DOCSLIB.ORG

European Social Charter the Government of Bosnia And

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
European Social Charter the Government of Bosnia And 16/06/2021 RAP/RCha/BIH/11 (2021) EUROPEAN SOCIAL CHARTER 11th National Report on the implementation of the European Social Charter submitted by THE GOVERNMENT OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA Articles 11, 12, 13, 14 and 23 of the European Social Charter for the period 01/01/2016 – 31/12/2019 Report registered by the Secretariat on 16 June 2021 CYCLE 2021 BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA MINISTRY OF HUMAN RIGHTS AND REFUGEES THE ELEVENTH REPORT OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE EUROPEAN SOCIAL CHARTER /REVISED/ GROUP I: HEALTH, SOCIAL SECURITY AND SOCIAL PROTECTION ARTICLES 11, 12, 13, 14 AND 23 REFERENCE PERIOD: JANUARY 2016 - DECEMBER 2019 SARAJEVO, SEPTEMBER 2020 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................... 3 II. ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISION OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA ........... 4 III. GENERAL LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK ......................................................... 5 1. Bosnia and Herzegovina ............................................................................................... 5 2. Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina ....................................................................... 5 3. Republika Srpska ........................................................................................................... 9 4. Brčko District of Bosnia and Herzegovina .............................................................. 10 IV. IMPLEMENTATION OF RATIFIED ESC/R/ PROVISIONS IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA ............................................................................................... 11 1. Article 11 – Right to protection of health .................................................................... 11 1.1. Article 11 paragraph 1 - Removal of cause of ill-health ....................................... 11 1.2. Article 11 paragraph 2 – Advisory and educational facilities................................ 32 1.3. Article 11 paragraph 3 – Preventing disease and accidence .................................. 43 2. Article 12 – Right to Social Insurance .......................................................................... 64 2.1. Article 12 paragraph 1 – Existence of social insurance system............................. 64 2.2. Article 12 paragraph 2 – Maintaining social insurance system ............................. 75 3. Article 13 – Right to Social and Medical Assistance ...................................... 78 3.1. Article 13 paragraph 1 – Adequate assistance for every socially vulnerable person .................................................................................................................................... 78 3.2. Article 13 paragraph 2 – Prohibition of discrimination in exercising social and political rights .................................................................................................................... 101 3.3. Article 13 paragraph3 – Preventing, removing, or alleviating. ........................... 103 4. Article 14 – Right to benefit from social welfare services .......................... 104 4.1. Article 14 paragraph 1 – Promoting or providing social services ....................... 104 4.2. Article 14 paragraph 2 – Public participation in establishing and maintaining social protection services ................................................................................................. 108 5. Article 23 – Right of the elderly to social protection ............................................... 110 V. ABBREVIATIONS ..................................................................................................... 128 VI. CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................ 128 VII. APPENDIX 1: TABULAR DATA OVERVIEW FOR INSTITUTIONS OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA WITH REGARD TO INDIVIDUAL COMMITTEE QUESTIONS.............................................................................130 2 I. INTRODUCTION Bosnia and Herzegovina ratified the European Social Charter (revised) on 7 October 20081 and is delivering its Eleventh Report on the implementation the European Social Charter (revised) in accordance with Article 21 thereof. This Report includes provisions of the European Social Charter (revised) from the second thematic group /health, social security and social protection/, relating to articles: 11, 12, 13, 14, 23, for the reporting period January 2016 - December 2019. The Report was prepared in accordance with the new reporting system adopted by the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe on 31 October 2007, and in accordance with the form for reports to be submitted on the implementation of accepted provisions of the European Social Charter /revised/2 for all relevant information on adopted measures for its implementation, in particular: 1) Legislative framework - all laws or regulations, collective agreements or other provisions that contribute to its implementation; 2) Measures - administrative arrangements, programmes, action plans, projects, etc. taken to implement the legal framework; 3) Figures, statistics, or any other relevant information enabling an evaluation of the extent to which these provisions are applied. All instructions arising from the interpretation of articles of the Charter given by the European Committee for Social Right and summed up as the Digest of the Case Law were taken into account so that the subject-matter of the provisions can be entirely clear. The Eleventh Report of Bosnia and Herzegovina for the thematic group /health, socials security and social protection/ includes updated information on legal framework from the prior reports, and relevant explanations, i.e. information on the situation development in the reporting period. In accordance with Article 23 of the European Social Charter /revised/, copies of this Report will be delivered to relevant employers' organizations and trade unions: - The Confederation of Independent Trade Unions of Bosnia and Herzegovina; - The Confederation of Trade Unions of the Republika Srpska; - The Trade Union of the Brčko District of Bosnia and Herzegovina; - The Association of Employers of Bosnia and Herzegovina; - The Association of Employers of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina; - The Association of Employers of the Republika Srpska; - The Association of Employers of the Brčko District of Bosnia and Herzegovina. 