Taxonomy (Classification) and Phylogeny (Cladistics) • Classification is the grouping of objects based on physical similarities. In biology when doing this with organisms, it is called taxonomy. • It is predominately based on morphology. • Linnaeus and Whittaker gave us this system • Classifies diverse organisms into “like groups” based on traits. As the traits become more specific, fewer and fewer organisms are together. Linnaean Taxonomic Classification
Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Three Domain system was later introduced. Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species • Domain Archaea The Three– Ancient Domains prokaryotes
• Domain Bacteria – Modern prokaryotes
• Domain Eukarya- all eukaryotic cells – plantae, animalia, fungi, protista Think - Pair - Share What is types of organisms would be found in each of the Kingdoms?
The domain eukarya is very diverse …WHY???
• Taxonomists give a unique scientific name to each species they know about whether it’s alive today or extinct. (not to be confused with taxidermist)
• The scientific name comes from one of two “dead” languages – Latin or ancient Greek. • Why use a dead language? Devil Cat Ghost Cat Mountain Lion Screaming Cat Puma Florida Panther Cougar • There are at least 50 common names for the animal shown on the previous 7 slides.
• Common names vary according to region.
• Soooo……that’s why we use a scientific name, based on Latin! Binomial Nomenclature • a two part naming system for writing scientific names. • The genus name is written first (always Capitalized) • The species name is written second (never capitalized). • Both words are – italicized if typed or underlined if hand written. FELIS CONCOLOR – Felis concolor or F. concolor – Apply: Which is the genus? The species?
• Cladistics /Phylogeny- is a relatively new system of classification that uses shared derived traits to establish evolutionary relationships. • A derived trait is a feature that evolved only within the group under consideration. • A phylogenetic tree based on a cladistic analysis is called a cladogram. • Out-group is the least related group, will be found on the far left of our diagrams!
• Synapomorphies = derived characteristics • Clade = A group of organisms and their common ancestor. Think – Pair - Share • What is a shared derived trait that humans have? • Talk with the person next to you, come up with a couple of ideas. • Be ready to share! Who is the most derived? Who is the out-group? What is a shared derived trait for pigeons? What is a shared derived trait for mammals? Where would you put monkeys?