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A Study of th. Lifm and Thought of S.a~uolEIminrich Froblieh

A Tharia Subdttod to tb. Faculty of Gxaâuak Shidia8 aad Raimuch thtough th. Dapu-t of Raligiou8 Studims Zn Putial lhlfillvnt of tb. R.qPirunt8 for Tlm Dqmof m8tar of kt8 a+ tbr Uai*.trity of Wiaàaor National Library Bibliith4y nationale 1+1 dcanacia du Cana Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographie Seniices services bibliographiques

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The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts fiom it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. This ia an histotic.l/thmolapical study of the làfa and thought of Samuml Heinrich Froklàcà (1803-1857). Ft6hlich wra a 19th. crntury Swiss prator who laft the R8fori.d (Calvina8t) Church rad kc- ua ZIrrabaptiat. This act wrm more thln 8-ly r chrnga in chuch mrnibrrrhip* Fxohlich renouacd bfo-d, Protoatmatiam for the "rrdicrlW theology of the Aaabaptbta. Fz~hlich~arctàvitiaa Id to thr foraution of r new lata-Anabaptiat drndnrtion. Tkia projmct ri11 mxrPinm Fz6hlich1a potsonal uad tàoological &valopun+ 88 ha ude thaa tzrnrition rnd will .LY1IIonaerta how thia bursitioa 8hip.d the chu8ct.t of thia na* &nomination. A ptinrry focus will ba tha notion of non-xaaiataaca rnd prcifi= in the daqmdnition. This rasaaxch dea. not focua upon onm putaeulu qumstion. Put 0ii. of thia *ork will consiat of aurvy of thm historical coatuct of Frohlich .nd hi8 movamant. Paz+ Two will k rn ana1y.i. of h6hlichV8rràtàng. The method utilird to analysa Fz6h1ichVm mmitàng will k to clamify oc locrtr ha8 tâoiight within trditioaal, syataatic, thaologial catmgorim~,by uapuiag hir wotk to rmptamntatirr mptiat, lbun Catholic, and Protmtuat thaologp.

iii This projmct would not ha- han po8iblm without tâa UIIW~VI~~A~8ppport (and occasionrl idioaiahuat: "y00 hrd ktter not quit8') of y dru wife and kat fzaend Land.. 1 u 8180 in r wry thankful fot litth Natalàara diva~siona dusing *ami vmzy loag and toûiour tro-finguad typing rassioaa, (raad-it book, plms) . 1 would k ramisi if 1 did not mention tha -le of q puent., nrtl and tsthur John. 'Pbia rhould bm r langthy 1i.t iiace 1 hava hn raaistad by so iuiy on thia projmct. 1 would fitat likm to mention my Uri8 conimittaa, aapmcirlly Dt. Dia- Gage my thaiis adviaoz whose constant probing and questioning of my woxk kmpt ma "on -0 straight uad nrrrow". I 8m gtr-ful to Dr. No- King foz thoar insights into th0 thaologacrl enterprise thut ha shared wifh Us studeata in hio classes. Prof. 8.znae llt&mf w.8 aspechlly hmlpful aad unrmlfiah with hia tiu and suggmstionr. 1 rppracirta Dr. Mary Bird's wallangneas to char fhr theai. &fuism. 1 f-1 it as iPipottrnt to mention th. rsaiafrnce of Dt. Edwad Crornly in Latin trur8latioa uad my fathar, nit1 Jahn for ar8istuacm in Gazmut -8a8lrtion. Wbila aot ditmctly iavolvd with thà8 projoct, th. ski118 trught by Dr. Dotothy Sly rnd Dt. Dam Wilna wum anvaluab10 an thrt thry taught ma to =arouch aad zoad c..t.fully, with .a aprn mind . I f-1 at is rlro appropriata to montioa othmrs likr Walkr Laubla, Pax- Klopfen.kin, Dm-rt Grrtz, Ahx k&nrc, Victot ICliawat, and othmri whom f hava r.gretably forgotton to montion, but who an iiay ways prabrbly uaknom to thmmsmlvmr, a8sist.d or grmatly in ais projact. Tabla of Contenta

ii

iii

iv

v

Xntroductioa

PART ONE: Y. Historicrl Background of Samuel Ftoàlich and hi8 Et8 Th* Swasr Rmfor~artion Swittrrlmd aad the Aaabaptiats Tbe Anrbrptiats and thr Stata Churcb The Impact of th0 Fzench Ravolutioa on Switrrrlaad The EImlvatac Rupublic in Switzatlrnd Samar1 Hmiarich Frohlach Brohlicb, and the Mmnaonitma Pararcution of tha kirbrptirts Puramcution of tha Evaagmlacal Baptà8ts Fr6hlichta Pazsonrl Ci~mms+rnces Deno&nrtional Gxowth - ûvervirw North Amoricr

PART mm: III &mbap+imt Th.ology rnb th. TraâLUoarl Systrutic Thmlogial Catmgoriaa Introduction Ftohlich' 8 ~~loqi~lAathrapologp Body, Soul rnd Spitit Frahlioh .ad Bubma&u on Body, Soul md Spitit The #a+Ur=8 of Sin &a fr6hlich and #.-O Siaon8 Sin Catagoritod Culpability of Sin in Caildroa IV Sokriology Aaabrptiat8 on Baptism Ramas Catâolic aad koteataat Bapti.r Thm Biblicrl Fouadation fog Infaat Baptà~i Fr6hlaah uid th. Aarkrptiata on th. Baptia of Xnfrnt. Orrcm aad Baptiam Frohlich8s Baptismal P~actàams Thm Btothzan Influencm on Froehlich

V Fzohlich'a Doc+rana of God mm01ogy Simon8 and Fr6hlich on th. Ttanity Sinona .nd Fz6hlich on Càristology Chtistt8 ~w/DivanmNatu-

Conclusion - h6hlichts Lagrcy This thesis, ahould k conaidmzad onfy a8 a stuting point, for unâotstanding thm tmachinq aad lmgacy of Samuel

Heinrich Frohlich. Thar reaauch &aa not canem about r psrticular question but will explore and analyse the biog+aphical, theological .ad docfrinal aspects of Fzohlich writing. Even though .ai. Anabaptista considot Frohlich to bm an ~nabaptist,' hm was navar ucpïicit as to which individualr or zeligious traditions subatantirlly info-d or influmnced has theology. Tha. wotk will rtfrnpt to uncover Frohlachrs

Anabaptist roota in ozde= to &tedm whmthas Frohlichr s theof ogy was in f act Anabaptist and how thia uy have influenced or shrprd the &nomination ha foun&d.

Accordiag to Dt. Pet.= Brodc, 8 hirtoririi at the

Uaiveraaty of Tooroonto, tâm history of tâm ttrâitaon fouridid by Frohlich Il.. .conrtàtutms ona of th. laast known chaptarr in the hiatory of tha Aaabaptàat-Mannoaita movamntw.2 In a zaview of a book on Prohlich, Dmlbert Gtrtr a profmsaor at

Bluffton Collqa, notoû târt th ruthor of the book, provaâd vmry littlm iaaight on the ".. . aoutcm or aourcms of influance on th. vuious aapmcta of F=6hlich1r tâaakingN.' Grata suggrskd that a+ a8 tirir thrtmora work w88 &am an thar uma. Thora ha. been little zerruch into the relrtionahip botwmoa Calvinism, thm Rafozmed Chultch aad thm Anabrptists in the 19? and 20% con-Lea. mat rmiauch ii centrmd about

Calvin (16~.crntury) and hi. rmlrtionship with thr

Arrabrptista. mat maker this rairuch inUresting is that

Fzohlich w.8 8 19? cmntury, Referaiad Church paitot who subrequrntly loft tâm Reform Church and rllied hiaprelf with the Aaabrptiat8, a rmligious kadition thrt hrd hirtorically ben drnigrrtrd rnd patarcukd by thr Caïvinaata.

The souzca8 utilizmd foi thia wozk, will be Fxohlich's uctuat wtatangs, which coaairt lrrgely of arwona, lettezs, biogrrphicrl piecea, c-ntrriea on Biblicrl books and prasrgea, and rlso essaya uid booklmts on variou8 points of doctxinri and blirf. Except for on* -11 booklrt, theae works have al1 baon baaslrtad into Englirh. At one point

Frohlich wra pseaching r8 -y as 450 rmrnons per ymrr and a large number of th. outlines of thas. raaiona havm Imn pteaertnd. Fsohlich wrotm quite utensivaly .ad w88 aaid to have nitu 200 to 300 lmttora in duplicata rnnurlly.' The Eaq1i.h apo.Lang bruach of th. duadnation (Tho Apostolic

Chxistirn Church) ha8 mrnaged to prmremm, ~axaa1r.kaad publiih thr wotka of trohlàch.

Othar thrn F=ohlichri work, th0 publications of the

Apo~tolàcChristian Chutch conaaat of 0%- &potional ot apologetàc worka . A f.r '8hhiatoràea*rha- bman pub1ish.d by mambars of tho duadnation ovmt tha y-a. Honvm~:,to &te fh. dmnrvmirution ha. not publiahaâ uiy ~crit&~cl~~or

%xarlyticclt8woska tâat have aag8q.d Frohlichls doctrinrs ot theology . Put One of tàia work will udnethe hiatory of Samuel

Frohlich aad thm pmtiod during which hm livrd. !Phi8 ri11 be affected by fitst aumayang th. politacil and taligious influenc88 of Frinca, thm kench Rmvolution and Nipolmon on

Switzerlind, the houlaad of Frehlàch. Thia aumy of th8

French ànflu8nca will ba followd by an urainrtàon of the

.volution of ~rligiouatolesrnce ia Switzarlrnd and how ais affacted the lifa, wotk, and lagacy of Prohlach.

Part Tro of thia work will udnoFr6hlich'a thought and theology by aiturtang tham witbin tb. ttaâitaoaal systmaatic târologàcal categories. Thàa work as an init2.l attippt to 10c.k Orohlàchfs thought withia thma. crtmgotiaa. Thaae crtegoriea wàll includ.: aath~opology,tàaology, christology, and iotozaology. Tkia analysas wal1 rt-t to i&ntify .taas an h.ohlichta uratiag that Auiiirrnatrrte how

~al0~8kha010g%cll COncqt8 uid a88~a8Wata ptC0iVd by

FrBhlicâ uad othu kub.ptiata. Thoaa concopta rnd asaues will th.a k c-ad te Luthmraa, Catholic uad Rmfoa tb.ologias. Hirtoricrl Background of Samuel Rohlich

Ft6hlich hc.u an râheruat of Aaabaptaat toaching and thmology aftet kccring diaillunioned wath hi. atudhr in theology at t✠Univaraity of Basle and the àoctriius of the

Rafarwd Chiirch of Suitorrland. Frohlichla praachiag as r young Rofoard paatot wra tagudad as king confrazy to thr teachings of th. Skte Church on r vuiaty of issues.

Consequrntly, Frohlich war âidrrmd fran tha Raf0rril.d Church Prinistty .

Upon leaving the mf0ri.d Churcb, Ft6hlàch found hiumlf l1persacukdW.EIe wrs no longer padtkd to praach in th

Rmfozmed Churcb or rt rll, for thrtnutter. His aubaequent

~rtiagawa8 not leg.lly tecogaired rince it had not been prrfo-d in tha statœ Church. Ho wra ofkn forced to move fraa vaious toms by thr civil ruthotitiœ8, since the

5 ruthotities srw Frohlich 88 r subvm~sivi.influence.

Por 8 BrrOblach wra&xd 88 .n atineraat ptrichet,

Aa he npoka to vazious Mmnaoaitr congzeg~tioa~,it bac- appumat thrt hi. avolvAng thaology .nd hlaafa wmt* clrary

àafluoacad by Anabaptiat kaching. Fr6hlich was al80 invakd to ptuch at .ou of th. churchai hm h.d amrcnd u a Rmf0rP.d partoc. The rrault of h6hlich1a evaaqalizing wotk w88 the ertrblirbmrnt of r nœw Anabaptist dmaoaiartion. Than woup kcuu knowa a8 th wEo8agmlial Baptiatam in Switzatlrnd .ad k mambos8 of the drndnatioa amigsated to North

Ammrica, (rtarting in th. 1840 ' a) th. Amoricua bxuach of the

&nomination wm ecnntually aamad (1920' a) the Wpoatolic

Christian Ch-ch of &mricaw.A schism within th- denomination in the early yaus of this cantury zmsultod in the fo-tion of .nothet gtoup that kc.w knom as the

1%po8tolic Chri8ti.n Chutch (Naruam) ". In kxm8 of thrology the Ev.ngalàcr1 Baptiata, Nazuanas, and Apostolic Christian8

The following i8 rn ovatoaw of thia wotk: Chapkr I - Eistoricrl Background of Frohlich and kas Err Th. firat chapter of Put One will iatroducr Samuel

Orohlich and the otigin. of the deadnataon thrt eventually avolvmd from hi8 afforta. The chaptar will Win with a b+iaf a- a- of th0 radical Reforriitioa in Switzrzlrnd. This will ba tollornd by rketch of th. French R.volutioa and the naulting Halvatic Rmpublic. Tha mat.bli8hmont of thm the "atrto church1' aad initia- hi. contact8 with the

Anabrptiuta. An outlàne of how Fr6hlichfr influmco sptard throughout Swàtsarlrnd will follow. Chrptar 11 - The Naz.rone8 of Bastua Europo Thi8 ehrptrr will relate tha #tory of th0 NNrzuena8frof

Hunguy rnd Yugoalroii, Cocusing prcticularily an their nonresisknce urd prcàfim. Tha chapkr will thn dnrthe uApostolic Christianatf of North Amatia. Thair story hm bac- r sigaificaat aad influantial put of th. legay of Samuel Frohlich . Chaptor If 1 - Anmbrpta8t Thaolow and the Ttiditionrl

This chrptrx, th. bogiaaang of th. Put Two of thar work, will opua with rn introduction to tâa historical, Anabaptist pmxspctive of thoology in guial, and will then axamine tha Anabaptiat rpptorch to th. -8ditionaî syr-tic tàmologicrl crtogorios.

The focus of this chaptot ri11 k ua riulysis of

Frohlich' 8 aathtopology (the0y of humas mtun) . Taclu&d in this iarlyiia will k h6hlicb'm undazstmding of tbr h\nrin coaditàon in tm- of %iaf .ad hi. uadmrstuadiag of th.

VallW.Almo iacludmâ in thim #action will bm lk6hlich1r porspoctitn on th. relrtionrhip aad âiatinctionr bataman thm lls~ulltand VpiritW. Chaptor N - Soktiolopy This chaptot will o~aaRohlichta aokriology, (thmory of 8clvrtion) . Tha di8cus8ion of naoktiologylrwill revolvr iround th. topic of iafmt baptiam, an isauo th+ ras central to Fr6hlich1a disillualoniunt wath Rofom thoology, and hi. evmnturl adoption of kiabaptiut/~nnonitetheology.

Fohlich .lm adoptoâ the oontroversiil poaition thrt baptism baptazod only by usp~anklàngN.' Controversioa ovmt thàa issue lad to division8 uaong #ou baaonak congrrgation8 whare Frohlich pxerchod. Thoim thrt loft thmae Mmnnonito congrmqationi rnd followmd Frohlich worm, sama of the aazliast convmrts to the %ew tr=aâitionttand waro crllrd -

Chrptor V - Fzohlichts Doctrine of God This chaptor will focus on Frohlichta Wmologyw (thoory of God), the Triaity, th. tolo of tha Boly Spirit and hi. Chriatology. Tho80 topica will bo inve8tagat.d by compuiag Fr6hlàchraAaabaptist/Winnoaatm convictions wath those of Rafom, Luthmtra .ad Catholic thaologioa. Concluaion - Brzohlichts Lmgacy Tho concludiag ch.ptmt wàll ptovida r ahort ovetpiaw of hou thr teadaiaga aad lrgacy of Suu01 Irroblich hrvm f-d, by COQDPU~~~..p.et. of tb. contampotuy &aamkaation to that wmagrliatic, Anabaptist =-nt .' This chapkr wall al80 explotr tha iattaguiag poisibil%ty of tha prrarrvation of the articles uid focua of tha ScàleitâefPi CoaSmarion (1527) in the dunoaination. bapta-1 citechia. Hiatoricrl Background of Samual Fzohlich rnd his Eza

The Swaas Rafozmation

The Rmfoaution in Sritretlind bagrn in 1519 with r artLes of lectures on the New Tastamant by Uzlich Zwingli.

Zwingli folloind theae lectures with aasaults on the notions of purgatory, th. invocation of aainta, and ionrstàci.n. 1

Zwingli had bagua criticiring th. ttaditionrl kachings of

Reman Catholiciam about th. srmr tiair as Mutin Luther, but hm claiina ho was aot greatly iaÉ1uenc.d by Luther. Zwingli was lrd to theae waewgBconclu ai on^ by Ria own atudies-2

Zwingli, wrs r pepulu: praroh.r in the Catholic Church ia Zurich, who had bogun to drmlnd rlciical refozm of the

Church. Evmntually ha zmaagnmd as a primat (1522) but waa iiiudiately tminatated to hia old position by tàm civil gove~atof Zurich, but ha was 8180 now undet their autào+ity. This actAon by th0 civil govommuat mukd *bat wa might cal1 th. lvfodtlbmgiaaing of tlm Swiaa R.fori.taon. 3

By Eutex of 1525 ZwUiglits R.forird itatm church bad cama into oxiatuwa rnd Catholici.ai was aboliahad in

Zutich. Born rminad offaci.lly Catholic uatal Fd~nuryof

1528 *han à+ al80 -=ad th. 2wia~là.n R.foaud 8-t. church. ' Switzarland and the Anabaptisti

Swisa kub.ptism otiginrtod during th. ti.u of Ulrich

Zwingli an Zurich, and froa thora ita ptoponrats ttavellmd to

Barn and than on to other parta of Switirrland. Until they aepar8t.d from him ovat points of doc+rina, Contrd Gzabol, the leader of the Zuxich group of Aaabrptiats, Falix Maaz and others, CO-0parat.d with Zwiagi during the early stages of the Rofoartion. fnitially the isiuma of contmntion *ara tithing and the lovying of àntmrrat. Th. isaur that finrlly sevarad the ralationship waa tha question of rdult brptism. 5

By 1524, thatm wai 80 mach dii8mntaoa over th. isaua of

ttinf.nt baptiraw that the city council fmlt that agitation uound the quastaon of infuit b8pti.i would 1o.d to aocial difficultirs. It nalad that childrmn must ba baptired and that uiy prranta uho tafusad or ansistmd on adult baptisau would b. given one mkto coPply or thyl worm to ba aacpelled from Zurich.

A group of diamidinta qathotrd for r mnting ind baptirad thom who rtkndrd. Thia rct wked th8 cnrtioa of a nrw raligàoua group tht rra diatinct fta both thœ Reman

Catholic Chotch and urging ~rokstaatàa.'Thr irb.rs of

thii gtoup wrrv aoon callad th. kubaptimta ot mto-baptizrraN evan though tbry prrfrrrod to k callod aiiply wbrathrmalt.7

Thia group of Btathgon and thoir auba.qurnt follo*us

aoon fdt r naad to &ru boundu%ma rnd formulata guiding priaciplos. In roapoaso to thoso nead., a group of Aaabrptist

lmidets ut in the Swiis village of Schloithoim in Frbruay

of 1527 md one rasult of th%. moating wuth0 wràting of whrt is kaown as the Scbleitheim Confaaaioa. Th* Schleithoim Confession

Scholus haor han dividrd about th0 pximay focus of

thia moating and aubsoquent wtiting of th. Scblaitheini

Coafer~ion.Sema bmlieve thrt th. focui of th0 meeting ad

Confession wrs to addteaa dimonsion and diffarance8 withia

th* krabaptast movrrnt. Anothat inkrpratatàon auqgests that

tho Confession concontritod on thoso pointa on which the

Brethren àiffs+rd f+om th. rmst of Protoskrrtism. The

Schlmithoiar Coafoasion wis not iatanàed to ha r brlaacod catochiaa or comprehonsivo croed and thato umno stractly

thoological concepts directïy uaortmd in it. Concept8 or

tapics soch a8 Ood, h-ity, th* Bible, aalvatLon, the

chutch, rnd oschatology -0 not rddro~sd.lo

Nl Aaabaptiats believod thrt tboy *.ta alloâ to

rstab1i.h Go&. kingda on auth. In th. aixth uticlm of th

Schloitâok Confa88ion, ruly Aaabaptiats, auch a8 #icbul

Sattlot rnd hi. follows, p10cbp.d thamaelvea to pacifà.~.11

Othrr Anabrptist8, likm Malchiot Bof- aad th0 -8-

group of Anabaptists, *.rr willing to uae rilit.rp uuas to affect thmir notion of ostablirhing Wodla King-" on auth." JO- kadan, a wtch tailor, .long with l gzoup of

followrra, nwgd to miam th. càty of Minstor and hrld it

. . .fot a yeu aa the Pion of th. aew diapraartion. wL3

Wunoitmr waa zmcapturad by a Roun Catholic Bishop an 1536

and Leiden, togmthmr with naighbouzing luthmtrn fotces, and most of the leadazs of th* rmbmllaon, wmrr ucrcutad. Evea

though Leiden and hi8 followeta ware not typicrl of most of

the Anabaptiata, th* rmputat%onof tha krabaptist. auffered by thia assocartion.

ft was this vey confusing pariod ia the fldqling

Aarbrptist mov.p.at, that gave rise to th0 lmrdatship of mano Simons. Hia laadrrahap effackd r moâmrrte coutse and

claarœr vision fot the aasly Aaabaptiats. Tâe followe~~of

this movmmnt bac- known as Woaniat8ft oz Wannoiatsw and

lrtar 8s thm Wonnonatmafv.14

Tho Schlaitheip Confeaaion mmphaaarad the conviction

thrt th* Chtiatiua war to k aopuaf. fra thr world.

Spocifacally -gmtad warm cll I1papiah and .nu-popiahn

(Protmrtuat) works, chuzch rttondaace rnd civic affaira, among otâat prohibitiona. ls Thr Anabaptista klamvad târt baptizad adults could

achâmtn r .tata of graca; whoto tbre uristd thm poaaibalaty

of the individual living fraa frm .in, in r wpure churchm. Zwingli mappoaedly conaiâmsd th%. nothing Irsa thaa th. spiritual irtogancm of psaudo-heavonly bmings .l6 Zwingli unâmtatood th0 chu- to k 8 community of impmrfact brothers and siaters, r chuxch thrt would bo mixrd until tha and of thm.

In r tract Zwingli motr an rerponre to the Schleàtheini

Confœ~sion,it wrs clmrr: thrt hm groupad togmthar the prcmful, prcifast Aaabrptirtr dong witâ thmir militant

relatives .l7 ~0thgroups ware concwivad 88 king smpurtist or rœctuirn, convincinq Zwingli thrt thay rrrre as much a

Wgmr to tbe 8kta as they were to the church."

Thr sixth axticlo of tha Schiaitàeim Coafw~iorrrlso stated that at wrs wrong for the Chriatirn to rceept 8 position 8s 8 aalqa&tf&ta. Zwingli 8rrrrt.d UIat raculu ruthority was in no wry pumly l function of world and the flmshB1, but pious aad godly judg.8 ma& th. kst judgrs . In responam to th. Aaabaptast avarsion to th. taking of oaths

(Schleftbii: Article 7), Zwinglir8 position war thrt orth8 cnrr necmssuy fot thr ordmzly mauintaaaace of th. chic commuaity aad wete aiaply m 8-1 to God to wattmas thr ftutb of whakorr dmc18r8tion w88 king rud.. ft wr8 for thoar =araon8 Chat the govamat fmlt thit tàoy hrd to act

8grin.t th. "~8C~f~l"&8b8@$8t8 88 inll a8 th. dlktUht8.

A8 r con8oqurncm of tho aa+toduction of tho mfo-+ion anto the Sri88 citS.8, tb. kub.pti8ts kgaa to k potaooirtd rnd ucpel1.d by the aaw toligiooa authoxitioa .19 By 1525, Anrbrptists in Zurich umze iinpri8onmd, torturrd aad fànrd. Th. first -8th puidtg hposed by 8 Psoteatuat govrrnmrnt, wra thr drouaang of FIlix -2, in Zurich, in

J.nuary of 1527." In August of 1527, tha Swisi cities of

Zurich, St. Gall aad Bmrn isaued airndrtes rgrinit the Anabrptists. Thia was thr bagiriaing of syrta~ticpuaishnt and rttmmpt8 at utarainatàon of Aaabaptasts by the govemmont of Bera. At thes only the Ambaptist lardmrahip wra tugetad for punaahwnt while an other inikncma thia puniahnt reachad furthœt. In Be- in 1535, Aaabaptirt prisoners who would no+ rrnouncr thair faith within eigkt y,r lad. If they retumrd they rrcrived rn

-atm judg-nt; the mon mrr put to the rwoxd rnd the w- w- wrrr &ornoci. 21 In 1567 a law waa passmâ th.+ &cïazecâ that anyone who was net iurried by th. .tata church would be consiâerad to bm living in adultmry. Tbay wezo to be rxprllrd ind thrir chilâraa would k considmtid ~llagit~ta.~~This sort of la*, ragudiag rurriaqe, would uaifmat itarlf in vuioua Sem, in Swatiœrlaad, mmn uatal tha 19th. Cuitury. Th... la*. rogudiag ruriaga, would al80 ptovr to ba aoutcr of grhf for tr6hlicâ .ad ha8 f.iLly. "

Evea though Zotich had kaa ur euly c«itxm fox th.

Anabaptiat morunt, by 1648, th. only AaabapUst ptoupa that rrialiad umze in the -al cmtona of Zuxach aad Bmm. A. a rmault of thm stroag .iphuia by th. 8~188on milituy prmparodaaas and tâa ambarnquent ptrisot. on noaraaiataat

Anabaptiatr, maay mithar gavm up ait faith or mmàgrrtmd.

Whilr the &.th pmarlty wuno longmt appliad durang th. 17*- cmntury, 8evazo marsurms rnra still trk- aqainst thm. Sane uezm amnt to sea as galley slrtna, othmrr ware bruidrd on th*

Eoreherd to ibntify than as uridœiisablrrr, and Mennonite childrmn wmze still coasidetad illmgitimate aad had no rights bœfozm thr lrw. Thoae who dgrakd wezm welcemad in Southem Ge-y and Passir b.crusœ of theit rgriculturd. akallsmZ4

By thriddle of the 18th. century we sma r &gr- of tolrrrnca shown ta tàr Aaabaptiata and brnisbnt hrd become primrtily thm device usa te control thm Aaabaptirtr. Those who would net lravo wre impri8oaad unleas they tmcua+rd or accmptmd the Raformmâ frith. As in the part, mar~iageathrt hrd not ben pmtfomod by r Refommd minaster: wrre not recognisod and childrrn werr consiâered illagitimata . Whih the mighteanth-caatury wrr r p.~iodof further parnecution rnd rigratàon fox kubaptiata, th. and of the eightrrnth-cmatury wuthm baginning of pmriod thrt would art tha atagm for fmda aad tacoqaitien for th. Sri88 Anabaptaata. Th* Fmach R.wlution apà11.d ovmr into

Switrrrlrnd, uad mppoamdly ovutummd -y of the old

~~in~ütutâoas~~.Al1 thosa who ûid no+ hrvm rmlagious fmda and rocogaitAon ia thm put worr no* accorâd à+, by r nrr con. titutàon . Ilhilm roligiour fmdau aad t.cognitàon iight have k.n iuiûatd by th* nmr la-, thay waro not fully redirrd untiï rai. fafty yaar latat. '' Th* .tata-chutch govarapiat had cartainly gtom mot8 tolerant in th. lrttat eàghtaonth cantury, but the notion of camplok rolàgàoua tromdom wrs rarthing thrt wra co~plmtmlyfozaign te its thinking. Tho arony of thr rftuatioa w.8 thrt raligioua freedom w8s to camm 88 8 rmrdt of the French Ravolutàon, 8 non-toliqious mo-nt. The eventr of tha $ranch Rmvolution, and itr influence on the =est of Europr are important for undarataading the political and religious cliutm at th. tiiu of Frohlich.

Bucauaa of what ttuispind during tâis pmtiod, pœrsacuted gtoupa auch u the Anabaptista had i glimpm of whitmight be, nuuely th. appottunaty to uotci8e thair religaoua blief in complet. fmdan. Whon &taand, tineâ or otherwisr puniahad by the civil-authoritims/strk church, Prohlich .ad athmr Aaabaptaats would appmrl for coaside~rtionbrsed on mandate8 nlagislrtrdN in thœ Halvatic Constitution, but to no waii. 28 The prraacutioa8 Or6hlich and othrr Aaabaptiats experiancmd .eh to fostar the aniioaity betwmrn thmm aad the l~recogniradchurchfl .2g Thas. pmraecutiona peprtuated ot mnfozccd Aaabrpfiat doctrines thrt taught thrt Christian.

of the chaptrt droastr8t.s the dyn.rics of the political ad relagious cltik of the period in or&= to show hou .ad why th. Sua.. kub.ptist8 inra +rutad u th- wmtm .nd offrts r brimf au- of thosm eventa that lmd to w~mligousfr..dail9 in Switratluad and Europ.. Ia Swàtre~lmdthis wofficaallyfl teok place in 1874 with th. rafotauat of &ticle 49 of tàe Conitituion which guuaatad f+.rdoa of frith aad cona~ianca.~~Tha. froaâa~cm too lata Sot Mhlich, who diad in Straisbutg on Juruary 15, 1857, at th. aga of 53

The Ftench Ikvolution

Tha Franch Rwolution, liko al1 majot hiatorical events, was complax in itr oziginr, bang effrctaà by vuious religious, political and econdc cit~~~~~taacaa,both in

Fxance aad outsado of its bordarr. Frrncr war profoundly affectrd by the ruccear of th. k.ricra Rmvolutaon (1776-

1783). The Unitad States war th0 firat luga nation with r fairly luge population to oitabliah rn enduring tapublic, after hroing axpungad rule by monarchy. It waa al80 the first nation that +reatad taligioa as 8 pmr8on.l matter and fozmally aaparrted the chuxch and .tate.

