Downloaded By: [Martin, Jeremy E.] At: 19:32 25 February 2008 W W W W 2008 O:10.1080/10635150801910469 DOI: online 1076-836X / print 1063-5157 ISSN: Copyright Biol. Syst. hsatcede o i ociiietepicpe of principles 2000; Carpenter, the and criticize Nixon 2007; to 2000, aim Benton, (see not PN does clades. and article change, crown for This support manifesto generally the supporters of part Phylocode a as clades crown included 1992) Gauthier, and Queiroz de (e.g., Phylocode of assumption The 2004). a Queiroz, de and (Cantino case are clades crown a that assume definitions crown-clade proponents of PN Many of 1994). 1992, principles Gauthier, the and the of Queiroz (de application by the in accelerated clarity for Such been need cladistics. have of advent revisions the nomenclatural to linked are groups brate had as round, way case. other the the been than rather sub- Eusuchia, a of reversal is set Crocodylia interesting crown-clade an that to so hierarchy, led the in This descendents. its of all of cus ancestor common last the as nomencla- Crocodylia (PN), phylogenetic ture crown of of conventions the definition to new according a gave who (2003), Brochu pa- by cemented certainly was or convention new probably The as raphyletic. accepted were which of first two the Eusuchia, and Mesosuchia, Protosuchia, three into the classes, divided were from These present. dating the to Triassic forms Late embraced Crocodylia Orig- date. the that inally, since Crocodylia total or rather traditional Crocodylia crown than of use increasing been and has 1988), there Clark, and Benton (in Crocodylia Clark by crown-group established was example, an clades As certain vertebrates. for of especially crown-group used, widely criticism, descen- are its definitions Despite all 1986). and (Gauthier, groups extant dants two least at of ancestor e lmn fP n h hlcd,btti sntthe not is this but Phylocode, the and PN of element key ikg rs eas ale aesb rhtcso the of architects by papers earlier because arose linkage es .J,adM .Srei.19.Pyoeei nlssadin- and analysis Phylogenetic 1998. Servedio. R. M. and J., J. iens, analysis phylogenetic of Accuracy 1997. Servedio. R. M. and J., J. iens, of relationships Phylogenetic 2003. Etheridge. E. R. and J., phylogenetics: J. morphological iens, in analysis Character 2001. J. J. iens, ac ehd.Ss.Bo.47:228–253. Biol. Syst. methods. dis- and tance likelihood, parsimony, of Performance variation: traspecific 46:332– Biol. Syst. 345. characters. polymorphic excluding and including 59:375– Herpetologica matrices. step 398. using data polymorphic morphometric, and meristic, combining and Coding lizards: hoplocercid 50:689–699. Biol. Syst. solutions. and Problems esn o eenn h onaiso ao verte- major of boundaries the redefining for Reasons Ac , liao mississipiensis Alligator r rw ldsi etbaeNmnltr:Cretn h ento fCrocodylia of Definition the Correcting Nomenclature: Vertebrate in Clades Crown 71:7–8,2008 57(1):173–181, w ru sdfie stems eetcommon recent most the as defined is group own 1 c Universit oit fSseai Biologists Systematic of Society eL ´ 2 o ,UR52 ESCR,2 u uos662Vleran,Fac;Emi:[email protected] E-mail: France; Villeurbanne, 69622 Dubois rue 2, CNRS, PEPS 5125 UMR 1, yon eateto at cecs nvriyo rso,Bitl S R,U;Emi:[email protected] E-mail: UK; 1RJ, BS9 Bristol, Bristol, of University Sciences, Earth of Department , and rcdlsniloticus, Crocodylus J EREMY ailsgangeti- Gavialis .M E. A RTIN ONSO VIEW OF POINTS and 1 AND soit dtr omnMacLeod Norman Editor: Associate 2007; September 10 returned reviews 2007; June 28 submitted First W W W en osre h ieauei re odtriethe determine to Crocodylia. order of in meaning literature traditional the survey aim the to points, being three these around We ideas name. our the develop of will concept original the con- to they closely (c) most and form discussion; in members; stability extinct promote they of tissues (b) characters soft reconstruct unfossilizable to other us and allow they main (a) al. three et advantages: possess clades Gauthier crown and that (1986) argued crown who Gauthier of (1988), by definition up the set for and was basis clades Cantino 11; The and 2003). 