HA RA B IAHM U , ,

AN D ARS I N O E

IVI TH THI RT Y P L ATE S

«o o

M F DE R P E TRI E W . . L IN S

” “ “ NA K RATIS I . I Z . U AUTHOR OF PYRAMIDS AND TEMPLES OF G EH , TANIS I AND ,

” “ I B ETC . A SEASON IN EGYPT , HISTOR CAL SCARA S ,

n o n no n

“ : D 8 TUE R THE L E ADE NHAL L P RESS E C . F IE L , ,

UDGATE H LL E C . TR BNER CO. L U , 5 7 5 9 I , Th e n will . h i s co n secra d l d b d f t te an , th e a o e o sh ri n es

an d m b e d e e s e n se fi e d wi h rav e s an d co r se s . t pl , ly ll t g p

0 ! E E ! o f th wo rshi s o n rumo urs wi gypt , gypt y p ly ll

be rese rv ed an d e e n h e se wi s ee m i n credib e to th p , v t ll l y

co mi n g ge n e ratio n s ; o n ly wo rd s will be preserv ed o n th e

s o n e s to e o f th io us de e ds an d E wi be t t ll y p , gypt ll

i n h abited by th e Scyth ian o r In di an o r o ther such fro m

' ’ ' h n e i hbo uri n ba barian an d —Attr z6utea to A ulezus t e g g r l . pp ;

t m ] . Mo mmsen r a . CONTENTS.

d i n ue . T V. co n t INTRODUCTION. CHAP E R , I I . COND TION OF THE FAYUM IN PAST TIMES , TEXT OF THE PAPYRUS , 2 . WORK AT ARSINOE, EVIDENCE OF THE READINGS,

3 . WORK AT HAWARA , FRAGMENTS OF LITERARY PAPYRI ,

4 . CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE PRESENT WORK , PTOLEMAIC PAPYRI , B PAPYRI OF TI ERIUS,

T I . C HAP ER PAPYRI OF VESPASIAN ,

PAPYRI OF TRAJAN , THE LABYRINTH . PAPYRI OF HADRIAN , THE SITE , TAx PAPERS , THE REMAINS , HOUSEHOLD ACCOUNTS, m F OR A MATERIAL RESTOR TION , T M T I , 0 RESUL S FRO HE PAPYR 0 ANCIENT DESCRIPTIONS , CATALOGUE OF PAPYRI , 0 OF THE B 5 NATURE UILDING , I THE GREEK NSCRIPTIONS,

T I I . CHAP ER C HAP TER VI .

THE OF . B THE I Y . CEMETERY HAWARA P CTURES . CECIL SMITH B EARLY TOM S , THE STATEMENTS OF PLINY, B — PTOLEMAIC TOM S , WAX PAINTING IN GREECE, ’ B T E T- B - AUP - X TOM OF AST ANKH , OTHER E AMPLES OF ANCIENT PAINTINGS , ANK HRUI SARCOPHAGUS OF , ANCIENT USE OF PORTRAITURE , B EARLY TOM CHAPELS , DESCRIPTION OF THE HAWARA COLLECTION ,

PTOLEMAIC VI LLAGE, I CHAPT ER V I . PICTURE FRAME,

B N . BY . THE B . B ROMAN TOM S , AND DECORATIVE PAINTING , ANCIENT OTANY PERCY E EW ERRY ’ KM T , WOR EN S OOLS PREVIOUS COLLECTIONS OF ANCIENT PLANTS ,

B &C . T T , K T , , , A LE S CAS E LENSES STATE OF THE PRESENT COLLECTION , S B TOY ANCIENT DISTRI UTION OF PLANTS ,

J I , ARS OF CO NS FOOD PLANTS INTRODUCED , I OTHER ECONOM C PLANTS , C HAPTE R I I I . I FLOWER NG PLANTS ,

HE D R B M . T ECO ATION AND URIAL OF UMMIES NATIVE PLANTS , I MATER ALS FOR MANUFACTURE, 22 . IN PTOLEMAIC COFFINS, 2 B EXTENT OF VARIATIONS , . TI G , 3 PRESERVA ON A OVE ROUND I LIST OF SPEC ES DISCOVERED 3 24. CONSEQUENT DECORATION WITH GILT HEADS , B 2 . . 5 GILT USTS WITH ARMS , C HAPT ER VI I I

R I , T ANS TION STAGES TO PANEL PAINTINGS BIAHMU. 2 7 . PAINTING ON PANEL , AND METHODS , NATURE OF STRUCTURES ,

2 8. PERIODS OF JEWELLERY PAINTED , EVIDENCES FOR THE RESTORATION ,

2 . 9 NAMES , AND AGES OF PORTRAITS , Z I T I , B A S E OF HE COLOSS 0 . 3 URIAL OF PORTR IT MUMMIES , B I MEASUREMENTS , 3 I . RETURN TO I MMEDIATE URIAL AND CESSAT ON

T IT , OF POR RA S CH APT ER IX.

V ARSINOE . C HAPT ER I . I OF THE 7 . ARRANGEMENT TEMENOS , I BY F L L . G . THE I TI . . I IT NSCR P ONS R FF H 2 THE P RO- 7 . TEMENOS , 2 R OF ANK HRUI 2 1 OF XIITH AND 3 . SA COPHAGUS , 7 3. REMAINS DYNASTY , LEVELS , ARS 2 AND 33 CANOPIC j , 3 7 4 LATER REMAINS LEVELS , 7‘ 34~ INSCRIPTIONS ON WOODEN COFFINS , CHAPT ER X. T V . C H AP ER WEIGHTS .

BY . S . THE P I . P OF APYR ROF AYCE CATALOGUE MEMPHIS WEIGHTS ,

OF THE OF , PAPYRI KNOWN I LIAD , CATALOGUE DELTA WEIGHTS

OF THE 2 OF DE F ENNEH , CHARACTERISTICS HAWARA ILIAD , 4 CATALOGUE WEIGHTS OF 2 AN I T OF THE CORRECTNESS OF EXTENT TH IS PAPYRUS , S NDEPENDEN PROOF 0 USE OF B , ACCENTUAL SYM OLS , PREVIOUS RESULTS ATE S L IST OF P L .

' ' F r o n lzs zece F I O . . p . NINE PHOTOGRAPHS PORTRA TS POTTERY, ROMAN

I . LID . HAWARA SARCOPHAGUS, . POTTERY, LATE ROMAN

ND . . . L ID A B B B I I I SARCOPHAGUS, ODY WAXED TA LETS AND TOM PAINT NGS

. . B . I I I SARCOPHAGUS, INSCRIPTIONS IVORY CASKET, ETC . , ONE TOM IV A I I I RS . . B CANOPIC j , NSCR PT ONS TOYS FROM ONE TOM . Y I I I . COFFIN NSCR PT ONS . GLASS, TOYS, ETC .

VI . I I I I . B I B . STONE INSCR PT ONS , H EROGLYPH C TOYS, EM ROIDER ES ; ONE TOM

VI I . I I I STONE NSCR PT ONS , GREEK . WRITING OF DATED PAPYRI .

A . I . B ETC . I VI I FUNEREAL LA ELS, _ PHOTOGR PH OF IL AD PAPYRUS

I X F Y . I . O . . HISTORY MUMM DECORATION ACCENTS ON PAPYRUS CO NS X F I O . . . NINE PHOTOGRAPHS PORTRA TS PLAN OF HAWARA M BIAH . I THE . U XI . JEWELLERY N PAINTINGS RESTORATION OF COLOSSUS ;

XI I I AND B D . I I I . . P CTURE FRAMES OR ERS P ECES OF COLOSSUS ; NSCRIPTIONS, ARS NOE I I I N . A D B . XI II . TOOLS USHA TIS FL NT AND RON KN VES X V X T EM N V . I I . X ITH O T E o s . POTTERY, DYNASTY GREEK PLAN OF , ARS NOE

“ d 2 rratum Sea o t . 20 IL l e 20 o r 2 0 B. C . rea 0 B. C . [E in A s n in Egyp , p , , in , f 3 4 34 ]

TROD CTI IN U ON.

G reb aut On . . w I . applying last autumn to M to have should be the better understood For the follo ing m w o f Of some place named for y excavations , he decided on vie the use the great dy ke I am indebted to was C R R E . . B h . C . w o allotting the Fay um province to me it not being olonel oss , , , has professionally con — sid e red worked by an y one else the department of anti the subject . The Fay um is one Of the oases uiti es L C N q not having touched it for quarter of a century, of the iby an desert, ly ing lose to the ile valley ; — and it was a district containing many interesting and the intervening ground is lo w enough for the fte r N A . problems . copy ing plans and making notes in ile to pour into the basin The fall from the Nile

E n lan d Of w was kn o wn w g , to make certain hat already , valley to where the channel idens out into the

' e l 1 2 w I arrived in due course at Medinet Fay um , and Fayum is about feet ; and the ater flows over S b w settled on the ide of the great mounds , hard by a the province y canals and ravines , orn through

te n t . mill , once more living free in a The place is the rock and its superincumbent mud , until the pleasant enough in the winter ; but when the kha streams finally collect in the Birket Kurun at more w w Of 200 w N masin inds blo , the clouds dust arise like a than feet belo the ile level , and , indeed , 1 fo . o t 0 thick brown g I soon g together some men from 3 feet below the sea . The present area Of culti v a the village of Me n sh i et Abdallah at the end of the tion is about 20 miles in each direction ; but the m w w w w 0 ounds ; and they ent ith me after ards to hole basin , geographically speaking, is about 4 H w v i a ara . miles across on an a erage . Th s does not include e l w Of W R Medinet Fayum is the modern town hich the secondary basin the adi ayan to the south , A P an w represents the ancient rsinoe, so named by tolemy which never had y connection ith the Fayum

Ph i lad e l h o s - w p i n honour of his sister ife ; it lies at basin in historic times , the ground rising over 1 00 w N w two the extreme south of the old site, hich covers a space feet above ile level bet een the depressions . N of over a mile long and half a mile wide, a vast In prehistoric times the ile valley was full of A w w w . t ilderness of mounds stre n ith pottery the water to a far greater depth than at present, probably O w 1 00 200 w pposite end of the ruins , to ard the north , is the or feet deep of ater filled it right across . A Of i m Old E w . z e great te ple enclosure of the gy ptian to n river such a S seems almost incredible , and A C O we S Before its name of rsinoe, the ity had btained naturally hould suppose it to have been an C w the name of rocodilopolis , from the orship of the estuary ; but this must not be too hastily assumed , sacred crocodiles maintained there ; and still earlier as there are evidences over the whole country of an

was w S — w w it kno n as hed meaning, apparently, that enormous rainfall , hich ploughed up the cliffs ith w v v w Old N hich is sa ed , cut out , delivered , or extracted , great ra ines ; hile the bare bed of the ile i n Silsile h w referring to the district being reclaimed from the the eastern desert at is some miles in idth , w v was w w Of w great lake . The hole pro ince kno n as sho ing what a large volume ater has filled it ;

Ta - sh e w w w , the land of the lake and , hatever may a lesser stream ould have cut do n a deep channel L Old w have been the mistakes of historians about ake in the bed , and ould never have filled that and

Mo i ri s was . , there is no doubt that the lake the main topped the rocks to force its present cut This pre

N w - feature of the district . historic high ile is not , ho ever , pre human , as I 5 0 man y Opinions have been broached about L ake found a palaeolithic flint hi gh up on the hills to the

E s n eh v - w Pl v i i s . . I . Mo r that an account of antiquities in the Fay um west of , clearly ri er orn ( xx iii ) The w v w . So ithout mentioning it ould seem impossible , geologic conditions , then , in the prehistoric time pro e m w e t v although y ork has not been in that line , y i t that the Fay um basin must ha e been a vast lake , w N v will be as well to state what seems to be the truth connected by a broad arm ith the ile alley . N I O 20 about it , in order that some collateral questions Thick beds of ile mud exist beneath to

3 4 AHJII U AND A R BI R INOE . HAWA A, , S

' c o - O He feet of deposits washed down from the desert hills ; more effective in perating with the Nile . w L Mo i ri s w and even this desert detritus is stre n with felspar thus established ake , and his orks gave him b N Of and quart z pebbles brought in y the ile from the credit being its founder in later ages . In the A n o w N He ro d o to s ssuan , and ly ing high above the present ile time of the lake still seems to have been N As , w le vel . the rainfall ceased , and the ile fell the kept up to its high level , and if this vie be correct

w was we - G neck Of ater reduced , but it still sufficed as a ought not to find any pre reek remains i n the N Of channel for the filling of the Fay um , in all probability, Fay um below ile level outside the great dyke : N f . w O . in the time the earliest dynasties The ile bed so far as is at present kno n , this is the case The Hero d o to s has risen , it is true, 4 inches a century by its deposits circumference mentioned by as equal to Of XI Ith w Of E I 0 and hence at the time the dynasty, hen the coast gypt , would have been about 3 miles , ; w w 1 80 Of - i t was do n to its present volume of ater, it prob against length the coast line ; SO this state 1 w ably stood about 4 feet lo er than it now does ment is but little exaggerated . The length in stadia w w in the Nile valley ; but as the drop to the point of is , ho ever, evidently rong . Apparently under the P fl o w into the Fayum is at present 1 2 feet below high ersians or Ptolemies the desire to acquire more land N w leve l w Of ile, and the ater has risen some hat there, in the Fayum at the expense of the irrigation the w N w it is pretty ell certain that the Fayum basin con ile valley, led to restricting the inflo , and gradually ti n u e d during the early dy nasties to receive the inflow dry ing up the lake . I t was reduced greatl y during

N . of the ile as it had done for ages before This . then , the Greek period , as the temple of Kasr Kerun of was the state in which the great engineering monarchs Roman age on the sh o re ‘ o f the Birket Kurun is 7 2 E —a N D R w of gypt found the province basin full of over feet below ile level ; and imeh , a oman to n ,

fl o w N w 6 ile ater, replenished at each inundation is at 9 feet, and has a quay , I am informed , at w 8 N through a marshy shallo inlet , and with much of about 7 feet below the ile. The shrinkage of the SO w w its bottom raised by deposits as to have become lake , ho ever, ent on until it has now left the R 1 0 an d N almost marsh ground , like the present lakes about oman quay 3 feet high in the air, the ile 200 w the coast . falls over feet before its aters evaporate from

e n e mh at Of we . Am I . is the earliest king whom the lake The present problem is how to just let in He w have any evidence in the Fayum . appears to enough for cultivation ithout any surplus , and so still S “ have reclaimed the site of the capital , hed , the further reduce the lake , and increase the area for crops . ” ” m separated , or extracted , and thus he established The general level of cultivated land in the Fayu “ ” f Am e n e mh at . the land O the lake . The dy ke of I has not risen by deposits as in the Nile valley ; the may perhaps be seen in a fragment of an enormous denudation by the rapid drainage into the lake j ust bank which remains on the north of the temple area compensating the rise by deposit which would other at Medinet . It cannot be part of the temenos wall , as wise take place . The evidence for this is seen on the Of A Ti rse h i t is far too thick in proportion ; and no king later east side rsinoe, where the Bahr has cut n I w uld 5 0 an Ame emh at r o than need to place a dam a cle section of the mounds , and the undisturbed N near to the capital . The great dy ke noticed by bed of ile mud beneath the ruins is seen to be at L —if w l e A inant indeed it be ancient, hich some have just the same level as the fie ds at pres nt . lso at — doubted is probably th e further reclamation of Bi ah m u it is certain that the ground has never been

Ame n e mh at . S w I I I , ignalised by his erecting at much below its present level, or the foundations ould Bi ah mu two great statues Of himself at the project h ave been washed out ; nor has it risen much above i n g corner of it looking over the lake , and flanking the level apparently , as the highest mud on the stones

w was . the road on either side . That the ater on the is only three feet over the present soil The fact seems w L was lo er and not the upper side of the dy ke , as inant to be that it slowly rose while the lake at a high

. w as two supposed , is proved by the levels For if the area level , until it about feet higher ; and then it w e s was ithin the dy ke had b en covered with water as a has denuded ince the lake reduced , and drainage Bi ah mu n o w w reservoir, the structures would have been set in , until it is perhaps a foot belo the ancient 1 2 h submerged some feet ; whereas there is no trace level of the XI It dy nasty. an of deposited mud on y of the upper stones, nor is A the building such that it is likely to have been placed 2 . The remains at the temple of rsinoe are now

Of w . w Of Ame n emh a t . w an d in a depth ater The ork I I I mainly inaccessible, o ing to cultivation beyond consisted in reclaiming more land , and damming back clearing about the pylon , and tracking the sand beds w w Of w the lake to narro er limits , hile improving the some foundations , there was no scope for ork here . i n SO A canals which led and out of it, as to render it few burnt houses were cleared out in various parts I NTR OD UC TI ON .

v

Of w was w the to n , but scarcely anything found bey ond the brick ork , to find the central chamber . Find it ’ Of - s o f L C we was a lot forgers coin mould icinius and onstan did , but the masonry too massive to be A w a ’ . s n o w w tine fortnight altogether sufficed here, as I attacked in a hurry , and it a aits next season s b u o w not prepared to y out the cr ps and clear the place . ork . Mean while the site Of the laby rinth was being Bi ah mu Of b I then began to examine the buildings , leav trenched , and a part it exhausted y completely i n m A w g y tent and baggage at rsinoe , and alking turnin g over all the earth and stones . The result was d a Muh a m over each y at sunrise , and back at night only to confirm the thoroughness of the destruction v Bi ah m u o w W e w med li in g at to lo k after the ork . hich has come over it. The site was used as a quarry w E . R , began on the structure hich is the most complete , during all the oman period the great labyrinth , and

v w v Of w v and turned o er the hole soil and examined e ery the casing the py ramid , ere ra aged for stone and

o o two b F a um is b He r l st ne ; this occupied f ur days , and day s more lime , both y the y and y the ak e o p o W s ufli ce d d i . li tan s N v l P V to g around the pedestal , and turn out in the ile a ley , as liny mentions . illages

. S Of w v many good fragments of that colossus trange to orkmen li ed on the spot , and carried on the

s a Of W . v v y , the nose the colossus must ha e been ly ing destruction as a li elihood for generations . I t is rare 0 11 d a was w n o , y w v Of v the surface as the second that I at ork to find e en a piece the pa ement remaining, E t o o n . wo W , . Of o v the structure b y s came from the and the plan the buildin g is l st for e er . w pedestal lugging ov er the block hich they had found In the first d ay or two I w as going round the neigh f . S w o b o u rh o o d saw Of loose on the ground uch is the po er bakhshish , and soon a large number tomb wells A w in stimulating discovery . eek sufficed to clear up ; sunk in the rock from these I had great hopes , but v almost e ery point , and enable a tolerably complete they had all been completely plundered in classical

. w restoration of the monuments to be made times, and the chambers beneath ere so ignobly cut in the softest and weakest stratum of rock that it was

. H w O a w 3 I then moved over to a ara, and all my men hopeless to btain nything , o ing to the cavin g in of