Thasa &velapunt8 wero closely wrtchad by tâa Americrn'a Eutopaan allias and orpecially by tha Frrnch paoplr, who wrrr bec&ng inctoasiagly ~seachuatrdwith thm wnarchy, privilmgmd clamrea, and th. chorch. Thaae rxp.riP.at~~~in &ericr ittrackd attention, bacauam tâmy wmrr brad on i&aa that had baua advaad by vuioua

E9topm.n phA1omagh.r~. In hmcm, Voltaita chwaonod ~aa.i~~

iajuatico, tha chutch and alatgy and

Catholiciri rr r IIUI~~P.dmcait , for ita qloitatioa, maparaUtioa, àntolat.aca ad paraocution. n34 Wall Lnom Doists in Auric8

-ta Thomas P&am aad Thomas Jaffarson. Jmur- Jacquei Rouaamrut s 'Wocarl Contrrcttr, publàshed in 1762, rsaartd thrt lrwa rnd gova-nt wate to ba bramd oa th. gener.1 will of thm pople thy governmd, and aacirty ras to ba braad on r social contract to which its mambus consankd. Tha i&r of individual combined with jus+ govarnmant in tâm intmtasts of the majority, wrs the kind of thiaking thrt paved tha way for for both th. Anwtican

Dmclrrrtioa of SaAApmn&mc8 .nd thr French Ravolution. 35

Frrnca 8180 rctivaly suppoztad the =aballion of the

British colonias, 36 aad ifs extensive finuacirl support of the raballion againat Britria in North Ammricr, lad to tâm b.nkruptcy of Brrnca rab waa a ujot conttibutiag tactot of the Franch Revolution, rme iax youa Irkr. 37

Francet. pzocrrious financial position was al80 r reault of othez iilituy forays rnd -nsàvr tartms of the monuchy and uistocracy. Thora was ao torl diataaction kmntha monrrchyrr parsonal financas aad thrt of th. nation.

Shortfdls rrt. collmcM by tuos iipo8.d waUy on târ pasantry .nd bouzqmoiaie whila th. nobàlity aad clargy tmtm hrgaly uuipt . In zasponaa to growing di8~0n+rntthr Ftanch Nation81

&a.obly a.-trd to adk.88 th. aaoquàtios tàtough nrtaonal zafornution. In 1789 r mob rttackmd th. Bastille in tàm firrt aeriour violont rttack of th* Froach Rovolution .

Thr fitst gtut ichàevri.at of tha Nataonal ka.rbly wu the lagal &atmaction of faudalàsm, aorfda, and claaa privalagr. Th* aacond achiovaiunt wrs aimilrr: to Amoricals

D.clrrrtion of Zadqmadraca, and in $rutcm took thr form of a

0.cluation of the Rightr of hUa rnd of th. Cikitaxa. This document ptocl.iiud that al1 wera born tram, wmra to rmmaan frm .ad ha- qua1 rigbta. Religàous tolatatioa and fraadom of rpemch ware 81.0 affim~ad.'~

The French Rmpublic wrr dmclarad in 1792 adthe king wrs exacutod Ulm following ymu. Tho establishi.d churches wete attaoked and plun&zeâ. 1t wuthmn docluod thrt ll...no otàor national tmligioa was now tmquitmà but art of liborty, oqurlity. and mozrlity. Tha Chtistiaa füth wra replacad by 8 I1cult of Eb.a80nu, whoam symbolic hoad was a

wgodd.asll (th8 wifo of r local priator), .ad Wotre D.nu crthaàmrai bmcama kaom ia th"Tampb of ~aaaon".42 Sutrouadinq countrioa aad monuchaea, fmuful of thmso 1ikrtrra.n dmmlogunts in Ptracr proe1rk.d inkations to iilit.tily ta-mstabliah thm mnuchy an Frmcm but k.ace ptmvai1.d agaiaat tàm Ataatriaam and Pnrasiuw nlati~mly aaaily. mlâeard witâ thrsm mccmaaoa, th. National

Convmatàon àmclumd th+ a+ mld *mat u oaaaa, aay country that rmfuaaâ librrty aad fxadam to ftr citàzuw. 43 By 1789 Frrnce wrr still rt wuwfth Austria, Sudinia, and

Groat Britain.

During thAs period Napoleon Boaaput. w8a consolidrting hi8 powor. By 1793, rt the 8gm of tueaty fou=, Naplaon wrs promokd to brigadier ganmrrl, 8s r rerult of hi8 rola in the liberrtion of Toulon fram thr British. By 1797 hm had

&fa- Italy rnd in .n atm+to cmash the Britirh Eqim ho srild to Egypt. N8poleon'r mxploita rrd. him the most famous petton in Franca. 44

By 1799, finutcial di8orikr crured the douafil1 of thm

Diteetory (higheat lmgi8lativo body) , much likm it had brought dom the monrrchy. The militazism of thm F-ch

Rovolution brd fouad iheto in Napolmoa Bonaputm who quackly

overthraw r rowchy, astabliahod a puliamntrry govarnnrnt and thmn brcmi. r Pailitrry dictatorrhap. 45

By 1798, Frrnca hrd conquerad muay of thmir foor rnd krd establisheâ r nezof "pupprt" rmpublics. Includmà in this latkr gtoop wai the mstabli8bi.nt of tha Bolvetic Rapublic in Switterlaad whare the individual caatona mrm aboliahad ra aovoreagn .tata. an taoor of r uaitmd statd6 The Eelvmtic RapubUc in Swatsoxlrad

The Helvmtic Rapublic wunovoz .acrpt.d u tha national

Swaas govemamaat. Thr individual canton8 had thrit own iatarosti uid it wra only th. muach Ulatuy thrt k.pt th. continual nvolta quml1.d; for r ahort pezioà uiyway. Th*

Halvatic gave-t collapamd in 1802. Batore ata driirm, the

Hmlvrtac governunt waa ablm to introduc* 8- tlnovellt ide88 mach u the aquality.of al1 citirana in lrw, aqurlity of

Languages and frmmdom of balimf aad spnch."

Thm nmw Rupublic 81.0 did no+ allow fot aay suprrior ecclmsiasticrl rutàoritim or aay ubatrury prohibitions agaiaat ~.rciagm.~'Bvmn though thata was rmcognition of the ftamdnm of trliqaon, thm statr as tha highmat ruthority wrs ta conttol tha chuzchmr, but promiad no+ to intmrfmxm in thm interna1 affaira of rmligiour orgrnirations ao long as they offermd no threat to the public ~rder.~~It was fot prmcismly this rmaaoa that Frohlich aad similrt evuigelicrla wrre ostrnribly prmvontod froni awmting aad prrcticing thmir hlief a.

After tha *lrmjactiontlof tha Helvmtic Rmpublic, the

Brmaoh rr~yta-antozmd Swiss torritory an 1803 aad Napolmon miionmû r.praaaatatavor of tbm cratona rad ptocla%mad th.

Act of mdfation. Thir raatoroâ tâa mcimat canton8 uad 81.0 rastored thmir erdition81 iastitutionr rnd grrntrd thm caatona a dogrmm of aovmtmignty. Whfla thii uuat that thrra waa r iodinn of intomal uaity and equalaty .rong thr crritonr , tha Swisr 8-11 ààd not hava indrprnduaca fzm Franca. 50 Wbilm maintainhg coatrol ovmr thmir inkrnrl affrirrf the nrw confdaxatioa of cantons joinoâ on mattara wu, pmace rnd rllirncrr. Privilmgos of place, birth, and fdly woze abolishrd rad Swisa citirana waza ruppoardly now guurntaod frmedom of mov-t .nd amtti.~rnt.'~mligioua tolatation wrs too grut a 8- fot .ou to rccapt. It wuincompmhmmible to the Romui Catholic or Rmfomaed church thrt th* Aaabaptists would b. œqual wath th=, and they lookmd fot raya to circumveat thase now 1aws. Thm rights of citirmnahap were only graatod to individuala who hrd bmmn baptazod by the

Rmforud church clargy and ruriagrna waro con~i&xmd lagal only if they hrd bmmn pexformrd by the Rafozmed church cletgy .52 This raturn to thm #tatua quo would not bodm -11 for evaagolicrl Anabrptirt8 lika Frohlich and othmr liko min&d

Mennonites. In sou caatons wtotturoch.ibrrW5' wm+e reopmaed uad r nunib.r of crnton8 still would not avmn tole+rtm diffmrrnt raligioua orada. With tâa Franch doriartion of

Swias affrita had Ilso coma the hop. of tolotation for kirbrptirts. 1t would not k until soma +Iw 1rt.t in the

19th. cuatuzy thrt nligioua fmQP for Aaabaptasta wu finally ind pozmaaontly t012iz.d. In zmtro.p.ct, at w.8 th.

Prmnch influuacr, târt war thm guaarii for: thia &vmlopai.nt.

Th. Congrmm of Vi-, in 1815, 8eau.d .nd quumtead th indrprnAlncm and nmatsality of Switrulurd. Thr caaton8 abkaad *von more autonomy th- thoy had in th. provioua rgroarnt. Fzmdom of wvmmont md aettlunt in 0th.t caatona wra aot guazrntood and the now Fderrl Pact hrd littlr moto to a8y about tho fzomâem of taligion th- did the pzavious Act of Jhdirtion.

In auiiry, u muly as 1529 the Anabaptista wœtœ no long- conaidezmd brngorour in Switzmtlaad, butwee.their faith zmmaind tmchaically proacribmd in avew canton until

1798"~~'Thazm w.8 r gliipso of fmQPi of roligion in aubarquont yaats du* to the influoaco of Francols rmvolutionuy idmas rnd idmals. Tho Faüafaî Conrtitutiorr of

1848 on&d the vartual sovm~migntyof th0 individual cantons, offerod fmdom of roligion and ptotoctd th. tights of

rmcognizrdw Cbriatirn cromda. 56 Tho Coastihtioa of 1874 finally guuaatwd fromdon of ctmmd uad raligious obsotouice in tâo widmat m~asutea.~'mas was a littie to ïat. for

Fzohlich and olmmonta of bis mavamant since Fx6hliCh pasid away ia 1857. (1598) which on&d thr Branch wrrr of religion ramm twenty

six yous after thœ St. Butâolammra Riy #.smcru of 1572

(the nu88icze of 8 luge aumbmr of Bugurnoti) , hlrd gx-d the Buguanotr th. frmoda to ptrcticr thair ~~ligioa.~~Aiter

the Edict wa8 rmvoked, many Euguoaota mrcrprd to Englaad and

Amsrica while the De Joyeau faniily fleâ to Switzerland. They

lrtor chaaged the funily nmi. to vlFrohlichlt,trrnslrted as joyfuïM. Gaven hi8 background, rmligion wru r nrtuzrl pazt of his

upbringing. It appears that a+ wai hi. puant. iatmntàon that

he &vote himaalf to the minise, as hir lifm occupation. He

latet wtoto art ha never thought to question thas &ciraon, but approichod tàa situation as one might whon leuning a

traâe. Frohlich cla- he did aot hava uiy inkling aa to whrt

the rorponsibilitioi of thas vocation entailod. "

Aftar 8- prepuatory rchooling in Brugg, Fr6hlich a+

rge aavontem mavod to Zurich (1820) and was accrptad at the

Coll.gim ~tatwm6*Afar one you Fr6hlich advancod

to tâe mriumCitoZMtmi r colleqa for th0 rrta and

scieacas thit datoâ back to th. 15th. contory. Fr6hlich

.p.nt about four youa in Zotich whua ha aud ha ~audhi. lL.rtudhs iiP.chrnacaXly ...without any =mal inkrrst; horrrvor

not without abaorbing tha pzinciplei of thrology rnd

rrtioa.li.im matmtumaing hou on vacation, Ft6hlich

racrllwl that ho &ovm hi8 mtbr to teara whea hm flruntmd "nmw teahingnq tâat .rang othmr thanga, proc1aii.d thotm ras no &vil and no holl.

Nmu th. lattor part oi 1823, Prohlich entmnd the

University in Bauel aad atudiad undmr thr Frotaaturt theo1oqa.n Wilhrh Dm Watta. 66 Frohlicâ stated that initially ha wu" . . .uttorly curimd away by th. 5&ali.iv with which ho [Da Watte] trmrtod tha sc+àptu~maw.'' Pt&hlich âid not offer uiy additionrl meplination pursuant to this c~irimrntso at as thetefoxe difÉacult to underatand clouly what ho mei~~it.~'

Frohlich was quia rnamozmâ with De Wrtk rnd strted thrt rt tha t$ma ha If.. .honoutmd hirn [Dm Watte] aïmost ir a god. I felt no noad of th. 'living Godl ad I had no thought of convezaion fra iy ains. dgDuring thir potiod Frohlich itatad thrt he dao waa rathout thm knowldgo of Chriat and without Jcaowlrdgr of h-olf. Thmsm comnirnts os course dâd not rrfloct hi8 lack of thrologicrl ttaining.

Opon .triving in Buel, Frohlich had ken àntroduced te r gtoup of studrnta, .ou of whom bmloaged to th. Coarunity of Btethzmn. 'O Thia aoup grthmrmâ mkly to nad aad dircua thm Gtaok Now Tastamat. Brrohlich wra disanchantad with thir group ftom thm outsrt simply kcruam tâmy *ue anclinrd towud tha Coririnity of Brmthtma .ad he appo8.d thr rt avrry tum. When tâa group dacàâmd to coachad. thair mkly urtinga witâ aong lad pr8y.r , BkOhlich kca~UA-, stryd awry and puauadod mough othrra to do liLawàam cauaaag th. group rlioat to diaband. Fzohliah atatmd that tha Coiiinity of Brethrui, ". . .*rt. diatastoful to r fsa thoit va- nam, without kaowing uiy otbrt causeM. 'l Ftohlich had ben in+roduceà to thia group of .-&nt8 by r prstor in Bralr. Be hrd brrn racruiriaarndrd to thir prstoc by .n officia1 of the state church in hi. hartown of Brugg.

Wken visatang with thii prrtor in Baarl, Frohlich aaid he wrs alwiys grutmd with the following qmation: vlWoll how uo things goiag in the mort hportant mate of Frohlich atatea thrt ho wra alwaya wnbarr8raed by thia quaition bmcauae ha had no adu whrt th. pastot uant rnd he cerkinly âid no+ have rn rnaint. The prator took the.. oppostunities to prarch to Frohlich, entrertaas thrt ha conaidormd foolish and v~tàou~at the tho. Whilr confaasiag to profars ui igaoruicr of whrt hm wrs bang told, Fxohlich ati11 rttampted to tmcotd the prstotta uin thoughta in hi. di- of 1824."

Ek6hlich spant hia Iaates vacaeion of mrif, 1825 in hi. houtom of Brugg. Dorang th%& poriod ia Brugg, Fzohlàch up~asadthat ho waa .ntiour, "qtygl, uad could not fiad poror of und. At thia timm hm uptàmacmd what ha cailed the

"firat poriod of iy awrkraiagw. Ha cam ua&t the coavàction thrt ha muit gl~gellor ho could not bac- a irinistrr. 74

Fr6hlich ramato B.a.1 it th. .ad of *=il, 1825 and thr tirst itr ha happend te -ad upoa bas teturn, wra ranrloaf O ~clf~iotuUO~I~I.'~ ~poa -1-Q +bis wotk ha 8tat.d: "In it 1 fouad for thm firrt tima 8 naw foc my apiriturl condition, for up to thir tiam 1 hrd brrn to myielf rn inexplicable riàdlm. . . . Eapacially &Ld 1 klàmva to racagnarm myralf in th0 fourtmuWa chrpkr of the first put.. In thim chrptax, analo on 8tat.d tâat th.=. were l numbmr of facto+a thrt prmvantuï tha individual froa sur~mndetingcamplmtrly to GodOswill. One must ovrtcemm priâo, aelf-confidmnca, and self-love in or&c to kaow Godrs will. Appatmntly, Frohlich racognismd thaar 8ttitud.a in his am lifm, and wrs mtutled by thir revalrtion.

At thia point in tiP., Ilrohlicâ axptimncrd whrt hm

âescgibmd as inacp~easiblamntal ruffaring, anguirh rnd dasprit. "Al1 thaological or rrtionrlirtic Imcturrr bmcmae an abominataon to ma, for 1 wau in rnothar 8ch00lWmd hia sate of aind waa mach th& hm xapottd, "IQ sistars fe.rmd th& 1 w.8 losing ny mànd bacrusm th. tonm of my 1ett.t. w.8 so tadically dif faxent from what it had ptaviourly Man. lt''

Frohlich &scribe8 hiuelf 88 bring in thia voy uaamttled rtatm for: quita r potiod of timr

In 1825, m6hliah had r talàgaous uip.rianca whach finally ptoducd a cab in hia lita. Ha *rok of tbm

.xp.rarnce: '...rt lmagth, fdth an Jaau8 Chti8t the

Crucàfimd bsought mm =mat, poaca, .nd light, .nd M& placm wàthin ma for 8 naw ~raation.~~'Ez6hlich dricsikd thia ucporàmn- u Us convmr8aon fta "Alrkae88 to lightn. In ûctokr of that pu, h(lh1ich lmft Bulm and rmturnod to hi. fathers hoam in Brugg bmcruao of finamcial conrtraints. Shortly after rmturniag to hi. tathart. hoiu, Ftohlich appliod to takm th. axaminations rmquàtod of candi&t.r for the minia- ia the Raform .tata-church of Swatzm~l.~d.The sxrniinrtions -gui in May 1826 and includd thm psoprration of r +rial 8ernion and 8 Latin diasartation on thm th- De

Verbo Dai fuqiiu Mmdio Gratau (About tha wotd of God 88 r mediafor of grma) .@*Fxohlich fulad thara upinationa and waa dmlaymd oao ymw fzonr rnteriag thm ministry. fia reports that the church councal wrs very unfavor.bly dispormd towrxds hi8 work on thora two compositions bmcruae of tha princaplea hm choar to discu88 (We -e givon no othm~:particulats) . Frohlich fumd no battez: in an araoaam8nt of hi8 work, after r araon he was compel1.d to ptmach in the chutch of r mambes of tàm church council. Hm wrs chastasad for bis errant doctrine and krching and w8rn.d thrt ho must pzarant aew sezmons that wmra of a diffasant toamtl . Fzohlich 8tat.s that this latmat smtbaek waa reportad to ha. puanta, who *ore rlzaady trotablad by hi. progrosa. Hm ûmsc~ibrrtha situation a8 follors; Vhat [rmforring to this 1rk.t soaion] waa the ocoraion that 8180 in my cum tâm srying should bo fu1fill.d:

'A irnrr ondms wall k thm Uktaof hi. om housaholdr W. kohlich say8 no mom on tha xalatioashap wità hi. wants but thm implicatioaa 8.r aboiou.. F~:o)rlich~apuonta urgrd hk rtrongly to ch- th. content of hi* sazmoaa, bang concm~odhe rrould fail in hir

8t-t to ba approvad fox tha minia-. Tho pro8surm from them various quutmra wra so atifling thrt Erroblich bec- dmprearad aad for thm ho was not able to composa aarmoo8.

This took place in thm frll of 1826, the samm tima art ha wrs afflicted with raapirrtozy rihanta.

In May of 1827, Fzohlich prrrad hi. oral eacamAnrtions, and wu finrlly ordaanad to tho Pinaaty. Zn Auguat of 1828 ho wra transfmrred to Waganhrusen in Thutgru rnd in Dace= of th. sama yau hm bacmm thm vie- rt îmatwal, canton

Aargau. He describd thia church of 1800 airmkrzs as follows:

fL.the of my naw congrm~ltionaven had in ganerrl thr rrputataon bofota il1 man of king an ungodly and degradrd peopla. d2 Fr6hlich explains thrt hm ras subatituted for the ptaviour pistor who hrd boom coavactod of Woaâs of

(Thrso &ad ur no+ up1ain.d)

hohlich claiu that r IWggmrt~wakm~iag~~~ took place in

this coagragrtion about thUi. of hi. urival, aad iray pmopla crrair fram othrr plrcma to rt-d raroicer. Fr6hlicb

atatad thatriay naighboriag vicua accuaod hkof atttactiag muPPbrrs f rum tbir coagt.grtioni ".. ..ad of genmrrtinq confusion and -est through my faautical sari~ona. T'ha old

jrrlousy in tha bmarts of the church couacil

iwakaamd riur . Tha chulcch council noir mado Frohlich hand in hir sarpona fat vBinaprctioaR1,to k carculrtrd .noag tha othor pratora and uiy %bnowaous~puta wore marked in rd.'5 Duxaag thia petiod, Prohlich notod that while terchang the crtochism, hm cama to 8 no* ua&rst.nding or convaction about baptia. Ee &as not r1ucid.t. about thia tvaœwRvundmtstanding at this point in hi. lettot, but aays thrt ho waa vigorously attrckod concmrning thia conviction. a 6

In rettoaprct, at eaa ba rraummd thrt F~ohlichwra refetting to rtginrnts againat infant baptàwa, r concluaion thrt may bm darivecl fropi the contmnt of lmtters hm wrote to the Baptist Continental Socimty." In Ily of 1832 Frdhlàch wtote to the 8.ipta.t Continentaî Society rt thmir requmat to answrr a smrims of questions thay hrd posmd. '* Tha third question anquird as to Brohlichf a undarskading of brptism.

He fozcofully 8tat.d hi. conv,iction tâat rccording to his un&rstuiâing of the Biblm at wuwtong to baptàre infants

.ad brpti~ras to bo adPini8ks~donly to adulta who brlievm .8 9

At ththi. point in hi8 lifa Ft6hlich is quit. clmu as to hi. acclesirstial inclinations and allrgirncma. Ishile ho cl- târt the Roarn Catholac Church ia in mrror on thia isaua, he cleuly augg.8ta tht Vrotma+rnt Rafoaid Chutch", whma comparad to thr Raman Catholic Our& ia ".. .pethap. mumly r humblm maidue: for, if aaytbiag, tâmtm à. morr of rbainrtioa uid offume in the taachang rnd life of the

Prokstmt mfoaud Church than in tbo Catàolàc. lrw Thm aveats aoted abova occurzod ahottly aftor Fzohlichla Yrlling optN with the chutch councal. In Septombar of 1030 Frohlach w.8 suamonad before the church council to uiawer to a numb.r of chugea. Errohlich saka thrt ha was infonaid thrt hi. amzmons wore considrrmd to bo poot a~dthrt ho had iasued tracts who8m coatoats wore objoctaonable. He wr8 e8pecially cciticized for not using r aew crtocbiam for chil&oa, târt had ben inttoducrd (Eaatmr of 1830) , in placa of the

Boidrïbmrg ~itochia.~~On October 22 -ohlàch was ~zecrlled~ rad forbiddan to pzmrch in the church of kutwil.'* Otohlich rtttibuted ha. mcall to opposition fra the Raformod consistory w...whach aufforad frem &mi fowulimVW rnd was opposod to rny w...tuching which druoàad rogaaotation through repantaaco , faith and brptiam.

In JUM of 1831, Fr6hlich wrs callad befoxa the diattict nrgàatritm of Brugg (Pr6hlachv8hautom) . Hm rra infodof dmcisions ragarding hi. atatus as a clergyman a. maadatad by tha govuamant of canton mgru. Thm iugisttata atatrd th* fellowing:

1) 8. [F~ohlaoh]à8 r.u>vmd fra th. last of tha krgau

clrrgy ;

2) Al1 churchly fuactions, am., teaching, baptia, holy

cornnion, azm atrictly forbidâan hk; 3) Al1 officrra of tâe Canton, Protertant .nd Catholic,

hava rocoid #tract orâuri, if he mntora thair juriadiction, to ha- hkreprintrndd ad sent brck

to hi8 homm [atrtr--ch] congreqation. 94

Wit& thir deciaion by thm govornarrnt, Frohlich a break with the -Io& church wr. coaiplmta. At ais point Frohlich was ixavitod to prrrch rt r church in Wilhelmsdarf in

WÜttt&urg, Gariuiy thrt hrd left th. .tata-chutch. gS This congxegrtion still rubrcribmd to thm brptim of infants rad hrd only with&rwn froai the state-church owr diffmxmncmi ovat the baptismal litu~gy.The relitioaahap bmtmn Fzohlich and this con~mgrtionpsoved to bm short-livmd sincm Fr~hlich could no loxagar rccmpt the doceine of infrnt baptism. 96

Following thir acpm~irncr,Fr6hlich woxkad as r privrtr tutor and bmgrn pr.rchàag in Monnoaite circlms. 97

Bagannang an Aptal of 1832, Froblich am+ out on whrt hrs ban dosctibad aa fout àâffmrent w~ssioauytljourneya." On the first journmy Pr6hlich rmtumed to hir foriur: conqregation in Loutwil whmrr he preachaà rnd brptirrd r n-rc: of individurls. The ruthoritha ureatuà him for prrrching on a netof occaaioas, .ad hm nurowly ascapad king jailad by tâo rigirtrrte in Augau. '' Aa r =arult of hir work in thir umr, Lamtwil brcamm the farat congragation of th. tvuigrlic.1 mptiat#.loo

In of 1831, Brohlich 8ppli.d te thm Brptirt Continaatal Sociirty of London hoping for fanrncirl support rnd spoarorship rr r II... diaspora praichar in the Riiine Countxy . . . Through th. Society Frohlich kcw acquinted with iprator nmod Ami Bost. Bort Rad 81.0 brrn axpallad fzom the #tata-Chur and worked in the Gaamvr arma as r wPussionrryufor thr Society. In Fabzurry of 1832, Frohlich wrs baptired dth apriokling, by Bo8t .lo2

Following th&# avant F-lich ~rvmledto Barn urd thr rurrounding armas. In Augurt of 1832, Frohlich trrvallmd to tha Emmmn-1 &ter contacting r Mernonata prstor by the nrme of Christian Gerber .'O3 G8rb.t rinaskred an the Mennonite chuxch of Lurgnau, in the canton of Bmrn. Lurgnau had long han rn Anabrptirt centre and aven -&y is the oldeat

Mmrnoaik congraqation aa the world .Io' Fxohlich and the Mannonates

Frohlich dora not apacificrlly ci- ot icknowledqa who

mov-t awry fzom Rmfoni thaology. Tho Manaonitm. on th. othrr hrad ruggaat thr followaag about th. influanema on Prohlicâlr theology and dacttiner: Without &ub+, the matal Mbmonitm Câurch had considuabla influwaca on Fx6hlichVa xoligious vimm. Chrirtha Gmrhr, ua al&= ia the Monnonit. Churcb rt Ibiiairiltal, callad R'r(Sblichla attantion to thr fret art hir -àttaa #--nt of balimf did not covex iilit.ry a~ior,and 80 abjection to ri1it.y amroice ia r cetant crprcity bacama one of tha church'r taamta of frith.'OS Whilm Fr6hlach gui.rclly dors not claim to follow uiy putaeulu tradition and mnvisioas hiiarlf a8 8-y ra intozprrter of th0 Bible, in a lotkr wzittoa in Embruary of

1836 to th. Baptist Continental Society in London, Ft6hlich

àoœs sfrk tâat ho as r Aaabaptist, and as such hi. movanent would ba conai&rrd r lrto-Anabaptir t variation. 106

Tho denosrination thrt wrr fouadad târough the work of

Ftohlich bac- knom in Switrmtland, O.=y .ad Au8traa 88 th. Gemfzmchrit Evaapliichrt Tat&g.si~~~tetor IvCoimunity of Ev.ogmlica1 8aptà8tam. 107

Whila thezm as no appumnt rttxibution to thr Mannoniter in B"rohZich's rtitinp, it is fair to 8.8- that the

Anrbipti8t Ch8Z8ct.t of th* Evmgalical B8pti.t. CB subatrntially as a xamalt of Frohlachls rmlationahap with the Bernasa kiabaptiatr .

Irohlich in th. risirnarntal

Accordiaq to Rueqgaz, h6hlach firrt viaitmd tho bbaaonitm coagngataon in Curgiuu, cuatoa Barn on August 22,

1832 8nd mat witâ Chri8ti.n Gmrbot afht fiading that ha w88 in ag-t with th. mnaonitms on th. aubjmct of b8pti.i. bmlimfs for the English Continuata1 Socimty. Io' Fz6hlich wra pazmitted an thm pulpit of thm Mannonita church in Laagnru.

Hm baga holding =-lu mamtingr rird by Sop+nn)u= wrs praaching to groupi of up to 400 poople. 109

$rohlicWs krching found approvrl with two diagatled miaistmrs af th0 bhnnoaita church in Iangnru, nmly

Chtiatiua Baumgutna~uid Chri8tàra Gazbar. Thmy werm troubled and capplrand about " . . .th. indiffmrmnce and lrxaty of th0 Pinirtqfl. Gerbe= especially wirhd to inutill nmw lia into r congragrtion rrhrsm hm fmlt Vhr old outwud form zrinrined, but there w88 litth immr and spiritual lifem.111 Frohlich hrd lattle rmspect foz soma of tâm old Aaabaptiat cust~md~~and bmgm intzoducing wi~ovations~such as wmrkly comm~ion.

While thea. iaaovatioaa 8ttrrct.d uny propla they 8180 bogaa to crure diviaion8 an tho Mannonata church in

Laagar~.'~Oint tiiu, two ptoups bmgm forting in thia church and rprnturlly the two groupa wum nwmting srpurkly. Thr diviaion bacmm evua ~fartaraftrr Fr6hlich rmnt r young maa, nmGaosg. Staiqar, to the Puntrl .Il4 Steigmr ia iaid & hrvm dmc1u.d that ai1 who had not habaptiaad by iiurrion wmrm apiriturlly &ad and târt chuzch dimaplina wrr lac. 11s

Stmigrr brptizmà Gazbar aad Bmmgutnrr rr -11 8s 65 othmr Mmaonikr. Thoy uwtr joiaad by r 8-1- nezof contnrts Cr- amRofol-eiiud ch=& who then folFarA a naw h8b8pti.f chutch. This gZOUp t0 k kn0~1188 tbr

Nautatriaf whilm othmzr cilled a+ &ter ita fourràor, tâe

R~Ucbi~.lJ6By lluch of 1835 the Swaas maaonita laadexship had urprllmd O.rbet .nd Biumgutaot, ui rct which complmted the divaaioa of thia chutch.ll' Thosm thrt trnriined in tàr Menonita chuxch in Luignru bœc- kaown as thm AZt- auf fer.'^' The EvaaqelIc11 Brptint ot Nmutaufmi: church an

Luigniu bac- ona of the fitat churchos in the Evuigelical B8pti8t donoaainrtion .119 Delbrrt Gxrts obramem thrt aven thouqh the Neutrufit group w.8 co.mporad of furota f0ri.r Ref0ri.d church membmrs tâaa thora of Anabrptirt origin, lg... dot-inally it hrs ramainrd &f inately k~baptiat. Skohlieh a tollowet~ warm qui- mvuigrliatac aad wmre able to fouad churche8 in

Anabaptast rattl.lrnts which &mu followets froi .moag the

Anrbiptists, but for th. most patt th. membars crip. frm the

Roforrd aad Luthmxrn chuzche8.

