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The Bimbi Cult in Southern Malawi by James Nathaniel

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The Bimbi Cult in Southern Malawi by James Nathaniel 1 THE BIMBI CULT IN SOUTHERN MALAWI BY JAMES NATHANIEL AMANZE A THESIS PRESENTED FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY AT THE SCHOOL OF ORIENTAL AND AFRICAN STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF LONDON 1 986 ProQuest Number: 10731125 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10731125 Published by ProQuest LLC(2017). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 2 ABSTRACT The Bimbi cult in Southern Malawi is a territorial cult, one among a number of other regional belief systems among the Chewa of Southern Malawi. As a religious system the Bimbi cult has a distinctive unwritten theology, elaborate liturgical observances, an organized inherited priesthood and a charismatic leader - the Bimbi - from whom the cult’s name derives. The thesis begins by examining the life and structural position of the Bimbi who is, in all aspects the most representative and living symbol of the cult as a moral force. It then looks into the question of the call -fro" Bimbiship and the processes of succession events which are believed to be divine acts from beginning to end. This is evidenced by the fact that succession to Bimbiship cuts across the principles of matrilineage of succession to headmanship among the Chewa. The third chapter of the thesis discusses the religious, shrine and political organizations of the cult which give it its territorial nature and enhance both the legitimacy of the Bimbi and the impact of the cult in the region. The fourth, fifth and sixth chapters set forth to answer the questions, Mwhat is the faith and prayer of the cult?" and "how do the followers understand God, the social and the natural orders in the universe?" To this purpose the thesis examines the rituals, prayers, symbolisms, beliefs and practices of those who adhere to the cult. The seventh chapter of the thesis probes into what is remembered of the earlier history of the cult and the role which the title holders of Bimbiship have played for the past hundred years. Finally an attempt has been made to examine the nature of the interaction between the cult on the one hand and Christianity and Islam on the other 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study would not have been possible without the assistance and co-operation of many individuals and institutions both in Malawi and in the United Kingdom. It is difficult to acknowledge in this limited space each and every assistance received in the course of preparing for and conducting the research whose results are reported here and in the actual writing of the thesis. My heartfelt thanks are extended to all those have contributed in various ways to this work. I am particularly indebted to Professor Richard Gray &7ho willingly and enthusiastically executed- the demanding responsibility of supervising this thesis. His friendship as academic adviser has been an inspiration that I will remember for a long time. I would also like to express my thanks to Professors J.S. Mbiti, J.M. Schoffeleers, M.G. Marwick, J. Clyde Mitchell, Terence Ranger, George Shepperson and John Beattie who have offered me considerable academic assistance and moral support over the past three years. For financial assistance during my entire academic program I am indebted to the Bursary Group of the United Society for the Propagation of the Gospel more particularly to the Revd. Humphrey Taylor and Miss Naomi Moore for their personal involvement in obtaining the money which made this study possible. I am also highly indebted to the Board of the Overseas Mission of the Scottish Episcopal Church and more particularly to the personal involvement of the Revd. John Paul and Mrs. Susan Paul without whom this program would have been almost impossible. Last but not least thanks are due to the Revd. David Garlick both for financial assistance and deeply felt friendship. 4 Within Malawi I received indispensable assistance from various peoples in the field during my research. I am grateful to all of them. Despite the assistance received and acknowledged I accept full responsibility for all errors of fact or interpretation in this thesis. 