’ S w and boy s were anxious to go with me ; I picked out the ides and roofs . The ater had moreover risen v w w S Of o er sixty of them , and they ent altogether ith my at least four feet ince the time their excavation , Of baggage , and settled as a camp along the canal bank and nearly filled many the chambers ; and the w w as w b y the py ramid Of Ha ara . This result hat I fallen stuff had in most cases almost choked up the m w A W few had been aimin g at in beginning y ork at rsinoe . space . hile making a trial clearings in some H w v we I f I had begun at a ara , I should ha e needed to brick chambers on the surface, came on a o H w two w g back to the village of a ara , miles distant mummy ith a painted portrait bandaged over the w two v l . P . and across a canal , e ery night ith the men whereas face of it ( x and after day s another (x . b tw o y their coming from a distance they camped on the and then days later another (Front . Of w w S w as lo ss . w pot , and thus there no of time It is a great course more men ere put on to this ork , and hen ,

v w b two w w was advantage also to ha e the orkmen y themselves after or three eeks , the laby rinth ork done , they are always ready to begin work they are regular all my men (except a fe w at the p y ramid) were turn

v d a i n in coming e ery y , and can be depended on ; they are g over this cemetery systematically from one side w . A much less liable to take any thing found to their homes, to the other fter thirteen eeks here the advance or to bring out things to the work there is no trouble of Ramadan made me close work ; and as I could w sh ekh S e t w ith or guards interfering ; and , above all , there not hope to g into the py ramid under some eeks w a are no loafers getting in the y and stopping busi lon ger, and the cemetery appeared to be practically v v w m b . w o ut ness y coming and talking I belie e it is al ay s cleared , I mo ed a ay , and passed y collections w w Mu se u m wh ere z o f the best to dra the orkers from a distance , and to at the Bulak , a do en the finest por

fe w O have a of the people of the place in order to keep traits , the great sarcophagus , and some minor bjects W E touch with them ; then both parties are afraid of being n o w remain . hat I brou ght to ngland was ex

w h ib ite d E H P fi ve w dismissed , and they kno that if they are troublesome at the gy ptian all, iccadilly , for eeks w v o u O they ill only dri e y into employ ing the pposite this summer ; the place once more appropriately filled , ’ At H w O was z . v side a ara the first bject the py ramid , as it has not been since Bel oni s exhibition there o er S v and next the labyrinth . I began at once to search sixty years ago . ome of the isitors of this year ’ fh e north side Of the pyramid more completely than remembered and mentioned visiting Bel z oni s c o llec

S . had yet been done, and then to clear on the east ide ; tions in the same room

v . SO but both pro ed fruitless then , fearing that the entrance might be on the south side where it is very 4 . The present exploration has been solely a private two l\Ir H deeply encumbered , I decided on tunnelling in through enterprise, assisted by friends , jesse aworth U RA BI AHM AND ARSI NOE . HAIVA , ,

S b two wh o ignalised y the ruins of pyramids, one at either and Mr Martyn Kennard , independently came At . w . end of it the point where the stream of the canal for ard , and bore the larger portion of the costs “ S E turns away from the Nile valley the py ramid of I lla Some innocent persons have said , urely the nglish ” , g or the E gyptian Government assists such work ! The hun rises on a rocky knoll projectin from the desert w w reply is that the only governmental notice of it is the hills hich slope back to the north ard of it ; and at Of selection by the Egyptian Government of a large por the edge of the basin the Fayum , on the most pro ec ti n w j g spur of the low flat desert, stands the pyramid tion of hat I find for the Bulak Museum , as a toll for H S E I f of awara, with various remains around it ; in ight on t . t the permission to excavate in gyp _ only hat Illah un w the one hand of the pyramid of , and indeed museum ere a safe place, there would be the less Of ff N hesi tation at seeing antiquities placed there ; but un the cli s on the east bank of the ile, and on the other hand lookin g across the green fi elds of the‘ happily the collections have suffered from rain , inun f He wat Fayum to the clif s behind the Birket el Kurun . dation , and robbery . From Mr Marshall , the V H w m This site , named from the illage of a ara near inspector of public works of the Fay u province, I have to acknowledge the greatest kindness and help by, was the principal ground for my excavations - I f during 1 888. do not propose to state here any of i n my a fairs , the mummies and antiquities having w been stowed week by week in his Offi ce as I gradu the ork which I did at the pyramid , as that is still

t , , ally despatched them while the work was proceeding. incomple e the chamber being found but not yet The working out of the materials brought to E ngland entered . The most ancient subject for our attention ,

Of . could not have been nearly as complete but for the then is the site the labyrinth assistance of those friends who have each taken in The labyrinth , though usually supposed to be near

o wn F , g hand their specialty, and supplied some of the the entrance to the ayum has been by some assi ned ' t t e l n ; Of . L o the further side of he Birket Kuru but the chapters this volume ess noticeable, but quite S bo wh o Of , , as valuable, has been the personal help my friend statement of tra visited the place is so very S explicit and clear that it seems impossible to set it Mr purrell , both in unpacking, arranging, and He 0 . t t t g t 3 managing the collections , in ironing the papyri , and aside s ates hat af er proceedin abou or also in weighing the weights which I Obtained this 40 stadia from the first sailing into the canal he A ; , , y ear . But for Miss Bradbury the large mass of tex reached the labyrinth and again that rsinoe was 1 0 u n o w 0 t t . t t t t tiles could have had but scant attention ; , how about s adia f r her on I is hus eviden hat b t tw t F ever, they have, y her care, been all soaked , cleaned , he labyrinth lay be een he entrance to the ayum A C H , , ta ; and ironed, and finally distributed to various collee and rsinoe or rocodilopolis the capi l and ero was a L Mo i ri s ; t t dotos also states that it little above ake , tions the most important and comple e se techno x fr . logically going to a Manchester museum . While Mr and near the city named om the crocodiles This Newberry has not only worked out the botanical shows that it cannot have been on the further side of

. collection , but has prepared and mounted the speci this oasis By all authors it is described as being An d w mens , and formed series for different museums . close to a pyramid, and the only pyramid any here my friend Mr Webber has taken the excellent ortho between the mouth of the canal and Arsinoe is that H chromatic photographs of the papyrus and Of the of awara . This does not exactly agree to the dis S 0 portraits , sharp in detail and true in relative shade, tance given by trabo, as it is 5 5 stadia in place of 4 ” 80 w . w hich are here reproduced It is a s eet mercy, from the mouth , and only stadia by the canal to H ’ C w Of A 1 00. S as rom ell said , to see the proceeds an excavation rsinoe in place of ence trabo s distances S two so thoroughly taken in hand by those who can best would put the ite or three miles to the east, or w deal ith them , and discussed and disposed of at nearer the mouth of the canal ; but as, after walking once ; and it is not the least part of the pleasures of several times along the canal between Hawara and Illah un an excavator to have congenial occupation with so , I could not find any trace of a building or a many helpful friends . pyramid except at these two termini , it seems evident that there is no other site but Hawara at which we

can look for the labyrinth . C HAPTE R Ho w w H w I . far, then , ill the remains at a ara agree with the descriptions of the magnitude and importance THE L BY I NT A R H . of the labyrinth ? W e read Of the enormous extent Of of the buildings, and their exceeding in vastness

5 . a The g p in the desert hills , through which the all the temples of the Greeks put together, and that N Of ile water flows into the oasis of the Fayum , is they even surpassed the pyramids . the beauty THE L ABYRI NTH

w e n o w and magnificence of the work cannot judge , that of those other subterranean built tombs , or as almost every stone has lon g since been broken up passages to tombs , in the cemetery region , the stone f and removed ; but the extent of the area we can O all being v ery inferior to that shown by the chips Of All b . measure , as marked out y the immense bed of chips the laby rinth buildings these tombs are prob o f R w w a e . of fine hite limestone hich lies on the south of the ably oman g The south limit , or front , of the W we d i w we Of w w pyramid . herever g do n find a bed laby rinth is sho n in the section hich is cut through

c b A . w fl at laid sand, or of beton made of hips of stone the ground y the rab canal There , on the est w w la m a a rammed do n , on hich to y the pavement and side of the canal , y be seen five blocks rem ining ’ ‘ f v i n s zzu w walls O some enormous building, and o er that lie , resting on a beton bed of hite limestone thousands of tons of fragments of the destroyed w alls ; chips . These blocks are merely of a substructure o r w on tracing these signs to their limits it is found that foundation , as they are of a poor quality of y ello 1 000 800 w Of they cover an area about feet long, and feet limestone, like the lo er stratum of a part the w broad . These mere figures ill not signify readily to pavement , though they are superior to that used in R the mind the vast extent of construction ; but when the oman tombs just named . The section shown n we compare it with the greatest of other E gy ptian by the canal cutting is quite clear . O the north of n S Of temples it m ay be somewhat realised . O that pace these blocks the ground is composed an immense 6 could be erected the great hall of Karnak, and all the mass of limestone chips averaging about feet thick , w successive temples adj oining i t, and the great court ith here and there some sandstone and red granite , W and pylons of it also the temple of M ut , and that of representing the materials of the laby rinth . hile

K h o n su A . , and that of menhotep I I I at Karnak ; also on the south of these blocks there is nothing but w the two great temples of L uxor ; and still there would blo n sand and earth banked up against the high

w Ram e sse um . w be room for the hole of the . In short, debris just mentioned This difference sho s the Of w an . all of the temples on the east of Thebes , and one of limit the building ithout y question The e w t h e S the larg st on the est bank , might be placed together numbers marked on several parts of ite are H w z in the one area of the ruins at a ara . Here we the levels above an arbitrary datum , the ero bein g w w O . ce rtainly have a site worthy f the renown which the a little belo the lo est point, the canal level The

- labyrinth acquired . levels are in British i nches , and only the base bed SO levels of the building are marked on the plan , as W L v 6 . hen epsius visited this site he claimed it for to avoid confusion ; the other le els of the top of the w the laby rinth , from its position but the remains pavement and blocks are stated further on , hen con si d e ri n which he supposed to be those of the walls and g the result of the levelling. The extent of the a e e chambers are really of a far later g , b ing merely laby rinth to the east is marked by the high mounds w the houses and tombs of the population that destroy ed of chips hich stand there, and the beton bed may N b E . . the great structure . The large mass of brick build be traced on the y the side of the pyramid w w i ngs hich he identified ith one side of the laby rinth , We w w v are the streets of a village founded upon the thick 7 . ill next notice hat can be reco ered of

bed of stone chips which mark the destruction of the the arrangement of the building itself. The square w b masonry ; and the stone passage, hich he also figures of mounds surrounding a central space , described y

’ ' Dezzémcz ler L i n the plates of the , is part of a tomb built epsius , has little or no structural meaning, as those w was be d Of in a pit hich cut through the of stone chips , mounds consist houses of the masons and people th e after all that part of the labyrinth had been destroyed . employ ed in the destruction of the laby rinth , “ w b T On n o w H P S . l. referring to the plan of awara ( xxv . ) little to n mentioned y trabo his village the position Of the area of the laby rinth will be seen naturally became established on the outer parts of w at the south side of the py ramid . The western edge the site here the buildings had been earliest de R is found j ust outside of the oman village , at the limit stroyed , and it did not extend to the inner parts , w w n b of the continuous bed of beton (marked beton hich ere broke up later, as y that time the

which I traced running back for twenty feet or more Village would be decreasing. This appears to be the we beneath the houses . The double passage close to this meaning of the square bank of mounds ; and N E b Of point , on the , is surrounded y a deep mass of must look rather to the remains the temple itself. 1 0 1 2 w A was w fi ne limestone chips, or feet thick , hich over ssuming that it symmetrical ith the pyramid

was v w lies the beton bed at that part , and which cut in its main design , and gi en the axis , and the est w through hen building this tomb in the later times . edge, we find that the east edge (dotted in plan) The character Of the ma sonry of this is exact ly like would be closely in line with an edge of beton noticed AHMU ND A I N E RA BI A RS O . HAIVA , , V

w . , , SE . of the pyramid Then the further mounds of py ramid however it is uniformly lo er, averaging Of 2 1 0 w chips which extend out on the east the site, must about , and this therefore probably shows a lo er

Of . belong to some outly ing or additional buildings . level of pavement altogether From the edge of the the pav ement the principal part to be seen is in the beton bed at the which is very ill defined , as eastern half of the site ; some years ago this covered but little material has been added there to the levelled an d Of w 1 80 a tolerable space , perhaps some trace of walls surface the desert, the ground slopes do n to , We m a . Un w w . might have aided us in recovering the plan and still lo er, to ard the east y sum up o f w happily, the engineers the rail ay found the then , so far, by say ing that the building was square place, and steadily quarried i t for stone, just as the with additional structures on the east ; that it had a R a e w barbarians of the oman g had done here long great front wall , and a great cross all along the w before ; the last remains of the laby rinth ere thus middle ; that the level was uniform , except along w O h destroy ed in our own time, and hen an fficial of the north edge (per aps outside the building) and

NE . the Bulak Museum visited the place, he conveniently at the outbuildings ; that red granite columns

“ two reported that this pavement of different layers were used , but more likely only in the northern part “ ” was of stone native rock, so the quarriers had it of the site ; and built pillars, rather than monolith

~ S fe w Of o wn wa . their y ome blocks this pavement columns , seem to belong to the part south of the cross two remain ; and also isolated blocks at the places wall . This is very meagre information to gain about P w marked ; hile in the side of the canal cutting is such a great building, but it is probably about as

' i n sz tu w another block , just in the line of the high bank much as we can ever kno the ground seems to have

Of . chips around the py ramid The thickness of each been exhaustively quarried for stone , and although I

2 - z of these examples is 5 inches ; the double paving turned over a good si ed piece of half an acre or so, 2 w 1 is 5 inches yello limestone, and 5 inches of fine examining every chip down to the sand bed , there Of two w hite over that . the superstructure there are a were only fragments of inscribed granite as a D few fe w . blocks of architraves , of very hard splintery result oubtless some more fragments might O h we limestone, nodular in structure and liable to solution be btained , but it seems very unlikely t at shall between the nodules ; these are inscribed with titles ever recover the plan of the building after the very b k f ru e e n e e . of Ame n emh at I I I . and S There are foundations of it have been removed especially as it SO also pieces of a clustered column near these, marked was built upon desert ground, that there are not

f n Of ‘ L in plan . O red granite there are parts of three eve the lines sand substratum which may be N clustered columns , marked G in plan ; these have traced in the sites of buildings on ile soil . been drawn and restored by Lepsius in the Den /e

' We mzzler . a 8. The only inscription found this year is on can only , then , turn lastly to the fragmentary Pl w “ b granite column ( . hich mentions her and confused descriptions left y those who saw it ” “ ” was P monuments to her father for ever, evidently referring before it marvellously ravaged , as liny say s . k fer a to Seb e n e u. The buildings on the east of the main square m y be N v th e tero n P ext , turning to the le els , we see that the level identified with p , or wing , mentioned by liny ; of the sand or beton bed of the building varies a good and perhaps here should be sought the crocodile lo w sebe keu m deal . The front is (level and probably vaults, or , as he say s that there are shows the deeper foun d ation of a massive wall in passages beneath this leading to other subterranean w lo w front hile, again , there is an equally bed right chambers ; and , furthermore, I found great quantities w S 1 0 across the middle of the hole site , marked 4 , of crocodiles buried in the chips of the ruins east and w was h - hich suggests that there a great dividing wall sout east of the pyramid , suggesting that this was

w As across the structure ; the drop do n to this lower the quarter for the crocodile burial . to the main v D le el is very marked at present on the surface of the mass of building , iodoros states that it was square, SO th at ‘ I fo rt illars ground , much so thought that building must and had y p on each side, standing within

o n . On remain the north of it ; but on digging there , only a peribolos wall referring to the attempted

. S clean deep sand was found outh of this line the restoration , at the side of the plan , it will be seen level seems nearly uniform 240 ; one place of 2 1 7 that after subtracting a likely space between the w Of was w may be here an extra course foundation put peribolos and the colonnade, the building ould

’ N 1 ro in for a wall . orth of the cross line the level is require architraves of about 9 feet to unite the w 26 2 2 0 S z rather higher, the bed being at and 5 5 , but it of 4 columns , and this is j ust about the usual i e in regains the usual level at the west edge, where it is large temples , apart from the very exceptional spans

C . 2 0. 4 loser to the pyramid , and on the east of the over entrances This form of a colonnade around a THE [ AB YR/NTH 1

was XV I l lth b A temple used in the dy nasty , y men number of courts , as there could not be a pillar in h o t Of w . e . A n o p I I I , for the temple at ssuan , destroy ed front an entrance ; and eight courts in the breadth w He ro d o to s saw w v Then , ithin the laby rinth , six great of the building ould ha e been each too small to be b w b peristy le courts side y side , facing north , and six suitable hen cut up y peristy le columns ; hence i w S x . others facing south , and one all surrounding them courts is the most likely number That these T f H r o to s . w w O e o d b all hese ro s of courts ere face to face, as the are not the six courts is indicated y “ ” w An w as S O . d O doors ere pposite each other this trabo not mentioning the pposite six courts, and b He r d o to s saw o . A apparently all he , so it must have been the part y not naming the hall of columns lso

was v He ro d o to s - nearest to the entrance, as he e idently not the courts of had an open air space w “ w o w . was o allo ed to g over the hole place It also bet een them , as he describes them as encl sed f b w ” “ w a su ficiently important part of the building to be y one all , and not under one roof ; hereas , ’ As S o the main and striking construction , in his eyes . trabo s hall must have been a roofed place bef re w o V . Of these ere peristy le c urts , and therefore of large his courts ery probably the fore part the z we w He ro d o to s si e , can hardly err in supposing them to have laby rinth , ith the courts of , had been

Of S . i n filled the southern half of the site, up to the great destroy ed already in the time trabo The

w w ri ca e dividing all hich ran across i t . The details of t t passages and chambers in front of the entrance Of w these courts are , course , conjectural ; only the of the courts ould be perhaps equivalent to some usual maximum Si z e for architraves pretty well limits such arrangement of buildings as I have indicated w : w the positions of the pillars around the courts , and an behind the great cross all such ould be quite even number at front and back is fixed by the need enough to bewilder an y stranger led through them S ad b h o w of entrance ; the hrine of each court , and the y a guide, for it is astonishing confusing a large w j oining chambers , are dra n as in the temple of temple appears to any one visiting it for the first

Ra me ssu . h l w I I I adjoining the great al at Karnak , time , even hen some idea of its arrangement has P and this seems to be a likely arrangement within been Obtained beforehand . The statements of liny O i w the space . S far th s ill account for all that are evidently a co mpilation of various more or less He ro d o to s D . S w u w . and iodoros specify trabo , ho ever , incongr ous facts, hich cannot be put together v ro w 1 6 gi es further particulars of a of peristy le courts There seem , according to him , to have been nome all backing against one wall ; long and intricate courts ; but where the 40 statues of Nemesis were w w w passages before the entrances to these courts ; and placed , and hat they really ere (unless they ere 2 w was 0 w a hall of 7 columns, hich a striking part of fi gures on the 4 columns in front) , and here the wa s the buildin g, and apparently connected with the small py ramids could have stood (as there is no trace

. was Of n o w d iflfic ultie s w a halls The number of the peristyle courts , he says , them ) , are in the y of making we m a an . equal to the former number of the nomes , but this is y use of the description But at least y see an indeterminate statement ; it is certain that not a that the 1 8 courts w e have already deduced would do z en peristy le courts of an y important si z e could be accommodate the 1 6 nomes which are mentioned ; S S w w put ide by ide along one single all ithin the and the temples of all the gods , and the statues , may