Fz6hlichtsActivitier in Suatzarlaad - Contfd. Zn Octabat: of 1832, I"r6hlach amt out on whrt Ruegqez crlled bis foath mbrionrry jo-oy. He hgrn in Zurich, txrtnllad thzough Thugru and St. Gall. In EIauptwil, -ton

Thuzgau hm becmm 8cquuiat.d wàth th. Bti>nachwalrt fimilp.

Fzoblich ov8atually (1836) mar+i«L Suarttm B+un8chwilrt, r daughtot of thim famkly. l2l In Jmuary of 1833 hohlich vàsitd London at tâa invitation of th. Continental Society. 12' The Socàoty rrcrimmrnded thrt he 8-t misrion work in Skrrrburg but dur to its uncortain financial position wra not able to offmr support to Fr6hlicâ or Boat and in fret wrs dirsolvad lrter thrt yau for lack of fun&. "3 trohlich continuad his work on hi. owa and by 1834, 200 person. woze attmnding hi. rmtings an Hauptwal, whero ha hrd bagun hi8 rctivitior. Ruagger reporta that thir rmrponsm rttrackd oppoarnts who rttackad

Frohlich frcr pulpits uad in nawipapmra. On occasion, mmmtinga wrre rttacked by indivaduaïs beuang club. .ad throwang stonea. At one point r mob of aevrtrl huadrrd d.8ttoy.d l housa and, 8s r teault, Frohlich bac- knom throughout Switzorlrnd. Hm wrr aacpallad from Thurgru and has passport wrs notd with th0 fret thrt ha hrd ben exprllrd as r 11 8.c-iaaw .12'

Tho lnnotnlllcoacaptr and lawr rllowinq fox f =@domof zmligioa wagm forcd on Swatsorluad thm mach Rmvolutaon

.nd the institution of the Halvetic Rrpublic. But, llActsfl that ahoald ha- Liiplwntmd thaam nmw irirndrrt.8, for toligiour tolata+ion, riiply umn notpamad by tâo ~wiss.~

Tha sixth uticlo of th0 EaZvatic CoaatïttttAoa (1798) cama to k ocllod the Act of RaZAgioru To2uaeioa aad oasmntially thia Irw would hrvm mlmvrtad thm Aaabaptiat ohPrch frca thr atatua of illagrlity to that of aqiul afrhiu wath the Rmfozmoâ chutch. It wrs ancomprohansibla fot the

Raforrud chuzch that the Aa.b.ptiats would k on aa mqucl brais with th-. The bfodchurch and civil govmrnmmat woca rtill intartwàaod an airny functionr. Barth8 wvre not recordod unlass th. ritr of b8pti.i had bamn aQiniatmrad by the Rofomwd clargy and rights of citaaoaahip wera only accotàd to thoaa who could show ptoof of atatm-chorch baptism. Oaly th080 uràrgea thrt had ban pmrforud by tha

$tata-chutch cletgy warr consiâered lagitimak .ad uiy chilâren of couplaa that had no+ ban irrtied by RaÉorud cïergy wmra conaidaxod i~.ï.gati~to. Wh.n a gzoup of Aa8brpti.t lador8 an 1810 appriled to the goor~~~ntfor rmcognitàon of thoir tighta accotding to

Tb. Act of Toletatioa, thay *.=a ànfoaud that this Irw did not apply to Anabaptista or uiy other dmarwinrtion that avadod the lrws of th0 counw. The govmmmmtr rrtionrlo was th.+ th0 kub.ptista amxe th. progaay of tha thm )(fiasterika.

Zt did not amam to mata= thrt the b4ünrtmr &bac10 hrd occutrad Itoat 300 youa prior rnd tht by rrpotation th. Aaabrptiata *.sa good, honost .ad pioua ." #von atill, th. Rifozmod mîaistq in th. -ton of Boza caiplrànmâ thrt th. kubrptiats had boon gavmn too muda fr.rda and rocogaàtion, ad88 a zasa2t of thai= caiplrinta sapr nmw %ulaaNla' cnte eatrb1iah.d in 1823. The third rulm itated that Aaabaptirta *rtm to maouncr the Uu and placm of uiy memtinga to the district officia1 .nd the host of aay meting would bm liabla to puaish.at if tàoze wis uiy tldiaokdimncelvmTho fourth male Aliiirn&d th8t Anabaptiata caiplotely rrftaia ftom rrlcing proarlytœs. If an individual frum r non-Aaabrptiat background wiabad to join the

&namination, tàay would hava to ba raportad to a district official who would then direct tham to th* .tata church mànirkr of thm local pariah. Thi8 ministmr would 'frxamiamfl th* parroa and waa to attmnpt to prmvmat tham from joaaing the "sact". proclurtiona tmqudàag, mamtinga, pto8~lytizing, irrriaga lad chil&- would provm to Vary d.tzl.nt.1 to Frohlich's actavitima rnd pusonrl circumtrncea. 129

Pmraacutioxa of thm Evuagmlicrl Ikptiata

Thrra umnumaroua -amples of parsacution of +hm Evuigalàcal Baptiata and Frohlich fn pu+iculu. Fox oacqle, ia Zutach, in 1837, the ldvangelical BapUata had k.a wunad by thauthoritiaa not to hold mmatings. man thmy ad, thma. -tins. wmza interruptmd, prr+iciprnta wrra bartan and finmd. Same ptrachmrs wrrr brnnoâ ftom +hr torritory rad who àAd not hava thair chil&on baptàrad wore forceâ to leave thair homas .*' In 1843 in thr caty of Robr, a law waa propoamd that impoard r ponalty of târoa yarrs imprisonaarnt on those who did no+ brptirr thmir chilâraa rnd a mnkncr of nine yoars

for tho.. couplrs *ho did no+ i.ry in thm ~ktr-church.~~~

In caaton Wqau, Ruoggax rapoxts that brtwoan 1846 and rt

10a.t until 1853, tho Evrngelical Baptast88 mmatinga wmrm

roperkdly diariiptd and tha policr oftmn lod thr pteachets

away in hrndcoff.. "' In the city of Bacheaburlacb in 1050, two fathora waro forcrd to apport in court becaura thoir

daughtrrr did aot attrnd the Sw&y ramicas in thr rate-

church. Tho girls uarm rrrmrtad and forcad ta zacaiva

t5nstruction~1fta the state-church =ta1 thoy agroed to

CO-0pmt.t.. 13'

A. r xaault of tâa hush trarfunt of Aaabaptiata an

gui.ra1 rnd in tbaa anstaaca, tbr Bvuigolicrl Baptiatr,

Ftohlich .ad bis followm~s*.ro vory cynicll .bout the

gowrnunt koroae it appoud to k ro cloaoly alagaad with

tha Rmforaard chuxch. The civil govorriiiirnt wam an inrtmammat

that oaforcd the âictataa of th* church. Ta one msaay Froblich protaskd tho .ta- quo aad statmd: tlThr

Protaatuiti dapsiva us of Our aivia rightm jus+ on accouat of tâasa humm &orna, .. . II*' The "hrii.ii &amomw that h.oh1ic.h rmforrmd to wmtm infaat baptiam, commuaion, confizmation, murirge, ordination, aad rbrolution. They ua rafmrrmd to as humma dmcrœma an thir inatmce bœcruae Frohlich frmla thrt thœy werm abrogrtœd from their artlirrt fOzm and meaning and wmrm now usmd 8s in8tmamnt8 to nuantain pornr. 13 6

Samuel Fr6hlich hrd marriad Suratta Brunschwilœr of flruptwil in Auqurt of 1836. This aurriagm did no+ take place an tâm rtata-church and conrmquœntly wir not tacoqnitad by thm cival ruthoritir8 in Bluptwil. Wh- the couple rrturnad to E'rohlichls houtom of Brugg, -ton mgru, the 10~81 chutch danird Suaette citizmnrhip. Whan the couple rttanpted to drporit r re.i&aca crrtificrte for the both of thaa, thœy ware issurd onm fez Samaml axone. Thar hrd the effmct of troving any rppmarrnce of lagitkrcy for th0 marrarge. 137

Suaetta rrturned to Hauptwal whae .ho gava birtà to a aoa euly in 1841. ~~~~ichwu aot .~louad~~~ to go to hia wifm en th. occasion of th. birth aad thm local prator

Almradod th.t Su8ottm rtut prternity procdnga rgaanat S.p~uel.#h.a $rohlichtr young daughtaz bacamm vmq il1 in

Juam of 1841, hm nrrhrd to har ri& but wrr not allowad te suin in tom ovatnight. Tha youag câild dird th0 followiag math duting a poraod in which h.ohlich wufoxcd to atay rway fra BrupM1. mua 8aoth.r .on wuborn tha following yoar, ~rohlichwrs jailad, .ad ha. watm waa fin&. lfgIn 1844

Fr6hlich ma& .n rttanpt to bring hi. ruriagm "papars" into or&r and w88 aafo-d thrt if hm would allow his chàlctan to bo baptized and confinnad, ha. iutriige would k tacogaàzed.

Hir personal conviction8 would not allow this ro Frohlich moved to Straasb~xrgwhera hi. iutirg. wra finrlly ofticirlly recognized an 1046, &ter: 8 8apuatLon from hi. fdly of aoane sevan yoaxs. 140

Demminitional Gzowtâ - Ovazview

Frohlich hgrn aatablishiag churchos in 1831-1832. 14' By

1840 thete waxo 55 chutehm8 .ad by 1850 thmrœ wore 110. In spite of thœ pr~rocutionof Frohlich and hi. follouors th0 Evrngalacrl Raptasta aatablished coagragrtiona not only in

Switzarlmd, but 8180 in Garman~'~~,~u8ttir'~' and ~t.nce~'~.

Thr novament 81.0 aptead to Itongiry, Yugoslavia, and Rominàa whrrr fh.9 kcamm knom 8s thr llNaritonos. In sou rru8 th. ionntgrmw quita quickly. Aaothrr signaficaat axprnsion occurrad whon -rs of th0 movamaat firat camm to

Nozth k.tiu in 1047.14'

In the 20th. cantory th. ro-t ha. -ad to South Aiwràca (Brazil, Argmntàaa, Puagiuy, Uruguay), I(uico, Papur Naw Guima, Airattalia, Sapua, Ob-, Puerto Rico aad 1adir.''* Tha aacprrnrioa of churchms rrr oftan th. gasult of individuaî

Pai8saonuy rffott8 or: m-at%on. Othor than in Braril and Papua Now Guiamr, fot th. m0.t put, th. &adna+ionu praa.rico in #ma* countrier 1. quite -1. Tho~easo faizly dynriPPic lmchurchplaating" aff orta cantred in thr Briziliur kuzoa, as wm11 as thm highlmd. of Papur Nmw GuLnea. Thesa efforts bavo xmsultd in r donarinational population that now poasibly conrirtr of more non-Europorna than those of

Europmrn rncoatzy. Thir a8 probably r situation thrt Samuel

Fzohlich navat would hiva iygined, but probably would have approvmd of, givra hi. avaagalical inclinations.

Notth Amoricr

The Frohlich niovement was introducad to Noxth America by r young Bvuigrlical Baptist el&r nwd B.n.dict Woyanath in 1847. The movmmant wr8 not introducad to Noztb Amoricr bacau80 of any concmtted evangeliatic affort, but came aa a tamalt of a zmqumat by &ah bQnnoaitom in Louis Couaty, Nmw York who had *titan to Suual Ptohlich raquostàag thrt hm

Mennonitr coai~ai~nityin thrt =or. Ftoblich hrd bmoa rs thm N.wIlaJ8h &a r raault of hrvinq orfgiarlly baen locrted in Amish I(.naoaàto coiuaitims aad rmcaivàng r conai&rable ntvkr of adharmnta f rom th-. lS2 Evea though the Lv8agolicrl Baptirt. in &aracr wer. mmetini.8 kaom 8s the NwApis& thœxm ha. novmr b..a uiy subatantial aiaiah hfluuacm on thrai. This situation is similrr to thrt in the ri.kimrnt.1 in Swattmrlrrrd where bbanoniks who joand wath th. Evanqolicrl Baptists wmre called Neu Taufax 88 oppo8.d to the ut Tadawho saminrd in the Bbnaonita church. Tha diffarance in thia inatmce ia târt the -ta1 Mennonit. Chuxch hrd conaiùmrabla influance on Frohlich's selagioua vaews. 153

By th0 turn of thm cantuy thato warm congragationa of

Evangelical Raptasta in 13 ahte8 (USA). In tha 1920 8, churchea were astablishmd in Chicago, Illinois and Phoenix,

Uizonr. Untal thi8 the mont of the churchw~hrd han establàahad an uaas oz -1 tom#. -1 coagregatioaa uerm al80 8t.rt.d in ûat.tio about thàa tiu.

Brptiata exempt in eouatriam auch as Buagq, Yugoslrvia lad Ev8apolic.l Baptiata. Tho church in Nolcth a~àcrbacam concozaed thrt tha amCvuiqelicrl Baptiat would iniply r trlrtionahip with th- various Brptaat &amninations in Amorica. Thœ church wrnted it to k clmar that thry wero di8tinct ita the Baptaat eadition. Prior aven to 1900, maay of the ehu~chesman to refrx to thmir congrmgationa by 8- vuartion of the naam

IIApoatolic Chta~tian~~.lS4

About the timm of World Wu1, it hcmw amcmasary for tàe homiartion to r.girtu r commn nrair târt could ba used by tho young un of th. chutch who watm tagaatmting fot the draft. About 1917-1918 it w88 deci* #art the llbaaicllnmae of the movamnt would bo th. Apo8tolac Christian Church .lS5

In the twantieth cantury thare hava ben r aumbmr of achi-a among the Apo.tolic Chri8ti.n~in North Ammrica. The lrrgoat sehiam took placr an about 1906-1907. Put rimply, th0 chutchra an Noorth Auric8 dividmd ktmn thoam groupa that hrd cou from an Ariah ot Monnoaita backgzouad .ad othora who hrd hua rxpoaeâ to tha tmachiag of tha tvuig.lica1 Baptiata in Eutepm, but whoam xoUgioua brckgro~ndwaa Catholic,

Otthodsx ot Pt~teaturt.~~Thoar who ûid no+ hava an Amiah ot bbaaoaita hezitaga appuently did not rrrdily rccmpt rury of th. praotices, &etriaas and +radCtioas art umt. r put of aa Anabaptiat hrritagm th.+ wucJzmaây sou th- aaatutirs old. Wbrrmm muay of thosa who cur fra aa Aaabaptiat badcgtound werr coatuat to la- r "quiet", rutal lifr, thrir counkrprrti ware of- fram urbaa umrr, bmtter :ducat&, rnd ware moze evmgeliatac. 157 Thosa ftom th. Anish and Manaonatm background bac- the lugar group, knomi as the Aportolic Chriatfrn ChPrch of

Amezica. This group untal very xecuntly, had little to & wath the movmnt an Eux- 8nd its Imaderahip waa North

Awrican. The otâor group, ~~rintaiamdclose tirs watà thr duropan monnt and was undet tho auapicms of Europmua

1ead.r. fot ~uiyymus. Tàa8 lrttat gtoup as knom u the

Apostolic Qrir tirn Q1azch (N.r-eaza) .l59 Thm Huagrrian, Yugoilrviur, rnd Wirnchuches rllird

themsalvaa witâ the fWazrre8n1wgzoup in North mricr. Thare rlso wmra a number of Gaxman and Swiar maniber8 who zomained with thir group.

A numbmr of at-ts at r raconcilartion brtwrra the

Apostolic Câra8ti.o Chutch (Nazurrn) .ad the Apoatolic

Christian Churah of Amaracr ha- bmoa unsuccraaful .''O ln

te- of &ctzi~and thmofogy, tà8 diifaranema btmn th groupa .te ninor .'" Diffasracmi ue ion amant in cu~turrï tradition. .ad cuate~s. #von thaugh tbmre ia littlm

mlofficaaL~contact ktmn thr hro -oup. thry do CO-epotrtm in chuitabla and relief afforta. If onm cm point to rny aigaificuit influenco or dovalmats that crn bo saâd to bo a nault of tho legicy of

Samuel Frohlich, on. would probably hmto moation tâa growth of th0 movraarnt whosm adharont8 werr crllmd tho

Naz8xen.r urd thoir pzacticr of norirmriatuicm. Cornelius J. Dyck, ha. wratkn that th0 Nazarraoa hava unigmd ".. . to retain nuiy of th0 auly Anrb8ptà.t whrsei in a r.arrk.ble way ...Thoy rrr th0 only Slavic pmoplm knowang kub.ptast doctrine .ad sookang te follow a+. . ."' The Evrngalical Baptist movcmant was introduced to

Huaguy in 1839 by 8 couple of lochmitha who had trivollad to Swatrotland to fànd work. During thoar atay thoy cminto contact with the Fzohlich movamnt rnd iccoptmd ha. &c+tinas and wexe baptased.* Thoit rmtum to Bungiry and aubaaquant mvuigrli8tic activafia8 markad th. bmginaaag of the

Evuigr1ic.l Baptist mo-t an Biinpay and uong th0 Slavic P-Plr - Zn th. ouly &y8 of tb. ~vuigolacrlBapti8tmo-nt,

churchea in Hu11~8- uad Yugomlavia -au quita quickly. In

B'U~I~I~Wth. 19.2-iu8 *.=a 1~g.l~8 8mct 8lkd io8t of

thm rrb.rs wmta puaaata aad àllàt.trtm, mapmcillly at the

0~t8.t of th. io-t.' 80iuCa .a-8 thrt pti0+ Wotld

WuI, -0 umra 236 congrmgatioa8, iacluding about 86,000 tho influmacr of c-ma- aftat tho Smcond Wotld Wu, aad lossrs due to amigtatioa, by 1984 thegm *.te oaly about 39 congreqations tuàning with r arkrshap of approxAmately

2100 and 1000 ~hi1dt.n.~Anothat routca .tatas thrt by 1927, in Yugorlrvir, tharr worr 22s Natumne churchra with a total of about 25,000 maaber. By 1997 thmte woze about 180 chutch08 ruining witâ a irkrship of 3470. -y of thoae churchma today have ha. than 10 iiPkrs and theme consiat rlmoat ontirmly of old pople. Sanaa the onret of irrr in th. foriur Yugoalavir in th. 1990'a, it is roportad +ha+ soma of thesa câudhms aze growang agaan, and youngor people are once rgaia attmading, a pheaolunoa thrt waa highly dimcoutagad du~ingthe cowmunimt *=a. 6

Tho Nazarmnas and Aportolic Christian Church have always boen relrtivoly -1 in numbu. In te- of tâeir influmaca on nligioa in ganeral aad aocàaty rt lug., tbry have kon guite iaconsrquontial md non-iafluential in m0.t 88pecta of

thear doctrines .ad thaology. Oiu uaa whoze thas may mot bo true is th0 &ae&nationr stand on pacafiam rnd their mzieacr a8 pacifiata. Thm pa~rmcutioath. Nasueaos

auffeted as conrcieatiou~objmctotr waa qaik -11 docummntod

in tha courts rnd nawspapmr8 of Bunguy, Puqorlrvir rnd ils0 in ~~ach.' The North Amoricaa (Apo8tolac Christian) Chugch, did not oxprtaoncœ thm 8- &grmm of paraocution for rmfuming to trkr up 8rmr rr did th0 Naruuamm. Thmzo rra rocot:&â incidrnta of conaciontioua objoctora, in the United Statma, being katon ad impriaonod for rofusing to ku .au.' Thesa incidrnts occurrd about thr thm of World Wax 1, whan the

Wnitod States rtill dïd net hrvm r policy in place roguding the trmrtamnt of coaaciœntaoua obj~ctor~.~

In Apo8tolic Chriataaxa .ad N8zuoao churchma todry, baptismal auididatm8 umraquitod to colPit thuelvos to pacitism and aïs0 i.k. a vetbal public âacluation oz ptomise togrrding thia commifunt.1° If drrftod anto th. milit- thay will rgt.. to sotva thmit country, but only in r non- combatmat capacity that doos no+ rœquito thr karing of

1% -8.

Tho kub.pti8t avacaion to rrrfuo wra first .xp+msaad in thm (1527) S&œi+nrAm Cooiemaoa. A notabla ucoption to thia staacm wra thpoaition takoa by th. friago group an

Müaatmz (1534-40) but thia 1110-t wra rhortlivoâ aad atypical. kub.ptht8 thxoughout .Pr- mffard fox conturia. for rofuaing to ammm in th. mila- .nd awou ortâa. Maay ucwlm8 of tâomr inciâontr ua recordrd in

~0liiu8SU& 88 T.J. V- l)r.~ht'~Iur- -O= whiah -8 farat publiahocl in 1660. In Anabaptiat hirtory, tha tarm ~nonrrsistancr~hi. coair. to indicrta th conviction of thora who bliavo it is Godfa will thrt wirfrrm rnd aay other compulrivm mouas for forthoring social oz p.taonal mada murt k r~aouiicrd.'~The tazm "prcifasW ia darivrd fsom thr Latin fot I1percraarkrrs"

88 found in the wor& of Jasus in Matthmu 5:9 llBlessmdara thm pmrclaaritoxa". Gmmrrlly, Chràatiua prcifi.ni is aynonymous with, or identical in mmaing to nonrraristrncr. 13

What rn mmrn by llChzirtiurftprcifism cm be uadalrstood by rxdning thr following dirtinctiona. In grnarrX, the te= pacifim m8y bm usad te COV~Zdiffmroat varimtios of po8cmœ making which =y or may not kn Christian an thair orimntation or uo brrrd upon philosophical or politicil conri&tations

thrt rra aot basmd upon Naw Tmstammnt athicr. Whmgo prcifism

ofkn aeas porcr 8s .n and in itaalf, tâa New Teatament goapml suggasts that peacm ia not only nsocial and political

racoaatructaon~, but a radical chrngr in th. humas hoart."

Tha touchrtona for Chtirtiaa prcifism as thm mxraaplr rnd word. of Chrirt in - mtt. 5:39r, "But 1 aay to you, Do no+ raaist one who à8 avalw.

Ilhila th. kau pacifâsm aad nonrraia+Irnce ue of ton

uld ankrch.agmably Anrbipti~terditi0~8, of- W.

find thm ta= prcafàam rrsocàrteâ with wufuo. The krai

aon=raiataaca ia al80 uimd in thir rrapoct, 88 -11 rr in

thoar inatmce8 tht rpply to perso~lrelation. with thr undrratanding that non~a8iskncehrs implicrtioas for evoty phare of oner. life, aad farat of 811, in àatrqmrsonrl talataona. Fat aammplr, in 1941 the Maanonatm Chutch isauad a

&clurtion of thm pranciplr of non=ori8trnce, 88 applied to industrial rrlrtions. "We belamva thrt industrial strife and crnjust practicrs by omployaza oz amploymms, rnd rvœry acoadc and aocirl condition rnd prrctice whicb malces for suffating or il1 will among man as 8ltogathmt coatt.y to the taaching uid spàtit of Christ uid th. G0.p.1.~" Thia rtatruat as one relativaly cont.iporuy axpteaiaon of the ptacticrl unifertation of the priacipal of nonre8ast.nce. Nazrrrnrr and Nonrrsiatanca

Fr- aa raly stage, nonreai8trncm &cm ua important rspct of thr doctrine of th* Frohlich mov-nt. An ml&s in the Mmnaonitm ChPrch it ltmmrntal poiated out to kohlich th+ his wrattan rtatmmnt of frith did net covrz nrilitary

rarvica. Tho Mmnaonitm clrim i. thrt it wrr from tâis point on, târt objection to mLlitrry rervica bacriau r doctrine of tàa Prohlich mo-at.

tmile +h. hiatory of Axmbaptirt nonr.sfstrnce aad p8cifi.i in couattimm auch 88 Swatamtlaad, Gmauiy and Ruaair

ia sauonably -11 kaom aad chlcoaiclod, thm hàstoy of

Nrraxana nonramistance a8 onm of thr luat kaown in kubaptist hast0y. 17 Thora 58 avadmncm of Nazuams objectiag to mila- sarvice an fluagay am ouly as th. 1850' S.'' =von thouph Nazrrear nonrasastancm closely puallolmd that of mnnonita non~osiataacr, tho tror+mrht th0 Nazazana ' s rrcrivad whœn thoy objectmd to milàtrry sorvicr, wrs huihor than the beatmant tmcrivd by hbnnonik objrctors at thrt timo. Net only wmre Nazrronea imptiaonmd for longthy poriod. (up to 15 yaar~)'~,thare .ta iastaacos wharo N&z.nnoa tnro rotriod, reseatancœd, rnd rohpriaoaod for rofusiag to Wtm up axma20 aven aftoz sozrving thmir original sontenco ." Military authoritiai would 8180 punish thmm with katings and otâer dwp~avatioa8. Ln ramm in8tutcas th0 Pilitrry would tio riflms te th080 ptisonori who rrfusmd to haadlm th= and force thri to rtay in -1 colla in thii coadition. 22

Though thara uara provision8 thrt rllowod for mxqtion from th0 rcturl bouing of rraai, thii axqtion wrr wathhold from Narueno objmcto=r rnd gz.ntod to th0 Monnonitma evan though thœ Nrrasmms hrd agtmd to ua&rtako non-combatant dutios in the arry One .xpl.nrtioa for th. àircruprncy in

troamnt bmtwrra th0 Muaaonater aad Watuaaor ia thrt the

lattu wmrr r viaiblo ptosmlytizaag -p. Tho )(.aaoaitma by

th%. tiu had lortmuch of thmit iissionry amal rnd *.ta not

.~ways wviaiblrw ~t wam possi~ytâa üaruoaemrpotmatial for eacprnaion and no+ nrcmasuily -à+ aonze8iatrnt princaplrs thrt wia the pr-y cruam Soz theit iota aevmza ftratmnt.

Xt rppruad thrt as long as the Nrzrxmma mintainrd thair mis~aoaury&ive, thrit lot ra coasci.ntaous abjectora was diff~cult.~'Narueaa activitira wara centrad in an atea of social and athaic tension, and convmrts wmra &ani froai both tàr ~aarntclrra rnd variou. national m%norities, two groupa that ofton ovar1agp.d.

The EIungairn govrrnmaat w88 concarnad with ratablishing conttol ovar th. vuioos rthnic groups witâin its bordess. The Nazatenms appaued to ba a chanaml for -al prokst agahast .n oppsrsaiva agruim syrtr that .ppru.d thr.akning to the lurdowaing nobility aad 80 the Narrrenas irplird r thrmat te the uiating order. *'

One othmr iipottaat reraon for the ill-trea+mrat of Narurne con8cientious objectoss rra th. parcrptioa by the gova-t that individuah rnre bacom&ng -ta of th. amet in aa rttqt to mvado iilitary artvace. Iuay of th0 youag

N8~~ma8kcama irrbrta of th. church one or two yaari ptior to the age when târy becmm mligibl. for milita- aatvico.

