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Mechanical and Tribological Properties of Cdo + Sno2 Thin Films Prepared by Sol–Gel

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Mechanical and Tribological Properties of Cdo + Sno2 Thin Films Prepared by Sol–Gel Mechanical and tribological properties of CdO + SnO2 thin films prepared by sol–gel C Diliegros-Godines, Francisco Flores-Ruiz, R. Castanedo-Pérez, F. Torres-Delgado, F. Espinoza-Beltrán and Esteban Broitman Linköping University Post Print N.B.: When citing this work, cite the original article. The original publication is available at www.springerlink.com: C Diliegros-Godines, Francisco Flores-Ruiz, R. Castanedo-Pérez, F. Torres-Delgado, F. Espinoza-Beltrán and Esteban Broitman, Mechanical and tribological properties of CdO + SnO2 thin films prepared by sol–gel, 2014, Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10971-014-3584-1 Copyright: Springer Verlag (Germany) http://www.springerlink.com/?MUD=MP Postprint available at: Linköping University Electronic Press http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-112509 Mechanical and Tribological Properties of CdO+SnO 2 Thin Films Prepared by Sol-gel C. J. Diliegros-Godines 1, F. J. Flores-Ruiz 1*, R. Castanedo-Pérez 1, G. Torres-Delgado 1, F. J. Espinoza-Beltrán 1, E. Broitman 2 1Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del I.P.N., Unidad Querétaro. Libramiento Norponiente #2000, Fracc. Real de Juriquilla 76230, Querétaro, Qro., México. 2Thin Film Physics Division, IFM, Linköping University, SE-58183 Linköping, Sweden. *Corresponding author: tel: +524422119902; Fax: +524422119938 Email address: [email protected] Abstract We report the mechanical and tribological properties of transparent conductive oxide CdO+SnO 2 coatings. The films were deposited on glass substrates by the sol-gel technique using, as precursor solution, a mixture of CdO and SnO 2 solutions obtained at room temperature. Depending on the Sn atomic concentration percentage values the X-ray diffraction patterns show three types of films constituted of i) CdO + Cd 2SnO 4, ii) Cd 2SnO 4 and iii) Cd 2SnO 4+ CdSnO 3 crystals. Reciprocal microfriction tests revealed that films with Cd 2SnO 4 phase have friction values in the range 0.48 to 0.51 and a low wear rate of ~5×10 -5 mm 3N-1m-1. Nanoindentation tests have shown an increment of the elastic modulus from 50 GPa for CdO + Cd2SnO4 films to 90 GPa for Cd 2SnO 4 films, while the hardest coating was the one constituted by Cd 2SnO 4 crystals with H=5.7 GPa, comparable to the hardness and elastic modulus reported for ITO films. Keywords : Transparent Conductive Oxides, Mechanical properties, Cadmium Tin Oxide, Friction Coefficient, Nanoindentation. 1. Introduction Solar cell technology requires the development of new thin film materials with low electrical resistivity and high optical transmittance. In addition, it is desirable that the films have also a good mechanical and tribological behavior to resist contact load and shear stresses during the processing and packaging, and a good adhesion to the substrate in order to successfully design a solar cell. If the mechanical and tribological behavior is not taken into account, it could bring profitability problems: premature delamination or loss of efficiency originated from scratches by handling will decrease the estimated lifetime of the solar panel, which implies economic losses due to the replacement manufacturer's warranty. [1]. To date, indium tin oxide (ITO) is the most popular transparent conductive oxide (TCO) despite of its high cost. To overcome this limitation, new materials such as Zn 2SnO 4, Cd 2SnO 4, CdIn 2O4, SnO 2, and ZnO have received greater attention. Their low electrical resistivity, high carrier concentration, and high optical transmittance in the visible region of the solar spectrum make them a good alternative for their use as transparent electrodes in photovoltaic, flat-panel displays, electrochromic devices and active electrodes in photo-electrochemical solar cells [2]. In particular, Cd 2SnO 4 (CTO) deposited by sputtering has been recently tested as a TCO in a CdTe polycrystalline based thin-film solar cell with a total-area efficiency of 16.5% [3]. CTO thin films have been grown using different techniques such as spray pyrolysis [4], pulsed laser deposition [5], sputtering [6], MOCVD [7] and sol-gel [8, 9]. In addition to monitoring the electric and optical properties through careful control of the processing parameters, there is a growing demand for investigating the mechanical and tribological properties of TCO films because the contact loading during processing or packaging can significantly degrade the performance of devices [1]. Nowadays, nanoindentation is probably the most prominent technique used in nanomechanics to investigate and characterize the mechanical properties of the materials in the sub-micron scale. Nanoindentation tests has been used to study the elastic–plastic and fracture properties of TCO´s (such as Ga-doped ZnO, ITO, AZO, etc.) on flexible substrates such as PET [10, 11, 12] and rigid substrates such as glass [10, 13, 14, 15, 16] and Si [17]. Interestingly, there are no reports about the mechanical or tribological properties of the mixed CdO+SnO 2 system. In the present work, we study the mechanical and tribological performance of CdO+SnO 2 thin films deposited by sol gel with different tin atomic percentages in the precursor solution around the stoichiometry of Cd 2SnO 4. 