10 Queiroz, Articles de (e.g., PhyloCode the recommended and by is Moreover, stable taxonomy one? traditional more previous with no the consistency is than that confusing 250 more definition almost even new for a accepted with and years some- redefine established to there- already necessary of it is thing is clarity question why of following: Our terms the usage. fore in clades biological of and kinds definition other any as good nomenclatural of is sake preferred. system the nomenclatural which for of clades independent stability, stable to given should Names Crocodylia. be term the of use the particu- on a focus lar with definitions, crown-group 2006) of use Rieppel, increasinglycommon the 2005; with dissatisfaction Monsch, expresses rather but 2002; Forey, 2002; Dyke, n ti pcfial rcee yetn aa Crown taxa. extant by bracketed specifically is node- it ways: and three definitions. in apomorphy-based taxa Ac and define stem-based, may based, PN Pro- mid-1980s. of the in ponents cladistics of advent the with came I M SA ih,S 94.Terslso rse ewe nrdstrains inbred between crosses of results The in 1934b. digits of S. number the right, in variability of analysis An 1934a. S. right, lis .S 02 h vlto fdvlpetlptwy.Sinauer pathways. developmental of evolution The 2002. S. A. ilkins, fgie isdfeigi ubro iis eeis19:537– Genetics digits. of number in differing pigs 551. guinea of 19:506–536. Genetics pigs. guinea of strain inbred an Massachusetts. Sunderland, Associates, e 19)dmntae htconcae eeas were clades crown that demonstrated (1996) Lee nlacpac 8Otbr2007 October 18 acceptance final oiain o h sg fconcaedefinitions crown-clade of usage the for Motivations ICH r w ld sfuddo oebsddefinition node-based a on founded is clade own S EPARATE AEL .B J. ENTON C ASFOR LASS 2 C ONC ROWN LADES N ECESSARY 173 ? Downloaded By: [Martin, Jeremy E.] At: 19:32 25 February 2008 ihtend hysbed ot fntal nqeavian unique all, not if most, subtend; they char- node the soft with other no Similarly, of acter cladogram. the in deeper crown- ( marking claim Aves node to the clade ludicrous at be acquired were would feathers it that yet and birds, modern unique are to char- Feathers such lineage. stem many the that and down clade, determine extend that acters to of origin evidence the no at is start characters they there soft clade: crown the a to of applies How- uncertainty birds. similar as a well ever, as in- dinosaurs that theropod Coelurosauria many clade cludes wider the in Zhang, perhaps and (Zhou 2007), phylogeny ac- the in were deeper feathers much that demonstrated quired show now be fossils But only Aves. within can feathers Minimally, con- tween). sense, traditional the of (in Aves sisting than wider clade present were a feathers in which to allow extent not the does determine to approach us EPB the example, be may For characters inferred. soft-part which with confidence the in be EPB. could the correct, of use if the 2000), validate al., to said et ornithis- four- an (Fisher in dinosaur a heart chian four-chambered review). possess a a of for birds discovery 2004, The al., as et Seymour well (see heart chambered as crocodylians unfossiliz- it eusuchians. Extant determine Cretaceous EPB, in to as the dinosaurs easy in to characters able as Thanks just well. philosophically as characters is clades soft-tissue inclusive more about in assumptions (Witmer, allows concept However, (EPB) 1995) may members. bracket fossil characters phylogenetic for extant extinct soft-part the even one because assumed, least safely specifier at be a include as that clades taxon other to perior confusion. avoid to among order usage in of workers conflict avoiding so retained of possible, be whenever use should names the long-established allows nomenclature (1994), and of stability Bryant codes of by frame stated the then As within names and confusion. (1992), brings Lucas so by and redefinition names, and group accepted concerned of the exclusive of more phylogeny through the renaming to further triggers turn in namings this and clades, traditional restrict crown because ex- clades practice (1992) this Lucas with (1988). and dissatisfaction al. pressed Patterson et Gauthier by and proposed at (1977) as Rosen of lineages ancestor extant common two recent least most the taxa all from to stemming restricted was Mammalia mammals. to inition but also, is this that maximized clear wrong. quite is are (2001) Queiroz au- apomorphies de and num- Gauthier soft-part Some the that of maximized. say the to ber are statement about this inferences extended taxa been have that thors contained be has Gauthier of to 1988; clades 2001) biology al., Queiroz, crown et de of Gauthier and Gauthier the 1986; advantage in but (Gauthier, appears key stated (1966), usage A Hennig