; 2 Of E w w . laby rinth area therefore the 4 nomes gy pt , ell have found space ithin the building 2 or the 4 nomes of the Fay um , are entirely out of the

o . questi n But , remembering the seven chambers of 9 . It may be naturally objected to such a ground

A w e w bydos , and the hy posty le hall before them , have plan as I have su ggested , that it ould be unlike ; 2 E w v a clue to the arrangement the g reat hall of 7 the other gyptian temples , hich ha e a great r w o w o . columns led apparently to the of nome courts . central shrine ith subsidiary chambers ar und it But we I f suppose the columns to have been arranged i n this seems just to hav e been an essential difference w No 9 ro s , 3 deep , the maximum length allowable by between the laby rinth and all other buildings . v w the architra es ould not be enough for the breadth author describes it as having one great shrine , or great o f y , w w more than three perist le courts and if there ere temple , ithin it , nor is it said to be dedicated to w w fe S o d - so they ould more likely have been pecified . any one g pre eminently ; but , on the contrary , The only other arrangement is by placing the 27 continual stress is laid on the equality of a great Of columns in one line along the middle a hall ; number of courts , all similar in form , and all intended

, th e w o f and thus with a quite possible length of architraves , for orship equally important provinces of 2 w , w Th e v 3 feet they ould serve for a hall along the hole the country . descriptions preclude in e ery breadth of the building, giving access to the whole respect the existence Of a central shrine around r w o of courts . The number 27 precludes an uneven which the building was arranged ; though it is not AHM AND A IN E HAWAR/1 BI U RS O . , ,

a n P impossible that one of the back row of courts may alabaster canopic jar ( l. vi . and part of a have led into another chamber or chambers (as at small alabaster dish , of the style of those of about the

Abydos) at the back of the main building dedicated XXth dynasty at Neb esh eh . These tomb wells are NE S Amen emh at . . to ebek, or to I I I who was buried i n found most thickly i n the region of the pyramid , et e the pyramid . In any case we must g out of our as marked on the plan , but also scattered ov r the w : minds the modern sense of a laby rinth, hich cer whole area of the cemetery and although many of t a i n l w E P y had nothing to do ith any gyptian buildings them contain late burials of tolemaic times , yet the remembering the warning of P liny about the labyrinth evidences of re - use show that they were first cut at

C w . V of rete, which he says was copied from this , hen an earlier period ery often they are lined with w w S he remarks that we must not compare it with the brick ork, o ing to the haft having become too z d meanders of a mosaic pavement, or a ma e made crumbling in later times and one was evidently use in a field , but suppose a building with many doors as a common burying place, as it contained about a w and galleries , hich confuse the visitor. The very hundred mummies in the chambers beneath , and bits absence of a central shrine, and of the usual grouping, of fine carved funeral furniture left behind in the w w ould all the more readily be ilder a stranger accus corners from the older interment . I opened some t o med z S w to the structure of other and far smaller do ens of these hafts , ith considerable labour , and E . w temples ach court here is, in fact, a temple in itself, some risk, but only one repaid the ork, and that was z w XXX h E t . S quite comparable in si e ith the average gyptian dynasty, and not early ome fragments of

. XXVIth temples tombs, probably of the dynasty, are found in P o n the tolemaic lining of tomb shafts, as the pieces

PI . 1 0 I 1 . . vi and beside the loose fragment 4

H P T R C A E . P I I 1 1 . The tolemaic graves are mostly to the north of the tomb shafts they are marked Pi t tombs with ”

THE M T W f Pl. a e Y OF . S CE E ER HA ARA. box co fins on xxv ome burials of this g

also occur in the ground north of the pyramid , at the “ ” 1 0. We shall here first consider the different south end of the ground marked tomb chambers . was regions of the cemetery , and then take in chronological This region the usual place for burials in the R w w order the various remains found in it ; the whole early oman period , hen gilt cartonnage busts ere D P l 1 n d . A. . subject of the mummies and their decoration is used . apyri of the Ist and cent are also wa treated separately in the succeeding chapter, as it is usual in the soil here , and for some y north , but not w too large to be dealt ith i n the midst of other in the north end of the tomb ground . The portrait matters . mummies were mainly found in the southern half w “ The earliest tombs ere probably mastabas of the of the tomb chamber ground , though scattered XIIth dynasty built on the ground north and east of examples occur down to the region of the pyramid . “ the pyramid ; but of these no trace h as been dis The northern part of the tomb chamber ground is a few Of covered , excepting fragments limestone with still later, having scarcely any portraits or papyri , but

I h - Vt VIth . portions of figures painted in red on a flat surface, as containing graves of the centuries Many H A lo w in the tombs at Beni asan . scene in relief exceptions occur, burials of the latest time being Ne it P afui w o of a priest of , named , seated , ith his f und among the portraits , and portraits scattered in

Ra - eu - Ne i t w w eldest son mat , also priest of , leading a various parts ; hile some of the latest burials , ith Pl . . NE . calf before him ( vi was found built into a embroideries, occur at the . of the pyramid P tolemaic brick wall ; it is probably of the early

Ra- e n - 1 2 XXXth time, but might be later, as the name mat (in . To the dynasty belong some of the ' ' — Ame n e mh a - - h t III . én k honour of ) continued i n use till finest remains here . The tomb of T et bast auf R No . w E . N . oman times ( in Brit . Mus ) The next at the corner of the tomb area, in the region of box ffi Of w period of tombs are some poor interments with terra co ns , is a noble piece ork on two sides of the

Pl. i 26 2 28 S Of cotta ushabtis ( xii , , 7 , ) of rude style, like haft extend the remains a large stone pavement,

XXth - those of the dy nasty which I found at Nebe o n which the tomb C hapel probably stood . The Ta mi: I f . w w sheh (see ) these ere found deep down in shaft itself is lined with fine limestone, and is ide f w the ground north of the pyramid . Some of the well enough to let a co fin do n in either direction ; a ’ sem a b tombs are probably of about the same date, as in that small apparently adjoins it beneath the pave “ P I. a fe w marked Tomb well 1 on xxv. I found bit of ment on the south side ; and at a feet down the E TE Y F THE CE M R O HAIVARA. 9

w w well is a ledge cut in around it, apparently to hold a ground and been covered ith aste chips . This w was two ooden framing. The shaft is deep , and the passage sarcophagus in equal and similar halves, lid O w On S : 2 X 2 pens out of the est side . the south ide of the and body the outside is 9 4 3 3 inches , body two [ 2 0 [ 2 0 X 2 2 6 passage are recesses one empty ; the other con deep , lid 3 5 deep ; inside it is 7 , the tai n e d ffi 8 an open stone co n , and eight canopic jars, body 7 and the lid deep ; hence the ends are

w v 1 0 hich latter I remo ed . The passage then opens inches thick , the sides 5 inches , the bottom and w c wt into a great chamber, cut in the hard limestone the top 3 5 thick each part eighs about 3 . I t is ’ w two c o fli n s w rock , in hich are stone unopened these stuccoed all over, and painted i n a good sty le, ith

w - An kh rui th e are quite plain , ith curved top lids , a plain band inscriptions for a prince of the Fay um ,

down the middle, and projecting head ends . The outside of the lid and inside of the body are given in PI . . 1 v w heads of all the sarcophagi are to the north Beside the inside of the lid is co ered ith stars , and w ffi two w Seb eks the stone sarcophagi are some ooden co ns and discs , one ith the over the head , the other w w w n o w P l. mummies , hich float about, along ith some ith the cy nocephalus over the feet (see on the S w w bobbin g kulls , in the ater hich has risen , and head end of the lid , outside , is part of a curious pan w w P1. two . . fills about feet of this tomb Beneath the ater theistic fi gure, sho n in ii along the side of the

- As Pl i w . : is much rotted and sodden ood work there lid is the line of figures in . . the other end and w w was ere no inscriptions belo , and the only access side of the lid are almost entirely bared of stucco . b w w A w w y being slung do n ith some thin old ropes, I did round the body outside ere green serpents aving

w Of . not think it orth the risk going down I had one from end to end , now mainly destroyed ; on the was . i n of the mummies brou ght up , and cut it open It bottom , outside , is the long inscription seven w an P I . : w bitumenised , and ithout y amulets or ornaments ; columns in . iii hile around the inside of the v was P l . excessi ely hard and tough , so that it difficult lid and of the body are the other inscriptions in . iii w A . w to break into it , even ith an rab fas The canopic The account of these inscriptions ill be found in w w f . W jars ere all brought a ay ; they are in perfect con chap . iv . , by Mr Gri fith hen found , much of the

w Pl . dition , ith long inscriptions (given in . iv ) and stucco had been destroyed , and much of it was loose two finely carved heads . There are sets , apparently I therefore copied at once all that remained , and then ' two - - - én kh for brothers of the same name, T et bast auf , endeavoured to secure the stucco on the lid by coat — wh o IIo ruta b i n - wax b z held the same priesthoods ; sons of , y g it with melted bees , soaked in y a bra ier

- - - two w A Ne kh t ru . : v different ives, nkh tet and bast of charcoal over it this pro ed so successful that

- — Inside one jar was a terra cotta lamp of the l1 n d it trav elled to the Bulak Museum where it n o w — A. D. w n . . a cent , showing at what time the tomb had been is ithout y loss or injury on the waxed part w w w A fe Pls . . w plundered . long earthen are pots ere also Tracings of all the parts in i and ii . ere made at

. H w found , but they might be later than the interments a ara , and they are here photolithographed directly w was w N [The follo ing y ear, this tomb fully orked to a reduced scale . ear this massive sarcophagus , r w out , and on other mummies in it a quantity of and found j ust befo e it , ere the fragments of a

w we - w amulets ere found ; also discovered the sar painted round topped coffi n ith corner posts , belong

— - co h a u s Ho ru ta Of i n Nei t A - f e u p g of , and a large number his g to a priest of named nkh mut (see w w Pl. v a . ushabtis , all built into the solid mason ry hich filled . , 9 to j ) The other ooden sarcophagi , of w PI v . 8 w . . 1 a recess in the tomb ] hich the inscriptions are given in , to , ere

found in the region of box - co ffi n s ; they are carefully w w 1 . A 3 nother fine tomb of about the same period made of acacia ood , in narro strips , dowelled and seems to have been built on the surface , a little to the glued together . w was east of the tomb shaft j . Beneath a mass of rock I n one tomb well , to the est of the area , a w XXVIth chips , thro n out i n excavating tombs around it, I great quantity of vases , apparently of the

w v Pl. . found a large sarcophagus of sy camore ood, the dy nasty , many Bes ases ( xiv 3) and other forms

w S w Ne besh eh De fe n n eh 2 body of it turned upside do n , and the lid by its ide hich recall those of and ( and as it is incredible that it should have been raised from they seem to hav e been buried here after the

b S . S a pit y poilers , and as it is certain that it has had tomb was disused ome little flasks , mainly found

b w - c o ffi n a body in it , y the pitch hich has run from the in the box region , have a curious plaiting of A l . l mummy , it seems evident that it stood in a surface papy rus strips around them (xiv of the

w . chapel . The ground around and over it as all pottery in PI. xiv is considered from its locality or w P w rubbish soil , and though it was about 9 feet do n , forms to be of the tolemaic or some hat earlier w s a . it not originally buried , but had lain on the period ALVARA BIAHM U AND ARSI N E I O H , , O .

- P 1 . n . 4 O the north east of the cemetery, out in the tombs, or selling to visitors robably, the modern ’ was w o f~ o i n desert, a region of broken ground ith a large custom g g out to the cemetery for a day s picnic ,

amount of limestone chips . I looked over it several taking out food , and cooking and feeding in the family H w w R times , and in the last week at a ara I excavated room by the sepulchre, was follo ed also i n oman

here to ascertain the nature of the remains . I n every times . The many baskets in the chambers , the heaps

z - - direction the work brought up crocodiles , of all si es , of dates, date stones and peach stones, the pieces of w 1 . from monsters 5 feet long, to infants , and even eggs bread , the corn , and other food found here, all sho The apparent number was swelled moreover by that feasts were held ; and doubtless these were the

quantities of dummies , evidently made for a cere representatives of an earlier custom of funeral feasts

. o r w monial purpose The imitation crocodile mummies in honour of the deceased , for rene ing the food e K a r consist of bundles of reeds or grass , with an gg for the . That the tomb chambers , in the floo s R or only a single bone inside ; and they seem to have of which the interments were made in oman times , ’ been intended to testify a worshipper s devotion to were accessible and visited , is shown by the pieces of

Sebek by such pious care bestowed on the sacred wooden locks and bolts of the doors which we found . animal : doubtless their preparation and sale was a I n the chambers are often found incense burners of

. Pl 2 priestly trade The stone chips proved to be the pottery of various patterns ( . xv . , 4 to some of

remains of several buildings (see Pl. of which them like the so - called fire altars of bron z e found

- w the stone work had been entirely removed and broken in Syria . The upper side of these is al ays blackened

up . The fragments showed the walls to have been by burning, and sometimes incrusted thickly with

- finely decorated with well cut inscriptions , of a good charred residues . The lamp with a pottery shelter 1 sty le, but uncertain periods ; the largest piece found (xv . 5) is curiously like the principle of the mud l P1. . 1 . E is in v 3 The plan of these bui dings could be covers for lamps , which the gyptians now make and w o ff only observed from the brick ork which remains ; place in cemeteries to protect the flame , and keep

sometimes the wall was of brick faced with stone, the wind . sometimes the brick is a retaining wall of a foundation 1 6 On e of stone, but most usually the brick only forms the . of the most remarkable objects found, is o Pl x i i side of a platf rm , either filled with earth, or with the picture frame, . , containing a portrait. It

. E a brick top , or in some cases solid brick throughout is made of wood, painted brown . ach side has two

The most curious points are the large pits adjoining grooves along it, the back one holding the edge of the : the north sides of these buildings they are of rather border to the panel (see section at side), which pieces w irregular form , with rough rock sides, and filled ith are halved past one another at the corners . The blown sand . [I have since found these to be the front groove is cut through in the top side as an open se ul mouths of sloping passages or wells leading to p slit, evidently to let a sliding cover pass over the S w chres beneath the chapels . ome of these chambers picture ; if this had been of wood, it ould surely

still contain beautifully cut sarcophagi , quite plain , have been kept in , and buried on the picture in order h l and formed like that of Amen em at I I I . From this to preserve it it is therefore more ikely to have been h feature, and from the names found on pieces of the of glass , whic would allow of the picture being seen —Amen i sen b n e buu P F an kh— chapels , and erne these when hung up by the cord, and would be very likely A A . XIIth . were of the dy nasty fter plundering, and to be broken by accident and not replaced sheet re - XXVIth of use under the dynasty, they were again clear glass as large as this , and of j ust the same was plundered later . ] period , found by me at Tanis , bearing paintings z of the odiac signs . The joining of the frame is made Of P 1 . a e th e 5 the tolemaic g there is a village at by cutting mortises through the grooves , and tenons

- was i n north west end of the place . This probably on the upright sides ; these were then fixed together habited by those wh o had some work to do in connec by wedges ; the end View in each direction is shown wax tion with the cemetery . Many little bags of sawdust on the plate . This frame, with remains of the b W are found here such are said y ilkinson to be the portrait on the panel , was found lying on its edge , sawdust of the floors where bodies were embalmed , with its face turned against a mummy, in a grave at

- m w . tied up, and reverently buried in tombs ; but from the south est end of the region of tomb cha bers these being found in the village, from there being no The cord tied on to it was clearly for the purpose of

ba a . stains in the sawdust, and in some cases the g hanging it up in room It is now in the British w containing po dered resins , I am inclined to think Museum , the only surviving example of an ancient

- h . that these are scent bags , whic were for placing in picture frame

M AN ARA BIAH U D ARSI NOE . 1 : HAIV , ,

was - region, a set of five wooden tablets found , coated evidently in imitation of basket work , with a Medusa

' w AIIOAAINO i n w wax , ith , and inscribed ith a formula head ornament behind, windows the sides, and flap Of KPOC F INETAI repeated seventeen times, or more ; doors in front . course, in such a material , the long was the outside of the first and last tablets are blank , the poles could not be represented, and it needful to Pl i i n h other inscribed sides are given in . xvi , excepting model the porters one wit the chair . The lady

w . the last, hich is illegible (in British Museum) These inside is seated, with one arm raised ; this figure is

were under the feet of the mummy ; and the beauti made separately, and can be taken out . O Pl . C fully thin glass vial , . xx was beneath the head , ther toys were found in the tombs of the onstan w which lay toward the east . tine period, buried ith the children , after the custom I n a tomb chamber near the north end of the region of painting portraits and preserving the bodies had

P I. 2 . n e 2 i 1 2 O . 1 2 F were found the pieces of a wooden casket veneered ceased set is in xx to . g. , blue z 1 6 Pl. . 1 1 with ivory. I n xviii are shown the coloured front gla ed bead ; 3, a white glass bead 4 to , clear

w s 1 - 1 8 panels , done ith red and black paste inlaid in the glas vials 7 , an opaque light blue glass , a dark 1 z 20 carving ; a panel of the slopin g top , with a nymph blue glass vial ; 9 , bron e disc ; , basket and lid ; 2 1 w r marching along beating a tambourine ; a panel of the , a tinned copper mirror, convex , and ith a b ass two ends, which have such on each , the figures being foil handle soldered on , fitting in a wooden case with 22 ra w seated back to back a glass vial , with thread of blue lid , painted red outside ; , a g doll , ith carved two ff glass around the neck ; examples of the pattern of head and real hair, and parts of or three di erent

- white thread embroidery on purple ; an example of garments . There was also a piece of brass wire w the pattern of the knitted crimson wool hair net, and Trichinopoly chain , ith a hook . w l . P . all one of the socks of thick knitted brown ool The In . xix is a series of toys found in one tomb ,

IVth . age of this tomb may be probably of the cent and , from the style, probably about the latter half of

II Ird D 1 - A. . th e carvings show signs of being copies of fine original the cent . is a taper holder of turned

types , but the painted ivory on the front is plainly the and painted wood , with remains of a taper in it, and

. wax 2 8 design of a much weaker hand much run over the outside . , , and 9 are Pl f a e . . 6 . 6 1 0 1 1 O about the same g is the glass vase, xx , spindles 3, 4, , , , are glass vials ; and 7 is of

- l . which is covered with whee cut patterns The glass alabaster. 5 is a toy bedstead made of palm stick ; w 1 2 is remarkably white, clear, and free from bubbles , look some remains of a doll probably ent with this . is

- P le . 1 i n . g like rock crystal art of the foot is broken , but it a little wooden table, one g of which is lost 3 is a

- - . t . is here drawn entire from the pieces which remain well modelled terra cotta doll, painted whi e These

Pl . 1 0 . The glass lenses, . xx 9 , , are also of fine glass dolls were made by moulding and baking separate

The thicker one is in perfect condition , as clear and limbs, and then fitting the parts together with plaster .

w . 1 1 1 bright as hen made I t is slightly yellowish i n 4, 5, wooden b—oxes, 4 contained an iron spindle 1 6 1 1 - colour, and has been polished on a pad , rotating on hook . , terra cotta sphinx ; 7 to 9 , terra cotta ’