2. Experimental 2.1 Sample preparation Thin films of the mixed CdO+SnO 2 system were deposited on corning-glass-2947 substrates using a mixture of cadmium oxide and tin oxide precursor solutions obtained separately, after a method previously reported by the authors [18]. Both precursor solutions were mixed at room temperature (RT), at different tin atomic concentration percentages in solution (X) in a range around the stoichiometry of the Cd 2SnO 4. The X values studied were 16, 25, 29, 33, 36 and 40 at.%. The cadmium oxide precursor solution was prepared using cadmium acetate ((CH 3COO) 2Cd ·2H 2O) (1 mol), methanol (33 mol), glycerol (0.2 mol) and triethylamine (0.5 mol). The SnO2 precursor solution was prepared starting from stannous chloride (SnCl 2·2H 2O) (1 mol), ethanol (40 mol), glycerol (0.20 mol) and triethylamine (0.10 mol). Lactic acid (0.4 mol) was added to the mixture of both solutions in order to obtain a transparent final precursor solution. The films were deposited by the multiple-dipping method 24 h after the preparation of the precursor solution with a withdrawal speed was of 2.0 cm/min. Films of the single precursor oxides, CdO and SnO 2, were also deposited using the same experimental conditions. All the films were first thermally pretreated at 100°C and then subjected to a sintering treatment at 550°C, in both cases in air atmosphere for 1 h. The films, consisting of seven coats, were highly transparent, homogeneous and with good adherence to the substrate [18]. 2.2 Structural Characterization The crystal structure of the films was analyzed by a Rigaku Ultima IV diffractometer (CuK α1 radiation, 1.5406 Å). The thickness of the films was measured by using an optical profiler Bruker Contour GT-K0. Atomic force microscopy operated at 23 °C and relative humidity less at 2% was used to obtain the surface roughness average (Ra). 2.3 Nanoindentation and friction-wear testing The nanoindentation tests were performed by a Hysitron Triboindenter TI-950 equipped with a Berkovich type diamond tip. Sixteen indentations with spacing of 5 microns were made on the films surface at 300 µN load; this load produces a penetration depth of about 10% of the thickness. Elastic modulus and hardness were obtained from load-displacement curves applying the Oliver and Pharr Method [19]. The influence of the diamond indenter to the reduced modulus data was decoupling using: Er ⋅ E ⋅ (1−υ 2 ) E = 1 2 2 E − Er ⋅ ()1−υ 2 1 1 (1) where, E 1 and are elastic modulus and Poisson’s ratio for the diamond tip, with values of 1140 GPa and 0.07 respectively, is the Poisson’s ratio for the film with value of 0.25 for TCO´s [15], Er is reduced elastic modulus from Oliver and Pharr analysis and E 2 is the elastic modulus of the film. For the friction-wear tests, the Hysitron Triboindenter was equipped with a 90° diamond conical tip of 5.06 µm radius of curvature. In the reciprocal-mode test, the applied load was 100 µN, the length of the track was 5 microns and the test was run during 12 cycles to evaluate the evolution of the friction and wear. The friction coefficient µ was calculated using µ=FF/L, where FF is the friction force and L is the applied load while the wear rate was obtained using Archard’s equation [20]. 3. Results and discussion 3.1 Structural characterization The optical, electrical and structural properties of the films are already reported by the authors in a previous work [18], where it is shown that the films with only sintering treatment have high transparency (T>85%) and resistivity values of 10 -2 Ω cm. X-ray diffraction patterns show three types of films (figure 1): i) For X < 29 at.%, the films are a mixture of CdO + Cd 2SnO 4 crystals, ii) For X=29 at.% and 33 at.% the films are constituted of only Cd 2SnO 4 crystals and iii) For X > 33 at.%, the films are a mixture of Cd 2SnO 4+ CdSnO 3 crystals [18]. The Cd 2SnO 4 crystallite size, calculated from the full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) data of the main diffraction peaks of the Cd2SnO 4 using the Scherrer´s formula [21], is in the 10–40 nm range. The biggest grain size value was obtained for the films only constituted of Cd 2SnO 4. The thicknesses of the films resulted 340.0±14 nm, 244.0±10 nm, 223.0±1.6 nm, 247.0±5.1 nm, 205.0±10 nm, 281.0±5.8 nm for the films from X=16 to 40 at.%, respectively.
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