Thia, ma& the govmtauat suspicioua, and ia 1875 it &afted

aew ~:mgulrtioawhich ma& it nacm88uy for Naz~ezam8to bau axma and no+ mmraly to be &aftmd fol: rltmmativm ianvàcm. Tho M8s-a. rrap0nd.d that thay would k willinp to wotk in non-combatuat poaatàoas, but would not tain watâ r waapon or usa one againrt uiothor hinrn baiagD2'

Evea an tho tweatiath cmntoy, the situation for btrruene conaciuitàous objrctors ia Bungrry, Yugoalavia, and

-a., W88 tnw diffic~lt.At tllm Of th. c~XI~U~ruiy wœre impriaonad, .op. for up to 12 yœrrs .29 During World Wuf soir objectera cnre uucutrd. Duting tha period ktwaan tbr wars, and then in the poat Wotld Wu11 c-uaist ragimas,

Naaarenea werr still impriaonad for long pmraods of theD30

The plight of Nazrroams in Yugoslavia wrs sirilu to theat expariencm in Eungazy. Tha Yuposlava wara ancorpotrted anto Auafto-Bungazy an 1867~' aaà the Sarbo-Crortà.n-Slovana lCingdaP of Yugoslrvir wr8 ptoclrimed in 1918. 32 At vuious tius dutinq thear porioda, the governunt drmln&d that man serve in tha rriud forces. Tho Naruur.8 kapt fa* xmcords, ao much of thair ninateonth cmattiry mxprrianca u consciantious objactors as aot docrtuntoâ. This ar not to say that thair experamnce waa uakaown an th. public domaia. At oaa point thmre rirm so uay mrtr uad nawap.rpe= uticlea about the plight of 19.zurnr coascimntiou~objactors, that th.y caught the rttontioa of Tolstoy, who th= camm to thmat defanco. 33

T018t0y citd thoae 1Pl=ueaes who rnta iiprironmd fo~ refuaiog to talem tbr orth uad ku .au as thsott of pmople tàrough whor Nsalvationwwould coma. Tâir cau~twu ri& in the contutt of r diacuraion about who rrrr mort capabla of ts.nsfozming aociaty. Tolstoy alid th. followang about

Salvrtion, 1 baliava will cow noither from the workmmn who aocirlirtàcrlly inclina nor fgom thair laadara, but only ftai popla who will accopt religion u thait only gui& in lifo, as tho Narrraa.8 in Saxbia md othars in certain places in Austria do--a~ly,that hundreds of thmm refuse to kk. the orth and & militrry srrvica and axe conAlalnad for thar to .prnd yeus in priaons and fortrassrna. It ia only frm ruch mmn ra tham who rra rerdy ta giva op thair lima for tâoàr convictaon~that salvation will cana. 34

fa Septomba= of 1924, al1 un of milita- aga (rgrs 20 to 50) wesm tmquird to jokn tha a-. A 1926 docuwnt, fram the atchivrs of the court amction of th* ~Yuqorlrviur

Winisfry of Wurnd tha N8vyn spmcificclly addrmrira tha tzea0.nt of Nrr8r.ilo milituy ncruita In thia zmport they

.re &rctib.d as king a .rot who ur tisled by "fanatacal

to takr thr orth3' and refushg to ku rau. By aot porforring thair duty as citizoaa uad 80ldi.t~ thq wera 8- of the Yuqorl8vi.n Nagaenm conscientàoua objactora rnre tmpmatadly iipriaonaû. A. maationmd abova, the Yugoalrviaa umy âàd not only &a+young racruits but il80 unbotmn the agas of 30 to 50 ." Thora *.tr iastaacms whazm 50 yea old wa who hrd rlrerdy sarcnd up to 12 yaus in priaon for srfusing to take the orth and bu rrms wrrr amntœncad to an additional 10 yarts in pri~oa.'~Naruana psiaonets cnrr romatimea aratancad to hud labour, *ore boatan, and tottorad. Onr iccount dractika how ruadbigs rnrm pilrd on prisonara until thmy almost suffocatd, aftmr whach they wrre beaten .42

According to Yugoslrvim govemmmat taco+&, thmre mte

Narateam8 who 8Pbritt.d fo th. authoriUa8. It as uachar: f+am the docunwnt citad hmre, whathar or not tbmsm Nazuenms actually took the orth, took op aru ot what thmir lave1 of

CO-oparataon waa. A rtataiuat in thia &-nt mya only that they completrd thair iilitay servica to the aatiafactaon of mir silprriors .ad gems on to 8.y thrt n...th.rm 8ze stàll a laga netof impriaoamd fuaatica left, who pmtmaat an thrir ob.dianca to th. bittot end" .44 The +rarhint of 1P.zurri. conscimntiou8 abjectors hm impzo0.d in thr 1att.r paxta of th. twuitietâ cmntuy. At the tâma of the avmntr owntioad abovm (192O's), tha Nlzaeam situation wrs aAdrarrmd rt momtinga of tha Largua of Nations an zm~ae1~." A+ one poht ut mticua law firi wutmtaaamâ to ~aaoudathe laws zogudiag th. trartuot of coasciaatioua objoctora aa 0th.~ Luzopaui couattàea with the goaî of eatablishing policias in Yugoslrvàa thrt rnrm accaptrblm to the govuamant and th. Ha~azonma.46

As good a8 thma. iaten+iona might hrvm han, the c-uniat atr btought with it nmw tensions and patrcutions for the Yugoalavaaa aad H~agasirnNirar8naa. Once again, iuiy

Nazrr*naa wmrm iarpti8on.d for tbar convictaonr. Sinca tâm daaisr of commuaiam an Europ., Naxumnea are no longer iiprisonod fot not Wiag th* orth or bauing aria but are pzmàtted to semm in non-combataat ciprcitams .47 Thm ~~ianwof the Naruuaer an Europ. as -11 as th.

Apoatolac Chriatirna in Amaricr La stall 8 verp vavad lmgacy an the collective iaorp of thm ümadnrtion. Thm baptismal cikchism stall assiius that th. govrraiintmay caU the maabe~. of thm dmnomiaatioa to srno an th. rilatrry rgcinat thmar will rnd raka that the -ra coaPait th.bpamlvas to the i&al of aoareaist.ncm .ad pacifiam. This coiritmant à8 trrcmd to thr Anabaptiat iaflumnca on S-ml Skoblich rnd hàs aubamqu.ot iPptint upoa tha mo*unt ho foua&à. PART Tüü - CmIII

Anabaptiat Thaoloqy rnd thm Tzrditional Syrtamatac

Introductaon

S-1 Frohlach's wtiting &es not axplicitly akte which individual. or +rrditions lugrly influeacad .ad informad hi. thaologp. Chaptar. III .nd IV of thia work wfll

theologically .p.alcimg, Frohlich i8 withia th. Anabptiat traditàoa. Tâia will ba accompliahad by uamining 8arTy and traditional Ambaptist approachma to thmology, in ot&r to

&fi= wh0th.r or not thi8 was 81.0 Fzohlich'8 %pp=oach" to theology . 0r6hlàchrs thmology will thaa ba corpuad to Wypical" Anabiptiat thaology, .ad kokaknt and Crtholic theologia8, in or&= te &kriniaa whethol: Frohlich bost fits anto th. Aaabaptàat ot %aàalàaettttaditiona . A ruâing of the auly Aaabaptist *rithg8 qu&ckly

convictioaa by utiliaàag tb. triditioaal thaologioil utmgotioa, but ha was afypàcal of thm 0th.~auly Aaabaptiat &oag Anrbrptista, thrra ia M old aad rlm0.t universal prrsprctivr tb.t ia di8tzurtful of thaology. The Aaab8ptirt rejoctaoa of acadodc theology was brsmd on the via* thrt thrologicrl spmculrtion addiaputrtion wara r typm of trtionrl ankllecturlazing thrt wrs divorcd from th

Anabaptiet emphaaia on piety, holy living, 1%ewne8a of lifew and disciplmrhip .

This vàew wureinforead aamng muly Anabaptiits who suffermd bitkrly rt th. haad. of Lutharaa, Refo-d rnd

Catholic theologiuii. In the amvaatmmath to niaakrnth cantutims, theologically ttainmd cletgy wete oftmn th. harrhest cxitics of the Anabaptasts and thrir writings typicrlly condamaad their thmoloqy. 4

Frohlich .rprassmd 8 8iril.r rasar~rfionabout thmologicrl training in r crri.aarnt about Cbrirtt8 response to

Pmtet in Matthau 16: l7,l8. Vosua dors here not prrism th0 mtudiod, rchaàcil, rota-taught, aystrritic lraming thrt ha is Christ th. Son of tb. living God, but ratàar th. inwud rmvmlation of ais mystoy fta Ood. .. w5

Thmol-, a8 & W88 coa8&&t.d k of XI0 ~a.1 viliu in halping hriunity copa with thair neuthlym p~odicrmrat.Oiir tuadotaag of thia Anabaptist virw sugge8tr

that this dynraic might k uadmtstood by diffmnntirtang k+mn what ha8 bmmn crlld iaplicit aad uplicit thmology. Zaiplicit or imPp1i.d tàmolopy conriitm of thoae baiic

convictions tbrt warm târ brais of Christ @ r puablai and sermons as found in the Goapols. Anabaptirt thmology hrs

w~s8rg91vof thr Biblm and rrpacirlly thm Nmw Tastamont, ra it appliad to daily lifd The Church Fatheta, ~rcholarraad aspacirlly scholas+ic thmologiura, thmn &vmlopmd aprcific syrtrair .ad thmological te- from thaar basic convactiona which rt on* point hid brui moro r put of rrligious lifr

It hi. ban suggmstmd thrt when Chrirtiurity ancountormd Grmrk philosophy, itkcur thaology. A conmorrry rxprmrsion of thai distinction may bm the ~elrtionshàpof thoologàcrl to uiatential thinking .' One Maanonitm clrh is thrt:

Evrr aànca th. &y. of th. apostolic church, Aaabaptaam As tâm only ucrmplm in ehurch biato+y of an .xirkntirl Cbtasti.iiityvv whrrm thata uirtmâ no bmic split bmtuomn frith rnd la-, wan though thr rtruggla for rmrlizrtion O= rcturlitrtàon of tâis fritâ into ptacfiar rriana a paxenniaï tas^.

In taru of thr lvcluaicl@tbaological pointa of historie

th. i.jot Protartant groupa. Xt is prabably inauffaciant to ur rniphaiia on conc.pt8 ruch rr bdirvmra brptism, and thr I1fraW church, but:

t1 . . .Anabaptir~~ai thaologically r major typa of Prokstuati8m with 1 tbaological focus of its owa rlongridr of Lutharrnism rad Calvinirm. It ir ralrtad to both tha lrttot positions, but through ita amphriir on the Lorâship of Christ, obdirrit diaciplarhip, and the vamible church, it is moza closrly ralatad to calvlsaismtf. 'O

The grartest divarsity or diva& bmtwoen Aaabaptism and

Ptotrstant thaology rnd Catholicism for that uttmr wan in tha doctrine of the church. Ambaptiata dàd not accrpt the church) . Thay cnrr th. fitit to iaaist upon r frae church, seprrrk from tha stato and the Worldtl,conrirting only of acclmriastacrl hirtuchy, but al1 wrre rrapoas+bla for

The Anabaptiat doctrine of th. tro kingdou, ruggoated art onr kingdam ras the kingdom of Chtiat and the otâot

Sataa. This armmd to draw r linr batamen târ church

Tha %h=ahn rlro tinâmrrtood itaalf u king r sufferiag body rttœnpting to maantria r holy c-unie wbila ruffrring as r rrault of %ta conflict with thr kingdom of this world.

The notion of the ruftmtang Ch+istiaa king par8mcuf.d by the lgworldNLa a copioa Aaabrptist motif .12 FrohZach identifad qua- closaly with thaa prrapactivo. Ha brlaavod thrt thr tzue Christian must ruffor, a8 Chrirt dao suffarrd rt the han& of the occlasirstical oatabli8hairnt. In Fr=&hlachlscase the pm~racutionha oxporaancad was rt tha hrnd of the -ch- stato rlli.rrcm rnd to hinr thas was r fulfilmaat of târ suffatang e~tiancodby the belimvrrs of tâa Bibla. From

Frtihlachla p.~sp.ctivm, like Cbtist, "...our wiy leads through suf fering to glosy .

Finally, oar ahould not oxp.ct a wcoiploto~layataritic theology fra Anabaptimt stalwatt8 such u Hubmaiet or B%8ano

SiPaon., let alonm Samar1 Frohlich. Their extant writing typicrlly consist of #mir *rittan roaponaaa to critic., axhottations to churchas they wozo in contact with, lattets to contempotuaam, copia. of aa-na, atc. Fr6hlich, lika mmy Anmbaptiata, nmvor rt out to consttuct caipnh.naàvm tâeologàcal sy8t.u. The following inriqhta of 12oblicà, Brrkarimz rnd Sinona on th+ traâàtioarl thmological atmgotios, rapxarrnt only what could g1a.n.d from tâoit utrat *rithg on thmsm ca-ofim. Thmit wratiag did not ia uiy way prova&, uhrt could k coaaidmnd 8 complato ryrtœatic thmology. Thoological ~tht~l0~ha. b.ui &faad 88 " . .th. systmmtac study of what the Chzistian uaaage of salvation and thoologicrl rrflection on it torch about PDIII~S nature, hastoy aad hrriun drstiny; of its om it constitutos a sciencr of man. lvl' Thaological anthrapology &ma not aat aside

science8 such u anthropology propat, paychology ot aociology but purporta to &au on tham for a doopar ot diff-nt un&rstaading.

The topic of Ft~hlich's thao1ogica.l aatbropology will b. engagmd by conpuing hi. .nthropo~ogy,te uithropologirs of person8 who ara roptmsmntativa of Aiubaptaa. Rebmrt

FràmAnrrnn in hi. Thrology of Aaab8pti.n auggmsts thrt in

ganrtal, BubiLierla anthropology lt...ia 8180 goneral krabaptiat toichàag concerniag th. natuze of htii.oity as

fouad nmrtly mrywhexm an Ambaptàat mitings, whathet by

Gr.b.1 ot Mupck, by Hutkr or maso Simon.. .. Frohlioh 8

antàropology wàll k c0~~pu.dwàtà aapacta of Ba1tâa.u

Eiibi.iatf8 and Mmaao SLonls .ritbrapologioa an ot&r to

droaattrtr th8t Flhlichfa mthtopology waa qui- clouly c~rtikle*&th typacal kubrptiat .nthropologi.. . In thr farat put of thia chiptmt tàia c~~l~uiaonwàll

k affectad by c-hg h.4hUchf a onduataadiag of tha

nlationmhSp -tuman thm "body, aoul rad apitit with Hubmaimr' s undazstaadiag of thas rdationskip . Tho socond put of this ch.pkt will k campriad of a discunrion on

"sin and buma nature" ra uaderrtood from tha wzitàag of

Moruro Simon. and FzOhlich. This mmction will includa r discuraion on tha nrtura of Vin in ~hildrmn'~and "thair Ctilpability for iin" .

Buba~ietand Pzohlichr a Theoloqical Anthrapolopy

Balthasas Hubpuias was r Golmrn primat rnd âoctor of thaology who bacmm r closr ftarnd and co-worker of Zwingli in Zutich. Ilhila anitirlly showing littlr sympatày for tho young Rmfori.tion movmmnt, ho mventually bmcru aa outapoken

Rmfornrt. Buboiiat18 ralrtaonahip wàth Zwingli bac- a8trrng.d as a rmrult of HuhP.ierr a xajaction of infant baptisd6 BribiLior, and about 60 0-8, *.re brptized in

in r tract rrrittma in 1527 entitlmd, OII Rma Wilf.

Prohlichri rnthrapology ia fot thr mort put found in an uticla rntit1.d Son2 rnd Spfrit. Thir dAscoursr was part of r srnaion on Park 6: 1-3 tâat waa pteaaatod in June of

1838. Th. topic as dao brorchd an a nezof 0th.~ instaawsf usually within th* confanma of notm on vaxfous aeaons. Tho uticl* faSouland Spirittf appaua te k a rriii.ry of Ft6hlich1r undmrrtanding of thr ralrtionship bmtrnan body, sou1 and spirit-

Prohlich coacludmr thir short pirem witâ the camarnt thrt his diacuraion conrtitutoa n...tha nuin frrturrs of =mal rnthropologytv. In a wry thir is a fair: rrreaammnt in that F&hlichfs rnth+opology is by no marna r fully devalopad axgumoat. Thar uticla is rimply an outline of th0 maan f.rtuses of hi. uathtopology, outlinrd in thr coatmct of the notar of r amrpon. This rnthtopology is typacal of tha tippr and genro in thrt it axaminas th0 unity aad ~elrtionshipof thr body, soul and rpirit.

Body, Sou1 rnd Spisit

Fr- the outrat, Fr6hlich rcknowlrdgos thr probhm of

àirtinguirhing tâa diffrxenca bottnrn, or: the ralrtionahip of th. body, .oui and apixit. Ha obae-8 thrt in soma inatmcas tbr physicrl or arahl rxiaknca of th. body is rrfrrrad to as tha aoul and otâmt tirua am th. spirit. In otâmr iastuicma thir animal drtaacr ir callad #am body rnd th. tom soul ia than rafrrtiag to thm locus of h- intellactual rnd rotaonri acti~ity.~'In aithrr case, ~r~lhlàch~ausa of th. kru body, aoul aad spirit, im compuabla to Rubuau' a. Aay diffa~ancasin diacumaion~caneaâ about the use of thmaa te- umnot about &finitions but in hou Bubauirr: rad hohlich pataoi*. tbrit t.lat&onahip. Rriluarim~positr r ttiputito lntâtopology that ia ruggomtmd in Gonaais 2:7 and 1 Thosaalonirnr 5:23, whrro thrao alamnt8 rre dhtanguirhmd: thm body, roul, and spirit.

Hubmaia+'s ~uarlrtionof thm Grmek II-r of the throa elammats as quit. typical or uni~orsrl.~~nia ia net to say thrt Hubmaiazga or Frohlichlr undmrstrnding of therr te- diffurr the ambiguity botman tbm user of the tmms sou1 aad

@rit or sou1 and body, whAch in the New Tostammat, as -11 as in the Old Toitaamnt, raœn to bm usmd interrchrngeabLy, on occa8ion.

Fot our puxpoaos wm wfll usa th. followàng &finitions, rr thoy umcoaprtiblm to both Frohlich and Hubmaier. From thm Greek, 8- is tt.arl8t.d as the body, boing the phyaicrl or animal uastmace of th0 praon. Payclze ir the 80~1:art which .niutas th. body. Xn th. Biblm thia teri as uaed vrràoualy to aadicrt. tha "locationgmor gvrrrtvgof the aontiaat eluat in h-8, nuuly bming that by which th. individual prrcmivma , rrflocts , famls , drraxms etc. 20, or it ir on tâi. lmvol of hiiiin ~taoncothrt wm encouatmt iatmllmctual rnd .rotional ac+irity.

Pnmuma priiutily &noka "windn or wbroatâwand in the

Nor Toat.unt i8 urually trrn8lrt.d as w.patitn.21Unlikr thm roul, whrte thm i~trllactuyk rager, aad tbr rotion. conforad, the -rit a8 morr tb.D juat psychologaorl, it as th* foundation for thr psychological. Thm rpixitocl amct of humanity ii thm dauàa of puaonhood; whmrm wm bolimvo, love,

.nd uâibàt sali-awitmaoaa. A patmonls spirit is thrt cdl~ponmatthrt rllowa for th. poaaibility of tzansornàeaca aad the poaaibility of rmlatiag to God who ia spirit.

Frohlach aad Buhmaier on thm Body, Sou1 aad Spirit

In Bubiriorla aynthmmia of tbr ralationship ktween body, soul, aad spirit, th. body ia rrd. by God "of the mathN and th. spirit waa arouaad by God bruatàiag into

Adam's no#-ila. The soul in thas instance as: betwmen th* body aad rpixit, but in moit instaacrs ir in servituda to thm body. 23

Thim pmrapmctive arrvei to aIlow for a poaitivm intezprmtatioa of human uistmnca whara th. .pirit rauins Nuprightll.ad wànfrct@t, hform, dusang and dtmt the Fa11 .

Bubmaimr ha. r tool for blrming thm soul for aay "cotruptiontl whilr rroomrating tâa apicit of al1 bldrh. In thia way tâmtm ia no ruch thang as total dupxavaty, for th. very core of h-ity ham tmnainad uncortuptd .nd à. ablm to

tb. divaam .ad ba re8tozad."

Ffihlach &a not a8 positicn about tâm %paratm as is

Buhaut. Accordinq to Sk&hlich, tho .pirit hu baen fot~ordaiaador it8 deatiny mhould k to N...ha*. fallowahip witâ Goâ, kaou Eh, lova EIfr aad aamk &tu thrt whi& as abovmW.2s But, thr apigit fan& itsrlf th. ramant of the roul, whorr tho rpirit w...&votas ata rrgrcaty aad al1 itr powrza to th. mrvàcr of vuaity, the pasring, sinful thangs an tàia vasibla worldw. 26 Sin as that which ef fmctr the semituda of thr spirit to the roul; it wrr in ordor to enable the freeàam of the apirit that Christ came. Bere

Fzohlich ait.. r portion of Rab. 4:12 that #tata8 that ".. .the wotd of Goâ is living urd active, rhupmr thrn ury two-mâgmd rword, piorcinq to the diviaion of 80~1rnd spixat .. ."

Wban thia aapaxation haa Wun plmm the spirit cm be truly froe of any uado influrncer of th0 aoul, and now has the crpability to rrrist furthor corruption of târ spirit.

Thia as not r batUr thrt trra only once fought, but ir r wri: tbat ir angagad drily, whazein th. ime+ potsoa i. continuaïîy trnawmd .*'

Tho Nature of Sin in Hrrohlich and #.an0 Simana

Muano Simons wrr r koy figuge an tho Anabaptirt

=-nt, and ri mach, r au- of hia rnthrapology and undrraknding of th* nature of ria wàll rrrast in dronstr&ing th.+ Fs6hlichg8 undir8t.nâing of thar thui locr+rs har thought @ta rquuoly rrong tâa Anabaptists.

SLons is uaaful rt thia junctOlo bacauam of hi. zalrtivmly .~rprn8ivmâircussions on the nrturo of ria, aad rmcirlly hi. drtaa1.d absovrtions on tàm 'tcrtogorims of sin8r.

This po+tioa of the chrptmr will opoa with sau coiunts on Mmnno Simon'. rnthzopology and will bo followrd by r ruxvmy of th0 notion oE lBoriginrlsinu in Siion. and

Frohlich. This will br followrd by r caquison of Frohlichls rnd Simonls uadorstaading of the vuious wcrtegories of sinft.

This chrptar will conclu& with r dircusaion on %in and chil&onfl. The Anabaptist poaition topraaentad by Frohlach adS-nr will ba c-rred to tho Reman Catholic uridrritanding of sin aad childrrn.

Mono Sana on Original San

The fitrst booklot Simana wroto aftos hi. drnuacirtion of

Ronun Crtholicarm war ontitlod The maritual Rw~zactioa. Froo thaa dA.cussioa wo caa oa&tstaad Simonsr pmrcoption of thm hrrnun condition bafore th. individual WIoa put in whrt

Sinona discribas as th. two roaumctaons. Skons oxplrins that th. Sczaptotos tuch of two rosurrectaons, namaly 8

" . . .bodily ros~~actionfrom tho &rd at th* lut &yr ind a apiriturl rmmarzmction fz- 8ia md dutâ to r naw life aad r chaaagm of hautw.2' ôur antmgast at thia point will k with th. lrttmt iaaue and thuaàmzatuadiag of thr t801d8rlafo .nd

"hout*'. Skoo. d08ctik8 this conditâoa 88 r Myof sin thrt mrist k d.8ttay.d and botid. Skons is no+ vrsy positivm .bout tha 9aarmmatrmct.d" individual md says thrt accordiag to ou= *8nrtutalbitth", rn ara I1 , . .notâing but uaclraa alimm. . . concoivrd rnd bora in sin. . . w29 Our If caron pumat.", Adam uad Ea, wora crratad in th. image of God and -+a piptm and raghteous until they bmcrni iaapau and aubjact to corruption as r zeiult of thrir dimbadiraca. lLdu and Eve waro dtiven from Purdise. If they wiahmd to ut tlamy hrd to labour. Childbearàng for Eve and hrt daughtars waa no* don. in pria aad tâmy wrro to be in subjaction to thmir hu&aa&. 30

Froi thii point on, Adam and Eve and il1 thoir descenâanta have bemn un&= thm currr and aamrituda of bath and th0 &val." Ur ira ".. .al1 born of tinc1a.n amedw and

throuqh thm lwauthlyAdamt1 hava kcou ff . .. wholly daprrvoà and chil&- of derth uad hallw Siron. atatms târt "811 czertures bring forth afkr thair kindw and th.+ al1 c=arturms Woon the wptap.ttiea, ptopoaaitira, rnd di~position8~~of theh origan.. Baving thm ainful aatuze of

Adam, kiag cunrlly riaâad and bora "out of auth -ough cotrriptible ~mad~~,rn cranot un&tat.nd .pitit\ul thiaga and ue hoatila to God. Wa umby "natuta 8 child of tha &vilw aad the fmit of a Wav%liah saedlV,thâa frira+ kiag thm iaharatad minful naturu. 33 Fr6hlich on O~iqànrlSin

Fxm 1 John 2:2, Pr6hlich un&rataa& huma colpability for Noriginal sinN 88 follows: "The vicrriour &&th of Jesua on th0 cgoir lry in tha rtmtn.1 counsml uad will of God, in

O=&= to rmconcilo God with ua fzom th0 sin of Maai ...80 art thr world as now wathout b1.p. of the originrl sin.""

Frohlich dos it clorr that it as Godfa will thrt al1 crn

L ara no+ uncoaditionclly choaoa or rrjackd. No one ia condmmaod bocauso of Adu, but only on account of onos uobrlief .36 lm.. .on Ood1a part no aui is ucludod - ptodestinad for Almnrtion - ualess aan exclu&s himrolf fxom this

1cederrming powoz .11 "

Fra Adam rnd fhrough bitth wo hava rac8ip.d 8 rinful nature but aro not guilty of Adam's #in. Original ria CM and iuit ba rmpurtod irom huunity. Al1 huunity followiag Adam umguilfy only of thmir om sin, but cua k juataf-d fox

Chràstvs a.Lo aad raAIrrard ira sin àtaolf. Original sin as aot southiag um aamd to k forghmn of, .inca ua hava aot incutrrd tha guAlt of original .in upon 0~~8.1~08 but havm iahmtitmd atm'

Frohlich dora mot wholly dinàgtato ou= %odpgt but offrrs Hm statar art: Wm shrll, howrvrr, on th. 0th.~haad, 81.0 aot coa8id.r and cal1 our body coatmmptible as nuiy do

through falu hirrility, but rn .hall hap at honorable as 8

tmplr of the Holy Ghoat, rnd shrll conaidez that our body as

too good, too holy fox us to givo at up to the samicm of sin aad inspuzity.

Sin CataqoaAzrd

randitioa sorts of sin, ha drmribms whrt hm calls ria of "the fasst kind" n-ly

corrupt aad rinful nature which is inhmrited at bitth by al1

th. &scui&ats and chi1dr.a of lkortiipt, sinful Adamf*.

Simons statas art thir condition "ia no+ inaptly crllmd

original sin. To be wAdu-likot*ot of thm "fitstbirth of mmn 'is to bm crrnrlly minded, unbalimving, disobmdimnt rnd bland ta divine thiags, the and of which is Almiiatioa .ad etmrnrl &.th."

The %mcond kind of sinMor rcturl sin is th0 "fruitwof

the first sin. Siron. identifims tâase a.: adultmy,

f orniortion, avuica , disràprtios (wastmful) , dtunkmnneaa,

hrtrmd, anvy, lyiag, tâoft, mu&mr, .ad adolaty. Thmsa

llrcturl ainst4um thm fdt of the "moth.tw or otagiarl sin.

The Apostla Paul cl80 allad thmsa aina "works of th. flesh"

(W. 5) hroiDg theat origin in thm cortuption and siafulnmas

of Ad8d2 Siaaona âarcribms a Wtird kiad of aiaw which um thoar huma f rulltias , atrora and w8tumbling81tchurcktisad by cuoless thoughts, wotd. and uaptuditrtod lapaes in conduct. This aspect of th0 human condition is darcrihd as on. that affects 81.0 "saints and rmgmaeratm onr~~~,tâe diffarance king that thou who uo tinchrngd froi their

Yirat barthI1 -a blind or ào no+ kno* or tacogaizm their sinful condition. Thom who 8x0 I'borir from abovrw zorlita thois rrrors .ad uo involvod in r &ily fight 8gràn.t

Wmat wodc floshn. " Simon.' foutth catmgory of #an &scr$bas the condLtàon whotm one wallfully ranounces their kaowledpr of God aad the gracr of God 8ft.t thoy hava N...recmavad thr +rire knowledgm of Chtist and Bis holy Wotd .. .tutad the hoavrnly giits ... and a. bora of Go& ."

Frohlichrs approach to ~~crtaqorizinq~.in dora not Wre tho foa of Siion.' rt8y8trtt,not would hm agrn witâ Sirnoas' conclus~on~.Ia graeral a+ w k mid that Simoai uad

Fr6hlicâ are in accord wath whrt Simaas calla hi. fhat crteqoy of sin n-ly tàrt of tb. otigiiuf sin. If thete as any differrnor in thia catagory wm find it an thm natuta of tâm otigiaal aàa in childrmn. Thia vil1 k diacu8s.d an a-1 la- in this chaptu. Zn goaual, Skons riiiply saka that iafrnta rnd chil&en do not rmqui~obaptiam kcau8e of thr grata of Ood. Wbila -6hlich agrcam8 w%th thas clah, ha. rppsorch i8 diffawt in that ha &a quit.

œxpursivœ with aggumanta thrt diffmrantartr the nature of

Aa.Pv8 sin frco thm culpable gualt of Adam'. sàn.

Fsohlich ia grarrrlly in accord with Skoaaf thard

categoiy of da, namaly th080 situations whaze one 8ia8 not

out of habit, but mozœ out of cu~l~asnmssot in 8-

uagurrdid memont. '' Fz6hlich aï80 rcknowledq.8 thm

impatuouanaas of youtâ and coacad.8 târt a "f.1sm atrp" crn

even ba uauaable in those inataace. in which uo aight no+

4 6 ucusa 8 utuza adult 88 rmadily.

In tara8 of Simoasf second (original sin) .ad fourth

(willful ranuiiciation of ad's grrca) crtmgorirs of sin,

Frohlich aukas 8- distinction8 thrt are not rceountad for

by Simona. In ta- of SkOnar fou~thcat.QOq, both ue in

agrœmat thrt thare cm axiat that porition whmra one wallfully turna awry from Gedts gtaco aftmt having oncœ

exparaanced it. ta tha kub.ptiat tradition this ia

rapra~enkidby a baptimd dult who willfully t-8 awry fza Godls gracw. Ir6hlich at tais point $8 qat- puticulu as

to which rias rmpmsoat mir wallfirl turniag .*.y.

In Siion's second catagooy ha liata r netof aàas

that ara th. t'fruitsNof oor ànhatitd nrtuta ot th. otaqinal

aio. Pr6hlich would rgsmo with thas prriaa but fin& tht

sou of tâaam kloag in r .p.aial catqozy. Or6hIàch Wai

haa ditaction tram 1 Joha 5:16, a acriptmrr thrt -fers to "rina unto &ath1I, ranr thrt -0hlich d8scrib.a ia hamg of a aort tàat crnnot bm forgivu~.~~Whilo h6hliah18 explmation of th. nrfuzm of aini unto &.th is 8kilrt to th0 sin of Sinon la foutth catagory he claiu tho following.

Sin8 unto &ath umactLona auch ir marder, adultory or foorniication, sin. that wrrœ puniahad by -8th undet the

Qaw1I an the Old ~arwat."Siiana doms not UIa thii stap, but iaclu&s thoar aias along witâ action8 mach as envy, lyhg, thoft rnd iâolatry.

Culpabilaty of Sin in Childran

Chil&mn and Sin in Crtholiciam

In ~gudto the nature of the original sin of Adu and its offact upon children, Catholic thmologirna and krchmrs have no+ alwaya hain complak .--nt but gonozally have agrud that chi1âr.n nvtmaeivr~tthe gpilt of Adam (Tho ugrruats for the no& of frrndsaion ri11 not b. brorchad hue) .