. 20 w 2 1 the flat side as well as on the convexity The colour, doll s vases , turned ooden box , basket con su and this method of polish, decides against any g taining pieces of hair net of very fine square mesh ; 2 2 2 — gestion of a modern origin for it . The thinner lens , 7 , papyrus sandals only ceremonial , for burial 2 2 26 is decomposed on the surface to a translucent white 3, wooden comb 4, , wooden vases with stoppers w as 2 . w , coat The lens hich I found at Tanis rather _ 5 a wooden box painted with birds and flowers in N . o w larger than these, and of a truer figure that we red and black on a yellow ground . The sty le of this c a n P R a e experiment with a lens in a clear state, it is is very ersian but I have seen clogs of oman g m a . evident that these were not made for magnifying, but fro the Fayum with simil r paintings The colour ’ - w was o ff for condensing light as a bull s eye . The low flames was covered with glue, hich scaling , so I w of the ancient oil lamps , which could not give much coated the hole with wax , which has entirely pre

‘ light without any chimney, were too feeble to see served it . H PI A . . anything clearly that was not close to them . ence nother find of toys is in xxi This is dated by ’

- C I . the need of a bull s eye which should concentrate a a fresh coin of one of the sons of onstantine , fixing n strong beam of light to some feet distance ; with this it to about 340 AD . The coi was in the wooden box

lens one can see details of objects 20 feet distant by with a number of olives . The date thus given to the

n - - i s the light of a single ca dle held in the hand . very debased frog lamp and the terra cotta doll

valuable . The latter is evidently later than the doll

- 2 A . 0. very singular terra cotta is the sedan chair and sphinx in the lot last described The other doll Pl A . . . a ra . n ( xx 7 ) carried between two porters The ch ir is here is of g, with real hair woode comb, and THE CE ME TE RY OF HALVARA . 1 3

1 0 000 A some fine hair net , and a little bone pin are personal jar , over 3 in all , the latest being of rcadius S w w 1 80 relics . everal pieces of purple stuff ith hite thread out of legible ones examined ; probably buried

w 20 A. D . : b a embroidery ere on the clothing , and the patterns are about 4 (3) a little g of leather containing A w . Z A here figured large quantity of sandals ere also 44, the latest of eno and an xumite, buried about — A w t 0 . D. : 1 Z V i h this interment some of papy rus, some of string , 49 (4) in j ar 3, the latest of eno, andal w A A some of leather ; and some leather shoes , all of hich imitations , and perhaps nastasius , xumite ; buried

f a e 0 20 P . D A . : . O are here fi gured about the same g probably is about 49 or 5 ( ) ( 5) in jar 9 , coins of the w w to usti n i an P b a head of a oman ith abundant hair, dressed up same range , with one attributed j ( ) y Mr

b - two A 0 . D. and fixed y four hair pins , of ivory, one of horn , Grueber, perhaps therefore as late as 5 5 ; but as A . 20 A. D. and one of silver large number of stray sandals , there is nothing else in the find later than 5 ,

. w n m a pottery dolls, combs , etc , were found ; but those this attribution ithout any inscriptio y be ques i n described and figured here are of value as giving t o ed . The interest of the following catalogue is as w h o w series of obj ects which can be approximately dated . sho ing soon all the abundant coinage of C o n stan ti n e fe w Some unusual varieties of painted pottery of late and his family had been lost to use , very

w . A P l. . 0 AD R a e . oman g ere found frequent sty le is xvi pieces before 35 occurring here , and then only 2 w w and 4, with red and black outlines , hite ground, stray examples , much as the few Greek coins hich

A . A . fi 1 and bright green leaves nother variety , g . , is appear nother result seen is the prevalence of

z - W V w w formed of purple gla e laid on a drab olive body in estern coins, of the andals and others , hich sho w E was b patterns hich recall those of modern gy pt . The that even the small copper coinage carried y w We un ub fi . piece, g. 3, is painted ith black and red on brown trade to a great extent have here many p All li sh e d V w pottery . of these seem to be peculiar to the Fayum . varieties of the andal coinage , hich cannot

w w PI v yet be classified , but hich I have dra n on . xxi . w 2 1 . The latest class of objects found in the cemetery The follo ing are the lists of coins are the jars of coins buried as funeral offerings . That w such w they ere , and ere not hoards buried for safety, C o th P e a u an d t e t rin , g s s rid n ' w P ran th o s fem l li d L a e . to . G o at IITP is sho n by one lot of many hundreds being all cut in y ,

He o I . 2 c o uc o ae a ch o r d , rn i , n r BAC I ; w p pieces to prevent their being used again hile in Tetri c us H l a ta , i ri s C o ta t e ve l e h ea VNMR another case the offering was entirely of blank discs ns n in , i d d, ch a o t w w ri of copper foil ithout any marks, and ithout a single C o ta t o o l wo lf an d tw SMC N ns n in p is, ins O w v i c to ry actual coin intermixed, hich would certainly have U Ro ma G ORIA EXER ITV rbs L C S, been the case if ever such blanks had been used as so ldiers P o puli Ro mani CONSAstar money . It is striking to find that , as late as the fifth C o nstantine I I f w Co ta century , or perhaps the sixth , the pagan o ferings ere ns ns C o nstanti us I I . continued ; but it is in accord with the fact that this Val e t n ini an I . Val ens cemetery seems to have been essentially pagan , with Grati an V the prestige of the old religion and of the pyramid al entini an II . Th o e do si us I . attached to it : Christian burials are scarcely ever P lacill a F lav u V cto found there , and it seems as if the adherents of the i s i r A ca u 6 w wh o r di s 33 old faith ere the only persons continued to bury fi 2 E udo xi a (ux . Aread . as nd ends wi th H w w n Ho no ri us ; th is type i s usually gi ven at a ara, and ith their extinctio the place fell T o II h e o u . to ux . d si s ) No t A entirely out of use . a fragment of the rabic Ho no ri us I ’ i n w eath Th eo do si us I . 1 r period has been found here . I have gone over all the ( n ew type) Ti n d o t c irc l e mo o am finds , several thousands of coins , and tabulated the n gr V xx v OT x . w . y g results Most of the pieces ere hopelessl ille ible o th ers wo rn

w w Va l entini an I I I . from ear, but all those hich I could distinguish are Ma c a mo o am A r i n, n gr . F here catalogued or the identification of the xumite Leo I . E m e o L E , p r r coins I am indebted to Mr Grueber of the British Empero r an d capti ve mo no gr ams wh o Museum , has kindly looked over and reported on Lio n

Ze o m o o am “ w w n , n gr s some selected examples hich I sho ed to him . VIC TORIA a l cu Rev Ae l a an d Ma c u P The finds are six in all , one of blanks in a jar like B si is s , i r s ( ) a l eu Axum te B si s , i i an d . were f o un Pl. x v . d No . 9 , , five of coins The coins V x v U l a e a al rt e Pl. x1 nc ss d nd , Ill e e Pl . 1 1 2 . gib in ( ) jar ( xvi ) all cut up, the latest noted being l AD o f A 20 . . : 2 rcadius , probably buried about 4 ( ) in To tals HAWARA BI AHMU AND ARSI NOE . , ,

coffi n bear figures of Isis and Nebh at seated and in

R . C HAPTE I I I one case the deceased coming with offerings to each ffi of those goddesses . The mummies in these co ns

E DECORATION AND URIA OF MUMMI ES. v TH B L were usually not well preser ed , breaking up readily, and resolving into powder and bones the bandaging 2 mummi w 2 . The earlier periods of the practice of was careful, though not very narro strips, and the ’ f i n H , y g are not represented at the awara cemetery head was covered with cartonnage, plain black or All we w. so far as yet kno the tombs of the pure dark blue, all over the head , with gilt face, and some w v E , t . S gyptian period that ere examined p—roved o ha e times inlaid glass eyes and eyebrows ometimes been plundered in the Greek times o r perhaps several mummies would be found successively thrust

— re - ffi earlier, and were used for interments of the Greek into one co n ; in one case there were six , the lid P R a e . w o w and oman g robably the earliest mummies ould not g do n over them , and two heads had ' — - - a , o ff found were those of T et bast auf nkh and his family been broken by the end board of the lid . This l P . to whom the sets of canopic jars belonged ( style may be dated probably to the l1n d and I IIrd XXXth B C . these may be attributed to about the cent . w f dynasty, and the mummies ere solidified with The next stage was to reduce the co fins to plain

Of - . , w melted bitumen about the same date or the boxes, without foot posts , but still ith a cornice, and c o fli n s v N m P . early tolemaic, are some figure with car ed the lid made flat early one half of the box fro

w w w - faces ; these are but rude, and painted roughly ith the feet up ard was covered ith fixed lid boards

. ochre, black, blue, red , and white The bodies in across it and the part over the body had a moveable

, w these are not well mummified and leave hardly any flat lid of boards, hich was fastened , down by pegs P . c o fli n s thing but bones They may be of later tolemaic whe n buried . The only inscriptions on these a e g , as they are found in graves and not wells, some are demotic scrawls on the ends ; and there is never times deep, and sometimes with demotic papyri but any painting. The carpentry is often very fine and if so late it is remarkable that there is no earlier series careful . This style is occasionally found containing leading up to these. mummies of the preceding sty le ; b ut usually the t t The first period well represented is hat of he mummies are more elaborately bandaged , in a ’ P co fl ms tolemaic wooden box , containing elaborately beautifully regular manner ; five or six layers of ; w all w bandaged bodies buried al ays in a small recess outer strips were used , of the same idth , but so it 8 cut in the sandy soil at the side of a p about or spaced in the successive layers as to give the effect 1 0 . . fi t Pl . g g . ft deep The recess was often no lon enou h of a sunken rhombic pattern all over (see ix , g 4, ffi to entirely hold the co n , in which case the end but without the knobs or buttons at the centre of t ; t t t projec ed into the well and i is s range tha these each rhomb) . This style of bandaging lasted for w t ffi t ells are always so small that he co n needed o some centuries in the Fayum , and only died out with

let w . be do n on end , or nearly so The earlier class the practice of mummify ing. The cartonnage of the

- f t , m : I of co fins are made in he ancient round topped form mum y is of four pieces ( ) the head and shoulders, w ith corner posts standing up at the head and foot with gilt face , and painted on the top and sides with

2 - of the lid, and similar square posts projecting down figures of gods, etc . ( ) a pectoral , usually four sided

- m t t t . n d A ward fro he body o form fee The head board a somewhat tapering, painted with wings, nubis of the lid is higher than at the foot, standing a few standing over the deceased on a bier, deities seated ,

- ae inches above the rounded lid ; while the foot board etc . , or sometimes a pectoral of gis form ; (3, 4) A — is level with the lid . little cornice runs around sandals of purely ceremonial nature fl at pieces of the body part, and the feet usually raise the bottom cartonnage of foot form placed under the outermost about six inches from the ground . The round top turn of bandage , painted with a pattern copied from of the lid is formed of a number of narrow strips of the stitching and joining of a real sandal, or, later w wood running from end to end, pegged together at than that, ith a captive on the sole of each , standing their sides and often the centre strip bears a funereal bound at elbows and legs . I t was in this period that

- Pl. le inscription (see In one case, the g posts w A - f- em So me u s ma o e to th e use o f h wo fo r an ere all inscribed also, for a man named nkh p rist y bj ct t is rd y m a e a n o t o f th e u a u e o f a e car t w t ri l p lpy n t r p p r ( o n ) ; but as th e ( Pl. mut and the sides had ro s of mummified u e ma e a i s a wa co ve e w th uc co a n d h u p l p d t ri l l ys r d i st , t is st cco : m e c e t va e h c ess u to a mas ve a e i t i s figures in shrines, painted in red , blue, and black i p r p ibly ri s in t i kn p si l y r, w A h ardly po ssible to lim it carto nn age so as n o t to include layers n o O . this is in the shmolean Museum , xford o f a us o r o f a va o ve e w th s u c o wh h i s h e e th p pyr c n s c r d i t c , ic r e O ften the outside of the head and foot boards of the material . THE DE C ORATI ON AND BUE I AL OF AI Ull/MZE S.

w the decoration came into the hands of Greek ork thickly on them , not merely from one sharp storm ,

o n men ; some sandals , the captives are clearly not but repeatedly dropped on until it had solidified in

w b E e c o - R w dra n y an gy ptian , and oman thunder pendant lumps ; hile others had been befouled by v bolts are also painted on them also on the inside of birds settling on them . The same long period abo e a pectoral and head - case occurs the name of the ground is shown even more plainly by the occasional “ w b Of D : deceased ritten y a Greek, idy ma daughter repairs which the coverings had undergone a nose

Ph akmo s Pl. . . of (see ix , both inscriptions) This has been knocked off a gilt cartonnage face, and w falling of the trade into foreign hands accounts all replaced ith a rough pinch of plaster, and other the more for the rapid decay of hieroglyphic i n sc rip damages have been made good in an equally rude

w w w No . tions , hich are rarely found ith these decorations , manner ; hile one portrait ( 7 ) has suffered from

w . w and hich became mere nonsense in the next period the oil soaking through the thick ooden panel , thus W wax reaths on the heads , pectoral garlands , and staves discolouring , softening, and lumping the of the w ffi w — of flo ers bound together , are found in co ns of this picture into a mere bro n mass , this injury must

a e w . was g the flo ers are usually red roses or immortelles have taken some little time, and yet it entirely w as In one case I found a dummy mummy ; it professed done before burial , as an attempt made to patch

- to be of an infant, and had the regulation head case, the fault by addin g some red paint of a totally

: . pectoral , and sandals but the embalmers had not different colour to any in the original picture A taken the trouble to prepare the little one, but had nother remarkable evidence of the period that had

- w taken an old muddy thigh bone, to make up the elapsed bet een the decoration of these mummies

t w - k ff leng h , ith a shin bone and an old s ull , full of and their burial , is the di erence of their treatment Wh mud, picked up in some deserted cemetery, to give at the two times . ile their preparation is most the weight and substance requisite for the body . elaborate and costly , their burial is often of the

The whole fraud was decently put in a neat wooden roughest kind . Moreover many members of a family f w fi . . co n , and duly buried It may have been mere ere buried together in a common grave In one o r — z w indolence that led to this, sad to suggest case a do en mummies ith gilt cartonnage heads w el e ll w such bogus bodies may have been made up in ere found stacked p in an old tomb ell , w w was w w healthy times hen ork slack , and kept ready to hich was filled up to ithin eight or ten feet of the

v w . w ser e out henever a press of business came in The surface they ere placed on either end indifferently,

B. C . w period of this style is probably about the Ist cent . and several were put head do n in order to find room

for their shoulders amid the legs of the others . I n At th i s o i n w 2 . t 3 p an immense change of custom took another case a partly filled tomb ell was also used ,

- . w two w place Instead of burying the dead so soon as the and in it ere mummies ith gilt bust pieces , m ummific ati o n was w complete , as seems to have been crushed in , several mummies ithout decorations ,

w two two - z usual hitherto, the mummies ere kept above ground pieces of cartonnage busts , and full si e gilt i n chambers accessible and frequented , for years after cartonnage figures which had been laid loosely over H r f . m 86 . the death e o d o to s (ii . ) mentions the mu mies mummies O the portrait mummies found I hav e w being placed upright in repositories , after the most recorded no less than sixteen as being found ith D o w costly mode of embalming and iod ros states that other portraits, or ith plain mummies , in one grave they were kept in special chambers and visited but and this was so commonly the case that there were

w e H w was of this custom find no sign at awara until about many other occasions on hich it not noted . R A N o . . the beginning of the oman occupation , and then at mong these one portrait mummy ( 9 , Front )

w . i t . was that epoch it became general The evidence on this was lying in a grave too narro for , and

- point is plain on the mummies themselves , and from therefore placed on edge ; the foot case had been the circumstances of their burial . Many of the torn off (probably by holding it when letting the was portraits on the mummies have been deeply indented body into the grave), and it shoved into the w b . y blo s , before burial others have been scratched grave just behind the feet More instances of rough and scraped across ; the gilt cartonnage of others treatment could be repeated continually, but these has been broken and parts lost ; even in some cases a examples will su ffi ce to show that the original care damaged part has been entirely cut away ; and in which prompted the elaborate preservation and orna some the inlaid glass eyes were missing when dis me n ti n g of the mummy had entirely disappeared ; h o w interred ; again , several had been exposed to rain , and the only thought at the time of burial was and mud was washed down from the roof of the to get it out of the way as cheaply and quickly as

an d . chambers in which they had stood , lay coated possible HAIVARA BI AHMU AND ARSINOE . 1 6 , ,

2 . 4 . The object of decoration , then , being not piety perhaps the mother of the family But most valuable sti mu was to the dead , but pleasure to the living, a great of all the case of a man with the name on the TITOE (PAAY F IOE lus was given to more artistic productions ; and the fillet round the back of the head , adoption of the trade by Greek workmen at about AHMHTP IOE ; this can hardly be aught but an erro r w lavi us D this period naturally for arded a departure from the for Titus F emetrios , and if he were born there

80 A. D. purely Egy ptian ty pes . The style of decoration on fore about , the early ages on these mummies w the mummies preserved above ground, and after ard would point to our dating this example to about a w m b 1 1 0 AD . buried in the open earth, became first odified y This j ust ccords ith what we might was abolishing the pectoral , which hidden in the suppose from other evidences , and serves as a valuable

- bandages , and enlarging the head piece so that it is datum to give more precision to the ages of the series

- - Pl . As w fi . fi tl . . more y called a bust piece (see ix , g The of sty les ill be seen in the bust piece of Mare i s sandals , or ceremonial substitutes for them , were far , the whole surface is covered with paintings A b a— more changed . rectangular case of cartonnage of offerings to gods and sacred animals , birds , covered over the whole feet of the mummy, and was deities , etc . the face is brilliantly gilt and burnished , so hidden by the bandaging around its edge, that it and the inscription incised in the stucco and gilt . w appears as if it were only a portion of a whole mummy The hole is a solid and heavy piece of work , which A th e w . case of cartonnage, rest of hich is hidden by the will bear a good deal of pressure nother style of to " w w swath i n s. On g the p of it are feet in relief, usually mummy , hich is contemporary ith these, is plainly gilded , and appearing to stand on a plinth decorated bandaged , with peculiar coarse tape outside all , of

u etc . with cheq er patterns, rosettes, sphinxes , jackals, Indian red colour ; and the face is padded out to a very w hile at the bottom are the outlines of the two feet strange wedge form , having a straight vertical edge

w th e . a e ith captives on them , as on the soles of earlier from top to bottom These are of the g of the last , sandals . In later types there are merely captives in and of the present stage of decoration ; a papyrus re re two rectangles , or even four captives kneeling, p dated under Tiberius being found in the rubbish j ust senting the four races of mankind recognised by the over one. The gilt bust mummies of all stages are E i n gyptians ; indeed , nearly always the two captives usually buried graves in the open ground about o n e E 6 8 are painted different colours , a pink uropean , to feet deep , and apparently without any tomb

- o r the other a yellow Asiatic . These foot cases are stone chamber above them . The use of hiero most gaudy and brilliant in their colouring, red , glyphs had by this time fairly died out ; they are

o n - orange, yellow , green , blue, gilding, black , and occasionally found the gilt face busts before the w w l w hite, being nearly al ay s used ; and sometimes portraiture stage, but near y al ay s blundered ; and rarer shades of purple, Indian red , olive, etc . The the only examples on the portrait busts are mere ' w earlier sty le of these mummies , such as is shown in scra ls bearing a sli ght resemblance to one or two P fi 1 I. . . ix , g , with only a purely formal face , may be usual groups, but used without the slightest sense .

