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THE METAMORPHOSIS OF LAS MARIPOSAS: A MEMORY OF THE MIRABAL SISTERS IN THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC AND ITS DIASPORA IN THE UNITED STATES By LISA KRAUSE A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2018 © 2018 Lisa Krause To my grandparents, my heroes Für meine Großeltern, meine Helden They are afraid of me because I am not afraid of them. - Berta Cáceres ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank my committee for their continued support throughout the process of writing and developing my thesis. Most importantly, I want to thank them for their mentorship, which has shaped me into the scholar I am today. I thank Dr. Susan Paulson for her encouragement and guidance on the overall structure of my thesis; Dr. Lenny Ureña Valerio for her insightful feedback and for the countless of hours she invested in my project; Dr. Efraín Barradas for his immense knowledge and great advice; and Dr. Carlos Suarez Carrasquillo for his assistance in finding the topic and helping in the advancement of the content of my thesis. I would also like to thank the people in the Dominican Republic who received me with open arms and helped me to gather critical information about my research topic. Special thanks to Chiqui Vicioso and Emelda Ramos for their support in Salcedo as well as Minou Tavárez Mirabal and Luise de Peña in Santo Domingo, the Dominican Republic, and the Dominican Studies Library at CUNY. My field research would not have been possible without a generous grant from the Tinker Foundation. I want to specially thank the Center for Latin American Studies at the University of Florida for entrusting me with the opportunity of becoming a MALAS student and for providing me with the privilege of expanding my knowledge about Latin America and the Caribbean. This project would not have been possible without their support. Additionally, I want to thank Dr. Lilian Guerra for her great comments and motivation to question common representations of the Mirabal Sisters. Thank you to the MALAS cohort members, especially Juliana and David, and my dear friend Jessica for their friendship and for becoming my U.S. family. I want to thank my family, especially my parents, for believing in my crazy idea of going across the Atlantic to further my education. I am eternally grateful for the sacrifices you made that allowed me to become the first in the family to receive a university education. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...............................................................................................................4 LIST OF FIGURES .........................................................................................................................7 ABSTRACT .....................................................................................................................................9 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................10 2 TRUJILLO AND POST-TRUJILLATO POLITICS IN THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC .............................................................................................................................18 3 THE DOMINICAN DIASPORA IN THE UNITED STATES (1930 TO PRESENT) .........30 Migration During the Trujillo Era (1930 – 1961) ...................................................................33 Migration from the Island Following the Death of the Dictator .............................................38 4 THE MAKING OF LAS MARIPOSAS – THE MIRABAL SISTERS .................................47 Patria Mirabal .........................................................................................................................49 Dedé Mirabal ..........................................................................................................................50 Minerva Mirabal .....................................................................................................................51 María Teresa ...........................................................................................................................53 Movimiento 14 de Junio .........................................................................................................54 Assassination ..........................................................................................................................57 5 METAMORPHOSIS OF LAS MARIPOSAS........................................................................61 Literature Review ...................................................................................................................61 Politics of Memory .................................................................................................................70 Cover-Up – Staging of an Accident ................................................................................70 Trial against the Murderers of the Mirabal Sisters ..........................................................72 Moving towards Official Recognition .............................................................................81 6 COMMEMORATION & THE MIRABAL FAMILY ...........................................................86 Childhood Home and Monuments ..........................................................................................87 Casa Museo Hermanas Mirabal ..............................................................................................92 Jardín Memorial Patria Mirabal ............................................................................................100 Family Presence ....................................................................................................................102 5 7 THE MEMORY IN THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC AND ITS DIASPORA: CIVIL SOCIETY, ART & POPULAR CULTURE AND THE MEMORY OF THE MIRABAL SISTERS ...............................................................................................................................105 Pedro Mir – Amen de Mariposas ..........................................................................................105 Sonia Silvestre - La Tierra Escrita ........................................................................................108 Siete Nueve – Mar I Prosa A Minerva ..................................................................................111 Julia Alvarez – In the Time of the Butterflies ......................................................................115 Trópico de Sangre .................................................................................................................117 Santo Domingo Obelisk - Alegoría a la Libertad .................................................................119 Encuentros Feministas Latinoamericano y del Caribe .........................................................124 UN International Day for the Elimination of Violence Against Women .............................127 Mirabal Sisters School ..........................................................................................................129 Present-Day Trujillistas ........................................................................................................130 8 CONCLUSION.....................................................................................................................135 LIST OF REFERENCES .............................................................................................................142 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH .......................................................................................................150 6 LIST OF FIGURES Figure page 3-1 Latino Communities in New York based on census information from 2010. Image from: WNYC. 2018. "Hispanic Origins Across NYC". Project.Wnyc.Org. .....................43 3-2 Maps of Dominican Population in New York City Metropolitan Area. Image from Migration Policy Institute. 2004. "The Dominican Population In The United States: Growth And Distribution". Washington, DC. ....................................................................44 5-1 Newspaper article from El Caribe November 27, 1960. ...................................................71 5-2 25-Centavo coin of the human rights series portraying the Mirabal Sisters. Image from Numista. 2018. "25 Centavos, Dominican Republic".. .............................................82 5-3 200-pesos bank note that is in circulation since 2013. Image by the author. ....................84 6-1 Paintings of Dedé Mirabal displayed at the Mirabal family residence. Image by author. ................................................................................................................................88 6-2 Images of the garden. Images by the author. ....................................................................89 6-3 Monument to the Mirabal Sisters next to the family’s residence. Images by the author. ................................................................................................................................90 6-4 Original part from the jeep, in which the Mirabal Sisters travelled to Puerto Plata and which was used to stage the traffic accident. Image by the author. ...................................90 6-5 Images from the Ecoparque de la Paz. Images by the author. ...........................................91 6-6 Family residence. Images by the author. ...........................................................................93 6-7 Display of personal
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