their (1986). by for defined proposal earliest first were clades 174 rw ldsd o ifrfo te id fclades of kinds other from differ not do clades Crown su- are clades crown that argued (1988) al. et Gauthier def- crown-group a apply to first the was (1988) Rowe Struthio Archaeopteryx = erihs,bcuefahr omuch go feathers because Neornithes), and Passer and a emre sassociated as marked be can Passer n vrtigi be- in everything and SYSTEMATIC BI aecasfrconcae,wihi hsrsetaethe are respect clades. other this all in sepa- as which a same make clades, to crown reason for valid class a et rate not soft- Gauthier therefore is by The (1988), defended relatives. al. originally living as closest argument, their tissue as rules ulatory whether osmoreg- know same the Brochu not followed do consequence, alligatoroids simply nonalligatorid a we that As out group. pointed be (1999) crown cannot the characters for soft-tissue coded mark, question all a that with coded alligatorids demonstrating be by to bracketed have taxa crocodylids extinct and This the crocodylids. all ex- extant that in in means absent present crown- are and among alligatorids glands example, tant salt For lingual clades. Crocodylia, other group or crown in hair mammalian of above). by example subtended (the node representatives the extant below characters soft about uncertainty of the leakage still on is there snakes cases, and both lizards In other. and the hand, one the on and crocodilians birds by Archosauria bet- total-group objectively bracketing is than this ter why determine to crocodilians. though at- modern hard is and share It birds must modern soft- both example, Archosauria of for crown tributes So, of split. characters basal evidence the is tissue of there sides because ex- both re- clades from for total be those of may than members clades tinct confidence crown greater of with members constructed extinct of acters al., 2006). et (Meng Mammalia traditional to mam- even of perhaps that group mals, wider example, a into for present was fossils, hair mammalian from within, originated know or clades—we Mammalia, to, larger crown pertain (1988) certainly Rowe’s almost which of characters concerns soft example below the further arose A node. probably Aves crown-clade soft, the or hard whether characters, ntetaiinldfiiin ute,conGnathos- crown not is Osteichthyes, Further, and Chondrichthyes definition. uniting tomata, included traditional Acanthodii) the and in well-documented (Placodermi the members in stem present synapomorphies eral and sharks by Gnathostom- (bracketed for ata definition crown a example, For clades. crown Neognathae). whereas (Palaeognathae, up, turn AvesA Archaeopteryx crown-clade below the new fossils and if unstable potentially node then is Aves fam- that Traditional node. and between genera lie fossil ilies numerous and Aves for- taxon traditional the of single example the an are mer: Aves the true. but equally other 1986), is (Gauthier, sta- opposite all clades more total are do equivalent clades than as crown ble Some fossils, 2000). contain (Benton, de- clades hypothesis they are because clades Crown pendent and (1988). (1986) al. Gauthier et to Gauthier contrary clades, total than stable e smre yasltbtentosbtnilclades substantial two between split a by marked is ves tmyntb osbet ne otpr characters soft-part infer to possible be not may It A nohrcss oa ldsaemr tbeta crown than stable more are clades total cases, other In more no are clades crown that demonstrated (1996) Lee LG VOL. OLOGY ekragmn ih eta ottsu char- soft-tissue that be might argument weaker A RE C ROWN C Archaeopteryx LADES Homo M ORE ) ol icr sev- discard would isa h aeof base the at lies S TABLE ? 57 Downloaded By: [Martin, Jeremy E.] At: 19:32 25 February 2008 l n lcnasadteretntrltvs vnmore Even relatives. extinct their and placentals and als ( platypus of extinct? go species five the nithorhynchus when happens what and end one sub- at is Monotremata today organisms by Mammalia tended If many extinct. now were are that there then alive alive, vi- was a unique: Linnaeus crown is nothing when has a taxon day that present terminal The (1992) history. extant of Lucas one cissitude than by This more made with taxa? point clade the dinosaurian radi- of stem substantial part hundred a is several after Jurassic, of the ation split in that the if happened choosing What total had Saurischia? for then and larger justification Ornithischia considered, into slightly independent