Fxem the CowcFl of Trmnt wo uadrritaad thrt both bodily sin uid -8th hava baoa ~rnraittadto al1 of is r I1puialty1I in that humam now do not havm th. mmns and powar to atWn th. and to which thry *.=a &stinad.52

Ta tmru of chaldtan, unbaptazed childrma do not ahue in humaniti.8 endt1 and ur drprivad of grrcm or tho

%artific vision of God1153or to atak the poaition bluntly

"..-it must be clearly unde+stoed that the child dying without baptasm as âafànitoly l08t. Ra is not in sou iidway point brtrma srlvation .ad damnation. m54 1t ia rmcogaazmd târt the child itsmlf as not zmbmllioua, uor &a8 it brte oz blrsphamm God, but in this pmrapoctàvm, thir &as not absolve the child from tho worda of Chrart to Nicodrniua: llUnlars r man k boxa agaan of w8t.t and thm Eoly Ghoat, ho c.nnot ontat into thm kingdam of Godw, John 3:s.

In trrnrr of thm "pain of smnartg of th0 child who dies uabrptizad, thare are diffaring prrspectives. Wîailr a-ttang tâat he *rs unsurr on thia iraue Auguatàam thought that tharm might ba aau sort of tlpositava painIl but that it would k vory light rad usy to bu whila Aquiau explainad that any punimàmmnt would bm praportioartm to the ran. Anothmr

Cathofac prapacticn auggeatm that th. chàldta condition would k on0 of "trum pacm md aatutal happàaeaan .s5

Câil&an rnd Sin in Siipoas rrrd Fr6hlach

mnao Siaana coafxoat8 thosa who cllia thrt littlo chil&mn 8x0 %O= of Adu wath 8 saaful or wickd a8turmaf aad thorafore muit ba claaarod of thait 8'origànrl guiltvv. Skons diargx.rd dth this taadazat~diag,his clrii bang

thrt thir tmrching trrs contrrry to Sczaptutm. 56

Siions8 ruaoning on thâ8 àani. would ptobrbly b. moto

apt to bm includmd in a dirwasàon on 8otetioloqy. In hi.

discussions on chil&- and thoir: culpabàlity'tor Adam's ah, bdraao focuaes on tha biblicil injuactiona art rmquirm the

bapti-1 cadidam to deaire baptàsm 88 r toiiult of p.raonr1

faith, the rrgmont bang that th0 infant i8 not capabla of

this. 57 Simon8 rlao utilizea th8 Éamilirr criticissn thrt

infant baptism i8 not foond urplicitly in thm Bibla. se

In his uticlo antLt1.d "Chtàatiin Bapti.mV1,SLPona siniply

statms thrt unbaptitmd anfurta or childron, "...have

tho proeiaa of overlrstiag lifo, out of puzm gtacm. w~~

Fzi5hlichfr position a8 8imil.r to thit of Simonla an

that thmn ar rgr-nt that w aî1 8x0 bo~wità th. 81cutam~@

of Adam's rinful nrtuxa but w do not llàahotat" Adamtu gualt.

Axry guilt thrt ir rttributmd to our: rccount as r t.ault of

our oua volition and action8 rftmz thrt timr art ia

vuàou~lyta- Wm aga of rc~~uatabàlàty~~.8-na uaoa

tho kri "rgr of dia~tation~~"whàla hohlich dmscribor

thia u "th. rge of th. howlmdqa of .olff1. 6% Brohlich'a undrz8tmding of th. nituge of sin in

cbilckan rnd theit cirlpbility ot ~cco~~tabilàtyia 8iiil.t

to thrt of mano Simon8 and liko Shna ha takas iaiiur with doctrinas th.t would hava chal&ua guilty of Adamla .in. This traditional awct of kub.ptàat uathtopology is in contrast to thrt of Catholicim aad thosa maanlana Pttotmutant âaaaminatioar tàrt retaind infant brptism.

Frohlich rxplrina thatbacrusm of Chriat, hummity ia not culpabla for tha #in of -, but humaaity is forgiven becruse Christ diad for: al1 on this rccount, (11 Cos. 5.).

Frohlich rtrtas that, ''Sin aad guilt umrapuitad fzam orch othmz. We hiva inharitad .in, but no+ tha gualt of it..

Eapecially in thr casa of childzmn, bafota one bacamer personally guilty for aay sin, it mus+ firat develop. Infanta or chilârrn rrr savod without haviag frith or boing baptized bacaura 'L. .sin hm not ymt onkrmd thear conacianca and ha8 not yat bacou 8 &ode . .td' Chtiat hm diad for the rmconciliation of rll, but whih thr guUt of Adam' r sin is no+ iipukd to chil&an (whila aoknowlmdgàng that tâey hava a sinSul naturm) who & net hava frith, the rrconcilirtion of

Christ is of no mffact for thora who CM undarataad but & aot Auiaaua-atm frith.

Pr6hlich iuggmata tht tàa individu al^ lfknowf.agi of

8mlfqF or culpability fox #an oca9ts rt t&t point whma one is able to racogniza th. iinful natirta thry hava 1ahorit.d ftom m. Erriihlichrs poaitioa oncm again ia thrt ll...tâm childron of Adu .an aot ia tha ..p. w.p aa Adu biuelf aàaomâ, knowingly .nd voluatuily, but natutal aaa aiam blinâly out of ànborn habitud. uad àgaorutco of Gd."" Recognition of sin coma, aad à8 " iipotoâw*%th the ccuing of thm lrwgW. The rllrwu king th. mumtârough whach 8àa rnd untightwuanmm ueracognizod kforr on0 =*aliras atoaunt ad rrdiiption fxom *an thsough aiat, ia 8 familau th- in FzohlàchWr rriting .65 Thia chrptat will comprta Roman Catholic and Prota8tuit notions of t8brptiamwand t8grrcrNwith lkohlich and typicrl

Anabrptist prrspmctivai of tharr th-a. Thara thrmrr willbm iatroduced with a short outline of the histotical context of

Anabaptiat baptim ind tha "thrar Bapti.msvlof Anabrptim.

Xnfrnt brptism will ba brirfly sufvrymd in tha Crtâolic, Lutharrri and Rafo-d ~aditoaaad r wrr &tailad a%.lminrtioa of infaat b8pti.pp in Catholicism wall thmn ba contcrstad to Frohlich and thm Anabaptast position. This will ba followed by a dircuarion of "gxacm" whach will outlina the ptmmiaas the vuioua traàitioni utilizr to rubstaatirte thair

8-d on brptim. Thm chrpkr concludas with rn axriiiinrtion of Brmthrmn aad bhnaonitm clriam of influaacr on Fr6hlichfs

moro th- jurt r dirtancing or a iittat of zalafivm movmi from thm Piotmstaat Rmfozmation. Thrra rnre fundammatal diffrrences bot- tha mfo-lcs rnd thore who felt thrt tb. Rmformmrs hrd not movd fax aaough fta thm Roi.a Choroh and wmrr aot king triu to wbt th. Bibh raid of baptia. mrmi)usship thmuph agrmemmnt on Baptim, the baa aad thm

Lotdls Suppar. Thm soction on Brptii~ian thr Confission maas with the following: IWBaptiamrhould ba 8Aaaiaistet.d to al1 thoir who have b.rn instmzcted zagudiag capmntuaco and the amandaP.nt of

lifœ, who truly klievm that their ains uœWEmn iway

through Chzist urd who &sire to wrlk in the sasurrection lifm of Jesus Chxist. .." And r faw linas furtâar wm =*ad:

Vhis excludea al1 infant brptirm, the highmst and chirf

abomination of thr popa. IV'

Thm kiabaptist inaistance on kliovars baptimm had thtee un&rlying coinponanta. Fixst wra thai= Bibliciam. Thmy

concludmd fra thait rerdinq of th. 10.r Testammat thrt baptasm wra inutricably tiad to topeatancr aad faàth, and as

such infant. couid not bo baptizmd. Socond, thmir concmpt of

church was one of a voluntuy followahip conaàating of tàoaa who had upa~ioncadr llconvaraàon~~and waru corittmd to di8ciplmnhip. Thard, an a8sontà.l -et of ChtàafiuLity was

uticulrtmd 88 thm application of th. "Lordrhip of Chtaatm to

al1 phaaaa of lafa, which w . . .tmquixaâ rn typa of prsonrl ccritunt rnd intolliguit di8arirination târt only rdrilts

could hmm. Baliovora baptim wri thua eraaatial to Aa8b.pti.i. .. Wbilr klirvmra baptim wuan aaaential carponant and

evrnt fo~thm kub.ptiats, it ri.. th.ir conviction thrt biptiai was no+ a aingulu avant. An muly Aaabaptist, H.ni

Hut, suggm8tod that "b8pti.i as a lifmloag itmagglm with .inm oz in othor wotd., wChtistiaa lifa for tâm Anrbaptàsta waa a lafelong biptismv .3 In at-tiag to .rticulate thm N~lifalongcrosa of bapti.iff tâm Aaabaptiits took thair dirrction fzo I John

5:6-8 which rpeaka of thtom B8pti.u: witat, watar, md blood. Tho procmsi begins dth th. ''b8pti.a of thm Spiritff which %lminard the prtson of sin .ad gava hii th0 power to live the Christian lifa.**Thim ruiawal occ~rrrdinataatly for

80. while for othotr thaa brpti- which llwai the gift of salvation atarlf...n teaowmd the aadividual thtough a longthy PTOCI88. 4

Tha Spitit baptism a8 a '*pl.dg. of obadiance to tâe

Fithrr in imitation of Chtist, who wis santuato &rtb.w5

If on. as able to 'tautraa&t*r coiplmtely to Goâ, thia a8 r surr aigri of the Moly Spatit in on08 lifm. Thii **amer pladgan cm only be mda dth +hm asaàataacm of tb. Holy

Spirit.

Through th. %aptàam of watat*' th. kliavar witaeasas to the bitth of thm Spirit in thair lit. .nd proclL1. thait fallowahap with thr chozch. W.t.r b8pti.i ha8 borna callad the "sa.1 of füth rad the the àmmt covuunt of aod.1f6Thia baptàam i8 no+ oaly a tmmtiaaay of tha baptisaad but as rlso

watamis by th. Cki8ti.n. to th. baptimnd to coafàa the brptizrnd'i iaamr baliof 'lm. .for brptism, liko r amal oa an anvalap. as givoa only WU one bows the conkntal@.' ~y

thoit tecognition of that p.raonr a Ir. . .irb.rahip watâ tham in ChtistmwB

The "b8pti.a of bloodtt ris both thrt of mystic8 aad mufyra. kiabaptista boliavoà that ar diaciplos of Chtist rrrd likr Christ -y: . . .would know mafforinq aad aff làetion. ThLa would aoutiui be th. inius sufforing of guilt and &.pair. And, if tha coascimacas of soi. .uy aot have haaenaitivo anough to hava crorkd th0 .xp.ctod ttiali within, the officarls of th* civil or&r wmrr coztaan to crmrto +rials wathoutM.9

important ordinrncm or rrcrammnt, (for the liturpicrl churchei) brin9 the crxomony of initiation into tâa church as

Thm Remaa Catholie Church rt thm tuof tho mforiartion t8~ghtth.t baptia W88 affacrcious fat the waahing 8Way of sin and wra thormforo arsantirl foi arlvrtion and rhould ba

k füthful to ua, no+ ouz promi80 to God. mptiam, thon, ia

Oodti fzmo gift, not coatiageat upoa ua or our ~otthiaea~.~'~ Evmrything tums on what Goàls grrcioui aolf-givang hra &ne for us through th0 Churoh. This auggmrts that the iadividurli uadmrstuading of infant baptism is cloioly tied to thmir acclmsiology. The obsrmmtion ia madm that for groupa liko the bnaonitoa th. church ia a gathereâ, pure, holy aect of saints und as such bolievrrsJ baptism ir r Inrturrl coniaqmnce ' . This is in con+crat to th0 "pattern of moat of Ameracrui lrrgmr

Christauri who ite t1 . .hoth lukrwrrp and d.rply coliitkd, 8 congrqation both of arintr md ainnora. They rra churches, not sacta ."lZ

Pking r Catholic a8 much moro than boing etàicrlly or roligioualy convortrd and avm aiore tara boing coavartod to

It mmas rccopting Chriat ai ha ia anadiaad thtough r histotic tradition of sou tuanty coaturias and a soqueaco of cultuna. It ir-8 both cdag to Laor about Cbriat, adcoiing to kaow hii, tbrough r church thrt cilla itrolf Catholic bmcrusa historically rnd cultutrlly it ia catholic. 12

chutch do 80 . . .8t 8 hortibla prier, tho uclu8ion of thir children ar outaadrra to th. bdy of Christ uatil thoy uo old rnough to rrcrivr brliavmrs b8pti.r a8 at wauld k to iay that your cbildron uo not &mricrn unUl thq are old «rough to votm .14

Zt would hrvr boon most uanatural an 8 Jowiah atmoaphmre to ttut caildron as if thoy wmso outaid. of tào puonta covanurt c~miiiunity.Thrro is no ovidrnce thrt the rrrly church did not baptizo infaats aad cuttont avidenco suggmsts thrt child b8pti.m wa8 no+ coa8admt.d unurual a8 errly as the sacond centuzy .ad thon did mot easmntiilly conu into question until thm shet~.nthcontury. 15 ft would rom to bm inconsistmnt to inclu& childran in the Christian frmily but exclu& tham fror eatship in the body of Christ sine* Christimaty a. more tham tâeology . "Xt la 8 way of lifm, 8 network of telationshipa of love. w'6 fn baptism our livea atm changod withàn th. context of loving c-uaity rrlationshapa a8 urproaaed in both th0 fPily .nd th. chutch. Thar is thermfoxe aomathang daepe~:than ju8t inWlloctual cogaitaoa. Sincm baptim as not soldy confingant upon ouz riturity ot cogaàtivm abilitaaa, th. quaatioa i8 aak.6, whmthat um would ucludm from baptaa tho.. who .ta f8ablo-iind.d aiqly becauam thoit cognitâvo crprbiliths ue aot fully d.tn1op.d."

Luthat .ad tâe Lmthr=ms chuigod thm naniag of baptà.~ slàghtiy uLiag it conditional upon the füth of

~ocipSmat. Sinor thr infant could not axezcire fuith it was clrimad art tha infant hrd r %lruping futà" gàvmn by God or r aubrtituk fritla art war urrtciaeà for: thm infuatby the goàpazaats. The Rofor~.dchu~pchms, i&luencad by Zwingli and Calvin raquir.d the baptism of infrntr but raid thrt b&pti- W88 0nly 8 8-1 of 8ccrpt.nce into the church. Th. riturl itrelf hrd no powrr to convey grrce. 18

Evmn though tâa merning of brptiii mmdiffmtmnt fot theae trràitioas, thry 811 tequitad tâm baptism of infanta.

In oaœ 8en.a the prrctica waa ~fpolitic~llyl~.xprdiant. This wra rn affectivm -8nr to continue and aitrb1i.h national or maas churchaa.

The Biblacal FouadrtAon for fafrnt Baptism

Put of the rearon for th. difEarancem in undrrstanding of brptiu uoag variou8 fcaditiona ia thrt thr Nw Tmstuent

is no+ rrally clerr on urctîy who ahould k brptized. Even tâough thaza ia no explacit caae of iafant brptim in the

N.T., tho8m who aupport it faad eva&aca in tha M.T.

Zwinglà~rcont.aapotrry, Mutin Bucaz, offazad four

ruaona for Biblical aupport of infaat baptiii: 1) Thore are

rrpozts of 'wholo houaoholâa' king brptizad .ad at is

raadthrt thosa houaahol& includad childron. 2) Chriat b1eaa.d tba câil&oa, affaaid that thoy klongod in th.

kingArni of God and al1 who wiahmd to mntar muat brcemm likr

th-. 3) Paul mtatmâ thrt dailâran *rra ud. holy by thait puana(1 Corinthhaa 7 :14) 4) Thr puallrl àa 81.0 &run betummn th0 covmnmnkl initiation titma of brptiroi of tâe

N.T. aad cito\mbciiien of tho O.T.'~

With tb. aphraia on Sctiptutal ruthority tàat was rrcovrred in the mfosmation, tâe notion of covmnrnt bac- very importaat foz thoolagy. Zwingli contendd thrt on ismars of contention tho Church wrr rlwaya to follow the Bible. ff

thm rnswar wrs not clau in the N.T. one tuxaad to th0 O.T.

Infant baptism wrs oam of thma. iaauaa. tlboa the O.T. waa

conrultad ho fomd thm pzocrdmnt of infaat ca~ciripcision. The

N.T. text found in Coloarirnr 2:11,12 rnmod to indicatm thrt

Ch+iati.n b8pU.i i8 th. couatorp.rt to thold covenant circumcirion. 20

Rmfo-d tfcovan.nt thoologytl omphrairod the covenurt wath Abdaam in Gonaais 17, Thia w88 to ba th. modal fox the

rolrtionahip battmon God aad thChrirtiui. Zwingliaudr the

tlcovmauatNth. main ugirunt for thm Rmfod undaratandhg

of infant baptiam. Calvin in kir 1natitut.a rnd otâor

wzitings, ma& uctaasàv~usa of tâe a&a ef covmamat in

di8cusaaon8 on th. uaity of the 0.2. .nd N.T. aad on the mutuilaty aad coaditionrlaty of tâo covaaaat .21 IPr6hlich d the Anabaptiata on thm Baptiam of Infurta

that th. kubaptist position CM kat ba uadatstood by talating contntaàon ad th. church u crusm .ad affect. A klimvmts~,or voluntary church prmsuppomos bmlievara who havm a talrtionship of Mth in Christ. Fer the Aaabaptiots the cal1 of grme wra to an eacpmriuica of conversion, confi- by th. Spirit of God by in rot of tagmnosation. This ma& tha mambmrs of the body of Chtirt .ad thetmby ~oapon8ibla-rs an 8 bzothothood of hliavera. 22

Chziatw rrthar than on câuzch doc~in.Inrtaad of thm chuzch bdng a caiiunity whmto both tho rogmnorat. rad ontapenarat. arm countad as membeta, aa Aaabaptast church ia to k a vol un ta^ co~~nityof buliavrra coipriaad of individuals who have ban brptitmd Iftu con~raion.

convaxaion is th. followiag, by Conrad Grœbml, .a errly

Tâa Sctiptuta aigaifima tàat, by faith and #am blood of Chriat, rina ha- booa waahd away fox hii who àa baptizmd, ch.ng.8 ha8 iind rab kliover bofoto and &tu; that Lt aignifioa that a i.n as &ad rnd ought to bo &ad to ria rnd wrlka in th* aown.ar of lifm aad .pirit, and ha #hall cext.ialy k 8a9.d if, according to th&. mmaainq, by iaaar baptàri hm lave. his faith."

In Mmmo Shonm rrritinga in rlao find thir appmrl for r itsalf in thm indivaduril bacaiing r "naw crmat~ra~~whose ontita lifm ia rrpzaased in diaciplmahip. Ta ibnab8pti.i this now lafe was r Ivfruat of th. Spiritw whorm (t)hm antarr lifa of thm baliavmr ia r work of gzaca, .nd ii tha domonstration of .n innar ra~enm~ation.

The Anlbrptist concorn is thrt +hrre will ba r visible change aad &finita cdtwnt to r lifo of discaplaship.

Aaabaptista kliovm th& it i8 p088ibh to diacmrn 8 klievet from an uaklimr and thia is -hasarad by Muano Simon. who

As "vmry posativa 88 to tbr individurlvsway of ïifm king the evidancm of convarsion or la& of convezsioa . 2' A bmliavarr church thon as r gsoup of cdtted diaciplan of Christ who dronseato throuqh th. Wmaitllof raganmration, r grnuina coavotiion. This aost of following of

Christ ia not juat Wa initatàon of him but .n i&ntificrtion wath him in cl1 its spiritual nrrning. 26

Early kubaptiats tmjmctod th* suggestion thrt anfiata uyk baptizod on tho basa. of thmit "futua faitla" an

Chtaat. Thoy ci- th. \\Gxait Cairi8sàonn of mtt. 28:19,20 wharm Chriat initmackd hi. follo*rra to go into thworld aad hadiaciplas of al1 nation. .nd thua baptisa thr and fànrilly iaatmct thoaa who ha*. bmon baptisod. Thia paairigm in Sctaptotm ia 8180 nad te support th. biptimm of àafuata. If one folloua th. wo~dor&=, oae ia to

lrmkmdiscaplos" by fitst baptiring, rnd thaa kachhg th-. Th. Aaabapti8t rmsponae i8 that faith cou8 ftom hmariag th.

Word and the mbsmqumnt hnmr tr.nifori.tion à8 r movr .a

àafrnt cliinot make .ince thay do not kaor good fra mval."

In hàa intaprrmtation of thmsm vataes an Mattheu 28,

Fz6hlich al80 doms not rllow thrt infuata CUI of thansrlves or through the nudireion of othots urhibit r lifo changing frith. Hm 81.0 citma the -10 of Pau1 who taught r gospel wharain the individuaï waa te8ponsible for thrar deciiion to, tu- to or iwry f ta

Ftohlich alloua that &fen&t. of infant bapti.3 rccapt faàth as a nocrsaary cqonmnt of baptim, but clairs thmir uadrrstrnding as riaplacad. 80 st.t.8 that it a8 an baptism whmrm onœ in frit&takaa hold of thm powot rnd prdsms of

Goà aad that baptàn (Titua 3 :4,s) rmprmsuits th. innrwal and roqenazation of th. individual. l9

Ftohlich cauatd that if th0 baptism of John could not br rmcmivmd conditionlora or: without rrprntrnca, infant b8pta.i ia uarccaptable sancr aa ànfaat ia not capabla of fulfalling ury condition. To WaWV diaciplea is coatruy to tb. lettu and .pirit of th. go.p.18. Paul'8 diractàvr (1 Cot . 1: 17) wuto procllk th. go-1 to th080 who tâmn had tho choicm to acorpt or rojoct it.30 Croàlàch plad con~i~~:abl~iiporkacm on the iadividulla Vt.giritualpropuationU for baptiam. 8r atatmâ tht th%. aatmrgsi8o w.8 iiip.xrUvr, and an hpoaaibility in +hr proce88 of amfuit b8pti.i. In making hi8 c88., r racurring themm an hi8 aot.tiologp is hi. un&xstanding of b8pU.i a8 taught by Joha aad how thia relatma to the brptia of Chriat.

Tho crux of hi. ugrrirnt as that tha condition8 thrt ware rvquaroâ of ono dahinp to putalce an th. brptau of John wmre iamaffacimnt for th0 individual wàahing to br baptired an Chriat. If th. .pitatual prmpuation or condition. foz John's b8pta.i wora inmafficiant, hou much lasa propuoâ ia the infant who ia baptizede3'

Frohlich 8tat.d that tho baptimn of John wu fox the forgiving of sin .nd &sctibad it a8 a Npreliminuy purifi~rtion~~oÉ sin and of thm rccuutory con~cimace.In teria of otiginal .an, Fr6hlich c1ck.d that th. brptism of

Joha did no+ tmthe individual ftom the pouer of original sin, soamthiag tâat could bm only accciip1aah.d through faath in the crucifiod Chriat .nd tho baptiii of Ch~iat.~~ Frohlich WIm8 iaaue with thoar who juatàfy th. baptia of anfarata by uguiag that chil&on an th. rab cm raceivr th. Eoly Spirit a8 Joha tho Baptiat didmFr6hlich pointa out tht John falt th. baptàii of rmpmntancr waa inmfficiaat and uiprr8a.d th. dmaàra to k b8ptiz.d by Câriat, rn baptim of fim &ad of th. Boly Spitit (Mat+. 3 :11) . "1 f Soha had mot po8arsa.d th.+ .gi+it, nocrm8uy to ~~~ationaad tmamml .. .hm would not hrvm &air& to k baptirad of Cbtiat. .. Grata and Blptirsi A cornarmtonm of Protmatmt tàaology As that thm juatificrtaon of th. ainnrr cou8 by graca, aad Luthmt arid by grrcm, thzough faith alona. Diatrich Boahomffal: an The

Cost of Di*ciplrship ctiticiaaa tha. position. He a-s I1ahorp g~rce~~that which torchas ltjustificrtionin sinw1or acquitta1 aven whala one r.iiina aa unrmgonetato niaarr.

Vostly gracaw i8 wtju8tificrtionout of whete th.=. a8 ut rcturl apititucl chuigo in tbr individual and pmrsistmnt effort to ovarcmiir sin. 34 Frohlich's position is in one sensa aimilrr to

Bonhoeffat in that hm &ma not allow for .ny 1w...ai8yw8y of bmcdng r diaciple of Chtiat."" Ria avmraion ceatrm8 about thosr who hava haltm&wl Christirna by hrving bamn baptimd ra infaats. Thom who tnrm ma& Christiaar "...without thair Lnowledgr aad without struggle hava followod rnother ~ay...~~ tâan did #am firat Câ~àstiur8who followod thmir convictions and on occraion plid wàth thmir livra. 36

Evan though tha gtica à. a basic biblical t.a and it ha. not always -a r highly âavm1ap.d coacmpt in Aaabaptiat thaology, they do riirLe th. followiag dlatinctioa. Anabaptists

âiatinguiah bahma &~:echtukhnu#g(te pronouacm 88 juaf) .nd Ourchtiichuag (to maka juat or right) . Th* forrwr is llforrnaicgtin art=., mch a. *b.n 8 judg. ha. fh. right to acquit aouonm no mtkt if thay ua right ot +roag. The lattas dmaatiks a changr in th. câuactmt of aa individual who no longar is or rt lout antan& not to rin." Tha kribrpti8ts bdiatn art, ItA fozansic vi8w of grrca, an which the rinnat ir forgavan and undmremmâiy jurtifiad, ir rimply unrccaptrbïe to tâa uistaatirl frith of tha ~nabrptists .IV''

Thr ruggostion ir thrt in Catholiciam, grrca ia rn objectiva forca ol: r rabrtaace (of which the Câurch hrr a rerervoir) , which is diapanard through tbr ract.o~rntr.In

Protmstaatim, grrco ir "frvorW liko tho grrca of r sovereàgri, which rignifirr the forgivanori of ria or "the marcy which ii promiad for Chrirttr ~ake.~In this numer it is sotoriological in that it is r tujustifyinggracetv or a favor of GO^ towuàa th. unàmrrtanding ria~aet.'~

For Anabaptiam, tha ruggrrtion ir that grrca ii not r rotoriological ta- which pointa to the favor and rerdinrss of God to forgive, but grrce rigaifier crertivr lova, which ir th. Vary arsanco of Cod. In this concqtioa, God'a grrce then &as not bagàn 8t...rr tha raconciliationr and fo+g9vraarr of ria, but rt c~aataon. Tha huiaui =&ce ir ctartmâ by 8msua Cbràat out of gtaca. t1 'O Tkis vàw of graca as th tma fox Godta sovagaiqa czmativm lovm ir M...thr intetncl founation for: typicrlly Aaabaptht vara of fràth.

It a., for ànstaacm, mflactd in truo zopontuaco and the nrw làfa. g141 Frohlach statas that the gtace of Christ no+ only covmra a11 sin sinca th &ma of crmation but alro ha8 thm powat to outumagh and drvour it. Ta Broblicbfs wodc

...g race ia aot only aa imputation of the rightaousnmss of Christ, but 8180 a powarful wotking of it an us, a conquaring of sin. Thmrrform wa dua not =amah stationuy in th8 uro faith, but tm mumt bm biptàzœd in Christ. There the gzace of God first reve.2~cleazly its victorioua potraz ovmz sin. Whara frith unto justificrtàon ha. prvad th. wry, thara baptaam fully do88 away with sia. 42

Accordhg to Fzohlich, gricm is not maraly 8 covœring of sin, but tâa individual who ha8 in faith baœn baptizad into Chxist's bath al80 rriras with C)rrast into r naunas8 of lafa that as --rad by thm Boly Spitit. This nœwnœsa of lafa, "&.thw ta min or effactave working oe Goâ throuqh b8pti.i is not found in th. provinca ot tha baptiai of infants. Thm infuit cuaaot tastify to bing Wuad" to sin. If

thoaa who hava notridm it, c-ot claii thim iamo biptia.43

Anabaptirt baptàsm aymbolàrar rll tnm braie tananta of the Aaabaptiat unâmrstaading of tbCkistAur fife including th0 upotioaca of ragmamrat&on through th. Boly Spirit, the

of th. sort of lifa tha Chriatirn is to laad. 44 aachrt~logy~~ir It .. .bound togathor: an r unaty thrt could ba ancolp.srod rtaphor:ically uaâu tho rubzac of brptàa. II''

Anabiptiat b8pti.i a8 a sign of hopr and =-+ion thit witaeraar to tha baptizrnd'r rrrurraction to r now lifo in

Christ aad vietory ovor #a ~rpoworrof .vil an tho world" .

Evaa morm iiportantly it is the hop of futurr prrticipation in aalvrtaon through tho final rrdrption in ~hraat.'~

Brohlàch obrorvrd that Varus1 baptà.i war both tha climat and tha criai. of Johnt s bapti.iIt ." Th. baptàm of Josua as drrcràbod rr bring the a- charrcter as ours.