B. . dated to the later part of the Ist cent . C and begin The period of portrait cartonnage may probably be

. A. D. w 0 1 20 AD ning of the Ist cent , judging by hat came dated from about 5 to . before and after it . 2 A But a distinct attempt at portraiture next arose 5 . still further development ofportrait cartonnage

r - the face is made in a mo e solid manner, modelled in took place . The bust piece having been more and a mass, and not merely embossed in the stuccoed more exposed in the bandaging so as to show the

. canvas The features are individual in their expres decoration , at last arms were added to it, and all the l P . fi sion ; and the different members of a family all scenes of offerings finally died out (see ix ., g . w modelled by the same workmen , ill be varied and The arms are alway s placed in the same attitude,

. S distinct in their characteristics ometimes a slight the ri ght grasping a wreath , nearly always of red w beard is shown on the faces of the men , purely flo ers, and the left below it placed across the chest . A naturalistic , and not following any convention either round the neck is usually suspended a little triad

N h - E . eb at H gyptian or Greek Further, the names and ages of of Isis, , and orus ; and on the fore arms are

. On w the persons are often stated on the heads one t isted serpent bracelets armlets on the upper arm , w family ere the names on the fillet across the front, and rings on the fingers and in the ears, are also ICI wN L AB AP E O L KA Marei s (Islon , aged M I ( , often represented . The latest examples were e n

2 1 seePl . fi w - g . , . , w i n a ed ix g and ritten in ink on the crusted ith cut stones and glass placed , all the

EY P OE HPAK K GI . W w head of another, ith these modelled je ellery . These busts are usually gilt was , w another, older small , woman ithout any name, over the face, and front drapery, and arms, while the A AND B DE R TI ON URZAI , THE CO OF M U/IIAI I E S. 1 7

n e head is painted . Sometimes even the head is gilt surface . O mummy of a girl has the usual gilt

also and , on the other hand , a curiously naturalistic drapery , but in place of the face a board is inserted w painting sometimes was used , the arms being of flesh ith the face painted on it , and the background all

w . w w colour, and the robe bright green , or purple , or hite , gilt This mummy has modelled je ellery , ith stones the wreath being of natural coloured leaves and and cut glass inserted ; and the gilt stucco coat w Two w flo ers . of this sty le ere found inscribed ; extends all over it, and is impressed with deities and < : n o w As A F ATHP AIAATOO L K . one (ix . 3) APPO ITH e r scenes this is at Bulak such an experiment i w as w A D d as n o w as . ( phrodite , daughter of , aged at not pleasing, another tried The later bust South Kensington Museum ; and another entirely cartonnage mummies had sometimes a canvas outer w AMMONAP IN w w gilt ith the name on a band across rapper, painted over ith scenes of the deceased

n o w . the top of the head , at Bulak The eyes are offering to the deities , and being presented to them , A w sometimes painted as in that of phrodite, but more sometimes in natural colours on a hite ground , more

w . usually inlaid , and ith copper foil fringes for the usually in gilt fi gures on a red or pink ground The n o w w ey elashes . The manufacture of these inlaid eyes, artist continued this sty le up ard ; and instead w w hich ere used in increasing quantities , developed of a modelled bust, substituted a canvas cover, painted P w considerably . For the tolemaic mummies in box ith the head and arms of the person in entirely co fli n s w v they ere made by bending and cutting a natural colours , maintaining strictly the con entional w w w piece of opaque hite sheet glass to the form , attitude ith the garland of red flo ers i n the right

inserting a disc of black glass for the iris , and sur hand . The example of this is finely painted on a i t w erm w rounding ith a neatly curved border of blue glass , thin g ground ith firm modelling , distinctly

w - al ay s polished on the outer surface ; a line of curved Greek taste , and much use of cross hatching of darker w as N blue glass also inlaid above this for the ey ebrow. colour to produce shading ; it is in the ational

0 . was The gilt busts of more substantial form , about 5 Gallery The next , and immediate , stage to w A. D. , required more solid ork ; and the eyes are only paint the face and shoulders , omitting the arms

w - w then cut in hite marble, tapering wedge shape and of this period is a fine head of a oman on w n o w w was w behind , and ith a hole drilled in the middle to canvas, at Bulak , hich found ith three w receive an iris plug of black glass or obsidian . The little children in one grave . T o little girls had the w w h finest portrait busts demanded higher work , and then gilt bust ith arms beautifully modelled, one it was w w w the iris of clear brown glass or stone, ith a pupil small curls all over the head , the other ith avy v : w of black glass inserted , gi ing a still more lifelike hair, all gilt the eyes of the latter ere of polished w w w expression , heightened by the corners of the hite stone, and stones ere inlaid in the je ellery ; the w being touched w ith red . In one painted cartonnage lo er part of this one is in a canvas wrapper painted w w w i mitation had gone so far as to fleck the hole hite ith scenes in gold on pink , and the other girl has w w w of the eye ith red , fading a ay lighter and lighter scenes of natural colours on hite . The little boy

from the corners , to suggest the unhappy ophthalmic found with them has a similar wrapper to the last , ' - . On e was tendency of the person g ilt face mummy but his face is painted on canvas , like his mother s ;

ffi - H . we found in a pipe co n of terra cotta and many were he is now in the British Museum ere , then , buried in graves over those of the crocodiles SE . of find in one grave the latest gilt busts and the earliest

w . we w the pyramid , hich had been , interred i n a mass of of the portraits on canvas If consider at hat w d e struc hite stone chips that had resulted from the date this change can have taken place , from the E tion of fine buildings that originally stood there . The immemorial gy ptian modelling to the Western taste — - w ro file period of bust cartonnage ith arms probably over for painting, and that a full face and not a p , o f w few w we laps that the style ithout arms, as men ith see that it must be some little time after about w t 1 1 A. D e 0 . arms have y been found it may therefore be dated , as the bust ith arms came into fashion

1 AD . e about 1 00 to 30 later than that probably . W thus are led to abou t

1 30 to 1 40 AD . for the introduction of painted Afe w n o w w 26 . brief transitional stages lead directly portraits and it is j ust that time at hich Greek art to the painted portraits . The force of portraiture in was so greatly stimulated by the patronage o f w H was 0 11 E modelling had attained the hi ghest point to hich adrian , and especially pressed the gy ptians E 1 AD H 0 . such a material and sty le could be brought ; flights by his visit to gypt in 3 ence, so far as w v e n co u ra we into naturalistic colour ere e idently not g our information at present goes, cannot be far ' i n n e w w H E g in their effect , and so an entirely departure rong in taking the date of adrian s visit to gy pt was made by substituting treatment on the flat as the date of the introduction of Greek portraiture in D A BI AHMU AND ARSI NOE . I S HAIVAR , .

i n - a place of the traditional moulded stucco and cartonnage . to all appearance the mixture was laid on melted No The portraits in the L ouvre dated to the reign of state, by means of a brush . doubt a hard point, was Hadrian show that painting for mummy decoration such as the brush handle, used to press out and was certainly practised at that period . point the colour here and there, especially in the detail of the hair ; but the brush seems to have been

2 A 7 . mong the earliest portraits on the wooden the principal tool employed in all the pictures, and panels must be reckoned three of a family all found often the only tool . Though the details recorded “ together, and very peculiarly decorated . In place of about working in wax , in the colder climate of Italy any bandages, externally, they are coated with stucco, show it to have been used there in a pasty state, an d which is peculiarly tough and hard ; this is coloured with artificial heat applied to the picture to fuse the z w um w et red , and brightly gla ed ith some g or resin ; coloured axes together (encaustic), y this must fi gures of deities a n d scenes of the deceased and not fetter us in our conclusions about work executed A w n o t A lo w E . nubis are modelled in relief in the red stucco, in gypt fter seeing there white bees ax only An b and are gilt by gold leaf cut out and applied . softened , but fused on its surface y the ordinary sun A oval space is left over the face, and set in that of pril and May, it is evident that the coloured and opening is a wooden panel bearing a portrait ; around darkened wax used in painting might be worked i n the opening is a row of spots of gold , and at the top a flowing state without any artificial means during

w w C . of it hat ould be fairly described as a optic cross nearly half the year, by the mere heat of the sun w ffi as , ho ever, the scenes on the bodies su ciently prove It is therefore needless to call in the supposition of m w ff wax n the paganis of the deceased, it is evident that the orking in sti , which eeded to be afterwards we cross is a mere ornament . The names of the deceased remelted, when see that the climate renders that persons are written in letters of gold leaf across the mode needless ; and , on the contrary, all the evidences On e APTEMIA P E E Y‘I’ YXI O A breast . is w ( rtemi of the portraits clearly show a fluid state of the colour ! o f o o d o f an doros be g courage) , and the face is that old when applied , and preclude its having been softened An c E o ats wn S . man , but injured (now in Museum , Manches do by ubsequent heat qually needless is it to Arte mid o ro s ter) the other is similarly inscribed , and suppose a solvent of the wax to have been used , such n o w being a young man , is probably son of the elder ( as turpentine or oils ; and the perfect freedom from

W - . o f w w in the British Museum) ith them was a mummy yello ing in the ell preserved pictures , or , indeed , th c d eco m a woman , similarly decorated except that colour of any change in the tints beyond superficial i n was d r — z i t g a bright pink , of y colour not gla ed or position , makes apparently impossible for any w shining, ith gilt fi gures ; this was inscribed OG P changeable organic material to have been added to MOYG AP IN GY‘I’ YXEI o . S , and the face is somewhat the wax far as I have examined the portraits , w smudged (now in the Bulak Museum) . The amount and discussed the methods with various artists hose w of mythology sho n on the covering prevents our practical experience is of great value, I see no reason fairly dating these later than the middle of the second to suppose that any process was needful beyond the — century ; and the fi gures are closely like the fi gures following The colours in powder were ground in and scenes on two other mummies which were thoroughly with the wax (which may have been entirely covered with gildin g on the stucco ; one of bleached by heating it to boiling point, as I have these had the earliest panel portrait, mentioned found), and they were then placed out in the sun above ; the other was too frail to travel , and was shine when required , so as to fuse them , or a hot n therefore reburied . water bath may have bee used in cooler weather . w was The greater part of the portraits ere found The wooden panel of cedar usually, sometimes 1 th No . bandaged on mummies in the manner of style 4 , of a pine wood , and about 1 3 inch thick, or we n o w was Pl. . ix , and will note the details of this system occasionally as much as inch ; it about

- z On 1 . of portrait painting, apart from the more artistic study 9 x 7 inches in si e this was laid a priming w C S of the pictures hich Mr ecil mith will deal with of distemper ; then a grounding varied in tint, lead S in chap . vi . ome of the earlier examples are colour for the background and draperies , and flesh apparently painted in temper a with so little binding colour for the face ; and then the surface - colour was

' o ff w - a material in some cases that the colour falls in orked on , sometimes in pasty state , more usually

- fl o wi n . w thick soft flakes, though usually the colour is very creamy and free g These details are sho n thin and quite firm on the panel . The medium by an unfinished attempt on a panel , which was

w w r e - S soon adopted , and ever after used , is bees ax . The after ards turned and used ; now at outh w w h po dered colours ere incorporated with this, and Kensington . The broad surfaces of fles were often

' AWARA BI AJJJVU AND ARSI NOE . 20 I1 , , from th e poverty of its work looks one of the latest repose and impassive dignity of so many of the faces

- . portraits . is thus the more readily accounted for The large

proportion of young persons , most being under thirty, w w w 9 . In few cases ere any names placed ith the does not indicate that the portraits ere painted in On e mummies . inscription records the name of a youth ready for a later decease, for on the gilt busts w 20 2 De o Pl. very beautiful lady m s (see hose por the ages given are not advanced , , and 3 , e n o w wh o a De o was 2 . trait is at Bulak, and died at the early g while m s but 4 The truth seems to be

- - of twenty four . This name band is inscribed in gold that though a person mi ght be anxious to recall the ' w letters on a scarlet ground, and it was placed across fresh beauty of a son or daughter or bride hose l the chest of the mummy, outside of all the bandages . death was mourned, there was not an equa induce Isaro us On one panel is the name written in black, , ment to perpetuate the withered features of an aged

N 6 was - o . ; and near it found a much decayed portrait relative, and where a stout old lady has been

s A . of a man marked Ti apo . fine portrait of an attempted the result is not pleasing E n o w Sara as gy ptian , at Bulak, bore the name p An d written on the breast of the mummy covering . 30. These portrait mummies were usually buried in Di o d No . u the thoughtful head , 7 , had the mummy of shallow graves ; often g out in the open ground , or

Pl . genes the musician (see . viii ) buried in the same in the masses of rock chips which covered the surface w grave . from the excavation of tomb ells ; but in the later 1 1n d W sa . ith regard to the nationality of these people, a period , at y the end of the cent and onward, glance at their faces is enough to show that a very the graves are very usually made i n the floors of tomb i small proportion of them were n atives . The great chambers of brickwork which bordered the road w A P l majority ere the families of Greek merchants and leading to the pyramid from rsinoe (see plan . o fli ci als mummifi cati o n w Italian , and the names indicate also how great The was rarely done ith D A . o was the foreign element idyma , phrodite, Titos pitch usually the body is soaked with ils which are lav i o s D Arte mid o ro s Demés w F emetrios, , , all betoken still sticky and soft, and the flesh is ell preserved Greek parentage ; while some other names are dis but of a dark brown colour ; occasionally the flesh is ti n c tl E 6 Mare i s y gyptian in origin , such as Isi n , , merely dried , and the muscles and skin are loose on

- m ri n Ari m a men Ammo n o do ro s Isaro us w . Am o n a ( the bones, ith much dust between The wrapping “ - - Isl a r i s Ti a o s Sara as. v ( , Isis created p , and p is ery massive ; the arms are usually placed down P A e was n robably rsino largely, perhaps mainly, oce wards with the hands resting on the front of the “ ” i n pied by Greeks, Macedonians as they are called , thighs , and both arms and legs are swathed round No and the resulting race was of every shade between one mass from head to foot . rings, ornaments ,

E . pure Greek and pure gy ptian papyri , or amulets have been found on the mummies Another interesting question is whether these examined ; but occasionally there is gilding across

. A portraits were painted from life, or after death The the fingers and on the pubes . great quantity of 6 precedent of the cartonnage busts , to which these loose thread, cut in lengths of about inches, was w succeeded , ould make them more likely to be purely used in many cases for padding out the wrappings , An d w funereal . hen we see that the portraits of and especially around the face, to block up a flat As children are al ways proportionate in age to the si z es support for the panel picture . the successive of their mummies it is impossible to suppose that strips of bandage added a cumulative pressure on w their portraits ere usually painted long before death . the edge of the picture, so the padding often yielded , On the other hand, the extremely lifelike, individual , and thus the panel became curved, and frequently speaking expression of the faces has led many to split . suppose that they could only have been executed The mummies were usually buried in the dust and A w v . m s from the li ing person ltogether it seems o t earth exactly as they had stood in the house, ithout probable that the painters knew all the principal any special preparation . I n some cases a cloth is families , frequently painting portraits and other sub laid over them, and knotted at the head and feet ; ects was w j for them to hang in their houses , like the framed sometimes this axed cloth , as on the red and Pl w o . m i o ri . Arte d . p rtrait in xii , hich had been hung on a wall ; gilt cartonnages of the I n two cases a . w was w and that hen a portrait needed for a mummy , resined cloth was applied over the hole, and melted was o t a sketch made from the body by the painter, on , perhaps by laying in the sunshine, certainly n w w : and after ards worked up ith a lifelike expression by a stron g heat this adhered to the wax portrait, from a previous portrait or from memory. The placid without being melted together , and it required to be Y HI I N RI P TI N THE HI E ROGL P C SC O S.

w removed by constant etting with spirit and scraping, that time pagan burials continued there , as pots of

N 1 6 . , o . being the most difficult example to clean copper minimi are found as funeral offerings bearing the monograms of the Gothic kings contemporary

A w . 3 1 . nother great change of custom took place ith justinian w AD. about 2 50 . The mummies ere no longer kept in the house, after embalming, and consequently the inducement to decorate them with portraits ceased . n ew HAP E R IV In place of the portraits a interest attaches to C T . e h ad this later ag . The clothes of the deceased no w THE HI EROG P HIC I NSC RI PTION . place 011 a regular bandaged mummy, and ould LY S naturally not be preserved if the interment was post was Y . L L RI F F ITH. w B . poned for many years . But hen the body soon F G w w buried the best clothes ere used to rap it in , and 2 w with it were often placed various objects, such as 3 . The follo ing translations are intended to give

. , toys, caskets , etc These accompaniments of the the general purport of the inscriptions apart from the w w body, and its lack of elaborate preparation , show critical examination of special points , hich ould was w conclusively that it not kept as the portrait need comparison ith other texts , and more study

w . mummies had been , but that burial took place hile than can be given to them just at present The wh o sentiment was fresh . The date of this change is indi complete texts being here published , those wish — D. c ate d thus the portraits begin about 1 40 A. to consider them i n detail can do so independently of three changes of fashion in jewellery succeed that ; the present renderings . An kh r Pl. . u i while the large number of portraits , and of plain ii Great sarcophagus of ; made of

a e n o w . interments of the same g , also point to at least a wood , painted over a coat of stucco ; at Bulak T OUTSIDE OF L I D. o r e i ster . century as the period of their use, or u ab mout p g The deceased adoring <1 Tr am» “ til “ 1 all l l to mb W i t ro i w - ha k serpent , who declares to him , Beloved for ever , 933 rgl éxam

13 ? 0 A. D. th w xx 1. ) date about 34 by a fresh com I have set thy son in y seat for ever ; as o ner of of young Constantine ; and of distinctly earlier age thy property for ever ; by the decree of the gods r

- Pl. . w than that is another tomb ( xix ) ith terra cottas for ever, thy house shall not be destroyed for n of good work , glass , and many objects which recall eve ’ “ Sesen n u h O w Bazza . Sa O the third century, but hich could scarcely be set y the , sirian , prince ,

Y et was An kh rui we . down to the fourth . there no portrait in , are giving d r e zlvter Sesen n u was Seco n . this tomb, and it outside of the region of portrait g The , or eight elemental burial , thou gh nearer to it than are most of the em gods , standing . “ O Oh Ba ud . O . S broidery tombs This therefore i ndicates immediate ays siris of many aspects , sirian , An kh rui burial to have come into fashion in the latter part of prince, , hidden art thou in the great place w w w the third century , and so agrees ith the approximate of concealment on the est of the lake , hich thou ‘ w h i c h e . D. w r i n est 2 0 A. e o date of 5 , arrive at by considering j morning and evening, living for ever the continuance of the pictures and the entire absence Referring apparently to the deceased bein g identified

- P . of By z antine feeling in them . robably the great with the Osiris crocodile daily plunging in the lake

O - C ”i n ! r e ister . spread of hristianity had brought immediate burial g The siris crocodile , human

into common usage again . headed , in the lake . “ w S P e t Ba ud . The mummies of this period are ithout preserva ays , coffer of the gods , amongst

O An kh rui tive oils or resins the muscles and skin remain dried them is established the sirian , prince , , in ” s me a d . on the bones , with q amount of dust ; n they living day and night amongst us , living for ever

