectiveeffective controlcontrol methodsmethods andand wewe cannotcannot applyapply themthem
DPUVDPUV zz THETHE NEEDNEED TOTO AGAINAGAIN EMPHASIZEEMPHASIZE THETHE IMPORTANCEIMPORTANCE OFOF FIELDFIELD STUDIESSTUDIES
hh Interestingly,Interestingly, whenwhen wewe gogo todaytoday againagain toto thethe fieldfield andand performperform surveys,surveys, thethe resultsresults usuallyusually suggestsuggest thatthat manymany diseasesdiseases areare emergingemerging // re-emergingre-emerging hh WhetherWhether thisthis isis relatedrelated toto ththee higherhigher performanceperformance ofof todaytoday diagnosticdiagnostic methodsmethods whenwhen comparedcompared toto oldold onesones oror not,not, oneone conclusionconclusion isis evident:evident: allall ththoseose diseasesdiseases areare stillstill therethere andand continuecontinue toto bebe asas prevalentprevalent asas alwaysalways !! hh Thus,Thus, evidenceevidence isis suggestingsuggesting smallsmall impactimpact oror sometimessometimes eveneven nono impactimpact atat allall ofof allall ourour efforteffortss againstagainst neglectedneglected infectiousinfectious diseasesdiseases inin recentrecent years;years; givengiven didiseasesseases areare reallyreally re-emergingre-emerging and/orand/or expandingexpanding !!
DPUVDPUV zz TRAINING,TRAINING, TECHNOLOGYTECHNOLOGY TRANSFER,TRANSFER, CAPACITYCAPACITY BUILDINGBUILDING
hh ControlControl ofof allall kindkind ofof infectinfectiousious diseasesdiseases needsneeds sustainabilitysustainability hh SustainibilitySustainibility needsneeds specificallyspecifically traitrainedned scientistsscientists inin endemicendemic countriescountries andand areasareas hh Consequently,Consequently, wewe needneed toto includeinclude trainingtraining andand technologytechnology transfertransfer highhigh inin thethe agendasagendas ofof reseresearcharch projectsprojects onon zoonoticzoonotic diseasesdiseases
hh ProblemsProblems appearedappeared inin recentrecent years:years: hh ThereThere beginsbegins toto bebe aa lacklack ofof peoplpeoplee inin traditionaltraditional butbut alwaysalways necessarynecessary disciplinesdisciplines forfor thethe fightfight againstagainst vector-bornevector-borne diseases,diseases, asas MedicalMedical EntomologyEntomology andand MedicalMedical MalacologyMalacology,, oror eveneven coprologicalcoprological methodology,methodology, neededneeded forfor patientpatient diagnosisdiagnosis inin manymany diseases,diseases, mainlymainly inin endemicendemic areas areas ofof developingdeveloping countriescountries hh MolecularMolecular toolstools maymay bebe veryvery helpfulhelpful inin attractingattracting youngyoung researchersresearchers toto disciplinesdisciplines asas MedicalMedical EntomologyEntomology andand MedicalMedical Malacology,Malacology, asas wellwell asas toto diagnosticdiagnostic methodologiesmethodologies asas coprologycoprology DPUVDPUV CONTROLCONTROL OFOF ANIMALANIMAL DISEASESDISEASES OFOF AA ZOONOTICZOONOTIC NATURENATURE -- AA CHALLENGECHALLENGE FORFOR OUROUR FUTUREFUTURE
THETHE ENDEND THANKTHANK YOUYOU
DPUVDPUV