1 The BiH Presidency, at its 42nd session held on 16 July 2008, adopted the Decision on ratification of the European Social Charter /revised/ (Official Gazette of BiH, 8/08); 2 It was adopted at the session of the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe on 26 March 2008; 3 II. ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISION OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA NOTE: At the 136th session of the Council of Europe's Committee on Social Rights, the Committee representatives requested the representatives of Bosnia and Herzegovina that all subsequent reports contain a scheme of administrative division of Bosnia and Herzegovina, in order to facilitate understanding of the application of ratified provisions of the European Social Charter /revised/ in Bosnia and Herzegovina. FEDERACIJA BOSNE I HERCEGOVINE REPUBLIKA SRPSKA BRČKO DISTRIKT BOSNE I HERCEGOVINE BOSNA I HERCEGOVINA BOSNA The administrative division of Bosnia and Herzegovina was established by the Dayton Peace Agreement, and according to it Bosnia and Herzegovina is administratively divided into two Entities: the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (51% of the state territory), the Republika Srpska (49% of the total territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina) and the Brčko District, which does not belong to either of the entities, but represents a separate administrative unit the Institutions of Bosnia and Herzegovina have sovereignty over. The Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Republika Srpska are entities with their own constitutions, which must be in conformity with the Constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina, as well as their governments, the legislative branch and the judiciary. The territory of Brčko, which was under arbitration, did not belong to either entity, but was decided by the International Arbitration Commission for Brčko to be placed under the administration of the State of Bosnia and Herzegovina as a separate district on 8 March 2000. The Brčko District has own multi-ethnic government with an elected assembly, executive Committee, judiciary and police forces. The Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina consists of 103 cantons, further administratively divided into municipalities. 3 1. The Una-Sana Canton; 2. the Posavina Canton; 3. the Tuzla Canton; 4. the Zenica-Doboj Canton; 5. the Bosnia-Podrinje Canton; 6. The Central Bosnia Canton; 7. the Herzegovina-Neretva Canton; 8. the West Herzegovina Canton; 9. the Sarajevo Canton; 10. the Canton 10; 4 The division of competences between the different levels of government in Bosnia and Herzegovina for all areas, including labour legislation and social rights, is based on the Constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Constitution of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Constitution of the Republika Srpska, the Statute of the Brčko District of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the constitutions of the ten cantons. In this respect, the legislative bodies of the both entities - the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Republika Srpska, as well as the Brčko District of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the cantons, are competent to pass laws and by-laws in the field of labour legislation.The laws governing
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Bosnia and Herzegovina
    Returnee Monitoring Study Minority Returnees to the Republika Srpska - Bosnia and Herzegovina UNHCR Sarajevo June 2000 This study was researched and written by Michelle Alfaro, with the much appreciated assistance and support of Snjezana Ausic, Zoran Beric, Ranka Bekan-Cihoric, Jadranko Bijelica, Sanja Kljajic, Renato Kunstek, Nefisa Medosevic, Svjetlana Pejdah, Natasa Sekularac, Maja Simic, and Alma Zukic, and especially Olivera Markovic. For their assistance with conducting interviews, we are grateful to BOSPO, a Tuzla NGO, and IPTF and OSCE in Prijedor Municipality. ii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1. INTRODUCTION UNHCR conducted a Returnee Monitoring Framework (RMF) study in the Republika Srpska (RS) between 5 January and 3 March 2000. A total of 194 interviews were carried out, covering 30 villages or towns within 12 municipalities, with minority returnees to the RS who had either fully returned or were in the process of return. The purpose of the this study was to gauge the national protection afforded to minority returnees to the RS, the living conditions of returnees, as well as the positive and negative factors which affect the sustainability of return. For example, interviewees were asked questions about security, schools, pensions, health care, etc. Through the 194 interviews, UNHCR was able to obtain information on 681 persons. Broken down by ethnicity, there were 657 Bosniacs, 13 Bosnian Croats, and 11 Other which included Serbs in mixed marriages, people of mixed ethnicity and several people of other nationalities who had immigrated to BH before the conflict. 20% of the study group was over 60 years old (elderly), 54% was between the ages of 19-59, 20% was school age (7-18 years), and 6% was 0-6 years old.
