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Livelihood Adaptation in Bosnia- Herzegovina, 1989 – 2004

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Livelihood Adaptation in Bosnia- Herzegovina, 1989 – 2004 COPING WITH WAR, COPING WITH PEACE: LIVELIHOOD ADAPTATION IN BOSNIA- HERZEGOVINA, 1989 – 2004 ELIZABETH STITES SUE LAUTZE DYAN MAZURANA ALMA ANIC APRIL 2005 Coping with War, Coping with Peace Table of Contents Acknowledgments............................................................................................................... 5 Executive Summary............................................................................................................ 6 Section I: Theoretical Framework and Methodology ....................................................... 12 Livelihood Framework.................................................................................................. 12 Study Methods and Data Collection ............................................................................. 13 Longitudinal Surveys ............................................................................................ 14 Section II: Policies, Institutions, and Processes................................................................ 16 Politics, Society, and Economy in Bosnia-Herzegovina .............................................. 16 1989........................................................................................................................... 16 Armed Conflict ......................................................................................................... 17 Humanitarian Assistance ...................................................................................... 19 Political Interventions ........................................................................................... 22 2004........................................................................................................................... 22 Six Surveyed Villages................................................................................................... 25 Brezani ...................................................................................................................... 25 Jakes.......................................................................................................................... 26 Krtova ....................................................................................................................... 27 Potocari ..................................................................................................................... 28 Prud........................................................................................................................... 30 Sevarlije .................................................................................................................... 31 Section III: Outcomes and Assets..................................................................................... 32 Livelihood Outcomes.................................................................................................... 32 Assets ............................................................................................................................ 34 Human Capital .......................................................................................................... 35 Dependency Ratios................................................................................................ 37 Fluctuating Households........................................................................................ 38 Health.................................................................................................................... 40 Access to Health Care........................................................................................... 41 Health Status of Households and Individuals....................................................... 42 Changes in Consumption: Medical Care.............................................................. 44 Health and Livelihoods......................................................................................... 47 Food Security........................................................................................................ 50 Financial Capital and Economic Security................................................................. 52 Education Expenditures........................................................................................ 54 Purchases of Clothes............................................................................................. 56 Remittances........................................................................................................... 57 Remittance Systems in Bosnia-Herzegovina......................................................... 57 Remittance Systems in Brezani, Jakes, Krtova, Potocari, Prud, and Sevarlije .... 58 Humanitarian Assistance ...................................................................................... 62 Accessing Food Aid............................................................................................... 65 Physical Capital: Shelter........................................................................................... 67 Household Utilities ............................................................................................... 71 Shelter Assistance ................................................................................................. 72 Section IV: Livelihood Strategies..................................................................................... 78 2 Coping with War, Coping with Peace Livelihood Diversification and Intensification ............................................................. 79 Measuring Livelihood Diversification...................................................................... 79 Measuring Livelihood Intensification....................................................................... 85 Obtaining Food ......................................................................................................... 88 Food Strategies during Conflict............................................................................ 91 Food Strategies in 2004 ........................................................................................ 92 Gender, Age, and Livelihoods .................................................................................. 94 Displacement/Migration ............................................................................................... 96 Refuge....................................................................................................................... 97 Return...................................................................................................................... 100 Section V: Conclusions................................................................................................... 102 Annex I. Survey Instrument........................................................................................... 107 Annex II: About the Surveyors....................................................................................... 118 Endnotes.......................................................................................................................... 120 Index of Tables, Figures and Graphs Figure 1. Simplified Livelihoods Framework ............................................................................... 13 Table 1. Aggregate HH Demographic Figures by Age, 1989, Conflict, and 2004........................ 35 Table 2. Age Distribution of HH Members by Village, 1989, Conflict, and 2004 ...................... 36 Table 3. Dependency Ratios 1989, Height of Conflict, and 2004................................................. 38 Table 4. Exit of HH Members for Reasons Other Than Death and Reason for Leaving, by Village, Conflict ................................................................................................................................. 39 Table 5. Primary Funding of Health Care, 1989, Conflict, 2004 .................................................. 41 Table 6. Distribution of HH with at Least 1 Member Ill by Village 1989, Conflict and 2004 .... 42 Table 7. Distribution of Health of Survey Population, 1989, Conflict and 2004.......................... 43 Table 8. Health Status of Individuals by Village, 1989, Conflict and 2004................................. 44 Table 9. Percentage of HH Reducing Health Services, by Village, 1989, Conflict, and 2004 ..... 44 Table 10. Average Productive Occupations/HH and HH Health Status, 1989, Conflict, 2004 ... 48 Table 11: Percent of HH That Reduced Food Intake, by Village, 1989, Conflict, and 2004........ 50 Table 12: Household Economic Security: 1989, Height of Conflict, 2004................................... 52 Table 13. Comparative Abilities to Meet HH Expenses, by Village, 1989, Conflict and 2004.... 54 Table 14. Percentage of HH that Reduced Educational Outlays, by Village ................................ 55 Table 15. Percentage of HH Reducing Purchases of Clothes by Village, 1989, Conflict, and 2004 .............................................................................................................................................. 56 Table 16. Percentage of HH in Remittance Relationships, by Category, by Village ................... 58 Table 17: HH Ranking of Food Aid as Source of Food, Aggregate, 1989, Conflict, 2004........... 62 Table 18: HH Receipts of Food Assistance and Ranking of Importance of Food Aid, Conflict, by Village. ................................................................................................................................. 62 Table 19:
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