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ABSTRACT 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 3 ABBREVIATIONS 8 GLOSSARY 9 INTRODUCTION 18 CHAPTER 1 THE BIMBI: A PERSONAL PORTRAIT 20 a The Bimbi's titles 20 b Swaleyi Mkwanda Bimbi: A Biography 26 CHAPTER 2 THE MAKING OF A BIMBI AND THE QUESTION OF SUCCESSION 56 a Succession to headmanship among the Chewa 56 b Succession in the Bimbi cult: The Bimbi a choice of the spirits 61 The Call 67 The anointing in the waters of the Shire River 70 The examination 71 The coming out ceremony 7 5 The installation ceremony 78 How Swaleyi Mkwanda Bimbi was called to Bimbiship 83 Succession disputes after installation 90 CHAPTER 3 STRUCTURE AND POWER IN THE BIMBI CULT 97 a The religious organisation 100 The Maninji house 101 The Kumalekano house 105 The Akuchilunda house 107 The Kasenjera house 109 The ku-Tambala and Mposa houses 109 The Dete-Kalimbuka houses 110 The Kamtunda house 111 6 page b Shrine organisation 112 The heartland of the Bimbi cult 118 The Bimbi mother shrine: The Mponda shrine 119 The Ulongwe rain shrine 123 The Chilangwe shrine 124 The Kaweya shrine 125 The Maninji shrine 126 The Namanje rain shrine 126 Saidi Msungu shrine 126 The Liwonde shrine 126 Rain shrines in the periphery 128 The Kumitawa shrine - Kumitawa village 128 The Balamanja rain shrine - Balamanja village 128 The Gwaza and Kuchili rain shrines - Gwaza and Kuchili villages 129 The Masaula shrine - in Masaula village 130 The Lundu shrine - Linjidzi village Blantyre ' 130 The Changamire shrine - Changamire village, Mangochi 131 The Chagunda shrine - Chagunda village 131 The Chiwejere shrine - M’Denga village 132 The Mpinganjira shrine also known as Makewana shrine - Mpinganjira village 133 The Kumsamala shrine - Msamala village 133 The Mmanga rain shrine - Mmanga village 134 Royal graves 134 Inter-local rain shrines' relationship with the mother shrine at Mponda 136 c Political organisation 137 Liwonde chiefdom 141 The Kalembo chiefdom 144 The Mlumbe-Chikowi chiefdoms 146 The Mponda chiefdom 147 The Lundu chiefdom 148 The Malemia-Kumtumanji chiefdoms 148 The Msamala chiefdom 149 7 P-g-S-g CHAPTER 4 RITUALS PERFORMED BY BIMBI 151 a Chilewe ritual dance 151 b Milawe: possession seance 171 The preliminaries 172 The structure of milawe 185 The introduction (malonje) 186 Opening prayer by Bimbi invoking the ancestral spirits (changed soloistically) 187 The supplication of the people 187 The Sermon 190 The great prayer for rain (in a soloist form) 196 The dismissal 197 The moral significance of milawe 198 CHAPTER 5 RITUALS PERFORMED BY THE PEOPLE 202 a Rain-calling ceremonies at Bimbi rain shrines 202 Offering for rain at Nyangu's rain shrine 210 Religious and sociological significance of offerings for rain 227 Rain offerings as a form of worship 228 Offerings as means of confession of sins 230 Offerings as a means of entering in communion with the spirit world 232 Offerings as a gift of thanksgiving 233 b Other agricultural rituals - how to drive kapuche away 236 c Bimbi vs rain stopping 239 CHAPTER 6 THE CONCEPT OF GOD IN THE BIMBI CULT 244 Mulungu 253 Chiuta or Chauta 255 Mamalenga 256 Mphambe 26 0 Leza, lezi, Mlezi 261 b Other aspects of God 262 The nature and role of territorial spirits 264 i 7a page CHAPTER 7 MYTH AND HISTORY IN THE BIMBI CULT 274 a The origin of the Bimbi cult 274 b The Bimbi cult in the Upper Shire Valley 283 The earlier Bimbis and their life histories 289 CHAPTER 8 THE BIMBI CULT AND ITS INTERACTION WJTH ISLAM AND CHRISTIANITY 322 a The Bimbi cult and Islam 322 The Bimbi cult and Islam: Past and present 324 b The Bimbi cult and the Christian church 33 3 CONCLUDING REMARKS 34 4 APPENDIX A: SWALEYI MKWANDA BIMBI'S GENEALOGY 348 APPENDIX B: REGNAL LISTS 349 APPENDIX C: ANCESTRAL SPIRITS MENTIONED IN RITUALS AND PRAYERS IN THE THESIS 351 APPENDIX D: THE QADIRIYA AND THE SUKUTI BROTHERHOODS 3 56 MAPS 3 58 FOOTNOTES 361 SOURCES 39 6 PUBLISHED MATERIAL 413 THESES 421 i 8 Abbreviations Approx. approx imately CCAP Church of Central Africa Presbyterian DC District Commissioner D/o daughter of F female G.V.H. Group village headman KAR King's African Rifles M male N Ngoni O.T. Oral Tradition S/o son of S.T.A. Sub-traditional Authority T Territorial T. A. Traditional Authority UMCA Universities' Mission to Central Africa V.H. Village headman Y Yao 9 Glossary of Chichewa and Yao terms used in this stud1' achimisyene (Y) the owners achimwene brother achino (Y) this one adzafukuka they will rise af iti witches akudwala is sick akulu-akulu elders akulu-wa-ampingo cult elders or church elders akumizimu the spirits akumulungu those in God's world all . is amachitila does amafukuka they rise amakhala they remain, they live amalakhula speaks or speak (they) amasekera they rejoice amatukwani z ana they insult one another amawoneka appears; looks like ambuye lord ameneyu this one ang'ono junior ankhoswe guardians anthu peoples asilikali soldiers azimu spirits bambo father bele breast Bimbi he who prophecies about rain boma administration bongololo worm
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