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Nuisance Midges (Diptera: Chironomidae)And Their Control in Japan

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Nuisance Midges (Diptera: Chironomidae)And Their Control in Japan IN JAPAN 45 MARCH 1987 NUISANCE MIDCES NUISANCE MIDGES (DIPTERA: CHIRONOMIDAE)AND THEIR CONTROL IN JAPAN YUICHIRO TABARU,I KIYOKI MORIYA, ENO ARSHAD ALI3 yoshirnatsuiand Tokun' ABSTRACT. In recent years, adult Chirono-midae(particularly Chironomus habitats in urban areas "sr;;;;ii;;iaituhi) "*1;;i;;-f*; ilihi"d naturai and man-made aquatic economic problems' Several ;? j;;;-h;;; L..o-. i"tof""t-atir U".ause they pose severenuisance and (IGRs) includins methoprene and ;;c;;;irfiil.r*. iopl i;;;;;i.id* and insect'growth regulators midgc species'.The diflubenzuron were tested ;;;iil;t;t"ry ug"i"& C. yoshima*ui and severalother IGRs were highlv op insecticideswere eff'ecfi;;;;t;il;1ig" larvaJexcept for Proclndiussp.-Both showedsuperior activity rf'ilt"" ;;;i; st C. yoshimatsui"atconcentratLns <0.001 ppm; diflubenzuron. i;;i;ffilJi;. rc";pil. hasbeen successfullv qs9d.9t rates r-anging from 0'l to 2 H; ffi;ffi;;. at 1 ppm ;;;;i-C'.' yoiiii6atu ind several'other speciesin a variety of habitats. Diflubenzuron il; methopreneat the rate of treatment prornoeoeiell""t co"t.oiof C. yoshimatsuiin- p-olluted rivers while to increasedtolerance samerate was less ertucti"e.'Fi"que"ln"ta use oltemephos and-fenthion has led oi iti.ru insecticides(particularlf the latter) by C. voshimatsui' treat- INTRODUCTION alone lakes and riverfronts, wastewater meni plants and ponds utilized for fish (eel) Until a few decadesago, the phenomenonof culturing are affected. Dense swarms of midges chironomid midgeemergence from natural and are a co;mon sight in theseareas oftenpreclud- man-madeaquatic habitats in Japan was unno- ing outdoor human activity since the adults can ticed becauseof the low and tolerable levels of Ue inhaled or fly into the mouth, eyes and ear'q adult emergence.In the past 10-15 years,how- of an individual. During summer' midges seek ever,the intensity and frequencyof midge emer- cool and shadyplaces during the daytime leaving gencefrom many of these habitats in different behind stainedstucco, paint and other wall fin- farts of Japan have grown to intolerable levels ishes on which they rest. They also soil auto- (It ou" 19?5,Inoue and Mihara 1973, Ohkura mobiles, cover the headlights and windshields, and Tabaru 1975,Tabaru 1975)'The main rea- causing traffic accidents. At night, the adrrlts son for this change is the relative improvement are attiacted to light, swarming around indoor of water quality after enforcement of the Water and outdoor fixtures. Adults of some small spe- Pollution Control Act in 1972. Prior to 1972, ciespass through standard screenson doors and most rivers and other drainagesystems in urban windows and thus enhance nuisance and eco- areas were so heavily polluted that they sup- nomic problemsindoors, such as staining laun- ported very little animal life (Anonymous 1975, dry, wa1ls,ceilings, draperiesand other furnish- inoue 19?6,Tabaru 1975)' Since the enforce- ings as well as causing discomfort for the resi- ment of the act, the improved quality of water de-nts.Accumulations of dead midges and the has provided ideal conditions that are conducive unsightly spider web in which midges are trap' to the rapid colonization and profuse breeding ped require frequent washing and maintenance of chironomids. This is particularly true in the of properties. The dead midges give a stench rapidly urbanizing and industrial growth areas similai to rotting fish; this odor persistsin damp where Iarge quantities of dischargesfrom wide- weather for several days even after the insects spread and increasing number of wastewater have been removed. At times, the dead adults treatment plants are generated (Anonymous accumulateon the roads in such quantities that 1974.1975:Inoue 1976,Tabaru 1975). they make the roads slippery, causing traffic hazards.They clog automobileradiators and air- problem NUISANCE AND ECONOMIC IMPACT conditioning wall units, and are also a for paint, pharmaceutical and food processing Adult chironomids pose a variety of nuisance industries where hordes of adult midges fly into and economicproblems for the public remaining the final products.The nuisanceand economic within the flight and dispersal range of midges. impact of chironomids in various problem situ- Generally, the visitors, workers or residents atibns in Japan were presented by Ohkura and Tabaru (1975) and Shimizu (1978),while AIi (1980)and AIi et al. (1985)had provideddetails of nuisanceand economicaspects of midge re- l 7-12, 2-Chome, sankyo Company, Limited, No. lated problems in the U.S.A. and elsewhere. Ginza, Chou-ku, Tokyo 104,JaPan. 