Vaiuat baptisa with water: rnd Spirit wrr tha onmmpl~of thrt brptasm which He had ordainad for thora who boliave an

HL*"'8

Influanema on Frohlichrs Baptid Practicoa

Frohlich sheds litth, if uiy light, or ir roldai explicit about who or which traàition iaflo.ncd hi8

uyprovo to k enlightmning. A diaaaa8ioa of thr fori or moda of baptiiri $8 typicrlly not r cmntril isruo in a grnetal discussion of baptia. It is a littlm iota iatormstàng ia thir instaaco sincm it not oaly d#natratmi who may have

~thistoriciillyy"influmn~ h6hlicâ in ur uprct of hia b8pta.irl theologp, but it al80 .hm& raw laght on thoam who iafluoacd I~Ohlicb'athmology in qaaaz.1. Pot p9rpoa.r of tha* diacuasioa, whon cn uo rofottiag to thr tlformltof brptism, the focur ir on whothor one ir baptirod by Liiurrion ot affu*ion, aithor by pouriag or aprinkling watar .4 s

Baptim in Aaabaptist Traditions

Bistoricrlly, thr tlformlvof baptiam in the WInnonik tradition ha. vuid. Tho typicrl âiffi~aacoiare as to whatàrt irnir8ioa ot rffuaion atm proferroâ or -a aven normrtivm .50

by &fusion wheze a rilk pril arrvrd as a coatainar for the witmr. Huh8i.r co~posoda foddosctiption of baptàaat antatlad Efnr Fozm m Ta-, but did not includ. puticu1.r~ about tho nmthod or form of baptim.'' Wilchior Hofouin rocotdod nothing about thr foa of baptia, but thara is one zecord of hkbaptaring othets. Accotdiag to thia accouat

#.rp.ck al80 âàd not larvr 8 fonul da8cription of baptiam,

Harold S. Boa&= an m uticle on th0 me& aad zitual OL: tiu of th. Rafozmation, pouring wi8 aamonly uad. Pouting hre contiaumd to k the st.nd.td form amoq Mmanonites ucrpt in soma Mmaaonik groupa wharm -raion ha. bon inkoducod. '' Bandmg rtatoa thrt tho pmrttiaivm uso of baptism by iPiPrzaion uong Muaaonitoa, occurrmd wâoa th0 Muanoaite

Brrthrrn ozgrnirod an South Ruada in 1860. Ben&= rlao citor r aumbat of groups who hrvr adoptd the fozm of immrzsion in thear baptim raturl. Bon&= includos an thir group the

Apoatolic Chgiitàia Chutch or 88 thry woro kaom in Ibnnoaite carclma a8 th0 Nmw Amiah, Noutaufer or ~~oh1àchiui.t.'~

!Che Brethgen Znfluonce on Frohlich

Bxrthmn aourcra kko crdit fos influrncang and coavincing Frohlich of th0 vexrcity of -raion as the ptopor fozm of bapti~.'~According to Brmtbten aoilrcma th. apocific forr that hohlich supposadly 8dopt.d wrs that of ltttiarlt iutaion or baptias7, which ia dipping throo thoa forrud in th. namm of th. Pathet, th. Son, uid th0 Boly

pi rit.^' Thia attribution my k ovrtly aptkiatac whoa oxdnrd in tha light of Pr6hlic)i'm othor rctivitioa rt th. tiu. Ilhi10 it rrry k ttp. ot eumot k di8couat.d that in aoir iao1rt.d caaoa, indâvidriala *.ta baptimd aftmr th. Apostolic Christian.. Thm only foai uaad as th& of

irrtaion; dipping oacm brckward.. "

Frohlach hiumlf wubaptizad with apriakling by tâa

forirt Rmfori Paator, -1 Boat in Frbxuaxy of 1832.'' ln a

letter Frohlich moto in May of 1832, ha diacoasmd hia

undatatrndiag of baptism in rœaponsm to rn inquiry. Hi.

respoasm iac1ud.d .au cmmunta about the llformwof brptisd2

Ptohlàchls taaponae achewladged the ~kontrovaraynbetwmen

mrrion urd apraaklang. Frohlachga ankrpratation of

Biblicrl rccounta of brptism indicrtad that -raion was thr

oziginrl fo= of brptirar. But hm rlso c-ntmd, "1 would no+

ch0088 to rnrinkan, houevar, that the forirr itsalf war of

grmat importance ia th. sight of God.. ."63 Hm prafatrad th.

prrctacm of iamirxaion, but rtakd that spzinkling wrr

acceptablr sin- tha ptimary interest w.8 th. faith of th. baptizrird. '' In 1832 Or6hlich begaa proaching .iong th. Manaoaiks

in Laagnru in tàm mtal. By Suauuy of 1835, tàis churcà

hrd dividmd into thr Uttaufer: and N~utrufrr, wàtâ thm

Neutmaf~bing 1.d by a ptotaqa of Fr6hlichts naGoo~ge

Stmigrr. Stmàgot inmiataâ tàat aayonm who had aot baoa

bapti~dbp iiur8f0n W88 spiritualy &ad. '' Tâa implication hrra àa th.+ Skigmrla work waa

aaactaoa.d by Ix6hlàch uad would con8aquuatly +aflrct

h8blich'a dwtti-a, thrt ia in8a8tmacm on bapt&.i by -=sion. In r Imttor writtmn ia May of 1832, Fzoblich wrr not adamant about th. fori of bapti-," bat th0 mvmata that traaspizad duriag th. 1835 rchism in th. lhnaoaitm Church in taagrrrti raam to indicatm r fi= poritioa on thm matter.

fa r rr+hrt luagthy piece by Frohlich mntitlrd

"Baptismal Truthfl hm discuaus baptisami Som. Unfortunakly this work as net drtd ro at as not hmlpful in following the dmvmlo-nt of Frohlichlr thought on tha8 iriue. On the one hrnd P+ohlich 80-8 to indicatm that mrsion wra prmferabla,67 but ia .noth.= instuice the indication as thrt iPPrtiion ia i8rrri.d. If Frohlàch's followets wmrm baptiamd by iiirraion in

1835 it prerents sou dàfficultimr for thœ Btethrrn claim.

The purportad Brrthrrn ànfluanco on Brohlachla baptismal thaology wai srid to In the rrsult of tha work of r Brœthrrn alder neHenry Kurtz. Kuxtz w8r born in 1796 and amigzrted to the United Statas ia 1817, wu baptirmd Us 1828 and placed in tàm rinirtry of tha Brethrma Chuxch aa 1830.'~

In Dmcrkr of 1838, Kuttz rmtu~adto turapr to visat hi. paraata. Ilhale ~avollângLa Ewopcr, Kurtz sa.tch.d for appoztuaitiar to pro& rad mvmaturlly contactad Froblichlr group, or the Nautaufat, an eh. -tom of 29tich. Kuztz conviacd a n-r of individualr in thia group of thm nmarsity of baptia by irrrmrtaion rnd an -+il of 1839 ha baptisoâ niaa popla incluâïag Gmorgo Rothœnbrrrgr~, r Nmutaufu rini8+.r.'0 A Brr-an accouat staks thrt "This auaad tha ma Frtbhlàch to beau bis bit- mnamy. Re wrs persacukd va- sovuely .ad had hi. fràth ttiad in muay waya. "" Frohlich as aUd to hava dao ogpoamd Kuxtz, calling him aa iapaatel: and thea wiaaiag back mme of his followers. 72

Despite thi. ictimonioua relationship, the Brethren rccounts clah art 88 r xasult of tbiz contact witâ

Frohlich, ha adeptd triam LP.rsaon u the llptop.+tlform of b8pti.m. This is sauwhrt ptoblutic in thrt Brohlichls followets cnxa sa.mingly a-t aboutbaptim by iawtaion as mazly as 1835 rrhilm thm aveatr in the Brethrmn rccouata took place in 1838 (Rothoabmrgmr) or 1839 (Kurtr) .

From the infozmation rvrilmble it à8 difficult to undmratrnd what mvrats took placa .nd whan. h6hlich1s axtaat lettors do aot xmcord tha Bxrtharn or: Mannonito rccounts of contact witâ Fxahlich ot hi8 followmrs.

A. tha Bzethzmn accounta suggoat, if a8 matirmly p088ibl. tb8t 8- b8pta.u *.t* ~0nduct.d.ioag th.

Evuigrlical Baptasts utAliring th* c-n Brrthran fori. As dronstzakd, Ik6hlich ri8 aot quit. a8 rigoutoua about tha

So= of baptiii 88 for mx8mph, th. Nasurri.. .ad ~o8toîic Chriatàaaa who baptisa, uaiag iwriàoa." In tàm marly parsoda of th. doaahation th. mvolutioa of thaaa practàcms could -11 ha- basa in flux. In coa8i&rrtion of th. above, it à8 atill aa apur quaetion u to whmn llaiipla~pirur~aon'~ bocamm tàa rccrptaà baptàl~~11form in th&nemination. 75

Conaiâoziag thrinimal, qlicit infoarrtioa smgasdiag thoar krrbaptirtr thrt iafluancd Broblieh, thm claimi of the

Brrthxmn uavmy uaaful for uadmratanding who may hava infroducrd Aaabaptiat thrology, &c-inr uid prrctices to

Frohlich aad hi# followrrr, aanca $roblicà himsrlf, ia no+ vrry fortâcdag on the iraua. Frohlichf 8 Doctriaœ of God

Thoolom

Thia last chaptmr will rutcny h6hihlich's tàmology,

(doctrine of Cod) focuaing aspacirlly on his notion. of the

Trinity, the Holy Spirit and hi8 Christology. Frohlichfs veiwi on thosa aubjrcts will bm compaœd to thosa of Menno

Sirons, in osdu to dotorriru whmthmr Frohlichra pmtspective wa. or wri not typicrlly Aaabrptirt.

Thmre umfmw topics within tiaa doctrinal thology of the Aaabaptiatr thrt axa rr uncqlicrtmd or plain as what lpight bm crllœd theology proper or tha dot-inm or thaozy of

Gad. Ia thir caaa à+ would br rccuptabla to conclu& târt

Anabaptists wara in lanm wath mort othar Chsi~tiuar,whathol:

thay were Catholic, Orthedox or Protestant in rlro rccmpting

tho AporUaaf Cr-d a8 a atarting point conatning th0

fouadations of thœ Chriatha frith. Anmbaptiat =anditions of

tha dot-ino of God rnra mza or: 1.88 olaborata varaions of tha Apo.tI.8' cd.'

#.MO Shnr trk.. prias te prmfrcr hir thmologicrl

claiu wath statunt8 thrt vuiou8ly utplain that hr kliet.8, ua&r&an&, and ddu01a only from Sctiptuxa, uiy

partieulu notion or auma of th. n8t-a of Goà. -cordixtg to John Wuigrr, NMmmo &a. mot tzy to be pUlo8ophic.l .nd profound; ho .maka =.th.+ to k plain and Biblical. lw2

In tmzma of l dimuaaion of the docttino of God, we find that Ftohlichfa concluaioas .ta quit. rkilar to th0

Aaabrpt%rt vimw 88 raprasmnted by Mumo Shona. Fsohlich 8180

&ma no+ agagr in aay protractad philonophy or spmalation rrgadiag tho doc-ina of God, for that la not ha. real concorn, or r focur of hir writiag. Tho focua of Fzohlichrrr amrinona, c-atuias rnd writng ir on tho uoteriologicrl and mort othar obammntiona axe rncillary to this focua, and are includrd to buttrrua hi. rxmntc Thorafore, theze as not rn .bunehace of matotial on the rubjoct of tâo docttinr of

Goà, not umhi8 insaghta .ad caruats on tho mabjmct ara puticulatiLy profouad.

Simon8 .ad Frohlich on thm Trinafy

Manno Skons' i&aa and ruflmction8 about God me quit.

fouad in r booklat whorm 8hoxt titla i8 lwConfmaaionof t&a

Triun. Mlt.T'hi8 tzact malce8 a 8iiiple clrk, that At au

Biblicrl -th, tht tha etaraal God uista in thm praona; hthat, Son, rnd Roly Spirit.

Manno concludm thrt th080 'lm. .*ma n-8, rctivitimr, God. tt Thry umone aad Ir. . .can no iota k ampuitod fra mach othar th= the .un, btightzmaa, adwumth... The one muat uist with ta. otâar or olu th. whole divinity is &nlmd."3

The Son &a. aot work without thm Fatber and Boly Spirit, not dora the Spitit do urything without tàr Fathmr and Son. All aiu8t remaan with each ather or Wise there must be an imperfaet Go&'< Aay &nial of thm &aty OC Chtiat or the axaskace of thm Boly Spirit ia to crerk a %ount.rfoit Gad" who is without wiadoi, powmt, , light, trutb, and ~ord.'

In accouating for tha notion of the Ttinity, Frohlich suggastrd thrt th. account of thm baptism of Jasus an Luke

3 :21,22 wu thm Ir. . .occasion thr wholm Triaity of God waa revacled. . .N' In thir accouiit, tha Boly Spirit damcenàed upoon

Chrait. Ftohlfch unckratood thrt tho brptism of Jemas in this account wia a modal fot b8pti.i in ganaril and as auch we arm to br l1 . . .baptized in th. tri- nur of God, th.

Bathat, tha Son, aad tha Boly Spirit. .. not 8. an .ipfy fori, but a8 the smtting up of m covmnaat kt- aod ind oursmïvr~. . .W'

0tb.t th- thàa aort of count about thm Ttànity , 88 uiptaa8.d -va, Pr6hlich 8ays ot mpmculrtma vmq litth abeut the notion of thm th. Triaitp 88 a wholo. Ita aa =ru fotthcoiing about the nktioaship kt-rn cartain ..p.et. of th. Tràaàty, in thia eue, th. trlraonship kt- God th.

Batâmt rnd -ist thSon. PzOhlich undai.8tood thrt th0 firi.uat ot eaztâ rra crmatd by Chtiat, th. incrrnataon of

God whore, '... -fol=. Jmsur Chiirt ermr in th0 flesh Em waa

Qod fta cl1 rtarnity and Ctoatoz of thm worldatt.' Christ as the "imrgott of the inviaiblo Goâ, through which thm "works rnd daad." of the Fathor are ramalad rnd th0 viaibla wocld aad Wàe rerli of invisible spiritsrtarr craat~l,~ and t&mo uo oaly autuia forma of manifostafion of Ged..."''

In our prasont 88aktmn,ttohlach irya wa umincrpblo of c-zohondhg th* infanitr and thmrmforo thar rhould tarch ua hrrrility, and that in otbt for u8 to man to cempzmhmnd

God wm iirat be transfo-d. "Tho urogint and abst&nrte, etoarlly ccoii mot to th. uadarakading to le- to Lnow God; for: how will he grrrp th0 hortr.nly who bas not undetrtood th0 rrtthly, namoly tho rclationship of tâa ruth to th. otârr fimumant and of man to ad."12

Muano Simon8 w8r notp.rticuluily varbore about his ua&sstiading of the Holy Spitat. Siron. dascribri +b. Spirit ai king =a11 aad persona1 but atill myitoraous, iaco~rprohonaiblrand in&scribrblo lika th0 Fathor and Son.

Siiona un&zstuid. that tho Spicat procoda froi th0 Father thtough th. Son but i8 nevar sapuataâ fror târ %oingM of tho Fathet: rnd +hr Son (1 kko Simonst oxplrnrtion to man, that th0 rolatioa8hap a8 "liaou" u oppo8.d to king wttàuigulatap). The Boly Spirit is a &.p.nior of the gafts of

Goâ .nd guidm8 ua in a11 tmatb, cla.nmai, caaforts, chorri, rapzo~8ad a8surem u8. Tâa Spirit Lm tmcaivd by 811 who kliova ia Christ. Ih atm abniahrd by Paul to aot grieva tho Spitit. Accordhg to Cbraat, whomvar ains .gains+ tha

Spitàt ri11 aot k forgivim. Throogh th. "good plauatm of th. Fathmrw tha Spitit fr-• ur Fra sin, and &ma ua chemzful, pious and holy. ~3 inkzpr&ot.14 Owe agaan thia rmlationihàp appmrr8 to bm linerg, or, frm God, through Chrcist.

Fr6hlàch, liko Sàmonr, racribrs maystoriouinoas uid inc~tahoaribilityto thr pexaon of God, but hr quickly

âifferentirtm* batweoa Our lade of un&+rt.n&ng ra to hou

God opmrrtmr and our ability to understaad Godta will.

Tbrough #O guidance of God' 8 Spirit (ia. Holy Spisi+) , Godf 8 wall ir rovorlad to al1 wrpiriturllvindividurls in r f* . . .plain and iimplr-houtaâ P.nner. . ."'' Tho haghaat purpore for Codt. ealighkmnt to humaaity ia "... nammly our srnctàficrtion târough th. rmarwal of our: aiin&, oarbling us ta provo what as th0 good, acceptable and pmrfmct ri11 of

God" .l6

Whila Goâ's mmthod. uœincamprrhanaibla, wa cua havo r cmztain coafiduacr thrt Goâ will be rovorloâ to us. Thir

à8 coaditàonal opon our king ap.n to tâa Eoly Spirit, ra avi&amd by a sincorr urd humble miad. At thài point one a8 usily abla to diatiaguirh th. ~~oim*~of th. Eoly Spirit.

ûae ia not ab10 to co&~mc+lyinteqrmt the Bible without h&v* thr g0Xy mi~stu the ''-w&x" 88 ".. .m'a ~0~d

.ad th8pitit ua rlwayi in rgr.uat.w1' mhlich aï80 amphrairra tâa Boly Spiritts rola in toacUn~th. Bible aad thm role of rmvmlatioa. luNone but tba Holy Spirit can prerch th. Gorprl of Chtirt and ha who ha8 at by zavrlrtioa (aot by knowlrdgr through rtudy); but this revolrtion mus+ hataronite fully with thm mitton wo~d.~'~h6hlach 9008 on to rry thrt this sort of zevrlrtion ir âiffrxant fzom praaching which as

&ne only fra~ntha tf.,.laammd lrttmr, thrt ir, antirely without offmct unto the convmsaion of man ...and such r one caa bm lort @van if ho prmrchad avez ro berutif~lly~~.19

Thma. cwntr by Frohlich &-y r typical Anabrptiat positioa tâat is apprahoaaive .ad distmastful of thmologic~l training.

Chrirtoloqy ir ripiilu to the Aaibaptiit rpptoach to deviaing r thaoloqy or Waoory of -dm. Zn tarini of Chrirtology, r typical kiabiptiat rmsponrm wrr, "Al1 spmculrtiva, baaially

\8mllenac8 aophaatication of prt+irtic tlmology a. lrft khind. Chriit ir Wam Lordr , and thrt Ilone mattmtmdm.

Làkm th. maxly Ambaptarta, wm fiad th.t -6hliah 81.0 rvoid. uay ptotractaâ spmoulation on th* nature of Chriat.

trvoal.4 in thm following caunts rib .bootIutt. 16:13-18.

In thir pusagm, Chziat ir capliwritiaq Oatat for hrvang smcognizrd Chriat a8 W. . .thm Son of th. làvàag Godn .

(Matt .l6 :16b) . Frè5hlich C-atad mat, nJm8~8doma hare aot prUar the studid rchaaical, totr-taught , syatmmatac lmrrning thrt Ho as Chriit the Son of the living Cod, but ratlaet the inward rovrlataon of thaa myatary from God. . .tt21 Thagafore, F~6hlich'srecordrd conclusions and inrights oa Chrastology axm ralatàvaly lkikd. Having aiaartmd thia pzupiir, wa do fiad idat 8- aapmcti of 8 Chriatology .re rmvmrlrd through the course of hia notas aad c-ntrrams, but thoy do not purpott to k a coiplah or ayatamatic theoLogy . Chraat ' s E\ti~rn/Divina Nature Whon surcnyang Anabaptiat ~lcoafraaioasw,onr fia& a numbat of +ypacal thru8 .nd approaches in thdt Christoïogy, aad Ftohlieh appaua te align hi. anaàghts wità th-. Both th0 divina and historicrl rtttibutar of Chriit a8 th. Son of th. ttiuaa God fooir. on ha. z.drptivr firaction but the oveta11 chriatologacrl oraantation appaua to k rozm 8okriologicrlly and lm88 rtaphyaically focuad.

In taru of th0 Chtimtology of ouly Christi= cmd., it would rppmu that h6hliah would join with th. &.b.ptàats who wiinra8uvdlyt~acwpted th. baaàc âoctrinma of

Chahdon E.a though sou of tbr Graok *or& in tho

~Ch.l~aàrnforaulitr coa+inum to ptovoka t2mologicaX diaciraaàon~,~~tho mfoamlrtioaamfot th0 t'problwtFof th. blrnno Simroni -8 net rmfor to Chalcmdon in hi. writing, on a aumbor of occamion8 ha rofaxa to tâm Nicmne Cxoad. In ona lattmz ha staka, w...rrhrre thm Spixit, Word, racrmmnts, uid life of Christ umfound, thoto tha Niconm uticle ia pattanantn .*'

Fr&hlach, liko Siaiana, utilizd tâa O.T. chrilcacte of

King David to &aw pu.ll.18 to the potaon and wotk of

Cbriat. Both amphr~immâtâat Ckist war litrr.11~the son of

~avad,~~88 undrratooâ frco th. gwmalogy an Fi'irst Matthaw.

Thq botb i.&u8m of th. figUtdB of mng David 88 8 ~&8ph0~ for Christ, which ir r frirly convantional uam of +)ria metaphor.

In 8 rmmponie to intorprotrrs of Eabrow8 1:4,5 who usr thoaa verrra to iubitaatirta r clah thrt thm fouxth varie

angola, Ek6hlich .uk.s clau hi. iinâmrrtuading of the nature of Christ. ItTha crnklaavu8 . .. say that Jasua was ma~aly hifiad, whmxora the Word of God tareho. tbat God wa8 humaairad (ka- un) in Juur. ""

Ood, who ha. kui froi al1 etuaitp adas in al1 mkraity

.nd 88 auch W88 a-1- tb. of thi8 ~0~ld.'O

Chràmt a. thm "SmaqW of tha inviiiblo Goâ and it à. through Chzirt th& ..the F8th.i m~.ahEliPUalf in wo+k8 8ad ~ord.~~." In ha. rttampt to eau to to~witâ, and undetstand the àivinm nrtorm of Chriat, Cr6hlich mud thfollowing:

Vat what Chtiat im an hi* âivinity rad onmnœaa witâ the

Fathet lia. bayond ou= preaont scop.. Wa hrvo houd of it and klimvœ at, but wœ do no+ yrt uadmrstrnd it.

#hila thr âàvànm rapmct of Christ ary hava bmmn infinitoly durable, hohlich und.ratan& that the man JISUS war suscrptiblo to the timptationi of Sa-, to thm axant thrt Jasus con~ciourlywmighmd Satan' i offrr: to him fot 18all tha king- of thia worldtU. Joau8 rœjactmd œvil bacausr of hi. lova fot humuaity .'' Zn hi8 attampt to un&+staad th0 chrrrctar OF târ humas/ divine nature of Chzirt Frohlich fmlt that it war mora important to aimply rccept thrt Chriat took oa hrnraity's siaful nrturo aad tocoacilmâ humaaity to Ood u i zmault of hi. obodiancr to God. Unliko Winao Siron., tr6hlàch rvoid. spmculrtion on th. ~~machrnicr~~of tbm Incuaatioa uad for: +km moat part ackaowloûgms art th0 ralationmhap ia bayond what

*. 8te el0 t0 ~ow."

Frohlich beliotnd târt Chlriat cmin r forai thrt tr.8 wnmdaâw,in orbt not to âirco~agmtâom individual. who wmzm matmrirlly uad spititually iripotnrà~hmd,.ad who iry ha- b.rn di8~0pt.g.df~a ~~soIC~~Q 8 rot. OZ

*.hg figprcr ." Ia th. 8.u iMt8acm Chtiat attqtmd to dronitrrto thrt hm wam th long-awaïtd Xmwiah of Jdah wwon&~anaad hdp for rnyona who approrched him.

Ch+ist 88 th0 m-~ Br6hlich's prrspactive on "-iat a8 the Ra&ammrtr as qua- conveationrl, 8s ha uplranr thrt Christ, ra th0 Son of

God, &cen&d from hoavma, to trconcila humaaity with ad, rdoem hummity fta .in, md to testera the image of God

qurlitioa that rare %aitaâ" ia Chtiat but in no othmr praoa. In th fitat aasfrnca Chtiat w.8 like ui, con8titut.d of "flrah and blood" , but hm wrs al80 rightaour and âid not sin. By bming likm us, ho could die laka ur, but being righkoua, ha could al80 dia for us." By boinq nakdioat" to hath on th. Cross, Christ hcomar our: mmdiator, throu~hthe f oorgavang of oor sina if *. bmlimvr and 18. . .our Radrammt txom indrnlling .in if rn ua baptizdM." In Fzohlichta atmt to rccouat for Chrirtrr human

&manaion, .ad ra tâo -r for hummity, ho aaangly ascrika ciraamcision with a uniqua affacturl ptoparty.

Fz'rohlich explaias th&+ aincr Câriat wunot aiaful by bitth, plua zerdiag of tâa tuet dmmcribea tîao affoctual natuse of circ\nciaioa oa Chtiat. Thi8 Q.8 not 8pp.a te k a typical notion in Aaabaptimt thaology .

In hi. notom of Juno 4, 1851, $+ilhlich #tatas thrt

"Jesus dantan& futà in Biiuelf, %a hi. pataon, 88 no humn being w drund it.. ."" h6hlich uguaa that mithar Jasus waa r amra aun rnd tharmforr the grartaat frnrtic thrt avez lived and baliaving in hiiir as frnrticiiai, or Ha wr. God aa the Son of God ind frità in Bim ia ou= %acrmd dutyM.43 Ba explaina that if .auone ia to bmliava thrt Chriat waa th.

Soa of God W. . .werythàag &pan& on ou= faith in th. trautrmction of Jesua Christtr.'' Concluaion - h6hlich's Laqacy

Samuml Hainrich Erzilhlich ha8 nevor: ha-11 kaown in r histotical sanie and uy nevu kcau we11 known, mvrn though thare -ta soi. newaprpmt accoiiats of hi. altorcationi with the authorifima and rt onm point hi. follo*rts rultiplid quitm rapadly. Aay acadric antesast hu cou troi historiana or Anabaptiit, Neaaonate and Brrthxen seholus who by and large w attmmpting ta "fil1 in tho g8psn in thmir om histories aad psovidm rota conkrt ia ordmr to un&rst.nd the dynraaics that occurtmd an th0 davalopment of thait reapectivr tzaditions. A nuaber of thoaa acholrrr have rrcognized the relative sipnificrnca of the urp.ri.aca of thr N8rermnes as prcafirts, the contribution of th. Zv.ng.1ac.l Baptiits and

Nazetana8 to 19~.aad PO? cantusy &mbaptà&thistow ind the làttlm knom histoy of th. introduction of Aaabaptiam, by the Evisgelical Baptists, to thr Slrvic countrima. 1

Frohlich wr8 vmy ev.op.li8tic aad focuimd on th. coavmtrion .nd b8p-m of < klimts an chri.t2 ad thrir pet8on.l conduct and ws.ncUficat&onwbot ha 81.0 wrok about, aad -ka out .grin.+, what wrs hpponiag in aociety

.t .t th. W. 80 Wa8 m-hlly tX0Pblrd by thr 8-t0 -ch/ civil govartamant alliuaca and àts tt..b.nt of +hosr who waahmd to uatcism rrlàgioua fmda, but tbia wunot hia dnfocus. Cusrratly, an the Eumpeui and North Auricari branches of the dennadination, rvaagela~is not r pthauy focta., md certainly not to tha &gr- thrt Irohlich uid hir con-oruaoa *.ru mviagolistic. The &nomination today, typicrlly oxp.n& ita maergian struggling with diffaring puspaativma and aganàas within th. &nomination.' The

&nomination hano+ taka r public rtrrid on rocirl issues and only addr.ssai tham wathia the confiner of tha tradition when Wmttimeat.1" aspmcts of sociaty 8pp.i~to k making inroad. into the eidition.

A notable axcmptioa to thir r+uicr ir th* mfforta rxprnâad by the Nazrxmnas of Europe rnd the Aportolic Chriatarnr in North Ammricr in dmfrnae of thair prcifiit prrctices and doctrinrr. Frohlichrs influencm in th* danariartion to&y, is not as r reault of hir wrating and rapacirlly not from any profound thaological inrightr. Frohlich, through mno~ous

8trongth of will &ad chuactar, forgmd tha kgi~ingof 8 now religiour &namiaatioa. He in.pand hi. follouet8 aad thai+ progeny to takm lifa vmw aarioualy and follow a mort of

Bib1ici.i tht anapisad th. individual to r lifaatyla aad iotdiw that W88 Va- Biblidly foCU8rd. Unfotturirtly 8

8m8a of -8diti0n md CU^- 0~0lovdthit 8- f-1 t00k ptr#&nce, leaving acu rdho~:uatafastratad wath tho tagotour Alrarada fot adhatancm to traditions thrt no longer: apporred to bo relevaat or not ueplicitly basmd on thm Bible.

Pxohlach w~adagrinit thii sott of focu8 on traditions, or ~~oxkrnrls"88 he callad th- in c-nt8 he nudm about thm Manaonitma who ",. .rllowed r fodicni to take thr plrcm of thr innu ipiritual lifa, and drovm the youtb to

1ukowrrmae.r and ~orldlinoas.~In th. 8- plrco Rumggmx quoka Irohlach ar hrving statd thrt (t)ho insiatenca upon exkrrirls and forrmi ia thm bmst rnrpon for: th* drstruction of the congrqation of God, adwhit the foa crnnot do by mama of outwud forcr and pmrsocution, ha auccaada an &ing by sucb sly axtificos, wharaby on0 mna aftor a sha&w and fighta about *or& and losas th. sub8taace. "'

Som Nai.tmn88 aad Apoatolic Chriatiaar hava rospondod by forring into Sactàonr that would iuinWn th statu8 quo.

Othozs havm fo- confr~oncrsthrt would ba in thm pulrnce of thm tcaditioa, of 1konsatr.tive8t ot wlikr.l" patsurt~on. tndividurl congtmgations hava loft th. ttaàition to join otbr &namhrtioas ot astabla th(1pi.lvo8 88 induprndant chuxchmr. To bm clau on thr nuttor, th. focur on w.xtr~lawis not thr mole rource of dirrnchaa-nt .nong thm vuious gto-a, but àr r major factor. Thmxe ua a netof cotolluiam to th&. dyauic. Saw hava a high mgud for

-.ditioa, airrem it ia triauad as une naam te maAatrin thm unie and iabagrity of th. caricrnity. ThLa im r c-on thu uong kub.ptiata, whosa tho iuiatLinrnco of fh. coimnity a8 paruount, in tho fa- of th. chorcha. coaftoatataoa with

th0 'tworldw. In &abaptiat/Wnnoaik citcloa this th- is mxpnaamd as wnoncoaforiity~with th. world.