split is the a Dinosauria is in what crown included clade If be a Dinosauria? they Dinosauria, Saurischia, should and crown Ornithischia or of from split stem major the these excluded at Are marked be split. that to below with taxa taxa stem Saurischia, four and or Ornithischia three Dinosauria. into subclades split of early major pole an the show one Dinosauria of just of cladograms marks Most representatives Aves extant but two nosaurs, least at a are there when Di- within clades 2000). of (Benton, nomenclature nosauria over to-and-fro the camp—witness PN/Phylocode confusion the much within as instability and just be can there that mean teams among rival squabbles that evidence of abundant is supporters there 1992, in the predicted of not and door Ironically, definitions. the clade traditional at placed (1992) and Gauthier Rowe that confusion potential the definitions, exacerbates available so and and current of simply numbers definitions the to crown-clade adds of Mammalia. addition crown the of Clearly, versions similar, versus but Mammalia (three), for fewer definitions un- (seven) They number stem-based larger clades. of the from crown confusion potential of the favor derlined in argument stability their from away homes. normal names accepted redefine no is to there but imperative clades, total do as clades Crown course, length. of names variable deserve of So, be may sport. stem the human or all, at semantic, stem any without a immediately emerge is may clades crown nodes on names pinning and clade expected, courses, crown different As split. several clade follows and major evolution first the traditional below stem occur no taxa or the few because different much not Dinosauria, are definitions indeed and limbed all includes and vertebrates. stable more tradi- is hand, Tetrapoda other the tional includes on On lissamphibians. depending either of un- amphibians, position group the an Paleozoic crown most of excludes The example or another clade. is crown Tetrapoda stable jaws. posses- by of characterized sion clade the as is, Gnathostomata r 2008 al fmc vltoayitrs,weestraditional whereas interest, evolutionary much of eally ld.Wa bu ioara id r iigdi- living are Birds Dinosauria? about What clade. amlawudte hikt nld utmarsupi- just include to shrink then would Mammalia Ap different rather a presented (1992) Gauthier and Rowe Chiroptera, Amniota, clades the as such cases, other In r be ihconcae sta hyol work only they that is clades crown with oblem ) n cins( echidnas and T achyglossus Homo and tteother, the at Zaglossus ONSO VIEW OF POINTS Or- ) iihdftr content. future di- minished somewhat a and the Lepidosauria between crown stands of that shape all current is Zealand New off tuatara, islands on the and pole, one odon at lizards or subtended snakes Lepidosauria, by crown of status the is marginal l steEryJrsi (e.g., Jurassic as Early members the fossil as included 1860, old Crocodylia By group 1999). fossils the known Brochu, because barely then, (contra were is understood they reason least poorly at sole and or the known, ex- yet but on not true, were defined is first standpoint, taxa was tant Crocodylia historical that a argument From classifi- crocodylians the Crocodylia. the fossil placed Gmelin’s in he in forms and classified. fossil vertebrates, be of the to cation included had em- these (1860) it and Owen fossil found, and of range were wide (1789) a crocodiles on, Gmelin Later if only. forms by even term extant braced The coined valid, used. be was widely to been Crocodylia has appear nomenclature argu- not new defi- the do the Moreover, in forward clear. shift put not the ments are bound for Crocodylia reasons lower of labile The nition a 2003). with 1999, imprecise, (Brochu, was Tri- forms, includes assic the which for Crocodylia, that of definitions argument definition 1999, the traditional crown-clade forward 1997, put the recently Brochu, Crocodylia of 1996; Proponents Willis, 2000). and be al., et Salisbury would (Norell usage 1994; nomenclature crown-group phylogenetic for expanded the beneficial workers that crocodilian considering unpublished later, it, his and in (1986) phyloge- Crocodylia thesis the for of basis sys- nomenclature the netic more built Clark and 1). (Fig. more Crocodylia crown-clade 1988, adopted have paleontologists Since and tematists 2003). Clark, Brochu, and their Benton 1988; and 1986; forms re- (Clark, modern antecedents be of immediate should consisting