CENSUS OF INDIA 1971 BIHAR SERIES 4 PARTVI·B SPECIAL SURVEY REPORTS ON SELECTED TOWNS MADHUPUR Field investigation and first draft RAJENDRA PRASAD Tabulation Officer Supervision, guidance and final draft SHAHBUDDIN MOHAMMAD Deputy Director Editor J. C. KALRA Deputy Director ofCrmSfls Operations, Bihar 1971 CENSUS PUBUCATIONS, BIHAR (All the Census PublicatioDs of this State will bear Sed PART I-A General Report (Report on. data yielded from F and Tables on Mother-tongue and Religion) PART I-B General Report (Detailed analysis of the Demogm Social, Cultural and Migration Pattern) PART I-C Subsidiary Tables PART II-A· • General Population Tables (A-I, A-II, A-III and , and P.C.A.)'" PART II-A­ General Population Tables (Standard Urban Area SuPPLEMENT PORTRAIT OF POPULATION'" PART n-B(i) General Economic Tables (B-1 Part A and B-II)" P-ART H-B(ii)· General Economic Tables (B-1 Part B, B-UI, B-IV , B-VII to B-IX)t PART II-B(iii) General Economic Tables (B-V and B-VI)t PART II-C(i) Social and Cultural Tables (C-VII and C-VIII)" PART 1I-f:(ii) Social and Cultural Tables (C-l to C-VI and Fertility Tabl PART II·D Migration Tab1est P'ART III-A Report on Establishments and Subsidiary Tables Establishment Tablest PARTIII-B Establkhment Tables .. PART IV Housing Report and Tables* pARTV-A Special Tables for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tril: PARTVl-A Town-Directory" PARTVl-B Special Survey Reports on selected townst PARTVI-C Survey Reports on selected villages I PART VIIl-A Administratiol\ Report on Enumeration * Jr For official :PART VIII-B Administration Report on Tabulation use only PART IX Census Atlas PART IX-A(i) Administrative Atlas relating to Patna and 1'irhut Division PART IX-A(ii) Administrative Atlas relati ng to Bhagalpur and ChOi nagpur Divisions· PART X-A District Census Handbook (Town and Village Directory PARTX-B District Census Handbook' (Village and Townwi! Primary Census Abstract)$ PARTX-C District Census Handbook (Analytical Report ar AC£mihis~f.aHve Statistics and District Census Tables) *~ready.Pti}lted' r In ~~¥tcSt:.nt Voiumc (Madhupur Town) $District Census HandbW.Uor'a1l11 <listricts ofPatna, Gaya, Shanarllc . Saran, Champaran,. ¥lJSiffarp~, 'Darbhanga, Monghyr, Bhagalpu' _Saharsa, Purn<:a, Sa1.\~~ Parganas, . Palamau, Hazaribagh, Ranch .lll!~nbad and Slnghbhitmc'alteady pnnted. CONTENTS PAGR FOREWORD V PREFACE. IX CHAPTER L-Introduction 1 CHAPTER II_History of the Growth of the Town 22 CHAPTER IIf_Amenities and Services.-History of Growth llnd present position 32 CHAPTER IV~Economiclife of the Town 85 CHAPTER V_Ethnric and selected SOcio-Demographic Charac- teristics ofthe population. 145 CHAPTER VI_Migration and settlement offamilies 165 GRApTER VII_Neighbourhood Pattern 172 CHAPTER VIII-Family life in the Town . 175 CHAPTER IX_Housing and Material Culture 182 CHAPTER X_Slums blighted and other areas with sub- standard living conditions 185 CHAPTER XI_Organization of Power and Prestige 188 CH,"pr£R XII-Leisure and Recreation, Social participation. Socialawarel~es~, Religion and Crime 191 CHAPTER XIII-Linkages and Continua 210 CHAPTER XIV_Recapitulation and Conclusion. 223 ApPENDIX I 326 ApPENDIX II 230 APPENDIX III 233 List of Photographs 133-143 FOREWORD 'The Census has become an indispensable instru­ ment of policy and development planning. It need hardly be stressed that a census is not a mere counting of heads. It is a kind of stock -taking as it were, of the nation's human wealth. Census aims at presenting as complete a picture of man as may be possible in his social, cultural and economic setting. Recognising that its role is to serve the needs of the planner, policy maker, administrator and the academician, the census organisation from time to time arranges discussions with the main data users and seeks guidance in planning its operations. However, for a further and more realistic appreciation of the data thrown up by the census on various aspects of the life of the community, it has been realised that more and more empirical studies would have to be under­ taken. This requirement was kept in view even while planning the 1961 Census. The studies undertaken as ancillary to it, and particularly the socio-economic survey of five hundred and odd villages throughout the country provided insight into the meaning of the statistical data in terms of real life situations. India is no doubt predominantly rural, but urbani­ sation has been rapidly occurring. With increasing tempo of economic and industrial development of the country urbanisation would seem inevitable. Urbani­ sation has become sine qua non of progress. Urban centres are undoubtedly the centres of dissemination of knowledge, new ideas, technical skills and so on. This influences the life around till more and more areas get urbanised. India is at this interesting transi­ tional stage and the census organisation though it fit to undertake