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Memory Work in Srebrenica

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Memory Work in Srebrenica Memory Work in Srebrenica: Serb Women Tell their Stories. By Jagoda Gregulska Submitted to Central European University Nationalism Studies Program In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Advisor: Professor Vlad Naumescu CEU eTD Collection Budapest, Hungary 2009 Acknowledgments I would like to express my gratitude to Vlad Naumescu for introducing me to the fascinating field of memory studies and providing me with all the possible encouragement, help, and valuable advice throughout the process of writing. I especially appreciate his excellent questions, which made me look at the topic from a new perspective and try to squeeze as much as possible from the material. I am very grateful to Mirsad Tokaca, President of the Research and Documentation Centre for assisting me in the process of learning about the violent past of Bosnia, forcing me to learn ‘nas jezik’ and being an inspiration. Needless to say, I am deeply indebted to all the women of Srebrenica, who were ready to share their stories with me. CEU eTD Collection 2 Table of contents Acknowledgments ..................................................................................................................................................... 2 Abstract..................................................................................................................................................................... 4 Introduction .............................................................................................................................................................. 5 Theories of Collective Memory............................................................................................................................... 14 Collective memory- some theoretical aspects......................................................................................................... 14 Memory and nation............................................................................................................................................... 21 Landscape of memory in Srebrenica ...................................................................................................................... 27 Introduction.......................................................................................................................................................... 27 Potocari Memorial Centre .................................................................................................................................... 30 Serb commemorations .......................................................................................................................................... 33 The Serb women reflect on the commemorative arena............................................................................................ 36 ‘Transparent initiatives’........................................................................................................................................ 38 The role of the ‘outsiders’..................................................................................................................................... 43 Collective memory of Serb women ......................................................................................................................... 46 Methodology of research....................................................................................................................................... 47 Accounts of war.................................................................................................................................................... 48 Construction of narratives .................................................................................................................................... 60 Transmission of memory ....................................................................................................................................... 62 Conclusions.......................................................................................................................................................... 66 Serb Narrative of war ............................................................................................................................................. 68 Vision of war ........................................................................................................................................................ 68 The public discourse............................................................................................................................................. 74 Conclusions ............................................................................................................................................................. 76 CEU eTD Collection Appendix ................................................................................................................................................................. 84 Bibliography............................................................................................................................................................ 86 Endnotes.................................................................................................................................................................. 89 3 Abstract This thesis examines the collective memory of the Serbian women of Srebrenica and its relation to the process of reconciliation on both local and state level. Through analysing, elucidating and deconstructing national and ethnic motifs in the interviews conducted with Serbian women currently living in Srebrenica I identify recurrent patterns of a narrative of the war events. Far from attempting to present the memory of Serbian women as a coherent, homogenous narrative, the paper deconstructs common elements and similarities between individual stories and points towards the influence of the current situation in Srebrenica and the way the war events are remembered, narrated and explained. The paper outlines the politics of memory in Srebrenica, with special focus on the commemoration practices and international engagement in the process. The main finding of the research is that memories of the Serb women are narrated from the perspective of their experience of today's life and to a great extend reflect their sense of stigmatisation, denial of victimhood and perceived injustice. The author argues for an increase in the study of memory of the Serbian population of Bosnia. The argument contends that a more inclusive approach to memory in Srebrenica is a precondition for any sincere reconciliation process to take place. CEU eTD Collection 4 Introduction The study of memory is a fascinating subject in itself. What is however extremely important in this field of research, is its possible application in other areas of interest and social engagement. Margaret Paxson, the author of Solovyovo: The Story of Memory in a Russian Village explained that her work on collective memory aimed not only at ethnographic documenting the present-day beliefs and practices of a small Russian village but also, if not foremost, contributing to the debate about the slow pace of changes in contemporary Russia. In other words, studies of collective memory can go far beyond documenting memory itself and can provide a new perspective on various processes taking place in society today. By investigating the collective memory of war of the Bosnian Serb women and the “memory arena” in Srebrenica in general, this paper contributes to the question of the pace and prospect of reconciliation process in Bosnia. The objective of this thesis is to examine the way memory of Serb women in Srebrenica is being shaped and constructed. In the course of this paper, I outline the most relevant elements of the relation between the commemorating politics in Srebrenica, every day life experience in the town and the way the Serb women tell the story of war. This thesis therefore addresses the question of how the personal experiences of women (both during and after the war) influence the way they perceive the war events and how the public discourse influences the way they narrate their personal experience. I am interested in what frameworks and points of references they use and how the memory of war is transmitted to younger generations. The 1992-1995 war in Bosnia-Herzegovina (from now on Bosnia) is widely considered the CEU eTD Collection bloodiest and most violent conflict in Europe since the Second World War. After declaring independence from Yugoslavia, a fierce struggle for territorial control ensued among the three major groups in Bosnia: Bosniaks (commonly known as 'Bosnian Muslims'), Bosnian Serbs and Bosnian Croats. While Bosnian Muslims tried to maintain the country as a unitary republic and homeland to 5 its three ethnic groups, Serbs, who first opposed disintegration of Yugoslavia, then opted for dissolution of Bosnia into ethnically driven entities (Wagner 2008). Croats eventually shared the Serb vision. As a result, a very violent war raged in Bosnia from 1992 to 1995, when the fighting was brought to end by the Dayton Peace Agreement. Effectively, Bosnia continues as one country, but divided into two semi-autonomous entities: Federation and Republika Srpska (RS). Everything from the motives, character, events to interpretation of the war in Bosnia has been disputed by the conflicted sides. The only consensus between the three different nations in regard to
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