    [Show full text]
  • Republic of Serbia Ipard Programme for 2014-2020
    EN ANNEX Ministry of Agriculture and Environmental Protection Republic of Serbia REPUBLIC OF SERBIA IPARD PROGRAMME FOR 2014-2020 27th June 2019 1 List of Abbreviations AI - Artificial Insemination APSFR - Areas with Potential Significant Flood Risk APV - The Autonomous Province of Vojvodina ASRoS - Agricultural Strategy of the Republic of Serbia AWU - Annual work unit CAO - Competent Accrediting Officer CAP - Common Agricultural Policy CARDS - Community Assistance for Reconstruction, Development and Stabilisation CAS - Country Assistance Strategy CBC - Cross border cooperation CEFTA - Central European Free Trade Agreement CGAP - Code of Good Agricultural Practices CHP - Combined Heat and Power CSF - Classical swine fever CSP - Country Strategy Paper DAP - Directorate for Agrarian Payment DNRL - Directorate for National Reference Laboratories DREPR - Danube River Enterprise Pollution Reduction DTD - Dunav-Tisa-Dunav Channel EAR - European Agency for Reconstruction EC - European Commission EEC - European Economic Community EU - European Union EUROP grid - Method of carcass classification F&V - Fruits and Vegetables FADN - Farm Accountancy Data Network FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization FAVS - Area of forest available for wood supply FOWL - Forest and other wooded land FVO - Food Veterinary Office FWA - Framework Agreement FWC - Framework Contract GAEC - Good agriculture and environmental condition GAP - Gross Agricultural Production GDP - Gross Domestic Product GEF - Global Environment Facility GEF - Global Environment Facility GES
    [Show full text]
  • Women Living Islam in Post-War and Post-Socialist Bosnia and Herzegovina Emira Ibrahimpasic
    University of New Mexico UNM Digital Repository Anthropology ETDs Electronic Theses and Dissertations 7-1-2012 Women Living Islam in Post-War and Post-Socialist Bosnia and Herzegovina Emira Ibrahimpasic Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/anth_etds Part of the Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Ibrahimpasic, Emira. "Women Living Islam in Post-War and Post-Socialist Bosnia and Herzegovina." (2012). https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/anth_etds/35 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Electronic Theses and Dissertations at UNM Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Anthropology ETDs by an authorized administrator of UNM Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Emira Ibrahimpasic Candidate Anthropology Department This dissertation is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication: Approved by the Dissertation Committee: Carole Nagengast, Ph.D. , Chairperson Louise Lamphere, Ph.D. Melissa Bokovoy, Ph.D. Elissa Helms, Ph.D. i WOMEN LIVING ISLAM IN POST-WAR AND POST-SOCIALIST BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA by EMIRA IBRAHIMPASIC B.A. Hamline University, 2002 M.A. University of New Mexico, 2005 DISSERTATION Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Anthropology The University of New Mexico Albuquerque, New Mexico ii DEDICATION To the memory of my grandparents Nazila (rođ. Ismailović) Salihović 1917-1996 and Mehmed Salihović 1908-1995 iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Numerous women and men contributed to this dissertation project. I am grateful for all the guidance, help, and support I received from the women I met over the years. At times, when I felt that many of the questions at hand could not be answered, it was my primary informants that provided contacts and suggestions in how to proceed and address the problems.