' e b o r h N t P . id w F o ur tlz r e zsler . S u u e t are very fragile The m r e ed garments in hich g supporting ) , the

w v w Ra they are buried are the orn clothes of the person ; heaven , o er hom sails the bark of , morning,

Nebh at often patched and darned , and generally soiled and noon , and evening ; Isis and giving forth and

rubbed through . The elaborate and expensive em recei v ing the disc . “ b w w i n Sa S Ne bh at we roideries hich we find , ere therefore constant y okar , Isis , and , protect O An kh rui O use , not merely intended for state costumes seldom thee , sirian , prince, , as siris protects his m put on . This burial of e broideries probably con son , and as Isis ; thou art established like them

H w w v . tinned until the cessation of interments at a ara rene ing life , day, and night for e er

‘ ' Vlth e . S w As z t/z r e i ster . about the beginning of the c ntury late as f g The bark of okar ith the shrine , RA BIAHMU AND ARSINOE . 2 2 HAlVA , ,

i mh ote An kh rui Si t- - am Nebh at . I p , placed on its sledge, between Isis and p [a third n ame of ] son of

S He n n u O , t , ay s [the name of the bark] , the sirian , I have smitten thy foes I have errified thy enemies

. S An kh rui w . g prince , is provided ith this body of his as I did in the beginning ayin s of these mothers ” Oh O s S Thy son i s established for ever . [the above three goddesses] , siri priest of ebek , “ An kh rui Ba n d. S O , ays the sirian , prince, , son of lord of right, in the great abode and of his divine ’ An kh rui e t - - —a Sit Oh ! wh o , t , this one, thou madest my body, receive the cycle son of T bas auf nkh born of

- a m libation sweet which I make to thee ; may the p , mayst thou be established amongst us as are gods grant that thou be established in thy seat in established the thrones in it [heaven] . Thy posterity ” t . the future, as are established the gods on their is fixed upon the ear h for ever ” i a o un d th e bo d S Ra Pl. . I n s de r . thrones may thy posterity exist for ever. iii , y ays , lord of i x /ll re i er An kh rui Oh O An kh rui S g st . making a libation to his heaven , sirian , prince, , come to me

’

- - - R h u P t . a S S mummified father T et bast auf ankh . ries of etc , and similar addresses of , , and ahu , and ’ “

- - - n k r i Rz fi t s i de Nut Neit a A h u . S , , T et bast auf nkh , I pour out to thee, my father, replies of g ays the th m a Oh O water , that the name of y son y flourish by it ; great who bore the gods , sirian , prince, i An kh ru . W . S libations of piety and love . The estern goddess, , thou art born like the gods etc ays “ Sa O An kh rui Oh Nut a S i . the bird B het, and the goddess h t y the the sirian , prince, , , I am thy son , w a S i Oh O mistress of the est , B het, and h t, sirian, thou didst bear me upon the earth , my body from ” - An kh rui o . prince , , we give thee protecti n for ever Kher neter, do not thou separate thyself from me for “ ” ID O . SIDE OF THE L . Say s siris in the midst of ever my son will do for me the rites of the temple

- an d L e t si d e S S Ta she [the Fayum] , the gods who are i n the f ays ati , mistress of the constellations , O Oh O Nei t Oh O An kh rui house of siris, sirian , prince, priest of , of sirian , prince , , I have poured out the

- S S A Har - - ab N t o Ra ebek in hed [ rsinoe] her shed lord of the ile for thy , as I did for ; I have made thy A upper crown and horns i n the midst of the great son to perpetuate thy limbs for ever. n d address

- A kh r i 5 011 Hat n u . palace , lord of the great abode, of hor lady of of to his

- - - R Te uah A Neb u Oh Ar o un d tlze li d i n s ide. S a p [ phroditopolis] te p , in Ta she, ays , by day and ’

- An kh rui - - a Si t - - am son of T et bast auf nkh , born of p , by night , the lord of heaven , and the moon presiding u e n te re st w u n an d Nut Oh tho as one who follo s his master, every night , the mistress of all the gods,

w O - opposed ; thy body is established i n the est, thy sirian , prince of Ta she overseer of the gate of son pours libations to thee upon the earth, thy soul the great lake ; overseer of the cutting of the mouth lives in heaven day and night, thy son is mighty for of the lake chief prophet overseer of the prophets S thy house upon the earth, his enemies are beneath commander of the prophets of ebek throughout the ” “ . O his feet , living for ever siris in the temple of land overseer of the cattle director of the ploughing ” Hese h i m ? p give all life and health . and the burning (of stubble ) chief commissioner of NSIDE OF THE L ID Ne it . To r e S I p g i ster . The vulture the land ; priest of prophet of ebek of Shed

’ “ - - ab - w NKE/Zeé . Ne kh eb Har i n standing , lady of the south land her shed lord of the upper cro n and horns

Oh O - Ne i t [says] , sirian , prince of Ta she , priest of , the midst of the great palace, in the great abode and ' - - - S Hat An kh rui - - au f Hat - - - o f Te uah Oh An kh rui ebek , and hor , son of T et bast hor lady p i n Ta she , ’ - - - a Sit - - am a n ( nkh) , born of p , I protected thee in thy of son of T et bast auf nkh , of similar dignities, bor ’ w Si t - - am mother s omb in the first moment, and so I am of p , thou hast come to me, follow me as thou Oh h ka . O t protecting thee for ever gift of siris may y didst to my upon the earth, my heart is pleased Ra eve rlasti n l ' m a duration be exalted like g y , y thy with it, may thy body flourish for ever upon the possessions and thy body not be removed , secure upon earth like us for ever and ever. "

. Bo tto m o utsi d i e . S the earth for ever , milar title to the preceding, and “ Seco n d re is ter . Sized S g The cow standing. Shed prophet of ebek the peace of the land and

Oh O e S - S l [says] , sirian , pri st of ebek lord of Ta she in of the image of ebek lord of the festiva ; and of ' S Ho rut a S the shrine of ebek, [a second name of ebek lord of the temple of the great one , beautiful

An kh rui Sit- - am h o rn S ] born of p , I have trained thy limbs among the ; and of ebek the horned ; and of th H upon the earth , I have fattened y body like the orus ; and of Tahuti ; and of all the wives of the

. Oh ! S S lzer men t /z gods millions [frog] I have placed thy son as gods city of ebek ; and of ebek ,

heir of these things . and of Sebek the divine fisherman ; and of Hat - hor ’ T/zi m re i ster . S g The white hippopotamus standing. the glorious and sacred ; and of ebek of the first ’ Het - t w Oh O S [or the hite hippopotamus , says] , sirian , rank ; scribe of the sculpture ; of ebek overseer S a S priest of the temple of hed, the great bode, of the singers of ebek ; overseer of the singers of HI I V THE HIE E OGI. YP C I NSCR P TI OI S 2 3

— - Ne it in the midst of Ta she ; the a mt / mt of Horus (3) Prayers to these gods for Du sebek born of s son of Isis of the great lake ; the interrer of the A t . bodies of the gods of Ta - she ; An kh rui ; his sur (4) Prayers to these gods for the governor of the ’ w P e t Ra - n - Ho rut a Ho r e ta Ii mh o te e . names are , p , and p, son of to n son of mat ’ — - - - a P O A O T et bast auf nkh of the same dignities , born of the ( 5) ray er to siris tha, in Ta she, to siris

Hat - Si t kh e n t - o d P lady of the house , the sistrum bearer of hor ( amenti the great g , for provision for edu

- - - - am w O e n - Ho rtah uti Ne fe rt ~ h e rt p ) . Then follo s an address to siris of the hor p si ast , son of , born of ,

- Nebh at w An kh rui O Ra - e n great lake, Isis , and , in hich say s and for the sirian the king mat , son of the Am S e n e mh at . that he pent his life in learnin g, and teaching the sun [This pray er for the deceased king , w n e w ignorant , and hen questioned about temple rites he added to a private inscription , is apparently a w explained them , and superintended the temple build feature , and it is the more strikin g as sho ing for Hi h o w Ame n e mh w th . s at ings thus he ent on to his 34 year majesty long a time the reverence for I I I .

la S . . . ordered him to y ebek to rest in his house , etc etc was maintained] (7 ) May Isis the great di v ine mother give protection

two h o te Ho rsi ast Pe d uh o rsi t . P l. . as 33 . iv The canopic jars appear to be for p , son of , son of ’ - - - a a P A v brothers of the same name , T et bast auf nkh , sons of (9 ) ray er to nubis on his mount in the di ine

- - ma t wo f An kh te t Ne kh t ru . di erent mothers, , and bast abode, y he bury him in the beautiful and great On e H A w m a set of four jars , marked here , , T , K , , are est mountain , y he give to him funereal provision taken as the standard , and the variants from these in the opening of the year, and the new y ear, and i n t a lz t i . Ua S of the other set , , , , , are given For the part the festival g, and in the feast of okar, and in li d of the inscription common to all the jars the text of every feast, to the of his loving son , the great one

- - - H v . H A f e n is gi en (col and the variants of all the others of the five (high priest of ermopolis) nkh mut . e— from it . Thus to complete the reading of any one jar (9 j ) Similar prayers on the corner posts and

- we . . . . . c o fli n Ra must take cols i , ii , iii , or iv , then col v and framing of the , addressed also to tum of

H - - . . Vl ll. P then cols . vi , vii , , or ix . The text is one of the eliopolis and tah sokar osiris .

w 1 0 A - k - - . O h e n t longest and most complete kno n on such jars , which ( ) declaration siris amenti in Ta she ,

- . Hat Te th amen do not usually bear half as much inscription The gives protection to the hor , daughter of “ P Ne i t Ne i t P - - - - Userb u . titles of the deceased are rophet of , divine the priest of edu hor p si ast, born of

h e rse sh ta P 1 1 Ne it Ra - en - father, of the gods of his cycle ( ), prophet ( ) priest of , his loving son , mat .

- H - - O A n e bt . of siris thi in the midst of Ta she , prophet of Isis per athor em khu

H 1 2 P O - fo r of the great lake, prophet and nurse of orus son of ( ) rayer to siris in the midst of Ta she

? - n zeta es Nekh t ra P - o Isis, prophet of f (mother of her father ) in the provisions for , son of edu amen , b rn of

- - - Hat Te uah . midst of Ta she , prophet of hor of p , pro Th hotep ' — Te uah - - - a 1 1 D phet of the gods of p , T et bast auf nkh, ( 3 5) emotic endorsements on the ends of

' ’ w fli n Ne i t Ho rut a c o s . On 1 1 son of the prophet of , , born of the lady ooden 4 and 5 are the carpenter s ” “ of the house An kh te t ; on the other set Ne kh t marks on the framing to show h o w the pieces were

- two m a ru . On e bast of these brothers y have been to be put together after the panels had been filled in . An kh rui w we the father of , hose sarcophagus have These marks are given here in the order around the w ffi w t j ust noticed , as both ere evidently very important co n , those hich are intended to be iden ical being persons ; but the titles are not identical throughout , bracketed together . ’ and An kh rui s father is said to have had the same

An kh rui w Pl. . 1 Ame n e mh at dignities as if this ere to be taken strictly xxvii ( ) king , his majesty “ we Hi s ought to find the titles , prince, chief prophet of found going to ruin upon it . majesty ”

S . . ebek , etc , on the j ars ordered Am n e mh ( 1 0) Titles of e at I I I . came his

- P] . 34 . v . Funerary inscriptions on the lids of majesty to Ta she

1 P Ra - e n - w . O A 1 1 H ooden coffins ( ) ray er to siris tha in the ( ) ( m)at , son of the sun orus

- - - S O kh e n t S . midst of Ta she , to okar, in Ta she, to siris of hed (pleased the king) more than any ” - amenti in the midst of Ta she, to the great Isis in thing .

- He r 1 2 He r fo r a i . e. the midst of Ta she, for provision for p (or ( ) monuments to her father ever ,

- fr e b S n e u . He rs p) son of Iisen . erected y ebek “ 2 P Pe - n - 1 S ( ) rayers to these gods for ast , son of Tutu , ( 3) ole friend , overseer of all the buildings rbast born of . . I AHMU AND ARSIN E . HAIVARA, B , O

for the loss of a syllable by elision , and for inter

HAP E R V. C T punctuation , it further employs the signs for long and short syllables so well - known to the modern school l i x I . P S THE GREE K PAPYR boy (see . centuries , moreover , before V n C the date of the famous enetia odex , it presents ‘ d i ele A C E. Bv PROF . S Y us not only with the j , the chief use of which seems to have been to call attentio n to the notes of s d i lé eri estz i n en e 35 . I t is not often that an explorer i so fortunate earlier editions , but also with the p p g , as to discover a pri z e like that which fell to the lot of which marked variations between the readings of

P . Zén o d o to s K ratés Aristarkh o s we Mr Flinders etrie last winter Under the head of a or and those of , as ll

H w h e o belo s Zén o do to s m - mummy excavated by him at a ara found as with the of , that ti e honoured w I n 8 a large roll of papyrus , hich, when unfolded , turned indication of spuriousness . three cases (7 94, 59 , 8 m o belo s out to contain the greater part of the second book of and 7 5) a peculiar for of is employed, with w the Iliad . The roll had belonged to a lady with curved ends, hich seems intended to note the lines Ari arkh s Pl st o . whom it had been buried in death . The skull of the rejected by (see w H mummy sho ed that its possessor had been young But this is not all . ere and there a scholion is

- and attractive looking, with features at once small , added i n a cursive hand , giving the reading of Ari starkh o s ff intellectual, and finely chiselled , and belonging dis where it di ered from that adopted i n th e t e l . i n ctiv y to the Greek type Through generosity the text . I n some instances other variant readings H w h n o w Ari starkh o s 86 of Mr a orth, bot skull and papyrus are in besides those of are mentioned ; as in 5 , L O the Bodleian ibrary at xford , along with a tress of where notice is taken of the reading v a m of the ’

H . li Massa o t . the unknown ypatia s black hair edition These scholia, along with the P P ‘ The papyrus is assigned to the fifth century by Mr critical marks , render the apyrus etrie at once i n . w Maunde Thompson The text is ritten large, unique and of peculiar value. beautifully formed capitals, and has been revised and The scholia appear to have been added by a later

. 6 1 2 annotated with singular care I t thus takes rank hand, like the two corrections ( 3 and 7 4) which w L 1 5 ith the ouvre papyrus containing the first 7 lines occur in the text, as well as the critical and accentual of the Thirteenth Book of the Iliad, which was found marks . That the latter were added after the text

E e . m 6 8 at lephantin , though the latter is earlier in date had been written is evi dent fro 7 , where the w ’ ’ The three oldest texts of the Iliad hitherto kno n apostrophe is placed over the F of jasy instead of in w . On w as are all ritten on papy rus , and have all alike come front of it the other hand , the punctuation L E . from gypt Besides the ouvre papyrus , a papyrus the work of the original scribe, and consists of a point containing the larger portion of the Twenty - fourth which is used to denote a full stop as well as the was E e g t . Book . of the I liad brou ht from lephan in by minor divisions of the sentence It is usually placed L Mr Bankes , and , like the papyrus of the ouvre, is on a line with the head of the letter in front of which assigned to the first century before our era . The it stands , and though it is occasionally on a line with H third papyrus was discovered by Mr arris i n the the middle or foot of it, the varying position does not

. f . W crocodile caves at Manfalut I t contains fragments appear to af ect its use here, however, a colon would E w of the ighteenth Book , but is somewhat carelessly naturally occur after a ord at the beginnin g of a line w A . r . ritten , and of comparatively l ate date nothe (as in 87 3) the point is preferably placed in the middle portion of the same roll was subsequently obtained No point is found after the last line of the book . ll . A s by the discoverer the e papyri are furnished The scholia are usually introduced by a sign w ‘ t . a n an ti stz n za stz n ze ith accentual marks and signs of punc uation resembling g , and the g recurs 6 6 afte r th e e . ( g 7 3, 7 7 , 7 7 5 , frequently g end of a line P 6 . t t P 80 80 8 1 8 1 8 8 8 6 86 0 3 This is also he case with he apyrus etrie, 3, 7 , 5 , 9 , 4 , 5 , , It thus w the symbols being introduced with much the same occupies the same position as the scholia . It ill be E irregularity as in the three other gyptian rolls . But noticed that the a n ti stzgma seems to have been put to i n addition to the symbols for the grave, circumflex , a new use . i i w and acute accents , for the rough and soft breathings, The list of diacr t cal marks, ho ever , is not even A w yet exhausted . line is dra n under the letters of l h ave to expre ss my th anks to Mr Walte r Leaf fo r th e a s ta ce h e h as e e o u afl o rde d me n o t o e e o f w i n ff s is n g n r sly , nly in r sp ct a ord a scholion , which di ers from the reading f Ho m e — u e o n wh h th e MS. o r a s bj i c h is auth o ri t is se o nd ct y c Two i o ta — of the text . dots are written over an when to n o ne b ut also i n re spect o f so me o f th e o th e r papyri gi ven h well in th is c apte r . it is followed by a vowel as as by a consonant ’ Z HE GRE E K P AP YRI 2 5

two 0 2 sn a t ve o a vr e En a z v a a vr e (as in and the same dots appear over in 47 , and of [ g] for fi g in line 335 , ' "l 6 10 6 t 9 (7 4 ) and over v in vn f pofi p o w (7 46 ) and eii ; which have escaped the ey e of the revise r. The curious ornament which marks the I n its irregular use of the accentual sy mbols i n S P P termination of the econd Book should be noticed , cluding the apostrophe, the apyrus etrie agrees w E L as also should the colophon , both of which are drawn ith the other gy ptian papyri of the Iliad . ike Pl w in the plate of facsimiles ( . them i t marks the accent thro n back on the pre ' L b 6 KE I n The asterisk , as Mr eaf remarks , is not found ; ceding word y an enclitic , as in d

we w we t3 7 6 though should expect to find i t attached to lines 7 9 7 , ho ever , have g , though here it is H w 80 2 1 . m a 47 4, 4 and 7 o ever, it is doubtful whether it possible that the short line after the 5 y not be w L . W ould be visible before line 47 4 Mr eaf adds : intended for the acute accent . here the accent “ SHE A? a a é 8 1 6 6 8 w w The ) p is prefixed to 4 , 59 , 9 , falls upon the first sy llable of a ord hich begins w w ith a vo el , the breathing is usually not expressed , 8 f 8 0 8 8 8 8 6 8 86 8 2. O we 3 , 3 , 39 , 5 , 5 , 3, 7 these lines the accentual sign alone being considered sufficient . ” Ari sto n i ko s 8 1 0 1 8 we ( r d have no scholion of on 4 , 7 , 7 5 o v , Thus find o and even px

8 8. 2 1 i k? e v Sn w i rm z év 26 P1. 3 7 7 and 7 4 should have the ) p yp n, (7 ) ( where the gra e accent has been 80 1 86 8 2 b re ath i n On and instead of , 3, 7 the mark should be substituted for the soft g i the other 802 86 2 8 1 ma against , , 7 respectively . It is omitted (or hand the breathing y take the place of the accent , 8 6 1 6 6 6 8 P 6 8 at least is not visible) against 4 5 , , ( ), 4, as in {1p The mark of a long sy llable is at ’ 6 Si n /V n e zso n ev 7 4 5 (but 7 4 has the } p yu n wrongly), times substituted for the accent or the breathing ’ ta a o 17 311 1 0 023 or both ; g . p n e 1 w O w The ords , as might be expected , are not divided ccasionally , ho ever, both breathing and accent

i o ta a dscr t from one another, and use is made of the ip . are written together ; an interesting case of this w '’ 2 w e n o za Pl. This has probably been added in some instances by occurs in line 7 5 , here have p ( 8 the second hand , and at the end of line 7 7 it assumes the rough breathing of the compound verb being re re the form of an acute accent expressed , and the paroxy ton accent being p sented by a curious sign which resembles the letter