studies to get a deeper insjght into the growth of small town~ which are likely to play VI an important role in the life and economy of the community in the near future. Under the 1971 Census a separate Town Directory giving certain basic data pertaining to each town in the country was brought out. This is being supplemented by fairly detailed accounts of a few towns selected for study all over the country which may help to bring out the intensity and effect of the socio-economic forces generated by urbanisation as also what impact urbanisation has made on the rural neighbourhood. In consultation with the town planners, anthro­ pologists, sociologists, geographers, economists, demo­ graphers, etc., the criteria laid down for selection of towns for special studies were size; demographic features, such as growth rate, density of population and age of town; functional type; Ioeational factors such as topography and natur~l environment, climate, growth pattern of the region, growth history and distance from nearest metropolitan area; nature of relation with other towns; concentration of ethnic or religious group, caste or community; and other social and cultural phenomena. , Towns with maximum clustering of the different .criteria were perferred at the time of the selection, on an an India basis, at the same time ensuring that the various characterisHcs are represented in one town or the other as finally selected for the study. This study covers, among other things, the (a) growth history of towns including the infrastructure of growth and basic and non-basic economy and con­ comitant" changes in the economic and social relations of the region, (b) growth history of the various servicing institutions in the towns in response to the different factors of change and the concomitant changes in the pattern of distribution of community power and prestige, (c) frequency and pattern of inter-action among the different segments of the population, vii (d) nature and intensity of linkages with other towns of the region on the one hand and the rural hinterland on the other, (e} persistence of the values. of tradi­ tional society and percolation of technologIcal values -of modern civilization in the social complex of towns, and (0 other ancillary matters. A set of schedules was evolved in connection with the present survey by the Social Studies D~.vision of the Office of the Registrar General, India, under the guidance of Dr. B. K. Roy Burman, Deputy Registrar General, India (Social Studies). The Survey of indivi­ dual towns has been carried out p1ainly by the Directors of Census Operations in the various States and Union Territories, with the technical advice of the Social Studies Division. Qualified research person­ nel have been placed at the disposal of the Directors of Census Operations I Social Studies Division of the Office of the Registrar General, India, for carrying out the field investigations and co-ordinatin'g the studies of individual towns, etc. It is an encouraging feature that certain individual scholars and academic institutions have come forward to take UD the studies of some towns within the framework of the present seheme. I feel confident, thanks, to the enthusiasm shown bv mv colleague<:> in the State Census Offices :mo the academic world, a corpus of knowledge will hI" huilt un which mav be 1'seful not only for academic purposes but also for various development ~ctlvitiel). The credit for organising these studies ri~htly belongs to my colleagues in the Social Studies Division. T am grateful to Dr. E. K. Rov Burman, who was in charge of the Social Studies Division, for stimulating hts colleagues in the Census Offices to study in depth the specific problems of social change and for deve­ loning the necessary tools for the study by devising exhaustive schedules for collecting the requisite data. I am thankful to Shri N. G. Nag, Assistant Registrar viii General, who later took over the co-ordination of the programme from Dr. Roy Burman. I also acknowledge the important role of Shri C. G. Jadhav, Officer on Special Duty, who undertook the scrutiny of the statis­ tJical data and drafts prepared in the census offices in the states with the assistance of Smt. R. Sabharwal and Sarvashri R. K:. Mehta and N. P. Jagota. The present monograph is the outcome of the study undertaken by the Directorate of Census Opera­ tions, Bihar. The study was conducted by Shri Rajendra Prasad, Tabulation Officer (S.S.) under the supervision of Shri Shahbuddin Mohammad. Shri R. P. Tomar, Assistant Director and Shri Shahbuddin Mohammad, Deputy Director of Census Operations, edited the report. I am indebted to my colleagues in the Census Office for their painstaking efforts in the preparation of the monograph. NEW DELHI: P. PADMANABHA October 4, 1978 Registrar General, India. PREFACE An unambiguous definition of the urban areas has been deluding the demographers, so far.