    [Show full text]
  • Alternative Report HRC Bosnia
    Written Information for the Consideration of Bosnia and Herzegovina’s Second Periodic Report by the Human Rights Committee (CCPR/C/BIH/2) SEPTEMBER 2012 Submitted by TRIAL (Swiss Association against Impunity) Association of the Concentration Camp-Detainees Bosnia and Herzegovina Association of Detained – Association of Camp-Detainees of Brčko District Bosnia and Herzegovina Association of Families of Killed and Missing Defenders of the Homeland War from Bugojno Municipality Association of Relatives of Missing Persons from Ilijaš Municipality Association of Relatives of Missing Persons from Kalinovik (“Istina-Kalinovik ‘92”) Association of Relatives of Missing Persons of the Sarajevo-Romanija Region Association of Relatives of Missing Persons of the Vogošća Municipality Association Women from Prijedor – Izvor Association of Women-Victims of War Croatian Association of War Prisoners of the Homeland War in Canton of Central Bosnia Croatian Association of Camp-Detainees from the Homeland War in Vareš Prijedor 92 Regional Association of Concentration Camp-Detainees Višegrad Sumejja Gerc Union of Concentration Camp-Detainees of Sarajevo-Romanija Region Vive Žene Tuzla Women’s Section of the Association of Concentration Camp Torture Survivors Canton Sarajevo TRIAL P.O. Box 5116 CH-1211 Geneva 11 Tél/Fax: +41 22 3216110 [email protected] www.trial-ch.org CCP: 17-162954-3 CONTENTS Contents Paragraphs Background 1. Right to Life and Prohibition of Torture and Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment, Remedies and Administration of Justice (Arts. 6,
    [Show full text]
  • Bosnia and Herzegovina Joint Opinion on the Legal
    Strasbourg, Warsaw, 9 December 2019 CDL-AD(2019)026 Opinion No. 951/2019 Or. Engl. ODIHR Opinion Nr.:FoA-BiH/360/2019 EUROPEAN COMMISSION FOR DEMOCRACY THROUGH LAW (VENICE COMMISSION) OSCE OFFICE FOR DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTIONS AND HUMAN RIGHTS (OSCE/ODIHR) BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA JOINT OPINION ON THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK GOVERNING THE FREEDOM OF PEACEFUL ASSEMBLY IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA, IN ITS TWO ENTITIES AND IN BRČKO DISTRICT Adopted by the Venice Commission at its 121st Plenary Session (Venice, 6-7 December 2019) On the basis of comments by Ms Claire BAZY-MALAURIE (Member, France) Mr Paolo CAROZZA (Member, United States of America) Mr Nicolae ESANU (Substitute member, Moldova) Mr Jean-Claude SCHOLSEM (substitute member, Belgium) This document will not be distributed at the meeting. Please bring this copy. www.venice.coe.int CDL-AD(2019)026 - 2 - Table of Contents I. Introduction ................................................................................................................ 3 II. Background and Scope of the Opinion ...................................................................... 4 III. International Standards .............................................................................................. 5 IV. Legal context and legislative competence .................................................................. 6 V. Analysis ..................................................................................................................... 8 A. Definitions of public assembly ..................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Srebrenica - Intro ENG.Qxp 21/07/2009 2:59 PM Page 1
    srebrenica - intro ENG.qxp 21/07/2009 2:59 PM Page 1 BRIDGING THE GAP BETWEEN THE ICTY AND COMMUNITIES IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA CONFERENCE SERIES SREBRENICA 21 MAY 2005 srebrenica - intro ENG.qxp 21/07/2009 2:59 PM Page 2 BRIDGING THE GAP BETWEEN THE ICTY AND COMMUNITIES IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA The Bridging the Gap conference in Srebrenica would not have been possible without the hard work and dedication of many people and agencies. Our thanks to all those that made this remarkable series possible. Appreciation is expressed to the Helsinki Committee in Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Their commitment to truth-seeking and upholding basic human values, often in the face of hostility, is acknowledged. The event was generously supported by the Neighbourhood Programme of the Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Heartfelt appreciation is extended to those people most affected by the crimes addressed at the conference. Without their bravery, nothing could be accomplished. ii Bridging the Gap between the ICTY and communities in Bosnia and Herzegovina CONFERENCE SERIES SREBRENICA 21 MAY 2005 A publication of the Communications Service, Registry, ICTY Contents Editor: Liam McDowall Graphics Editor: Leslie Hondebrink-Hermer Contributors: Ernesa Begi}-Ademagi}, Rebecca Cuthill, Matias Hellman, James Landale, Natalie O’Brien Printed by Albani drukkers, The Hague, Netherlands 2009 SREBRENICA srebrenica - intro ENG.qxp 21/07/2009 2:59 PM Page 3 BRIDGING THE GAP BETWEEN THE ICTY AND COMMUNITIES IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA Table of contents Map
    [Show full text]
  • The Law Amending the Law on the Courts of The