Th. uqnrirnca Frohlich and hi. ~ollouarsri "non-

~oafoxmhts~~,i8 atill 8 vivid ~iriioryof thm lagicy of Frohlich uid hi8 conf~ontrtionrwith tho .tata chusch. Hia eatly followorar oxp.rimnce wath tâe atatm church/civil govamment alliance, waa follornd cloaoly by the mxpotiencm

of th. Nazu.o.8 .nd th. porucution thoy auffmtmd 88

consciantiou8 objactora. Wuiy of thoae who aufferad 8s

Nit8xanm consciantioiis objmctors um&il1 living today. Foz

tham and th080 of theat genaratàoa, ttaditiona a8ai.t in nuintainhg r cohosivo aepuataon frm a '"wotldrf that hm baon hoatilo to them.

Aaothmr corollary of tho soppo8.d fooua on '8uterna18"

a8 8 pmtcaption by sau that thi. foorra broda a cmrtain lack of %pitatual drpehnr a coacun th& hohlich crrtaanly

wM.d about. Tha~gsoups, in soekiag fer fulfàluit, totn

to othor dra~nationiand thaologios for dirrctiorr rnd

insaghta, r problr paztially cooipouadod by th0 ttaditioars

la& of this aort of ditaction, mapoca.lly in th. +oala of

tb.olw. trrditbn 8t -8 point, ha8 fot th. io8t PU+

corpo8.d only q88tatamnt8of fcith' which 8-ly outUne +b. major doc+rinas of tho tradition. A few play atatunta hava bnn iamd in napoaar to qurataon8 within th. traditions, but for tâm mort part, othu thur the wratingr of

F-hlich, doctrine rnd policira hava brui maintaiad through an "oral tradition".

Thir "oral ttaditionMatsmlf ir a rmmazkable lagacy of

BrohlichOa aâoption of kubrptia. Cotamliua Dyck, editor of the 1981 fntroduct~onto Bhzmoadta Hiatorg, ebamrwd that the N8xrrmnos of Hunguy, Yugoalrvir, and Czocho~lov~iahave muragad ". . .to zmtain muay of the Aaabaptist whrrrr in r trnrirka~eway~6 ha ~araranrmaxe tâat aection of tbr

tradition thrt ia offacaally unitrd with the Apoatolic Christha Church (Naz8rm.n) ia Notth America) . Befoote being accaptod fot baptim, baptismal candidates ue tequited to provadm a k8tiaany of their unde~standingof doctrines and practicas thr+ thtradition ha8 hamtoricaily

&anad as -ttaat.' UnUl .bout 1989 thmre &cUinma and prrcticmm wrlr VmrmW am a put of an oral tradition,

at which tiiu th- rnrr 8.t out an an Appuadiw to tâm 1907

wrta~atof frithWof thm Apoatolic ChriaMan Cbtuch (Nrrrrmaa)

abrt ia m0.t inkraating ia thrt thir Apprndix, ra the

collmctd .nra~ryof the tr:adàtïon, focuaea on al1 of thr .aven point. of tàm Schlaitbh Confmaaioa (1527) ', plu8 r few poiata fra th. Geaiii ~onita/&%8h,Dorhaht Coafmaaioa (1632) , nioh as càocttiiu~mgubing mutiagm. 'O mis 0b80r~8tioirof thm Schlmithein/Dor&acht aad Nlzrzaao/ Aportolic Christian coanection ia not r conclurion târt hrs bean rrrchmd by r thotough historier1 invartigrtion, but aa observation of th* r-kable siiailuitims bmtwoan thr baptimnal ncatechim" of the N~iarmke8and Apoatolic Chriataana (#.ruain) ." Evui though thLa work ha8 drmonstrrkd thrt F&hlichfs &c+ranms rnd tbrology wezr clrrrly Anabrptiat, a thotough anvastigrt%onof thia sieiluity i.y asaist in ihtifyiag rnd ua&rstrnding thm apmcific kiabaptist iafluancms on th. Frohlich mov-nt. This is r project târt am still waitang to k tàoroughly inves tagrtaâ. Introduction

1 J.W. Brrtt , "Tâo Aportolic Christian Chur&", Mmnnonite -Lafa. (Oc-r, 1951), p. 19; Srdao, Da-t L. Gratz.

(Scottdale: Hatald Prusa, 1953), p. 115; 8.r 8180, Stmphmn Scott, OQhy Do Thoy D+a8. Thit Way. (~n~~coursoPA: Gaod Book., 1986) , pp. 35,36,138,139. 2 Pakz Brook, "Soma Matarial8 on Naruone Conscirnrciour

Patar Brock, in #rnnonita Qurrtarly R.vi.w. Vol. LVIT, No. One, (Jaauuy 1983) : 61-72.

Tauf und Ilitchmaf~aqman L.ko und Lehxa da8 S.iu.1 8einSch mohlich, WH. von kugq 1803-1857 : Grunâar &= winschaft

Nlxrranat, Apoatolic Christian Church). By Gufield Nat. Wrn, Switrarlaad: 8uktt mg; Fzaakfurt/Main : Patmr Ling, 1976., As rawimwmd in The Meanonito Quukrly Ravaaw, Volume, LIII, NetTàm, July 1979. Ia hi. revaaw, Gratr itates thatAl&r rrtely citas tha sourcma ot influaacms on Prohlich~athinking. Al&r8a work is oaa of tha faw "non- .pologotic" rad -11 rmiorrchad wotkr on Bt6hlich. We ara not inf0ri.d as to why Al&= did not càk who rry hava influenead Icohlich. ft is antixmly poasibla that Al&= did aot hava acceaa to tha. information. Thare .ta vay feu utaat clabas ai to who might hava influancaâ Fr6hlich, and wst of thmra rra fxom bhanonitm and Brmthxan aourcar. Thare wall ba iavmatigatd àa Ch.ptar TV of this work. In tais mviaw Gratz al80 conalu&s that Vhia study ahowa that the Apoatolic Christha Chuzch hi8 aor attaind tha aga and statu~mto wrrrmt a 8chol.rly itudy of a phaaa of its idmology and hiitolym, P. 257.

Work on thm Anrbrptiat-Mmaaonito Ibvaant Vol.. 1-4, S.V. -Vrohlicà, Suuml Emin+iahtr by Dalbazt L. Grats . S Eariuia Rauggmf, Apo8tolic Câriitiua Chorch Bistoy (Chicago: Agoatolic Publiaking Co., 1949), pp. 53,Sl. 1 Corarliua J. Dyck, d.An Introduction to I(.nnoaàtm Histo (Scottdalo: Harald Praia , 1967) , p. 37. -id.,3 p. 38. Ibid., pp. 46-49. 4 Oolbrrt L. Grat~,pp. 6,7. 5 Illaus Dm-. "The Aa.b.pta8ts aad tb. Stat. Churcbrsff Ttms. by Tan Wait., &a Religion .ad Socirty in Euly Modmrn Europe, 1500-1800. Editoâ by krp.r von Gxeyorz, (London: Goorgo Uloa & Unwan, 1984), pp. 98,99. 6 Dyck, pp. 46-49. 7 ïbid., p. 50. 8 John Allan Woora , Aaabaptist Portzaàts . (Scottdala: Hetald Prrsa , 1984) , pp. lO4,lOS. 9 John 8. Yodir , ad. and tr.ns. Tha mqcp of Michad Sattlar. (Scottdalo: Harald Proas, 1973) , p. 31. O William R. as*. Aaabaptiit Raqiaaings (1523-1533), (Nieukoop: B. Do Graaf, 1976), 99. ~bid., p. 103. 12 Dyck., p. 104. l3 carIton J. H. Hiyas, ibâarn hiropm to 1870. (Nmw York: 'Phm Uanillaa Co., 1953) , p. 162. ' Dyok, p. 108. l5 Woorr, p. 107. = I.trp, p. 101.

23 ~umgg&: pp. 61,62. 24 Dyck, pp. 146,147. 27 Ibid. p. 98. 28 Ruoggar, pp. 72,73 and 8180 pp. 81-86 which in part contain a petition 1L6hlich 8âdrmsa.d to thm govarniunt oi Augau, appmaling fot th. 8.u coaiidaratioas taguding the fxmadom of faith thrt Catholics and Pzotmatants tmcaived un&= thm constitution. The Enoyclod.dir of Awricrn Raliaiona: Ralàqioua Cm& Firot Edition., 1988, ad. by J. Godon àblton, (Ihtroit: Gale Raarwh) . Srth. followang &ticla8 ftoi th. 1530 '8Augabuzg Confmaionn: &ticle8 IX uid %II, pg. 41; ktdcle Nf pp. 41,42 ; &ticle WIT p. 42. SI cl80 Chaptor IR of th. "Smcond Hmlvetic Confasrion" (Ekfoe), p. 209. Thesr &ticlas Aliiionr+rrta how thm Aarbrptiat8 ware %on~mdgrand rrtginalizad from a vry mmly 8t.g.. Ri. Fzohlich: Sn, Ruaggmr, pp. 61,62, for onm &scription of hou FMhlich uas ttaatmd by th0 *tata chutch/civil mathotitima; Seo 81.0, S.o~u.1 Fto)rlich, Life, Convarrion, aad Secas8aon of S.R. Frohlich fta thm Iat.bli8h.d Church of th. Stata. (Syracusm: Apostolic Christha Pub. Co., "n-d."), p. 20, This is jurt one axwlr fr- Fz6hlieWa wxitang, which Aliaaan~tElk8hi8 tnry aagativm opinion of thm Raman Catholic Câurch and Pxok8turti~in gonard. 30 Rumggat, p. 72. Tt would ba rialmadiag to say thrt Anabaptista wmrm no longmr pmt8aopt.d foz: thair rmligious klLmf8 afkr th. la- 19~.Cantuy. 'Pb. 20". cantuy, ptovad to k r vmy dCffioolt tiu fox th. Evuig.lica1 Baptaata oz Nazu~nmsof Buaguy uad Yugo8lavia, mnpmcially with the riam if c~lllllu11i.i. Iuny wmrm ~zisoamdfot tmfuaing to aueu o.th8 .ad "takm up -8". 'Phi8 pmrp.tuatod the Evaagalical Baptiat rnd Nasuana pat~ctivmthat callaâ for: a rupurtion from world tàrt wrs hoatilm to "t+uam Chriatirna. Thm pacifiii of th. Naauonma will k 8ddrma.d an Chaptet Zr.

1914", Tha M8aoaaita Qu8ztmxly Reviaw. Vol. LN, No. On,, (Saauary 1980): 53-63, Brock includor r conciam hiatory of 33 Clyâa L. Mmmhzeck, A Raatow of Chriatimàty in th. Wotld.- (Eaglewood Claffa : PrunUce-Hi11 Inc . , 1985) , pp . 248,249. Dei- or "lutrira1 religion" ptapo8.d that Scriptwo and tradition waa aubordinakd to zarson oz an other wordr, thm law of nature pra- rmvar1.d law. God had eatablirhmd an orderly uaivmrae aad hrd givmn us rrraon, but Ged wia now r-ota and uninvolvmd. ' Ibid., p. 219. ~~iinDowely, ed. Eerdmmnr8 Haadbook to th* Hastory of Chtis tirnity . (Grrnd -pi& : Wh. B. Zadmaaa Publishing Co. , 1978) , p. 492. 36 8a0.8, p. 480. " Ibid., p. 481. Xbid., p. 483. Ibid., pp. 491,492. Ibid., pp. 190,499. kchilP.ld Uiaoa, Bistory of tuxapr fror th. c~liim-ac-nt of the Fzanch Ravolution in 1789 to th roatoration of the Boutbona in 1815. (New Yotk: H.rp.r and Bxothars, 1845) , p. 224. -id., p. 224. " Baya., p. 518. ' Ibid., p. 529. Ibid., p. 532. 46 Ibid., p. 537. ' William Mutin aad Piattm Baguin, Swatrrrluid fza Roua Tiua te tha Prmsuat. Trrna. by Jocaata Ina.8, (Now York: Ptugmr Publiahaxs, 1971), pp. 158,159; Seo 81.0, Grata,

aapmciclly tho8r of Caatoa Boni. Walhr ûmobali, Eiatery of Swatratlaad 1499-1914. Trma . by 8d.a uid Cdar Paul, (London: Cambsidqa üaàvmraaty Pro..,

, 8.8. Offler uid GmRe Potkr, A Short History of Swàtoorlaad. (Loadon: Orford Uaivazaity Prmas, 1963), 226.

- Mutin, pp . 167,168. Oochalà, p. 351. 52 Gr-, mram~&mbaptiata, p. 100. 53 ûmchali, p. 356, ûmcàali doma not offmr uay fugthmr urplwfionm or apecifica taguding th. %e=tuzr ch.ikrsrr. '' Ibàd., op. 368,369. '' majop~,p. iS1. O.obali, p. 398. 57 Ibid., P. 410. Tho C&&H Oxford Diction- of th. Chtiatiaa Cborch. Ed. by B.A. Liviagatoaa, (Oxford: Oxford Univmraity Proas, 1990) , S .v. Wdïct of NrataaN, p. 35%. " nid., S.V. ~8~a~acuxaot~t.àutàoîauw~a~ry~~, p. 51. 60 Ruaggor, pp. 36,37; Rumggaz 8polls tb. wFr6hlichtr ra &or tho W.nnonita tncyclapcrdir, S.V. "$roblich, Sliiiual HoinrichfO;Tho Brmthrua EacyolopdAr S.V. Vzoolich (Fzohlich), 8-1 8aiarichN, uaoa tâa apelling, wFrwlichw in the body of ita tut; Puy Klopfnrtoin, in hi., Marchanp to Zion: A Biatow of the Apoatolic Chtartiaa Church of Aiuticr, 1847-1982. (Fo'ort Scott: Sakrii Publiahing Co., 1984), p. 10, usma thm mpmlling VroehlichM;Frohlich 1s tbr apolling thrt ir u8.d tàroughout thia work. Frohlieh, Lifo, Conmraion rnd Socmaaion , pp. 3,4. " IbidBrp*4 63 S'radozick S. Allmn, Zutich, tàa 1820'8 totha 1870ta, a stody in Modunizrtioa. (t-rnham: Univmraity Pzoas of Autica, l986), p. 82. ~t~hlàch,Lifm, Coavmraion and Sacmaaion, p. 4. Whila Frohlich uy hrvm boata erpoaod to the writaonrli.mNof Dmacuta (1196-1650) and Spipinor8 (1632-1677), àt as mote probable that ha ia mfartiag to th. Ga- rrtionaiaats much ra Leibniz (1646-1716), Rm-a (1694-1768), or Kant (1724- 1804). Fx6hlich doœa not diaeu88 hir atudiaa of rationali~, uLing it difficult to kaou ucactly wbo ho 8tudi.d rt tbt

dom ra mrlrtàon. Thay did not &ay t~vrl~tioabut "eut it &unM to tàrt point rt which xaorlrtion wra abla to ba mab&aatirtad by rrtionrl -th of xaligionn. In thia offort tâay attadcod th. Haw Tantamant coneapt of bron- poaaasion, tb. Lutho=- doetriam of tha BuchuirtO the iuthority of aymbolic book8 .ad th. aubjacta of our coacm.ta, ntâr mtm~ityof th. poni8bulrta in hallt* and th. &vil. Sa., Ku1 Buth, Prokatant Thmology in th. 19iaateexath Caaturp. (bndoa: SaPm88 LW., 1972), pp. 163,164. Tho wst 66 Tha Oacford Diationa~of th. Cbriatirn Church od. by P. L. Cr088 (London: Oxford Univyxrity Pr.-, 1974), p.398 S.V. vWilholm mtin Labormcht Da Wmtten, Do Wmtk (1780-1849) was 8 Go- thmologira who publiahod wotka on Biblicll critLcism and syatmatic thoology. Hm aaa~tmdth. chut in thaology in Basda in 1822. Do Wotto rra critiairad by th. rationrliats for hi. condriutioa of %oldn tmaaoa uad by the phti8ta for doubting the Biblacal miriclan and wsoduciagM th0 storie8 of th0 Birth, Raa~m~ctionand Amonaion of Christ to myths; Sea rluo, nW.M.L. do üktk - Fouaàmrr of Modarn Biblicrl Crathi.~lb~~Joumrl for tb. Study af th. Old Tortamont. Suppl-nt Smrier 126, (Shoffiald: JSOT Prorna, 1992. ) . " F~ohlich, t~Coavazsioa.ad SmccaraioatF, pp . 4,s. Tha tarm \%daali.~~~whaa zaad in th. context of thia putàculit wtiting of Ft6hlicht appaua to k no moza than an adjactiva and ia aot iiplyàng th. philornophical thmorirs of %&ali.mtr as per Plato, Bmtkelay aad 8-1; Som dao, Buth, uPtotaatuit Thmologytr, pp. 487-488. Haxm Barth #tatas that Da Wmttm was %rguatly conconid with th0 chuacto+ aad an&pon&nco of Câtiatian taligious knowlmdgm" and "1 [De Wattml wrnt to dronatratm th. nlagioua ad.88 in tho Bible aad thua, ro to rprrk, sat up tho braie no= of Chri~tiuiity.~~Tt as poaaibla that lWlalich waa crught up in Dm W0tto8i maatbusfaam8'whma ha ma& thir obaazvatioa about Dm Wattara ttutrrat of th. Scripturms. F~ohlaah, ~Coavat~ionaad Saccaaaaontr p. 5. '>O Fr6hlich âoaa not àafori ru, as to who, th... Wrothran" rnrr; it ia poaaiblo that th- enta Swim Bnthran ot Aaabaptiata . " ~g6hlich,Lifm , Convaraion rnd Sacraaion, p. S. 72 Ibàd., p. 5.

hnrloa (1651-1715) wua maneh thmologim, aduortor, and pràaat, who uadaztook iimaiona to fhiguuaota affmctod by thm tmvoation of th. Wct of naat.8, and wia cl80 appointad to ba th tutor ta tâe ezaa&on of Loua8 %IV. th. O.- iato tnpliah by -1 F. a.The 1Lt.ril Eagliah trrnrlrtioo of thm titla im 8Toacarning the Inamr Working of Goâ, to briag iua hck to th. +rw rad for which hm ctmrtad usOtfIa mrrmnc. fhia chapte= mtatms târt oam mu& mur+ ca~plrtmlyrurtrnd.r thoàr malf rnd king to Ood. Wuiy um not abla to & thàr bacriuaa th- doubt, lick commifunt or umnot williaq to ulu th. aacrificaa aacmwary to coiplatmly mamdor thruLvms to God. Thia i8 rtftibutmd to Stolz (pridm) , Se.Zbatvetttauaa (innrr srlfcoaf idance) , aad Efgdfebe (self-love), pg. 171 of chap. 14. -ma chrrrctmciatica SB to bm whrt Frohlich wrs rmfmrzing to whaa hm 8tat.d thrt ha ~mcogaizmdhimralf in chrpkz fourtwn of Fenmlonl r uRmliuaou8 WogkaW. ' Brohlich, if;, Convrtrion and Saarasion, p. 8. " fbid.,p.8. Ibid.,p. 9. 'O Ttrnilrtd fra Latin to Eaglish by Idwud Ce Crowlmy, Oroframo~btitua, thr WoputiPrnt of Rmligiour St~dirr'~, the Wnivarrity of Wànàa~r*~.

Ibid., p. 11. Muanoai-- Eney~lapodh,S. o. wS.iuel Hainrich Fr6hlichM by D .L.G, This citation st.t.8 that Whmtevmt he [lrrohlich]

' tr6hlich, Life, ~kvrraàonaad Sacmasion, p. 11. Ibid., p. 11. Ibid.; p. 12. 87 The "B8pti.t Conthoat.1 Societyt* wum&abliahaâ in prmmh, diatribu- Bib1.8 uad tracts, pxomotm rmligaoua aducrtion .nd aatablàih churchrr +hroughout Europe* #von though the t.a w8apti8tNforiwd r put of th. Socirtiaa n.u thmy *rtr not affàlaatd with th. 8.ptA.t Chutch. This group

àafozmation ia &=idfta photoeapias of utracta +h.t have

wContànmntal Society of toadoatt.

Ibid.,- p.- 17. Ibid., p. 20. &+hot C. Coch~aao,d. Rafoawd Coafa8aion8 of the 16? Coatuq. (London: SCW Proa. Ltd. , 1966) , Soo t8Thtikà&ïig Catedaism, 1563", pp. 305-331, for rn full toxt of thia

Froâarick ffZ in in rttrpt to quo11 tha thoological conflicts batwoea thm Lutâorrna and Calviniats aad wri evontuaLZy acclgtmâ tkoughout bop.. It à8 officirlly Caîvinist but àncorporrtmr Luthrrur id.88 on manrr siaful condition and tones &wn ragid Calvinist taachhg. This crtmchism ir mezo conorrnoâ with Chri8tirn living than thoologicrl p~rci~onorr. '* ~&hlich, Lifm, Convorsàon and Srccm8saoa, p. 13. ae Y a Ruoggar, p. 40. '' -id., pp. 11,42. W. are givea no other prtticulata a. to th. idoatity of this congregatioa. Itmay bo fair to aasrtp. that this gtoup had origaarlly boa .a pprrt of th. Lutbrui Câorch. '' Rumgg*~:, p. 42. 97 Ibid., p. 43. " ïbid., pp. 43-49. nid., p. 4s. 'O0 Ibid., p. 91. 'O1 Frohlicb, Lifo, Convmraioa aad Socoaaion, p. 3. 102 Ruoggot, pp. 42,43; The form of R6hlichts brptiam (aprinkling) ia momtionrd ho=* bocrusm it becomos iignifiguit in th. diseusion of Ek6hlichra sotmriology lad thoae who may hav8 influracmd it. 103 Rumggor, p. 47. 'O' I(uuionito ~acgc~~r,S. v . ~aagaru~ A. T . 'Os Ib&d., S.v. %poatolic Chri8ti.n Churcâ of &oricrN by Ta1li.n R. Siith; 8.r 82.0 Arthur Cul Pimpkorn, Profiles in mliaf, th0 Raliqioua Bodi.8 of thm Unitad Stataa aad Canada. Vol. rf : ~totaatant~.aaminationa. (sua Irriici.co :-Ë-r & Row, 1977), p. 497, Piapkoza 8180 .tatas tht Vha M8naoaato influoaw on Fr6hlicât8 Thaology was con8id8rrblo. . .*' 'O6 8-1 Fz6hliah. %attar mittua an Eagliah by S .B. Prohlich giring hi. r.pott &td Famm26, 1836 to tha Cdttoa of tâm 8.pti.t Contiaaatal Society ia Loadon coacorning hi8 ouly misaionuy Iaba-a in S~itamrlrnd'~ (~~OUH:Spostolic Chriat&aa Publàdaiag Co., na.d.n), pp.

'O' Pirpkom, p. 497. 'O8 Rumgqot, p. 48; Sm dao, maaonàto hiopalopdir, s .p. VmutaufuW , by Samaal Goisrrr . --- - log Rumggaz, p. 96. "O Gratz, B\8.rao80Anab8pti8t8f,, p. 114. 111 Ruagger, p. 95. lL2 Grata, B8mmmamkUbaptiataMr p. 114. '* Rbaaonita Zacyclopadia , S. v. 8Wout.ufo~f~,by Samuel Gmiaar . ' Grata, n8.~amAa.b.ptiatam p. 114; Srclao, ~onite Eacyelopmdir S.V. "mntal bbrrnoaito Chtirch" by Aairtutz- Tachirren C S.V. Vtmig.r, Olorgw, by I. van &r Zijpp; This partieulu iacidrat as not mmatioaed by Rumggat ot in .ny publication8 of tb. Apoatolic Chriatirn Chur& (N8r.ra.n) .

'15 Mmnnonate Lacyclop.di8, S. v . B9?rutaufm~ffby 5-1 Geiaar. The appatont discrepuiy ktm~EW3hlichf a baptia by apriakliag, perfoawd by Bost an Pebnuy of 1832 and Stmi~a=~r insiataaor upon brptism by -raion, will be rddreasoâ in the chrptor on Frohlich'a aotagiology. "' Grata, Wexnaaa kub.ptiataN, p. 115. Soa 8180, Ruegger, pp. 94-96. 117 Mmanonite Encyclopdia, S. v. Weutauf etffby Saauml Geiaar: . le Ibid. , S. v. 8~Aït-Taufer'f. '19 Rumggat, p. 94. 120 Gtata, "Sarnaam Aaabapti8ta", p. 115. 121 Ruoqgar, p. 50. Ft6hlàch i.6 a n-r of at-ta to rliga hi8 aawly e&ablished congregationa with 1ug.r orgaaisations. Frohlich contactad th. V8pti.t &socaataontf an London an Fabruy, 1836 about th. pomaàbility of unifying ha. group with tha Baptirts. Thka .outce al80 8aym thrt, in 1846, Fz6hlich 9arg0tiat.d~~with Johaaa Gothud ûackea, the foundir of +h. B8EnglàahCoatinoatal Baptà8tt* --nt fot th. purpoaea of uaioa with hir group. Botâ of thma. attampts faild. Mumonitr Iknuyolaprdir, S.V. nNeutaufer", by Samuel Geimor.

l24 kumqgmt, pp. 53.54. Gtat~,N8.m08~ kub.pti8kM, p. 100. "' -id., p. 100: ~oaa~ao,~(.nnonàto tocycîopadia, S.V. "-mm , by J. CmWuig.t. 12' G+.tr, t8mmaaa &ib.ptiatsfF , pp. 100,101. *' -id., p. 104. ~uagquncorâa ovmr thtao ûoraa inatrncea of nu+ 8octioa oatitlod, Vuimcutioa of the hruig.lical -pt&st#". 130 ûumggar, p. 60. ~3% Ibid., p. 72. *' Ibid., p. 60. 13' Ibid., p. 67. 13' Ibad., p. 131. l3 Samual Ek&hlich, Tha Two b#ystotiea - Matrimony. (Eusmka: Apoatulic Christian Publications, 1978), p. 69. Thia aou+ce conhina two msaaya *rit- by Pri5hlach. Tha oam u8.d hote ia antitiad, Watr*nytW. Orohliohr s commmata on p. 69 were PU& in tha contu& of r dirwiba againrt tàa Catholic -ch, which he idmatifara rr tha %oratft of Revrlations. Frtihlàch al80 doacx5b8r thm Protmntrnta as bang "ma iiiirgmWr of tha "Rccprn boart". Thesa clsmaarnta fi-d r patt of hia =mat 8qain.t thr itato church, which had rafu8.d to recogniaa hi. -riaga. *' Ibid., p. 70. 137 Ruaggot, pp. 61,62. Appuontly, thir prohibition by tb. civil ruthotias wrs prrt of thoàt tasponro to thair docluation of thm illmgitii.cy of h6hlich0s nirriage. 139 Rumgqat, p. 62. "O Xbid., pp. 62,6S. -ad. , pp . S6,Sl; Su81.0, Pet- Itlapfanatein, mgchinq to Zion: A EIistow of thAportolic Cbrirtiaa Chu+& of Aurior, 1847-1982. (Fort Scott: Sokaa Ribliahing Co. , 1984) , p.10. Hany Uchal, % Bàatoràal Skatda of th. Apoatolic Chri8ti.n Churchn .a addze.8 at Lake Blooringtoa, Illinoia an 947, (Syraoura: Apostolac Cbristirn Chureh Publiahing Co., wn.d.w], Pm 16. 143 Lhrmggax, pp. 156-158. ' Ibid., gp. 170-172. Ibad., pp. 147,148.