V . w 37 . The manuscript originally included the First The same sign occurs in combination ith the

w i E Book of the Iliad as ell as the second . But of this rough breathing in s qually remarkable ’ two 06 0 v we fla o co 6 w only fragments of lines ( 5 and 5 7 ) are pre is the accentuation of p p in line 7 4 , here

. On a w served the other hand , large portion of the the circumflex must be due to an error , as ell as

7 61 1/5 0. Second Book is intact . The following are the lines the accentuation of a a in line 5 3 It should — which are either partly or altogether extant : 1 6 ; be noticed that where the circumflex stands above — 1 —1 2 —2 — w two 4 5 49 ; 5 5 57 ; 00 0 2 2 2 2 8 a diphthong, it is usually placed bet een the — 5 ; 3 ; 2 2 2 2 8 —2 2 1 — — — w { v Oi TUAO J 45 5 ; 9 9 ; 33 337 ; 345 382 ; 39 1 404 ; vo els , as in The examples of D] ’ — — — — 6 1 w 1 1 22 1 . Akera i o v 4 ; 433 446 ; 4 54 47 0 ; 47 2 486 ; 488 49 2 ; (585) (P . xxiv ) and ( 7 ) sho the position — — - — — 49 4 5 1 0 ; 5 1 6 5 3 1 ; 5 38 56 0 ; 5 6 2 59 8 ; 6 0 1 6 2 1 ; occupied by the acute accent at the commencemen t — - — 6 2 6 86 6 2 1 - 8 1 8 — w 4 ; 9 7 3 7 3 5 7 53 ; 7 5 5 4 43 87 7 . of a ord ; though in the second example it is mis Two 6 8 2 C K a Di 0. lines ( 44 and 4 ) have been omitted by placed . ompare [ M g in line 57 w w As we accident , o ing, it ould seem , to the fact that they regards spelling have the usual itacism in ' wa Ah erm o v ( b ea ) 1; vo i 7r a 7re begin in the same y as the preceding lines , and the , m and even [ ] and in ’

b 2 xakki o o v xa kk r i o o v . omissions have been overlooked y the corrector . line 7 5 we find p for fif The double Two other lines ( 549 and 5 58) have been rejected i n dot over words like EAKEl (7 2 3) and 6 109 (7 4 5) indicates ten ti o n ally . The second was ascribed to Solon and that the vowels above which it stands are to be pro M n i . i sc r SS n o un c e d . is omitted in other , and though no other evi separately This is also the usage in p

I r . H . D w . dence has been preserved to us that the first was con tions of the I In d and II d cent A. at a ara sid e re d E re kh h spurious , the reference in it to the t e i o n

. C might have su ggested doubts as to its genuineness . 39 onsiderations of space make it less desirable L w Mr eaf notes that the numeration of lines in the to give a continuous copy, as this ould be so closely w 206 columns sho s that line has also been omitted . Mr eaf em a h o weve th a emx we e e n o t h ave L r rks , r , t n d ’ ’ vr e a w e m a h ave ee ea u o ee an e o c e e a w o a s e . b n rr r, sin y b n r d p rp s ly R 38. eference has already been made to the 1 Mr Le af o bs e r ve s th at th e Harris P a py ru s regularly m a rks th e a c e o n th e e u t te a o f o n th e fo o w s a e a s 6 1 2 c nt p n l ins d ll ing yll bl , corrected errors of spelling in lines 3 and 7 4 ; ' C o e u a o y i s ev e t a c o to u EAoa w. e t e in ns q n ly px id n ly c rding r l , mi s elli n s vfi ek £003 Aed wa s there are further p g of for , in line like « I AHM AND AR NOE . 26 HAWARA, BI U, S

‘ - ' i 2 n o o v 2 . equivalent to the received text ; and the differences [Oj b wa “i v i spo v: 5 2. a 5 3 ' — No t w n t em 2 . w r aa a v. 28 0. ill be more readily seen when separately stated , [ njy fi g 5 5 5 53 ’ i

k va . 0. r o w 2 . r w1 eh . 0. n dv d vii than if sought for by the reader s own collation . I omitted . 5 3 n g 54 54 [ ] i f! I m eh o w . o sxr v f . . shall therefore give the readings of the papyrus ti p ABa [vr eg] . 543 [ p m ] p mcn 544 [ n] ’ i ’

6 8. Pl. . t 6 gn o vr o o d . whenever L a Roche s edition states that there is a Gecm t . 545 . ( 54 p 54 an th e o belo s w variant reading of y kind , together with all cases This line is preceded by hich somewhat ‘

sti me . . 0. of the use of accents and diacritical marks . It must resembles a g . 549 This line is omitted 5 5 ' w w A /r 1 x z. 2. r w i fi { . o fi o o be remembered that where a portion only of a line is dm a t. 5 5 p 5 5 ( ith acute

c . . {a preserved , a disputed reading may exist in that part ac ent instead of apostrophe) 5 53 mp the line , sti me of it which has been lost, and if I omit to notice it, is preceded by a g placed between the upright

8. W z T. the omission will be due to this fact . ords will be and hori ontal lines of the first letter, 5 5 This

li n e i s 6 6 . e . Ev va h o . accented only wh re they are so in the text . Many omitted . 5 5 p g 5 7 i fl A a ¢ KAE v . I . ei 6 . e i o v . 0. tb d of the scholia are much faded and consequently To mS ny r o . 5 9 x 57 [ ] g 57 p[

2 . A6 o r o . . . ffi u e v . 6 0ri di cult to decipher ; only one of them , however, G p n ] 57 p p n [ g 57 3 57 5 ’ ’ ' - H r . 8 . 7 6 . No t . 8 1 . x w 6 1 t v si a v 80. w a a v that on line 7 , has baffled me ere some of the p 5 omitted 5 n [ ] 5 5 1 f - i eared Pl . Hr s d sa r Pl 88. lo 1 . letters have entirely pp Oi vh o [v] ( . 5 fi ( 594 i

P 8. )x . sv e a r so v Ka t EXo g 59 7 xdp v o g v dc ( l. 59 ' —6 1 A . . 1 1 2 6 8 a a a . 6 0. n o k e 6 . A ck a . a é a 1 1 1 xo ii a . 0 . H v é . 113 3 g x n (with one ) 45 p, not p p g pp hn ] g 4 é o o s 2 di le 1 N b Z n d to . 1 6 . No No 6 1 . 1 5 . o t omitted (as y ) 5 t the t omitted . This line is preceded by the p ' ' Y 26 én o d o to s . 1 6 8 2 6 é 6 1 6 e 6 1 6 . Z 0 . O er zestz men . . 1 v . . Aka mo u. reading of , mission of these p g [ pp ] g 7

' w r- e . 2 2 6 1 lines inferred from the numeration of the lines 3. 3 . The first hand has ritten n a line ai Z én od o to s 2 e v 2 26 . v va uce a n st . 2 w r [ ] [y ] g ( g ) 7 . has been dra n through the , and a 7 written ’

No t Zén o d o to s . 2 . v0 1 7ra7re P A. omitted (as by ) 45 [n] with above it ( l. (with double )

' ‘ k Is e . 2 . fle fleX un stz v en v di le er i e n . uncorrected itacism 47 for with 6 34 . This line is preceded by the p p g i ’ No ~ . t . . sn a z 6 e o a a c s s o s o v 6 o t . v vn n s v u v corrected spelling omitted 335 x 73 35 x p [ ,

' r w . . £ 17 ve c a v s . 6 1 6 2 . . 6 . hr o n o r 0 Ka h v Sd . 6 . a TO . t [ g] ith uncorrected spelling 349 k] 37 5 ] 37 [u k n 4 4 , 4

’ K m 3 Zeu . w o 6 . kf s . 6 1 . s a o [ p ] ng g 39 5 ith dot for No t omitted . 4 u y n p g 44 This line is

‘

. s w vr a On . v i 6 . 1 . 6 . So b m vr . 6 . o iota adscript 39 7 [y ] this there is a omitted 5 5 6 57 p h g 58. This line

‘ : a r o z av a r b d i le er es z n z e ) A07 vo scholion n y m with a line drawn under the is preceded y the p p i t g en . 6 1 [ ]

8 1 2 . . . Eta a xh 6 . n 39 4 (against X i ndm] . 59 This line is preceded by the ‘ ’ Z én o d o to Pl X i e s 1 . . . 1 d l . 6 6 7 6 . 810 8 £ w 6 1 . r . s x 0. 1h d em ) 4 5 ( xiv ) 4 9 n e pa a w e. p p ¢ p gb ; at the end of ' 2 / Ari stark 0 . a ue a r o v h o s 4 j h p ] (against ) . 4 33. [7 0 1 9 the line a point is written at the foot of the final ’ ' ' ' 6 . Ch li o v a . O M st w . 6 6 a S n : e va w . S : evr r av e i e ( w . li v 7 ]p 43 y y Z ith a line dra n letter 5 cholion B; p y ( . t A under the . The reading of the text seems to have The i353 rbefry wv of Ari starkh o s must consequently i ’ ' e va Xt ec. . 3 i1 9 o o t Pl e N 6 0. o . . t . E 0. 6 1 . a w been y y 439 p [] ( 44 have b en in the text 7 omitted 7 y , '

o d - i uev KG. 1 . w s u ch o li o n j 44 e p 447 . S z [Apt] with half obliterated scholion in two lines ( 1 ) [Apt] “ ' * o r a o a w v w . a r a o a e 61a 7 0 e To 2 o v wv v 6 px[ g] ynp [ ] ith line under the n The text px[ e] y ( ) jugb o . 7 4 N é a o v . . o t Th e di le e i estz e 1s 6 2 6 . r i n en fi . . seems to have read y p 4 54 omitted 4 7 5 p p g prefixed to these lines , m avm 6 6 66 6 8 . . r mv . 6 8 1 . [ y u a scholion is attached to this line and but not to line 7 3 7 5 0.

n ' . v v r 6 6 . 6 82 v a t) o u 6 01 . 1 Al dn v Pl. the preceding consisting of two lines The first [ ] g n ( xxiv . )

w w b r e is preceded by the follo ing mark follo ed y pnx w svajuo vr o . Scholion : p r apx[0g] ta k we

a a hlxo u eva d r - m a e o . 6 e v m o 8 . 9a v 6 8 . a Evvr obliterated letters y l ) ; the secon runs pn x n 3 ¢ m 4 o . — . . 7 wv 0 N t 6 86 6 . o 6 . 8 . b Instead of , however, the second 94 omitted 9 This line is preceded y

w - a . 6 . d /e letter of the second ord may be 4 4 This line a half obliterated ie . 6 94 . Scholion : Apzm a px[o g] ‘ di /e er i s z ‘ e t i n en e. 6 . E a v . 6 is preceded by the p p g 4 5 a u a var n 9 7 . 1 65 ; this line is preceded by the d iple ”

S ra . A y . . 6 . i 6 3 8 er estz n zen e. . . (1 0. e ew . 00. 6 13 47 4 0 ? Pl. p ] pparently no asterisk 47 g 4 p g 9 9 x 7 , a ( xxiv . )

N ’ ’ o . . 81 . Ta fi o Pl . ht hm r o . 0 1 47 e e . d v asterisk 7 4 p ( 7 np , this line is preceded by

' a o fv a i di / ' a te. é. 02 . a 09 0 1c r m 77 03 o v a A a ufiv . 6 yp m This line is preceded by the n the p 7 [p] x 7 0 . p ay a

82. 7 6 101; é w 0 flfi o v . . f ve ci . . u 6 3 a S : 4 [p] ith the circumflex over the o 483. j 7 7 m A i a r a o g y p cholion p px[ ] , ‘ ’ i m e r‘ e 8 . d i el o Sa a 7r o . 08. . . p d ] 4 4 This line is preceded by the j e y p 7 fipwg 7 09 7 1 0. r ec a apa ‘ er i tz i n e ‘ es en . 86 . 011 85 T! 00. r 1 K a 1 . . a o o v . 6 . d a . 1 v 1 3 6 n a a 1 1 . AN p g 4 5 x 6 50 . 7 p [] 7 p 7 7 [ KJ wa Tpn

f Th e ext u e fo r c o m a o n h a s d p ris is o f La Ro h e Hawer i Th fo o we b wh at i s o a th o u h m a b t t t c is is ll d y pr b bly7 , g it y e Ilt as Le1 z 1 1 B 8 . ac a lo st e e et e s. r r v 1r , p g, 7 3 r k ts indic t l t r o e e n .

2 8 HAWARA BI AHM AND AR IN E , U, S O .

an 4 F fth f a me t. S xth f a m line 5 9 is noteworthy so also is uncorrected i r g n i r g ent .

reading like Mw OMin line 86 4 . Q Q mc o uc n P w erhaps , ho ever, the chief importance of the manuscript lies in the very fact that its text varies so OV : KQ L T . L . little from the received one . ike the Masoretic text £ 801 1 x [a ¢] Old w of the Testament, it bears itness to the con o ne ” t i n uity of the tradition which had been handed down Q D O G O O O

by the great name of Aristarkh o s. The received text of Homer is substantially the same as that which has ju ev Ta w Ari starkh s been handed do n to us from o . Unless On two we can recover the manuscripts which the Alexandrian two other fragments are the terminations of

- - grammarian himself used it is not likely that we shall lines in n and nu respectively . A H We g t t t g find a varying version of the omeric poems . lthou h he lines do no end with he re ularity must be content with such information as the Scholiasts we should expect in a prose work , the fact that one ' of the lines begins with Spec for évSpeg shows that we vouchsafe upon the point , or with the testimony of the

' o éelo s i ? er z estz men é g and the d p] p g . These alone will cannot be dealin with poetry wo tell us where the received text differs from that of Zeno The most important of the fragments are t (No s. li o 80 8 1 ) w t t S dotos or from that of the Massa t and other editions and hich come from a los his ory of icily , Ti m ai o s w w . t t hich were once famous in the Greek literary world . perhaps that of The ex is ritten in very

small but finely formed capitals , and the beginnings

- 4 1 . But it is not only from the tomb of the of the first thirty four lines of the second column are ’ nameless predecessor of Tennyson s Princess that fairly well preserved . They run as follows

P ' Mr Flinders etrie has rescued the fragments of I v Ovju7r [a vr eg]

. 2 s e Greek literature The floating sand of the desert was . pE

a found to be full of shreds of papyrus inscribed with 3 . m mo

e ev Greek characters , which have been carefully preserv d , 4 . qu

, . r e a o unfolded and pieced together They seem to have 5 . g 7r[ ] fi 6 formed the contents of the of ce of some public scribe, . u repu g num u w r e hich have been dispersed and scattered by the wind 7 . n ju

. 8 v ewa o mo we t over the adjoining desert They consist almost . g p

- ta v w o k ' to entirely of lists of tax payers, of private accounts, and 9 . fip p o y v k ' of copies of deeds or other legal documents, and 1 0. Ow em fia l sw exa g

P a e w k¢ o v av extend from the later tolemaic g to that hich I 1 . TO]! n [ ] 85 m no vuh ]

A . S 1 2 01 7 01) t o m ; preceded the rab invasion everal of the papy ri . 6 1

- i n , V 1 r am «1 v ev 5 1 1 are dated the reigns of Tiberius espasian , and 3. n 10)

A 1 a r o v ( a - P ntoninus , and are consequently important for dating 4 . n m g( ) p n8t w . 1 a a r a the forms of hand riting employed in them The 5 . p( p g g

' ’ xo v ho wn o z c majority of the fragments are written in cursive hands, I 6 . n y O )

. 1 K an a evr o but a certain number are in capitals 7 . ry y N A o . 1 1 8 £ 01 Tu o eu sv mongst these are some fragments ( 5 in . 9 x c n

C 1 taken - a t 7 a Atwm atalogue) , unfortunately few and small , which are 9 . e 7T

' - inscribed in large capitals , and belong to a literary 0 e ep[y] o v 0 1 p et [a ] H rkan i w . a r a r a ork The mention in them of y may suggest 2 1 . [ a]p xo v g r a 31)

I 2 wave o vr a t f a to some scholar the work to which they belong, and 2 . x x

2 . P ek therefore transcribe them here 3. X( ) n

2 o u a lto u m . eco f a me t. Th f a . F irst frag ent S nd r g n ird r gment. 4 x j

2 r‘ ) "V5 8" 5 . ng l3 a £ 1 Seco n d c o l umn . v

26 7r o o v 8 . p n

o vr‘ e 27 o r a 810v[g]

28 T ra r et o . O owu v x [g]

2 am Beo vr wv 9 . 8

7r Oa eo e ' o v m o 30. n g p y

1 ew 3 . n ; THE RE E K P AP G 17 31 . 2 9

2 3 . o g v [o g] wwh rszr ng S [B

33. An o kkw v E rrr [o g] 7 1m m

' 34 . Oso xfl a fl o v] S 8

- Of a via n [71g] xnr‘ o g ‘yzr w v Bo vfia [o ]r pw v the first column , the ends of six lines can be

011 a 80 ' 1 0 1 read , 7 9 , g, 1 , opposite wa vr Ot t o r - ng 1 20 v a c n p h g] lines 7 of the second column , and , g, tw o . 2 2 The next lines are obliterated opposite lines 4, 5 . In the second fragment hardly 20. [A100 ] K0po g MEDOJPW ’C a 7r[0] a single word can be determined with certainty . The

a vr . 1m m nh to v text seems to contain a description of the fo rtific a 7

2 1 . lé 0 S D o w p[ 9 ] 11 46 90 807 719 ] £ [7 pa zpsv] tions of y racuse, and the mention of i n sho s Ph i that i t could not have come from the pen of Ballusésé Ballusé The street of , or more probably , Ath an i s w b listos or , whose histories ere continued y A e w “ must have been i n rsino , here also the Mace Ti m i a o s. ” w Hérakle i dés donians ere quartered . , the son of

Hérakle idés w a Bco - n 2 T , it ill be observed , was the fi B jg , . wo 4 , at least, of the papy ri can be assigned to “ w ” P n e or guardian of the statue of the sacred ha k , the the tolemaic age . O is an official stamp in red N symbol of Horos in th e great temple of the capital . ink ( o . An inscription in large capitals runs Hi s was - was HTOAEMAIOY residence in the salt pan ; and he round the inside of a circle, and reads , * “ Ari e n aus assessed at 8 silver drachmae . p the L A The 32md year of Ptolemy . The rest of the Th esmo h o ri o s Sabi n us servant of p , and neighbour of circle is occupied by a curious fi gure and some more ” In i di stés was a w n , assessed at 4 silver drachm , the obol X . O letters , among hich is alone legible the w 20 e w being orth copper drachma , hereas in three back of the papyrus , in characters probably of a later was 1 0 w : 1 o Ma wvo other cases the obol reckoned at copper period , are the ords ( ) g p g H 1 2 drachm a . ere the assessment was silver xa (2) pusvo v o pxo v They hav e been sub drachm ae at ten copper drachm a for each obol . sequently crossed out ( Pl. t to arkh w The stamp is extremely interesting as an authentic The dis rict or p y to hich the papy ri M kh is was u , - P a e belonged called as appears from the example of block printing in the tolemaic g . I t Pé tés N 1 88a l th k o . proves to us h o w nearly the art of printing was antici g registration of the scribe ( ), which is as follows two a o . pated thousand y ears g The art , i n fact , had already been invented ; all that was needed was its H 79 a r ng extended application . N xa r a Ro / 0 11 S a uwv fr a xr o wv a e u mj ’ y [ ] p bo ] p p p / pb g] N - o . 1 6 The other papyrus ( 9 ) is a tax gatherer s list, J Q To n apxta g Mo vxewg w H ritten in a cursive hand . ere is a copy of it P a7r o wa wv ew ed o u - x g p pn B