    LAW AMENDING THE LAW ON COURTS OF THE REPUBLIKA SRPSKA Article 1 In the Law on Courts of the Republika Srpska (“Official Gazette of the Republika Srpska”, No: 37/12) in Article 26, paragraph 1, lines b), e), l) and nj) shall be amended to read as follows: “b) the Basic Court in Bijeljina, for the territory of the Bijeljina city, and Ugljevik and Lopare municipalities,”, “e) the Basic Court in Doboj, for the territory of Doboj city and Petrovo and Stanari municipalities,”, “l) the Basic Court in Prijedor, for the territory of Prijedor city, and Oštra Luka and Kozarska Dubica municipalities,” and “nj) the Basic Court in Trebinje, for the territory of Trebinje city, and Ljubinje, Berkovići, Bileća, Istočni Mostar, Nevesinje and Gacko municipalities,”. Article 2 In Article 28, in line g), after the wording: “of this Law” and comma punctuation mark, the word: “and” shall be deleted. In line d), after the wording: “of this Law”, the word: “and” shall be added as well as the new line đ) to read as follows: “đ) the District Court in Prijedor, for the territories covered by the Basic Courts in Prijedor and Novi Grad, and for the territory covered by the Basic Court in Kozarska Dubica in accordance with conditions from Article 99 of this Law.” Article 3 In Article 29, line g), after the wording: “the District Commercial Court in Trebinje”, the word: “and” shall be deleted and a comma punctuation mark shall be inserted. In line d), after the wording: “the District Commercial Court in East Sarajevo”, the word: “and” shall be added as well as the
    [Show full text]
  • Permanent Mission of the Republic of Croatia to the International
    Permanent Mission of the Republic of Croatia EF.DEL/10/07/Corr.1 to the International Organizations in Vienna 23 January 2007 ENGLISH only Statement made by Mr. Zdravko KRMEK, State Secretary in the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Management (Session IV of the 15th OSCE Economic and Environmental Forum, Vienna, 23 January 2007) Mr. Chairman, in the framework of our today's discussion I would like to stress the importance of a consultation between neighbouring states and at the regional level when combating soil degradation in the aim to avoid social problems linked to sustainable development. The Republic of Croatia, as probably a number of other states who have been part of former federations or composite states, has interesting experience in the field: rivers or river basins of internal nature are now of international character. This requires a number of interstate agreements on integral water management. One of the best examples for good cooperation on the regional level is without any doubt the Framework Agreement in Sava River Basin signed in 2003 by four countries of the Former Yugoslav Federation: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Slovenia and Serbia with the participation of international partners including the Stability Pact and the OSCE. This initiative is today better known as Sava River Initiative and the first experience shows that this is a very good basis for further cooperation between these four countries. With the Republic of Slovenia there is also the Agreement of Integral Water Management, signed in 1997, as well as with Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1996. With the Republic of Montenegro a preparation of such an agreement is in final phase, as well as with the Republic of Serbia.
    [Show full text]
  • Co-Processing of Municipal Waste…
    Co -processing of municipal waste as an alternative fuel in the cement industry in BiH Bulletin of the project – November 2017 ABOUT THE PROJECT The project "Co-processing of municipal municipalities, public utility companies alternative fuels, in accordance with the waste as an alternative fuel in the cement and private companies from the Zenica- legislation of BiH and the European Union. industry in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH)" Doboj, Central Bosnia Canton and Sarajevo is a very successful example of cooperation Canton participated in the events since Sanela Veljkovski between the private and public sectors in they are to inform on the objectives and Project Coordinator, GIZ - Programm developpp.de the area of environmental protection and obligations related to the waste research on the possibilities of improving management system on the federal level. the waste management system. Bearing in mind the negative impact of The project is funded by the German uncontrolled waste disposal on the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation environment, this project proposes and Development and implemented by the solutions for reducing the amount of waste German Organization for International deposited in landfills. Namely, through a Content Cooperation GIZ - Program develoPPP.de large number of studies and analyzes, and the Cement Factory Kakanj (TCK), opportunities have been explored in which along with their partner organizations - municipalities could be suppliers of cement Page 1 - About the project, Sanela Veljkovski the Regional Development Agency for plants in the future with alternative fuel Page 2 - Promotional activities Part 1 Central BiH Region (REZ Agency) and the (fuel from waste). Page 3 - Promotional activities Part 2 Faculty of Mechanical Engineering of the The process of converting waste into University of Zenica.