clade term a the to that stricted view crown-clade sup- the argument ports “tradition” the not or whether of determine teeth and jaws included of Mammalia. were Class finds The 1820s, in Aves. the first from Class the that, in mammals for Mesozoic included true and was bird same a called first So, the others. and Linnaeus ear- by established lier groups the within them including compunction about no dis- had were naturalists taxa fossil contemporary as covered, that, mammals 2002), al., and for et 1999) cogently, Luo 1992; Sereno, case (Lucas, 1991; the (Chiappe, made birds have known, both entirely Others or ago. known, years poorly 250 was record groups fossil many the of because course, clades. of larger disingenuous, of is names true This many is of same presentations the first the and of taxa, modern only included (1758), Linnaeus to according Mammalia, that example, former for They note, usage. the original because the approximate clades closely more total terms to preferable crown are that clades suggested have others and (2001), Queiroz de eew ouetuaeo h emCooyi to Crocodylia term the of usage document we Here and Gauthier (1988), al. et Gauthier (1986), Gauthier ,a t h te.Oe(rto nagrdseisliving species endangered two) (or One other. the T RADITIONAL Steneosaurus U Archaeopteryx SAGE , T eleosaurus a from was Sphen- 175 , Downloaded By: [Martin, Jeremy E.] At: 19:32 25 February 2008 aebe etoe nnwppr.Te“supercroc” The newspapers. in mentioned been crocodylians have stem in few appear a they Recently, time benefit headlines. to newspaper time not from but do fame, same Crocodylians the from assumption. usual the are a of gen- heard has the public example, eral For usage. total-group traditional the were forms out. some or if in content moved even palatal The stable of members. remained path Crocodylia modern the of to trace stem to ability from with the evolution by fossils also pointed of but with teeth) profile resemblance platyrostral the close (e.g., forms the modern first by might explained members crown fossil be the including to for term Reasons the defi- clade. applied the has of Crocodylia none of onwards, nitions century 20th the From 1978). Grass´ 1955; K¨ 1953; 1946; (Moret, students of gen- erations several clas- for references biological the on been have textbooks which standard sification, in same the was it and mesosuchians, traditional and Triassic protosuchians Late Jurassic this Early include and followed to Crocodylia 1973) 1933, extending Steel, Romer, meaning, 1966; 1956; 1903a, 1956, Huene, Osborn, von 1945, 1890; 1925, Zittel, Williston, (e.g., 1903b; Reptilia of sification Pelagosaurus 176 id hrfr otaitn h data rw clades crown that idea the contradicting therefore bird, omnuaeo aooi em ute supports further terms taxonomic of usage Common F IGUR ,16;Croli as 99 ieeue al., et Piveteau 1969; Gans, in Carroll 1965; e, E .Mjrwrsrprigtecretclas- current the reporting works Major ). .Cnu fteps-98ltrtr niaigttlcuto tmbsdconbsdtrsfrCooyi e year. per Crocodylia for terms stem-based/crown-based of count total indicating literature post-1988 the of Census 1. Archaeopteryx n osdri as it consider and lni Piveteau, in alin SYSTEMATIC BI a ie h xlnto:“otatoiisincluded authorities “most term explanation: the the is (2003) given Why Brochu had group? group.” crown the crown to restricted the Crocodylia to restricted is ‘crocodylian’ now term pre- the the those though in literature, summa- ‘crocodilians’ includes phylogenetic (2001) “Crocodyliformes called Brochu conventionally situation: animals 1986. in the term rized the emended he time. was the Crocodylia at of meaning explained in not shift the for and need term The new the ancestors. al. common their et of Sereno traditional descendants by all later the supplied was this replace (2001): but presented time, to was that definition at 1988) phylogenetic No Clark, Crocodylia. and Benton and usages. scientific popular traditional re- in crocodylians Therefore, having are years. fossils of these million several reputation for erroneous unchanged the mained carry and prim- are itive crocodiles authors nonspecialists, the For discovery. by the “crocodilian” of a as public the to presented reported Reuters 2006, okeefeae the early by In crocodile. presented a also as was BBC which 2006), al., et (Gasparini for happened same The crocodile. imperator Sarcosuchus lr i etnadCak 98 nymnin that mentions only 1988) Clark, and Benton (in Clark (in