1995), pp. 11-13, (Plmaam Rot. - A proof w8m uimâ fot th. citatioa8 no- bata. Thr final ditaon may hava diffatent pagm mmbmrs) This book was mittua in th. 1att.r put of tb. 1 Cuatuy by #o+voa, r ptofmaaor of 1.w and r tap~aauatativoia th. Itunguiaa pulimant (1842) whO hem18 htumstod ia th--na aowaont, Accordâ.ag to tâia soiitem, it is unceztaia why th. follorrrs of F(lblich in m~g.y~d th. 81a~iecooii-5.8 d1.d th. "~8~irOnai". Xaatially tha auly adlaorants to tho Pz6hlich morunt in thora uora âid not uam thaa ta= but rofosrmâ to târnumlvoa 8s "b'brrthron in târ Lordft, p. 12. It appaus that iaitirlly tàia waa idiapuaqing km u8md to rafmz to th0 followrrs of the Frohlach movunt. At aou later potiod, tha. torm was rdoptd by th0 movameat itulf; Su rlro, Wuraoaik Fnayolop.dir, 8 .v. ttN8rruoae" by Huold S. Baadoz Ruoggoz, p. 179. Som alao, IClopfonakia, p. 10. "Church Ditrcta y - Apoatolic Chri8ti.n Churchaa (Nazazera) - Notth AberIca - 1997/98. (Riand: Apoatolic Chziatiui Chutch Fouadition) , pp . 46-50. 149 Rumggot, p. 179; Su 8180, Rlopfenatda, p. 10. Uo #innonit. lacyclopodia, 8 .v. 'tLpo8tolac Chtastain Church of &orican, this 80~cogivoa r &ta of 1852 for tâo eatablirh.at of th. first chutch an Ctoghaa, Naw York; Seo rlro, Kîopfanakin p. PO, who gavos 8 data of "about 1850"- IS1 J.W. rrotr, pp. 19,20; S& 1180, Xenaonak S. v. Wpostolic Chriatirn Cburch of AwràcV . U2 bd.naonito EncyeloP.dia, S. V. N#~taufe~w lS3 Ibid. , S. V. %post~fic Chriatain Chuxch of 81.0, Piopkosn, p. 197; Sam il80 Fzatr, p. 19. ' Nopfonskia, p. 354. "= Ibid. , p. 355 . "6 Ibid. ; P. 291. Soe 8180 , Bzock, nN~nzosi8t.ncaw,pp . S3,54, In coiiunts ma& about the Hunguiua H8r.rmaaa' , athaic ditntsaty, Brook atatms thit in thm uau whaxo th0 Nazeranar uara mo8t con~~atad,most of th8 coavmzts wore Hungarirn but Sorba, Rumaaauas rad Gorinrna who làva an this -08 joimd in ~0118i&~.blenez. Svmn thouqh aoro contnrtr cmm from tha Pzotastuat aad Ostâodox traditions, tâora tmzo al80 8- Cltholic8. ' Nopfansteia, pp. 290,291. 1U Th* Apostolia Cbtimtaaa ChPrch of k.tàca ha8 81.0 .xpuàon#d a aambmz of .chi-. In 1932 a gtoup lmft .ad forud tâa O.= Apoatolia Chti8ti.n Chutch. This gtoop was ioza consor~atitnrnd plrcoà r highmr .iphasia on tha dnt.iauicm of thm Go- languag. thua âàd th. puant body. Ta 1955 th. Ge- Ago8tolia Christiro Chusch div%&d agua and a new group, tho Cbtartirn Apoatolic ChPrch wufoaud. Su, Illopfmastain, pp. 387,388; 8.0 rJso, Pàapkorn, pp. 497- 499; Sea 8180, Tha tncyclop.di8 of Amaricur lblfqiona. Pouzth oàitioa, aâ. by J. Gotdon mlton, (-+toit: Orlm Rasauch 1 Dyck, p. 395. 2 dotvor, p. 11; Soo alao, Ruogqot, pp. 166,167. 3 Broclr, wNoarmrirknca~r,p. 53; Alro, Brook, "S- Matorirlr" p. 64. 4 Eo~vo~,p. X$ 5 8ancock, Dort, Mngalry & Shovr - Attornayr; compilera of th. &-nt, %mgal Ptrctaco Conco.rning Roligious ûbjmctora Agriast WuN, (Sytrcurr: Aportolic Christian Publirhiag Co. , "n .do") p. 25, thr strtiitacr citod rrr froio a chut liatiag tho population of th. Nararonor aa r porcmntaga of th0 Yugo8lavi.a population for th. ymrz 1927. 6 Thia aafoai.tion and th... atatiatic8 rra provadrd by tha Wpoatolic Chtirtarn Church (Narumaa) - Yugos1rvi.n Rmlimf Committaa. 7 Seo, Bzock, "Soma bdi~zhlr"pp. 68,69, thir aource claima thrt ovor: the prriod of r fmw dmcrdrr about tâa tu=

8 Sm, Manaonatm Eacyclop.dir, S. v. \\Noauarirtrncaw, pp. 902,903; 0.r 81.0, alapfmn8kàn, pp. 346,347. O Kbpfmnakin, pp. 346,347. 10 Wa Balimvm, lNA Dxaft Stataoat of the Frith of tim Apoatolic Chriatira Chrtxch (bt.tuarn)ft, Second Raviaion 1987. p. 11, uticlm 2 3, uatitlaâ %mm rnd #onrmrirtuaco" ; 8- dao, l(lopi.aatmia, pp. 343,344,352 fox -a lbpoatolic Chriatirri Chorch of Ammt&crr8 8mlicy~ron nonroaiatrnco . 11 blimvWt, p. 11; Smo dao, Khpfoaatain, p. 353. Sr w, rnd in diffrmnt counttars aad groupa within thmar countrias . 8haaonito Eacyclepdir, 8 .v. ~8N~~~iàit.nco~t,p. 897. * John W. Miller, Sahlaàthrk Pacifirri and Yod.rnity81, Conrad Grabal Rovar, Vol. 3, No. 2, (Spriag 1985): p. 156; Soo 81.0: Mannonik &tcyclopdir, Vol. 4, S.V. VacifisW. ' &xanonito Encyclap.dir, Vol. 4, S. v. nPacifi.itf, rnd 8180 S. v. ~\Nonrasirtrnca~~ L6 Bbnnonita mcyclOD.dia, S .Y. Wonra~iakDQ.~~,p. 899. l6 Ilinnoaita Encyclaprdia, S. v. ttApostolic Chriatirn Church of AmmxicaW.

not bon consistant iaaong the Zvrng.lical BapUsts rnd hi. lattera thrt hava hacomplilad in r book entitled Evidmncr - Daonitratiaq thm &utla of the Word of God. (Eurmkr: Ape~tolicChriatiua Publicrtions, 1978) , pp. 195- 200. In r let- &kd April 3, 1949, Frohlich -lys that the wfozmal" bouing of si& rrppr (thia 8.- to indicato that tr(lh1àch falt that ai& rnu wara airply a put of r ~oldiotsuniform) waa acceptable. In r lottor datod Januuy 18, 1848, Froblich rtaki th.+ avmn if ho wai forcod to brrr 8- it wra 8-11 hi8 &ciaion ri to whmtâor ha would kill.

a càvic duty, but oaly ai a non-caib.taat. This position ia quita diffmroat ft- thrt of ioai. Nazaxenea who would no+ rvmn coniont to touchiag a gun. Soe, Bgock, "Soma Matarirli" pp. 69,70; 0ii p. 67 of tha 8- aourca 8- accounti of ilunguian Naruena8 who uaze willing to cloua rnrpon8, but would not miin with tha. Brode, on p. 58 of ~Woarorirtaacdt cfki anotâas rource thrt tollr of Nltuenrs who wara willing to clmua wmrpoai, but net 81uutcisrf8wath tbr; Soa alsa, Btock, 8\190~esi&uacmfr,p. 58, for aa accouat of Nasarenma who rrrr williag to "cury -11 wupon". Thaga are no account8 of Svurp.&ical B.ptiat8, LOuu.~aor Apoatolic Ch+iitirna who wmld Li11 duriag ri timm of wu. Brock , -id, , Brock, Broc&, Bxock, Ibid. , Ibid. , Brock, Bxock, -- 'O 'O Brode, \tPa~ifirn,p. 498. 31 Eryms, p. 755. B.rnud Griinr Th. Tiutablmm of Ristory - A Borizoat.1 Linkriqr of Paoplm rnd #vont#. Nmw Thitd =taon, (Naw York: Simon 5 Schurtrr, 1991) , p. 472.

O.ozgr Scheffawr, Th. Maaon, Vol. 122, No. 3162, p. 134. This prtticulu latta& was prtt of r amria. of lmtkrm Tolatoy hrd wtitton to Eugaa Roàntich Schmitt of Budapas+, i 8ocial and political idoalist who ahud auiy balAmfa with Tolatoy. Schmitt .ditad 8 malx dlycallmd "Ohna Sfut". This was r ~~phàloaaphicrlrnirchist papP that oppomed al1 foau of servica to th8 8t.k - rspocially uL1it.y sevicr. Wiltmz Iaubli, ad. Naturriis in Yugoalavia. (Syrrcuar : Apoatolic Chriatim Publàmhing Co. , 1992) , pp. 34,35. Ibid., p. 8; &iabaptiats *rrm rafusing to taka ortàs as 0-ly 88 sChlaifh@h. " Uubli, p. 35. Ibid., p. 19,20. Ibid.,~. 8. 'O Ibid., p. 19. ' Ibid,, p. 11. Ibid., p. 12. '3 Ibid., pp. 34,35. ' Ibid., p. 34. 45 Xbid., po. 41-46. 8.11cock, p. 3. 47 Thia information cou8 fxa intmmfirr 1 hid with 5 Samaml Frohlich. Bhditationi on thm Gospcrl Aocordrnq to Saint Mattàmw - Put TI. (Syrrcuso: Aportolic Chriatiua Publiihiag Co., "a.d."), p. 160. 6 Unfortunatoly, in airny casai tâai rott of bibliciioo oftma rpprrrmd ra ua ovarly litatal or Xagrlistic randrring aad um of th* Bibla, Sam: b4.nnonita Encyclopmdia. S.V. Vhmology , Aarbrptiit-Mumoait.", p. 705. 7 hàahian, p. 21. 0 Ibid., p. 50. 9 Maanonik tncyclopedia. S.V. Anabaptiatn, pp. 27, 30-32. 'O Mannonik Encyclopdh. S. v . Thaologp , Aaabaptist- Muaaonite", p. 705. Ibid., p. 706. " ~ukeL. ~oefat~r. \\kPini.a ~otifsin Anrb8ptà.t EaritrgWf, Brathrmn in Chsist, Eiitory and Lifa. Vol. 13, Issuo - 0, (1990) : p. 307 ; Seo 8180, Prirdpprnn, p . 56. Srrurl Frohlich, Mmditatioai on th. G0.prla-of Luka aad -John. Ttum. by Lai. Swibold. (Syracwm: Apoatolie Chraitiaa Publiahing Co. , "a .d. ") , p. II, of th. .action on Joha. tncycîop.dic Dàctionay of I(r1igioa. S. v . Wnthropology , ThaologicrlM . l5 P~kadmuaa, p. 60. l6 Dyck, p. 51. 17 8mry CmVddmz. Balthsu Euhiot, Tha Laaâmr of thr U&8pU8tSm (Nmw lo~k:A#8 Preii, 1971) , pp. 108-109. SI PLU^^ Fzohlich. Sou1 and Spirit. (Syracu8e: Apostolic Chrirtiur Pub. Co., wn.d.t8),p. 1. l9 FràmQ.irrr, p. 59. Joha F. OrGridy . Christian Aatâropolo~- A Mmaning ior Bumata Lifm. (Haw York: Paulirt Praia , 1976) , 127 ; Sao alio, William Edwry Vin., Marrill F. Uagat 6 Wallirin Whik. Aa Exposatory Dictionuy of Biblical Ilor&. 8 .v. V~ul~~, (Naahrilla: Ta Nmlaon, 1985) , pp . 588,589. 2' Vina, p. 593. 08Grrdp, pp. %26,127. 23 Fzim,p. 59. 2' Ibid., pp. 59,60. 25 Rohlich, Vou1 uad Spiritm, p. 1. 26 Ibid.p. 2. 27 Ibid. p. 1. 2' mnae 8kQas. ma Camplet. W=atiaqr of -MO simona. Tram. hy Uoaud Vatduin, aâ by . Joha H. Woagat, (Scottdale: am-r Prrrra, 1966) , p. 53. nid., p. 310. 'O Ibid., p. 113. SLoaa, p. 503. Xbid., p. 130. nad., pp. S4,55. ' Swal F~6hll&, &k of th. mSth8. Tt-. . bp =ri. Swibold, (Syrrcuae: Apoatolic Chxiitain Pub. Co., wn.d.w)J p. 11. 35 Ibid., p. 252. Ibid., p. 152. " Xbid.,p.26. 3e Samuel ~~Ohlich.W.ditationa en thr Epistlaa of thœ Apostlœ Paul to the Ilasin. and th* Pirat and sacoad Epistlms of thm Apostla Paul to th. Corinthiaaa. Truia. by ]bru Swibold, (Syracuse: Apoitolic Chri8ti.n Pub. Co., nn.d.N), p. 94. 39 Ibid., pp. 125,126. Siron., p. 563. '' Ibid., p. 92. 42 Ibid., p. 563. nid., p. 564. 44 Ibid., p. 564. 45 Fxohlich, ~tEva&nca"r p. 135 , from r lattar wratten on Dacmmbu 27, 1840. 46 ~amumi~r~hlicb. Widitationa on th. miat1.a of ~ohn. 4 Vol.., (Syracuse: Agoatolac Chtàatirn Pub., Co., 1958-1971) p. 881. ' Ibid., p. 882. Ibid., p. 883. Simon., p. 563. Ga01ga Dm Smith, ad. The Taacâing of the Catholic Church, A S- of Catholic Doctrina. Vol. 1, (New York: Thm Wici.illan Co., 1956), gp. 343,344. Ibid., p. 345. '* Ibàd., p. 352. s3 Ibàd., p. 356. '' IbAd., p. 358. ss Ibàd. , p. 357. s6 Simoaa, p. 244. 57 Ibid., p. 241. Ib&d.,p-131. '' Ibid., p. 240. Ibid.,~.241. srio.1 Fohllàcà. Thm Gospel ~cosdiagto Saint #.ttâœu. Put 1, (8yracur: Apoatolic Ckiatirn Pub. , Co. , I8n.da ") , p. 81. 62 Samar1 -6hlich, lhâitationi on th. miatla of th. Wontla Paul to thm E&rew8. Trrns. bp Irri Swibold, (Syzacuao : Apatolia Christain Pub. , Co. , "a. d. ") , p. 119. Ibid., p. 119. Rohlicâ, utva&acmM, p. 135. 65 Ibid., p. 135; Soa dao, Frohlich, nEabmrsff, pp. 111, 112,147, tâara rra rlio typicrl rwamplar of $rohlichfs use of the tmai nlaw", whota the lrw mi thma.118 through which on. rai ablm to kaow Gdrs will, kfozo the caoiag of Christ. On p. 112, Rohlich strtoi that Cbrirt offorad ha8 Spixit "8s thm nrw law" . Saa 8180, Prohlich, "Roanuir aad Corintâirnrtt, p. 10. In thii sourco wo rmm Frohlich uring tha ta- wlaw" in another faahion. In thir discussion baid en Roaunr 6, Frohlich likmns the doctrànms of the Catholic Chugch thrt allow fot th0 brpeism of infmata as a riagiiidd lrw, thit crlls for wwotkan that hava no jurtifying offrct. Thar httmdafanition ir no+ tho irnaa &a which the torm

1 blooxm, p. 106 2 #.nnonito Iaoyclop.dia. S. v. WaptiatFby B. S. Bender Rollin St.1~Axwur, &mbaptiit Baptia: A Rmplcaaontativo Study . (Scottd.10: Emzald Pruss, 1966) , p. 141. 4 Xbid., p. 141. 5 Ibid., p. 92. 6 Idid., p. 93. 7 Ibid., p. 93. B Ibàd., p. 141. 9 Ibad., p. 141. 'O Jiio. Fm Whàk. (Wuhvillo: Abàngdon " Ibid., p. 45. la Josmph ktoa, Tho Catholic Sacramonts. (Collogmvilla: Th. Liturgieal Ptom , 1983) , p. 178. White, p. 46. Ibid., pm 46. Ibid., p. 48. =id., p. 47. Zbid., p. 47. Muanonita Liacycl~a.8 .v. Waptàmt', p. 224. &mou& p. 22. fbid., p. 37. 21 Sinclair B. Porqwon rnd David F. Wright, .d.. Now Dictaonuy of Theology. (li.iar8t.t: Intmm8raity Pre.8, 1988) , pp. 175,176. Maius and hi. folïorrt8 clahad thrt covanint thaology prmuntad a problr fox Rmfozmad notiona of walaction@tin that a conditional elmctâoa pucllelod 8 conditional coveaaat . " mon S. Augaburget, "Convox8ion aa Aaabaptiat Thought", Wnnoaita Quut.tly Rmvi.w. 36, (July, 1962) , p. 243. id,p. 244. *' Ibid.,p.245. '' Ibid., p. 248. ïbid., p. 247. 27 -or, pp. 28,29. ' Suu.1 Fohlich. Baptiri - Who Shall and Who Shall Not Bo Baptirod. (Syracuao: Apoatolac Chri8ti.n Pub. , Co. , 1929) , Po 4. fbid.,p. 5. Ibid.,p.4. " Suurl &ohlach, The Salvation of MM throuqh the 88pti.n of Rmgenatataon 8nd th. Rmceivang of +h. Boly Spirit. (Chicago: Apoitolic Cbti8ti.a Pub., Co., 1945), pp. 37-40, 87,89,90, 110-112; Sudao, Fohlich, 88Bapti.r.. .", p. 4. 32 Fr6hliah, Waptiim.. .", pp. 4,7. Fr6hlàch. Vhe Scl*.tion of Iun. . .", p. 89. " ~iotrich-Bonhoaf f et. Thm Co.+ of ~idpleihip.(Nmw York: Thr Madllui Company, 1965) , p. 46-48. Srohlich, nBaptiimo. .", p. 4 -id. p. 4. Otimrlrrirnn, p. 87. Frimcbam, p. 91. -id., p. 92. Ibid., p. 92. Ibid., p. 92. Fz6hlicb, Vha Sllvat%on of Iln. . .", p. 172 . Ibid., pp. 172,173. &mou=, p. 140. Ibid., p. 1420 Ibid., p. 142. -hl%&, Vhe Silvation of m...", p. 113. Ibid., p. 113. 1 E . lm,8tBapti#m ia the lhrmonit. TtaditionN, #.amaita tradition.. A diaousaion on baptiirirl ttfori,t could rlao àncludm othmx contont of baptismal liturgims rad voua, bmt thia contaat wàll not bo ad&o.aoâ in this diaeumion. We arm intarmstaû iri the th* qumatioa of i..arraion vmrrur affuaion rinca this a. ua rror whmra tharo are extaat clrima fra vuioua Anabaptirts wlro c1.L havm to hvo anflumnced Prohlicht s thoology and doctrinmr . 50 Bmadrr, pp. 37,38. krour, p. 54. 52 Ibad., p. 108. " Ibid., p. 133. b&rmoaik 1Ca~clopdia,S .v. Waptiam", p. 226. 55 Ibid., p. 227 56 Th* Btath~:onZacpclapedia. Vola. 1-3. (Philadolph~rand Oak Puk: Tho Btrthrmn Encyclopdia Inc., 1983), S.V. ttApoatolic Christara Churchtr, by DFD, aad aîao, S.V. wFtoalach (hohlich), Suru1 HmintichN, by Dm., p. 518, th... two mcounts clak that Fr6hlach idoptoà b8ptà.i by k.taion ia a rrsult of the iafluoacr of Bo- Kurtz. 57 Bratâma ao~cesrra mot conaiatmnt aa to who iatroducad -an* immersion to thm Neu-ra&ez; tho Brothren Encyclopedia, S.V. %postolic Chriatirn ChurchM .tata. thrt Eonry Kata introduced inirnrrsion to soma of the Nm-TataSes ia 1839; Smm 8180, J.E. Wjller, Storiea from Brotbr:mn Lafr, (Blgiil: Brœthrrn Publimhing Houre, 1942), p. 79, this source ata-8 thrt Kurtt influeacmd Frohlach to dopt kine immrraion, ais sourcm rlso indicrtaa thrt Karts contactad Frohlich in 1839; 0ii th0 oth.thrnd su, OthoWingrt, HSatoryof thaCâutch of thm Bsmthzon in Iadiurr, (Elgin: Brothxaa Publirhing Etou.*, 1917), p.419, thia aource indicrka thrt Gaorga Rothoabarger h6hlich, \\Litl , Convmtaioa md Soemssioan , p. 2 6. 67 =id. , p. 26; Srdao, h6hlich, "Tho Salvation of -'Fr -'Fr p. 108. Pr6hlich, Vha Salvatàon of mm,p. 218. B. R. H018ing.r~ Holaiag.r8 8 Riatory of tbm Tunkrri and the Bretluan Church. (O.kland: Pacifie Pzom Publiahing Co., 1901) , pp. 350,351. 'O Donald F. Ournbaugh. wEanrp Kuztz : Xu, of th. BookM, Ohio HLatoy, Vol. 76, No. 3 (Srriur 1967) : p. 125; Sa* also, Otho Wangrt, p. 4 uad dao J.S. iLillar, pp. 79,80, foor conaia. biogtaphias of O.orgr Phàlip Rothmnbazger aad rccouata of tbrae baptizmr; Sam rZro, H. R. Bol8inqax, Holaiaqarf8 Eiatory of tho Tunkm~aaad th0 Bsatbzaa Church, (ïathrup: Pacific Pr.88 Pub., 1901), p. 351. Thia account statma only thrt Kurtt brptitad 9 individu818 in Switzrrlurd ia 1839. Zt ia faàr to assuma that thàs is refaràng to th. brpthm of thm 9 Nau-Trufota thrt thr rccounta &va mention. Wingat, p. 419. '' JmEm M&lh~~Pm 80. Th* Nasurna8 oz Agoatolic Chtimtiui. do baptiia uaing affusioa in thosa instaacaa whrrr thm baptismal caadidatr is incrprcitatmd- or bd-riddan. '' By Vimplmtf ipuraion, wm uetafarring to tha ptrcticr of dippang onca badcword. 8s appoioà to th0 Brathtan praotacm of dipping fomud -ma -8. J.E. Millat, TU8 aourca alaims th.+ Fr6hlichF8 followta baptimd with "trina mpriaklinq4r and on p. 80 mkrr thr clah that Fr6hlich had hiiumlf baptirmd by trino 7 8-1 tr&hlich, WidLtation8 on ParLi. Tran.. by Eau Swibold. (8yr.oumm: Apo8tolic Chsiatiaa Pub., wn.d.n) p. 137; Saa 81.0, ttôblhh, "Old Tmatammnt - an Putfr, p. 80. 8 Rohlich, nColom8i.na Thtough Rovalitions", p. 4. 9 Siprona, p. 491. '''O Ibid., p. 491. Frohlich, . %ct8. . .", p. 4. la Frohfach. mPaak.n, p. 201. " Simon., pp. 495,496. " Frohlach, UctaM,p. 57. ls Ibàd., p. 106. l6 1bid.r p. 107. ' Fr(lhlicâ, Watthou, Put If#, p. 2. le Ftohlich, \\Lukm8ad Johnrr,(#action on John) , p. 27. l9 Ibid., p. 27. 20 Priadmaaa, p. 56. " Frohlich, Watthaw - Put IX of 3". p. 160. 22 John ~owudLoawrnn, Onm Lord, ôna chka, Ose Hope, and ôam God, - bdi.nnonate Conf~88iozmof Frith. (Elkut: fastatuta of Mmnnonitm Studims, 1985), p. 39. himûmaan, p. 55. Xt i. difficult to Laor if Prohlich ha. urplicitly aâdrmamd tha or& of Nice8 .nd Chalcdon, rance Frohlachts wozk is not inâmead. Thm craeds th.iaaaalvar ur cartainly no+ thm focu. of any of Brohlich'a wotk, but thmir pracoptu 8ppe.t to bm aubstatatially in aggr.unt with Ftohlichf s tâought. 24 Yâa Emcyclap.dia of krrican ~ligaoas:Rmligaous Creadaw, p. 2. 2s Simon., p. 754. Sw a1.0, pp. 523,703,862,967. 26 Frohlich, Watthou, Part IIn, p. 234 27 h6hlichf WdrmwsN, p. 3, and dao pp. 7,8; Srdao, Frohlicîa, "Luka rad Jobn, p. 91. Samuel lMhlich, ~(.ditkonson th. Old Tartamaat - In -Put. Trma. by EaSwibold. (Syrac~aa:Apoatolic Chti8ti.n Publishing Co., mn.d.n), pp. 80,81. '' Samuel mOhlich, MdAtaUoaa on Coloma.na Through Rivalatioaa - In O-t. Tm.. by Eau Swibold, (Syracura: Agoitolic Chri8ti.n Publishing Co. , a.d ) , p . 4. 'O rrohlich, "Luka uad Johnn, p. 91. FrC)hlich, Watthaw, Put f ,', p. 3. - - FrShlich, %PLa aad Jobft, pp . 91,92. " Shen., PP. 420-422, 767,768,784, Simon. rt-t to iounta. J.C. Wuagmx mggl8t8 thrf SLoaa paculiu vàaws on -- - -- 1L.nnoai+.a. P. 784. Uafortuortly Siiwir waa mot a+ al1 knowlmdqabla about about th. org.nic ptocmmra of tha fula +uproductivo ryrm and coacludoâ that thm wo~rnwri nothàng roxe thaa th. .~lpwfamld in whach thm rad rra pl.nt.6, p. 768. bbnno wia attampting to account fot tâa ainlaramrs of Chtist rnd Christr. conc~t%onby the pornr of +br Holy Spitit. Em ceachdmd th8t Chsiat bacru 8 hum8a ia M8zy but w88 not of Wiy. Biron8 tmjectmd aay aoUon that diva- Chrirt into two puta: r hmavanly and divina bring who c- to auth rnd alao r "artoril mua bmgottua of r nrtuzal iothm~",p. 420. -0 ~2rk.dha W88 OA~Yf0ll0~in~ rczipturo and wirhd to avoid uiy philoaophicrl spaculation, but hi. approich actually had th. opporLta offoct. lWhlich rvoidoâ thir rort of spoculrtion. Frohlich, Watthow, Put IVt, p. 209. fbid., p. 208. 36 FHhlich, Wmbrrrrr", pp. 16,17; Sam rlro, %etV p. 132. '' Fr6hlaCh, WB.bman, p. 13, raa 8180 p. 17. Ibid, p. 37. 39 Ibid., pp. 16,17. 'O Ibid. , p. 16; SH 8180, Bzohlich, "Rcuns aad Corinthiuiafr, pp. 22,26,30. hOhlich, \W.brmwau, pp. 16,17. '' Frahlich, ItLukm and JohaP, p. 10 of tâo section on the "G08ml of John". Ibid., p. 10. ' FrOhlich, %ctsN,p. 37. Conclusion

''8akunt of Fdtb'' (1987) -tiu.d Lklh-, 88 put of aa ovuall effort to Sind, urd 8- on caioo gtouad ktmn ------Nraaroras ha- fo@ what is kaowa a8 th0 Vorrrarvrtiva CoafmmncW. Thr Apoitolic -istirn Church of hericr as 8ppagoaUy mogo unitod on r nr+ioarl scrla. Diaranting groups umuuually iAdividu8l congragataona rs oppird to lrrgrr iactioni that would k coipoaœd of gtoupa of congrmgationa. Both N8~~a8~a8rnd ACC of Amui- hold thoir own anaual mootiags, te rddn.8 concaras within thoir xospmctavm ptoupi. Th... mmtings ur focuimd on docttiao and iatrrnal i8auma. Evangrlirar ir no+ r prominant i8iua in theaa forum. Ruogget, pp. 189,190, the qq~tetnalarrin tbia uuipla *are \'. . .th. au1 for and th. clingang to th. old 9-8 wath h00k8 8lld m, ad th* long brudi.. .", p. 190 ; SII 8180, Gratr , \8Ba~a8aA~baptà8ti~~ who t.pott8 that Fxohlich : ?..hold lattlr rmapoct for iou of th. old Aaabaptiat custou but btought arw spizit rnd lifa th.+ rppaled to -y.", p. 114, Wo ue aot info-d as to which "old Aaabrptiat ooatcun kohlich wm spocificclly rmfarring to in thir citation. Fox a geod gamrrl ovatvirw of tha principla of %oncaformAtyn in thr Aaabaptist/~moniktradition, 8.r Harold Ben&& uad J.C Wmngmr' s rrticlo in th* Mannonita Encyclop.rdir, S.V. \8N~~conforPityt*pp. 890-897. S.r aspacirlly prg.8 891,893,896; Srm rlio, Wa1t.r Klrsraa, The

Arrabaptirt Unâazataading of th0 Sopurtion- of thm Churchtr, Chusch Ristory. Vol. 46, Imsum "Dtt, (1977) , are aapocially th. srction ontitld: ftRmrions for Aaabaptait Soparatàont~, pp. 429-436, Thr focus of thi8 rrticlo ia on t2m notion of \'suprrrtionN in ruly Axmbapti- (1523-1540). OyOkrpm395. 7 Fra thoir utuat writinga of tr6h1icht that commmnt on tho doetriama that Ertbhlich fnla baptimal crnàiàatoi should know, Irr6hlich làati fi- pointa thrt uo kkon froa RoPuns 6, 800 Fz6hlicht "Evid.acon, gp. 68,69; F&hlàchrs %quiruata" *.te appuuatly aot nouly as coq~mhua8àve8s thora thrt uo accaptd .ad taught aiitwtly. 8 \We ml%rvoot,Sao \8App.abirt At', the rmction rntitlad Vug9eat.d Tlatàmony Fozmat8,. BaptiamaI ~lndidrtosuo wkad to tmstify to mir kaowl.dg. rnd accrptuaca of th. various pointa ootliaoâ in this -nu. min soorcm ptovihr a aapy of tbr aatixa ~c~mith.ir Coafmasioa, Encyclopmdia of -ricm Ralipioas: R.ligious Cmd.*'. liitat Wtioa, O& hy 3. Oo~:&nMalton, (Dmtroit: Gale Rmamrrch Co. , 1988) , S. v. "Schleitheiip Coafaa8ioafF, pp . 417-420. 'O Ibid. , 8 .v. 88Th.Oordnobt Coni.maioa, (1632) t~,pp. 420- 425. A dirmat coanaction ktumua Iroblich, tbr Schlaithmiip Attàclri, rad tîm 19.surn.i aaâ Agoatolic Christian Church (N~su~u) , prohbly -ot k ma& without r tâorough anvm8tigrtion. Ddbort Gz8ta ob8uvmr th8 mort, contact8 wmte ma& with th. Bernaam Anrkrptiata by la8d.t. of th. auly ~vaagalicrlE8pti.t movuant thaa by h6hlich hLumlf. It ir poiiiblr that soma of thmar contacts introducad thm vuaoun Anabaptist Coafmiaiona to thm Evaa~lacalBaptiita, Sam, Delbrrt Grrtr' 8 rmvimw of: Gufiald Al&=' 8, \'Dia Tauf - und Nrchonftaga in kka uad Lehm8 &a Samuel Eaiarich Frohlichtf, p. 258; Alao, th. Apo8tolic Cbri8U.n Church of Auria &as not publàah 8 npoaific bapti.i.1 crkchiri. (par an intamiau with Parry Klopfaiutoia, thm autâot of q81urching to Zionff, tha hiitory of th. Apoatolac Chtistiaa Chutchai of hmràca), fa ha. woik, Mapfanst.an doas untaon târt tâe entan Schlaithrii Confmssion 88wouldf And wmt m~pport~~an ma ApoatolSc Chraitirn Church of &aricr 88 -11 88 cmrtaan pointa from thm Dotâracht Coafaisaon. (no apmcifac points rto citd) Th* Wratinqs of S~umlH. Fr6hlada:

Frohlicb, Smurl HmiatiCh. Acts of tha Apoatles. Trrnr. by Ernu Swibold, Syracuse: Apoatolic Chrirtirn Publirhing CO., %a.dmM.

Who Shall md Who Shall No+ 8. B.pti8.d. Syrrcuma: Agoatolic Christian Pub. Co., 1929.

Wwum Ye Of Tha Lœavaa of tha Parirema, Which Ir wcriay (Luka 12 :1) . Sytacuam : Apoatolàc Cbr1sti.n Pub. CO., VL~.~

Evidaacm - Drr~aona-atinq thm Truth of thm Word of Cod. Eutaka: Apoatolic Chriataan Publications, 1978.

Individuir~Lattera uad âhatationr - From the Lagacy of S. H. Fz6hlich V.D.M. Syracuam: Apomtolic Chrastiaa Pub. Co., 1926.

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