2 Kanagawa Prefecture Public Health Laboratory' Nakao-cho,Ashahi-ku, Yokohama 24L, Japan- PROBLEM SPECIES 3 of Florida, IFAS, Central Florida Re- University which cause severe nui- and Education Center, P. O. Box 909, Sanford, Among the species search yoshirnatati is the FL 32771.Send reprint requeststo Arshad Ali. sanceproblems, Chironomus JounNer, oF THE AMERIcANMoseulTo Cor.trnor,AssocurroN Vor,. 3, No. 1 most important and is generally distributed lglds,ejtrophic lakes and sewageponds, Kochi, throughout mainland, Japan, extending from Shiga, Shizouka, Mie, and Osaki), Glyptoten- Sapporoin the north to Kagoshima in th6 south dipes tokunogal (eel culturing ponds,- sewage (Moriya 1977, 1980;Sasa and Yamamoto19TZ). channels, and polluted rivers, Kyoto, Saitaria particularly It is abundant and established in and Shizouka), Polypedilurn octoguttaturn (eel c_hannelsand polluted rivers draining residential culturing ponds and moats, Hiroshima. Shi- districts throughout Japan except Okinawa (In- zuoka and Mie), and Tanytarsus sp. (seawater oue 1975, Tabaru 1975,Sasa 1978a, 1gg4, 19g5; swimming pools, Kanagawa) (Inoue 19Tb,Inoue Sasa and Hasegawa1983), where the biochemi- and Hashimoto L977,1978;Sasa 1929,Sugaya cal oxygen demand (BOD) levels range from l0 and Yasuno 1980,Tabaru 1986). to 20 ppm (Inoue and Mihara 1928, Tabaru The intensity of midge nuisance around eel 1975,1985b). Accordingto somepopulation es- culturing ponds has greatly increasedsince the timates, the larval densities of Chironomus yosh- early 1970sbecause of the substitution of fish imatsui g3,000/m2 range from 50,000to in urban meal for raw fish as eel food. The former food areas (Tabaru 1975,Tabaru et al. lg78, Moriya has contributed to the organic enrichment of 1977, Ohno and Shimizu 1g82).Other estimates pond sedimentsand has proven conduciveto the of this speciesare 7-9 larvae/gm of sludge in profuse breeding of Polypedilum nubifer, Crico- gutters overflow of sewagetreatment plants (Ta- topus bicinctus, Chironornus tainanus and Chi- baru 1985b) and 150/cm'on the walls of disin- ronomushii,ensis (Ohkura and Tabaru 197b,ya- fecting tanks of the plants (Tsumuraya et al. suno et al. 1982). According to Hashimoto 1982a). (1984), Cricotopusjauanus is a recent introduc- Other midge speciesinhabiting polluted rivers tion to Japan from the tropics and may attain in various parts of Japan include species of nuisancelevels in the near future. Cricotopus, especially C. bicinctus, which In addition to causingnuisance problems, chi- emergesin phenomenalnumbers but is lessno- ronomids are associated with human allergic ticed due to its smaller size than Chironomus reactions,such as asthma and rhinitis, and it is yoshimatsui. Yasuno et al. (198ba) provided a believedthat midgesare potentially a worldwide list of 60 speciesof chironomids inhabitingthree causeof allergy (Cranston et al. 1981, 1988). streamspolluted with heavy metals. They may even cause anaphylactic shock (M. In static eutrophic waters, Tokunagayusurika Sasa,personal communication) in someindivid- akarnusi and.Chironomusplurnosus are common uals. The medically-related chironomid prob- and abundant(Iwakuma and Yasuno1981). The Iems are presently being investigated by Sasa former specieswas first describedby Tokunaga and others in Japan. (1938) under the name of Spaniotorna (Ortlw- Larvae of severalmidge speciesare implicated cladius) akamusi and was also given the Japa- "akamusiyusurika.,' as agricultural pests.For example,Stenochiron- nese common name Sasa omus nelumbusfeeds on floating leavesof lotus (1978b) transferred the species to the newly (Nelumbo nucifera), members of the subfamilv created genus, Tokunagayusurika.The larva is Orthocladiinaeinjure roots of Japanesehorse- readily distinguishable from other Orthocladi- radish and Chironominae (particularly Chiron- inae becauseof its deep red color. The larval omini) damagerice seedling(Tokunaga and Ku- density of this speciesexceeds 8000/m2 in shal- roda1935, 1936; Yokogi andUeno 1971,Ishihara low eutrophic lakes and the larvae are verticallv 1972). distributed in the bottom sediments reaching depths up to 90 cm (Yamagishi and Fukuhari CONTROL METHODS I97I,1972). This speciesis univoltine and its larvae migrate to the sediment surface around The increasingproblems of the midges in the mid-Octoberand massiveemergences of T. ak- past two decadeshave necessitatedresearch on amusi occur in late fall. The larvae are com- chironomid control. In laboratory studies, Ku- monly used as bait for freshwater fish and sold damatsu (1969) "akamusi" reported on the larvicidal activ- throughout the year as in most fish- ity of some insecticides against field-collected ing equipment shops in Japan. Chironomusplumosus. Sato and Yasuno (1979) Midge speciesoccuning in a variety of habi- evaluated several insecticides against larvae of tats and posing sporadic nuisance problems in Chironomus yoshimatsui, Polypedilum nubifer, various parts of Japan include Chirorwmtts
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