Clark by coined was Crocodyliformes term The LG VOL. OLOGY rtscu richardsoni Protosuchus NsitadNrl,20) rcdl ancestor crocodile a 2006), Norell, and (Nesbitt a rsne yteBCa a as BBC the by presented was , rcdlsniloticus Crocodylus aoarsandiniensis Dakosaurus Effigia , and 57 Downloaded By: [Martin, Jeremy E.] At: 19:32 25 February 2008 clse 12)fial osdrdPrsci ob a be to Parasuchia considered and r phytosaurs Broili finally considered treatise, (1923) in Zittel’s Schlosser also from them but (1890) Crocodylia, included within Zittel still group. but that crocodylians Tertiary the of and difference the agreed underlined (1887) parasuchians and Koken concept groups. that crocodylian with ances- other were to Parasuchia crocodylian that tral of clear was review he his and in evolution, name the presented (1875) then-undescribed the including and was Crocodylia the of Parasuchia suborder for a 2004). as (1875) al., Huxley by named et (Clark very Crocodyliformes was position their r Also, described Crocodylia. first from were ex- cluded been they always have since sphenosuchians 1915), and (Haughton, this recent But (1990). is Walker inclusion and (1984), Crush (1966), Romer debate.” of matter ‘crocodilians’ a considered was be should animals, phytosaurs, basal as more such or and placement ‘sphenosuchians’ paleontologists, not or The among whether fluctuated ‘sphenosuchians’. ‘Crocodylia’ included of may or have may it not but ‘mesosuchians’, and ‘protosuchians’ 2008 oSrn ta.(01:tems nlsv ld containing clade inclusive most the (2001): al. et Sereno to as defined is Crocodylia eourcdla codn oSrn ta.(01:tems nlsv ld containing clade 1768). inclusive most the (2001): al. richardsoni et Sereno to according Mesoeucrocodylia, piinodrdfeetfo rcdla hn Para- Then, Crocodylia. from different order eptilian called widely is what outside lie to confirmed ecently Shnscin”wr nlddi rcdlaby Crocodylia in included were “Sphenosuchians” F IGUR Stagonolepis E Bon 93;Esci:telaticuiecaecontaining clade inclusive least the Eusuchia: 1933); (Brown, .Smlfidtplg ftemjrcooyincae ihCooyoopa hc nldsShnsci n Crocodylia; and Sphenosuchia includes which Crocodylomorpha, with clades crocodylian major the of topology Simplified 2. Belodon a eoar and aetosaur) (an rtscu richardsoni Protosuchus and Stagonolepis Belodon Parasuchus , rcdlsniloticus, Crocodylus rmMesozoic from aphytosaur), (a . rtscu richardsoni Protosuchus Huxley ONSO VIEW OF POINTS n l ecnat ftercmo netr.Poouha according Protosuchia, ancestors. common their of descendants all and ssodaduncani Isisfordia uharpeet h ucasCrocodylomorpha. subclass Crocodylia the represents and suchia Crocodyliformes, currently is named what replace to called needs Crocodylia ap- of older plication the now Therefore, 2004). al., et Mesoeucrocodylia, is (Clark Eusuchia) and Protosuchia, have what (i.e., analyses outside Crocodyliformes cladistic sphenosuchians Recent placed sphenosuchians. Crocodylia includes that and clade the for created specifically recently (1968) the to Crocodylomorpha erected apply Walker only. applica- Crocodyliformes would older Crocodylia the of Crocodylia, tion traditional in- the not in were in con- cluded sphenosuchians not proposed that or given the considered But Crocodylia. are on either sphenosuchians depends whether to tent, Crocodylia apply ap- name older thus of the stability “The The could Crocodylomorpha.” stable: or Crocodylia Crocodyliformes been of never plications has Crocodylia of view years. standard 80 the over been for tradi- therefore the has from Crocodylia phytosaurs tional and sphenosuchians Exclu- of forms. convergent sion from members crocodylian of distinction allow to necessary was time some ex- Crocodylia, on textbooks been subsequent has all r in aetosaurs, Crocodylia excluded from cluded later which suchia, piecasfiain ic h nlso ffsi om in forms fossil of inclusion the Since classification. eptile ial,Boh 20)sget httedefinition the that suggests (2003) Brochu Finally, Bon 93 u not but 1933) (Brown, Slsuye l,20)and 2006) al., et (Salisbury rcdlsniloticus Crocodylus rcdlsniloticus Crocodylus Luet,16)btnot but 1768) (Laurenti, rcdlsniloticus Crocodylus Luet,1768); (Laurenti, + Protosuchus Spheno- (Laurenti, 177 Downloaded By: [Martin, Jeremy E.] At: 19:32 25 February 2008 178 r nunil lr netdtecongopdefini- crown-group the invented Clark therefore who influential. persons num- are fewer in even dominated by publications is of and “crocodil- ber small