    [Show full text]
  • The Continuing Challenge of Refugee Return in Bosnia & Herzegovina
    THE CONTINUING CHALLENGE OF REFUGEE RETURN IN BOSNIA & HERZEGOVINA 13 December 2002 Balkans Report N°137 Sarajevo/Brussels TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...................................................i I. INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................................1 II. RETURN AND DISPLACEMENT IN 2002...................................................................4 III. NATIONALIST STEREOTYPES AND THE POLITICAL IMPACT OF RETURN...............................................................................................................................5 IV. CREATING SPACE FOR RETURN OR RELOCATION?........................................7 A. RECONSTRUCTION ASSISTANCE........................................................................................ 7 B. PROPERTY REPOSSESSION ................................................................................................ 9 C. RETURNING TO SELL? .....................................................................................................11 D. ILLEGAL LAND ALLOCATION TO REFUGEES: DEMOGRAPHIC ENGINEERING CONTINUES .....11 V. REASONS NOT TO RETURN.......................................................................................14 A. DISCRIMINATION IN A DEPRESSED ECONOMY...................................................................14 B. MONO-ETHNIC INSTITUTIONS..........................................................................................16 C. SECURITY.......................................................................................................................18
    [Show full text]
  • Hookah: Background, History, and Health Consequences
    HOOKAH: BACKGROUND, HISTORY, AND HEALTH CONSEQUENCES WHAT IS HOOKAH? Hookah is a waterpipe that is used to smoke tobacco. A special type of tobacco is indirectly heated using coals or wood embers. Hookah is also known as shisha, sheesha, narghile, argileh, goza, and hubbly-bubbly. WHAT TYPE OF TOBACCO IS USED IN A HOOKAH PIPE? The tobacco used in a hookah is called shisha or maassel. Shisha is a sticky mixture of tobacco, honey or molasses, and other flavorings. Shisha is available in many flavorings such as: bubble gum, peanut butter, mango, grape, and mint. HOW LONG HAVE PEOPLE BEEN SMOKING HOOKAH? Hookah smoking originated many centuries ago. The exact origins of hookah are unclear. Many believe that hookah originated in India. Today, hookah is popular in the Middle East, Turkey, and parts of Asia and Africa. WHO USES HOOKAH IN THE UNITED STATES? IS SMOKING HOOKAH SAFER THAN SMOKING Hookah is growing in popularity in the United States particularly among college students. Hookah bars or lounges are popping up across the country CIGARETTES? and are seen as a place to gather with friends and socialize. No. Many people wrongly believe In the Twin Cities, hookah is particularly popular among East African that smoking hookah is safer than Immigrant groups (Somali and Oromo) and the young adult/college smoking cigarettes. This is not true. student population. One study of college students found that nearly half Unlike cigarette smoke, hookah (46%) of college students report that they have tried hookah. In Minnesota, smoke is cooled by water. This cooling makes hookah smoke feel 18-24 year olds report the highest rates of hookah use; nearly 4% of less harsh on the throat and lungs all 18-24 year olds and 9% of 18-24 year old cigarette smokers report than cigarette smoke.
    [Show full text]
  • Srebrenica Genocide – Facts & Summary
    SREBRENICA GENOCIDE – FACTS & SUMMARY 1. The Genocide in Srebrenica was among the worst of many atrocities to occur in the conflict in Bosnia and Herzegovina from April 1992 to November 1995, during which the policies of aggression and ethnic cleansing pursued by Bosnian Serb forces with the direct support of the Serbian regime of Slobodan Milosevic and its followers ultimately led to the displacement of more than 2,000,000 people, more than 100,000 killed, tens of thousands raped or otherwise tortured and abused, including at concentration camps in the Prijedor area, with the innocent civilians of Sarajevo and other urban centers such as: Bratunac, Foca, Kljuc, Prijedor, Sanski Most, Vlasenica, Zvornik, Osmaci, Doboj, Kotor Varos, repeatedly subjected to traumatic shelling and sniper attacks. 2. In addition to being the primary victims at Srebrenica, individuals of Bosniak - Bosnian Muslims heritage comprise the vast majority of the victims during the conflict in Bosnia and Herzegovina as a whole, especially among the civilian population. 3. Beginning in April 1992, the aggression and ethnic cleansing perpetrated by Bosnian Serb forces resulted in a massive influx of Bosniaks - Bosnian Muslims seeking protection in Srebrenica and its environs, which the United Nations Security Council designated a safe area within the Srebrenica enclave in Resolution 819 on April 16, 1993, under the protection of the United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR). 4. The UNPROFOR presence in Srebrenica consisted of a Dutch peacekeeping battalion, with representatives of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, the International Committee of the Red Cross, and the humanitarian medical aid agency Medecins Sans Frontieres (Doctors Without Borders) helping to provide humanitarian relief to the displaced population living in conditions of massive overcrowding, destitution, and disease.
    [Show full text]