of is community paleontologists The ian” Crocodylia. of definition 2): Fig. also (see ranking hierarchical a here suggest indicated in we as used clarity, be should For Crocodylia term (2001). the al. that et and phylogenetic Sereno inappropriate the of is definition with years, Crocodyliformes ma- some replace a the for should by that workers used propose of been now jority has We which 1988). definition, Clark, crown-clade and 1986, to (Clark, moved Benton been definition in has crown-clade Triassic inclusive Late more the the as old as members ap- definition Crocodylia. above to the plies Crocodylia, of synonym a junior is Crocodyliformes that Given definition). (node-based niloticus Crocodyli- to 2001): a applied (Sereno, because formes been unfounded, defi- has is definition phylogenetic This phylogenetic a applied.” be which could to nition usage traditional single r rpnnso h rw ld concept. clade crown by rather the hitherto sense of used terms proponents common the are of those spirit and legislation, the than tra- in about are points usage our proliferation ditional Therefore, a avoid names. to unnecessary order in of usage of priority mea- of some sure assumed so generally have and systematists system course, of Equally, usages. Phylocode older to that the retrospectively extend terms cannot under of registered definitions be to will only applies Phylocode under the usage of Priority hierarchy. to all regard to without taxa, rules nomenclatural The extends 1989). however, (Dundee, Phylocode, change this effects 1999), to (ICZN, efforts despite superfamilies including family-level, the that volume the 1789. in 1791; published to was 1788 “Crocodili” presented from volumes Linnaeus of several edition in (1789) revised Gmelin a to produced refer Gmelin should instead. they refer but (1788), publications Gmelin are Crocodylia: Several to Crocodilia (1989). over Dundee as for by Crocodylia expressed Reasons thing of usage Eusuchia. same the preferring and the Mesosuchia, exactly Protosuchia, defines and aosavne bv sufudd Teei hsno thus is “There unfounded: is above advanced easons uodrPoouhaMo,13 snuCak 1994) Clark, (sensu 1934 Mook, Protosuchia Suborder ucasCOOYOOPAHy 90(Walker, 1930 Hay, CROCODYLOMORPHA Subclass nicesn ubro rilsuetecrown-group the use articles of number increasing An embraced traditionally that Crocodylia name The the to referring 2003) (Brochu, statement following The h CNde o oto aooi ae above names taxonomic control not does ICZN The textbooks in used widely been has “Crocodilia” uodrMsecooyi httn and Whetstone Mesoeucrocodylia Suborder , n l ecnat ftercmo ancestors common their of descendants all and re RCDLAGei,1789 Gmelin, CROCODYLIA Order uodrEsci uly 1875 Huxley, Eusuchia Suborder hbo,1983 Whybrow, C rtscu richardsoni Protosuchus ONC 1968) LUSIONS , Crocodylus SYSTEMATIC BI 20)t Crocodyliformes. to may al. (2001) et Crocodylia Sereno by and applied definition Crocodylia node-based the of acquire crown- synonym junior the a then Crocodylia, Crocodyliformes is rejected. also of here reasons is renaming same concept clade the the For affected 2000). Benton, that 1999; al., et 1999; Padian Benton, 1999; 1998, Sereno, 1997; Rieppel, 1996; Lee, 1993; Patterson, 1992; (Lucas, re- Mammalia and been Aves not used terms: has widely of is redefinition concept the This involved crown-clade it because clades. the jected, that of time kinds first other the any than stable more and scientific in Triassic 1988. Late before back and usages lineages textbook Jurassic stem Early included the Crocodylia to Neverthe- term journals. the leading recent less, in of figures new majority leading such a by follow in works published to are modern which be- seemed definitions, usage have same may the it followed and cause and Salisbury influenced 1994; been al., have et (Norell domain W that pa- influential in in pers applied was which Crocodylia, for tion o xrml epu omnso nerirdato hsM.J.E. MS. this of draft UMR5125-08.005. contribution g´ earlier is Conseil referee Le an by anonymous supported on an was research comments and Martin’s Lee, helpful Mike extremely Sullivan, for Jack thank We work. etn .J,adJ .Cak 98 rhsu hlgn n h re- the and phylogeny Archosaur 1988. Clark. M. J. and J., M. Paleon- Benton, Acta horse? dead a Beating Phylocode: Is The lists: 2007. J. rank-free M. and Benton, clades, crown nodes, Stems, 2000. J. M. Benton, 1999. J. M. 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