( ‘ ' v7r e r Kw o br w No . n[p ] ng pt g y v juo y PA. ma n o ewe p exstp Bu

A m sva v Geo J o i o to v 1m m a i i n s i c e 5 711 1 1 1 u p c / q p 7 6 . [ ] 7r o m x g ( ) we 15 fi E afitvo v 1 11 1 810 7 0 1; s 8 Here there is a space . £ 0 90 1) p afigw r h g] Q ¢ 1wvo q cepay [evo g] w sp Tsr r vvew K o kkwv u a wan i np tv] 7 . g p i [ pxng] a t a v v1 u w v Bakh o vo o TOU a t o k v 8. K 7r 4 , a p /un n ng H p nfi fly o ] S n B v H a xX5 1 8 H a xkecSo v a 8w r ze a xu o 9 . 7ra vv 1 u 5 . [ p] ng p p f3 [ng] p v fl / a ta w o 6 w T o ) xw 1 0 . ( a l 11 1 9 6 . v8p [ g] a h v p w

/ v Avm ua v Ma K£ 80 v o s 1 1 . ( a 1 0 0 01 sw 7r a v v1 u 7 . A[p ]p< w j xo [ g] w py [a c m p p/ g B

e u r o v 7r a wv puy] TOU 1 2 . m upb] B [3 x[ ]

l‘ a r e a w u t m E fi‘ x a kvxo v p aflgrm h g] 1 3. p( q c F Xl P]

m fl ' a x muo a 38w r Ma x5 80 vwv o kk v to ti n- o v Ap c p } [ng] [ ] 1 4 . A[7r] w [ g ] L v w wa w v 1 5 . x B

a ' u o 7r T l w k u é o u 7 . 0ew spy a o fl np y] n y p[ g] p q } n S 1 1 6 a Tr o 911 1 g I n a different hand — On d rac h m ze by r r m m; A OU 1 L account of the received the g Hr; a kzo v sx wv 7 l S 13 [a ] s Mukh i s collectors of taxes in ca h in the district of , sc o n evg 7 1 m m ”p awn/A0 1)

— f o Revillo ut as e o s tB cla ] Th e symb o l i s inte rpreted by P ro e ss r d n ting a h a f- ac h m a o r ec e o f th ee o o b ut i t c e ta re re l dr , pi r b ls r inly p o vKo MOQ] Avr uc h nc Aa u i r o g fi j h fu l ac h m a o n th e o t a a an d uc h to o mu t b e s e nt s t e l dr s r k , s , , s S 8 te a i ts me aning i n certain o f th e papyri gi ven furth e r o n . 0 A BI AHM AND ARSI N E . 3 HAWAR , U, O

'

1 2 a 1 v0 1 r uc o v 1 . a 1 a from the month Pakh o n s to Mesore (on) papyrus . Ap [ £ ] x 9 r pa “ i I 0 Io v8a 1o v 81a from Thoth to Mekh e r (o n ) from 3. g

k E i h i Tett n eo s 1 Ao - xk 7r1a 8o v r o v a 7ro Pa h o n s to pe p (on) papyrus y 4 . [ n] Krollen the sheikh (has collected) for Pao ph i and I P P t t . ayni on papyrus for ayni on papyrus 3 obols, must leave the con rac ed words unexplained for Ph amen o th for P harmuthi to P ayni on Epeiph i t for on papyrus for he second . 44 Two other papyri , in cursive hands , belong to the Pakh o n s etc . V No s 1 6 6 reign of espasian ( . and The second

is too much damaged for reproduction . It relates

. On e 43 of the earliest of the dated documents is 22 Zi o v m to the sale of acres ( p p ) of land , one of the a letter, fortunately complete , written in small neatly parties to the transaction being described as belong N ” ( o . H formed capitals The following is a copy i n . C 1; Ko kk1v a . g to the olline tribe, 0 a [g] alf of of it the land was situated in the quarter of the city known “ A —at as that of the sparagus and Millet least, such I w r . Ko o g 2.1) a Ko w r o v v1o c F a w n seems to be the meaning of the Greek compound - 2 . Io vh w Zwo i juw xa 1p£ 1 v a wexw wap a

a u< 080v Amr a a xt wv . ( , p p xp ) The deed is dated in the . r a Kar a 8111 91 10 1) Pw a uc v 3 g 1 1 n n “ ” E Cmsar V A reign of the mperor espasian ugustus , 4 . xa r akekrmp eva g 11 01 mm F a 1o v Ma 1 the actual year being lost, and the registration being x 5 . nva Fp ar o v apyv v HTOAEfl Q LKOU derived from Tiberius C laudius (xar ako h wf do v 7ra pa 6 S a a 5 1 < 1 . p xju g 8 m S T1B£ p10v Kka v810v) . L a s 7 . Ttfi p to v Ka w a p o g Eefia a r o v E1r£ 1¢ 1 18 The ends of the lines in the first papyrus are lost . What is left reads as follows Quintus Senas son of Quintus sends greeting to

Gaius Julius Z osimus . I have in full from you the T1B£ p[10g] 01 1 0 a P w drachm of tolemaic silver coins left by ill to ' 7 0 F 1o 1c w1 Kpo v1 8[o v] x[a 1p£ 1v] me by Gaius M a cenas Gratus in accordance with the 7 a a A 1XX18 09 mg H a R r p X [ p ] . forms of oman law The first year of Tiberius xke1 80v r o v ” C ae A 1 i E e h i . sar ugustus , the 4th day of p p T To w a 7r0 2 th 1 AD This date corresponds to 9 June, 5 . . The Q n o kwjuo o g y ep1 8[o g] t , t t document is impor ant no only on account of i s ' K v v 7 01) a v[r o xp ar o p09 ] P reference to the silver coinage of the tolemies, but Mapwvo q To v o f th e also because the fact that will had been made 0 X a n o ypa ¢ [0]jua 1 Tr t R t w in accordance wi h oman ra her ith Greek or a ' 1 0. c ny o pa [1c] a 7r ap a E g . F t yptian law or examples of the wri ing of this I 1 . R11 1 011 0t 7 p1w[Bo ko v] P I. . and other dated documents , see xxii 1 2. vo xa 1 Ha A p g (No . t 1 1 th nother papyrus dated in he y ear I H a xh T 3. p a So v O! ) of Tiberius , is , unfortunately , much inj ured, the end 1 7 m 0 7 0 r a 4. 11 ug p [¢1 080v] of each line being lost . But the mention of a Jew 1 s 1 r 5 . n p m; 1rp01c s1[jusvnv] in it makes it interesting . ' I 6 . xwy nv Ma ySwDo v]

- I . xar o zma v a r 1 7 po p[1a v] . [£ 1 ] o 1 a T1Bep1 o v Ka w [ap o g]

' ' 1 8. 1 1 101 1 7 £ 11 10 11 p , 2 . A o 1vo s1r 1 1¢ w p[ ] v x10. 8

' I 9 . Sp axy wv 81a [1co o 1wv] 3. Aa xknm a Sng ' 2 A1 0. o o [1c0v a v] r nv . A a 1vo s1 r uc o p 4 [ p ] v X1 9. a ' . A o 1vo s1r ucov a 5 [ p ] 111 10 . p 1 ’ a different h and 6 . A c w o u r uc wv 1 9 r p x . 8 e , ' 2 1 . A 1kkt H a x . A o 1vo e1r u< w v 1 ke18 0v 7 p [ ] x 9. B 1 x g p [ ]

2 2 7 01) 0 11 5 1 8. to g . 7 7 1 011 9 Ma [pwvo g 7 0 0]

A 1 r 2 . H a x 9 . 78 p a v o e1 [mo v a 3 p ka So v srr185 8[w1c e r nv] ' 1 A a ' 2 0. wo r uc o v . r o xeb s pa a a vo v[Ba g] 4 p p v nv a 7r[o yp a¢ nv] ' ‘ 1 I A a w r 2 . a . c M wv t a p o a u wv X1 9. fi 7 r apa 5 p yp daa n a 1

26 . Mu18v nc I mag e th a fl u m u s a fo r é Ao s h a i i in t st t nd fi fl , t t s, ro ll 2 a a x w h a e fe e e um h 7 . L vr o a r o o g it r r nc n be r to t e ro ll wh ich co ntain ed th e co l p p[ ] ’

ec o s e e ac o un t. ‘ ' l t r l dg r c 2 8. v a n a a ta vo v 1 THE GRE E K P AP YRI . 3

I t would seem that this was a deed of transfer of 4 a vr o xp a r o po g K aw a po c t o va

‘ 200 d rach mm T a 1a vo v a s a m o v I s u a v mo v an arable farm , for or more , from 5 p fi pj Akh illis the daughter of Hérakle i dés of the village 6 Ap mc o u v 1 0v 7 011

o f Ma d o l . ev ar 011 2 110 1w g ( ) to her kinsman Maron , in the first y ear 7 [ ] ,

V 8. Hr o ks a o v v 10 v fl r o h s a w u of espasian . I t will be noticed that the names are p d ] [ ] y

Akh illi s was . r a w a eu a vr w1 Greek , and that holding property in her 9 g g

o w n 0 . em 1 5 11 11 7 0 91 10 1 right . 1 3 1 7 19 ,

2 1 I I . A101c r r o v a 0 v m w o v Another papyrus (No . 3 ) is dated in the second n p [ png] 11 g ny g

v er o v 85 11 1 00e 0 a vr o x a r o o I 2 . To vr a H a rrvvwo y ear of Titus Fla ius, [ g 10 p p g png p y g ( T17 00 Ph a mo v 1 . o k r o a o v , but as it has been a good deal inj ured , 3 p p ng

1 . 1 1 0 7r 5 1 s o H o Sw and contains little except a list of proper names , it 4 1 9 p u p[ g] p png

a I . wr o ua o v H a xXa So v a v need not be given here in full . 5 p /p qm

1 ' r - 6 . mg A71 11c 00 9 p a n t g

“ I . a r a 3a r t o a a a xo vr a a 1 w two 7 p [ f g] p 4 5 . The case is different ith the copies of

- 1 8. em 7 0 11 7 m 5 95 th 0 0 mu 111 9 deeds , in cursive hands , executed in the s and

- I . 11 11 T an 01 7 7 0 1 5 1 a w y 2 2 9 r 1 9 a 1 3th years of Traj an (No s. 3 and These 2 5 a Si c a r run 0. 5 ( ) [1 p vp 111 1/ a wo xp n I

' 2 1 . a 7 a a r 1a x0 0 1 a Teo a a a x r p [ fi g] p g p o v a . Avr 1[ a < o v] 7 p p a r a a 81 11 v a 1a p [ Bg] , [ g] , Ayuwmo v Hmm 117 09

’ 11 5 7 0 21119 a y o pa vo mZo v Copy for publication from Se rapi o n s table called

- - 5 1 we 17 7 01; a vr o x a r o o 1 E o n p p g the Broad , in the 3th year of the mperor C aesar xa w a po g Ne o va T a 1a vo v N A to — p p [ ] erva Trajan ugustus Germanicus, belonging o e a Or o v F s a vuco v Dmék o s th S B pp the 9 son of yrians , [and] P P 7 r a v u1 1c)l Epjung Ia 1 810p 0 0 tolemy the son of tolemy . They [have entered] P E aBOv xa tp a r o g a 7r o T[ng] into partnership in it ( ) on a continuous mortgage

p nr p0 7r o h e1ug of land , one acre and a half of which belongs to Di o k é o s 8 T err 011 00 8011 Mupa a Za g t t and to utarés the son of He ra m

1 m ' o v o Hspo ng 7 1g e y ng py n , one acre [being] around the heritage of He ro do ré Hér l i 7 17 r o ur o which is a farmstead of ak e d és. The

A wv 011 7 1 11 1) o flfice A iko s pp 1 document from the of p , executed for the

He v w w 0 pa n son , is sufficient ithout itnesses [at a cost of] 4 u vr o u a kknkwv ardebs which [have been given] by common consent

1 5 10 5 16 1 0 1 1 wap a for the same purpose . I n all [the sum paid is] 340 P u x0 1 a 7r0 A co v . two e n unfl ] ardebs The ardebs amount to mina each ( ) . o n' nvuca a a A deed belonging to the 4th y ear of Trajan comes

a veu 77 11 0- vrre N e p next in the list among the dated papyri ( o .

xa 1 t m ko o o v w ppn y d u ] It is ritten in a very bad cursive hand , and reads apvvp to v 8fo a xlua c] L ' 1 . 8 Tpa 1a [0 11 ] 1 0 11 Kvp 10v 5 711 1 41 1 2 t zrjic o vr a SE 1 2 . 10 1 A1o v r 0 0 1/ [ ] lVle a xv a X1 8. p[X

7 0 7 0 6 C Am mo n i o s Pa aés P e t o z a 9 ] opy made by p , son of

. 95 1 0v 9 1 AG KAN TN G SO v 1 0 11 o k m a 8o Ni t a the clerk of the market in the 5th y ear of the E mperor 3 p1 [] |Z QJ [ ] n[ g] r

xva NS. C e N v A 2 rd sar er a Trajan ugustus Germanicus , the 3 a 7 0 Ma wv o H e 4 . M wvo q 11 p g 7 Sto o h 3 Km a g J d ay of Payni . erm s the son of Isido ros Sab o z n o p fi {

. em TO 0 11 7 0 0 0} 7 7r 0 m 1 17 1 do h (36 kh ai ras A e 5 6 1 J p g g o f 1 from the capital ( rsino ) , brought up in the - m o um 011 6 . m Ma rasz a P b 15 71 1 11 0 A [d p/ m g p ap [1 80 ¢ ] lt p l street called , a ersian y descent , Amm o n in their mutual dealings by way of payment ; . T H St h o v KO 1 10 £ 01 1 7 0 in full without a n y over(reaching) and wrangling 7 SP C fi ] S Sq ” 6 0 d rach mze [has agreed to pay] of silver . d a The fourth y ear of Trajan the lord , the fifth y

‘ 1 A o v 81 1. 0 i i e ti o 1 . v fl w 3 E e h P a s yp p 7 / a of p p , Julius son of julius M . being m 2 . 8la r u E a a wvo r a fl £ Th e rmuth i Asklé i as o f g p g p[ a ] archon , the day of , p son

‘ . wh ar u a t r o v r w xa zSt xa r 3 g e p o v Asklépias of M . and Maro the son of Maro hav e paid A B AHM AND AR E HAWAR I 11 SINO . 3 2 , , the tax of two obols [each] on the palms [H]p 111 v09 7 00 X0 1pm1 011 09 for the same purpose 8 obols ; i n addition to the p uo 9 077 0 11 11111 119 ®1X07 p18o v

ae H5 0- 7 1 5 17 1 011 7 1 1 X8 1177 0 77 A111 A 1 palms , upon papyrus ten copper drachm for [ p] n 19 7 19 n 9 p

Di kai o k n é o s uo X 0' 1o v K5 0 7 0 1c 0v the palms of y g , the duty on the property p 9 pn ¢ of the priest 1 00 drachmas for the register of the tax 7 Axp wuc o v Tnjuva K0 7 0j11 nv0

800 a 00 7 u on palms in all drachm ; added to the rest , 9 8 80 9 7 111 11 5 111 9 Ta X o ” '

maz 5 7 0 v 5 szc 6 5 7 . d rach . 9 [7 ] o u 5 11 5 07 111 7 09 011 9 v 77 p( ) x

I w h 46 . will next take a fragment hic is inscribed IV. N on both front and back ( o . The several deeds 1 17 v A1)\ 1O11 A8 1av0v Av7 111 11 1v 0v 1 . x0 0 0 09 T 0 H [ ]p p [ ] , which it contains are dated in the reign of adrian , 2 0 011 11 0 810 7 1 M5 )\ 0 110 si c 7 1 a7rr o v7 1 . [ ] 19 9 ( ) 1 a ff p and are written in four di erent hands , three of them [WWW ] being cursive. [2] 0 pa 7r1111 v1 2 011 077 0011 09 7 011 p vo g

7 1 5 1 5 111 L 11 6 mm 111 . 77 0v 77 } I 4 . 19 7 n9 [ 9 ] [n 9 ]

2 a7rpo u 7 0v 2 077 p 0v I n another document (No . unfortunately in 77 180 9 0 77 0 ap ¢ 08o v a badly damaged condition , which is addressed by 11 0 1 [1 0 11 01 11 09 v 1 Theo n the son of Orio n (77 011 0 5 [11 ] 0v 9 5 111 11 0 9 9 11 1111 11 09 ) 95 11 01 09 0) 11 717 1 0 9 9 0 11 ” 1 to a certain priest and “ prophet the o v Ka t Ha v0 1 15 01 v 1 9 “ date is given as the 20th year of the deified [Eli us 11 011 0 1 15 01 1 1 7 10 1 9 1 1 1 9 " L 5 011 A1X10v Av7 111v Th e Antoninus (7 011 K 9 5 111 011) . w ” contracting party is described as living in the street 0 E o o v7 0 9 np 9 “ L Av 0 a v10v or quarter of ysanias ) . A1o 8w 0v p nr po g Ta p N 8 A second damaged document ( o. 3) is addressed Ava 'rro xwic ng A n p fi P “ by Theo n the son of tolemy, from the middle of 11 09 77 0 11 77 0 11 the quarter of Boulo and a Persian by descent ” x w [5 ] v 5 7 epo 1 9 . Hpo a v v 11 5 0 0v Bo vk [H5 p] 0 n 7 719 5 77 17 011 119 M0 1 1 0v o o 1x0 L 111 £ j u 9 “ M si mn o n Bo vko n . to Maro the son of y , in the [0 v7 01cp07 0p0] 9 K0 10 0p 09 T17 00 A1A10v ” ae was " 4th year of Hadrian C sar. I t stipulated that [A8p10] vo v 2 0115 0 11011 2 111 17 5 6 09 he Should receive the third part (7 711 7 p17 011 5 p1) of the

produce of the vines and palm - trees (1110 111 11 119 ) o n a w x x (si c) certain piece of land hich was mortgaged or sold . “ ” A10vv0 [10v] [8001 5 11 5 09 ] Reference is made to the archons (7 v9 a px0v7 0 9 ) r 2 1117 0 9 2 0 80 )\ 0v but the fragmenta y character of the papyrus makes

1c ( 111)11 119 N5 1ko u9 it impossible to say in what connection . A d Hpa xk5 180v 0 similar fate has befallen another dee relating No H 0 77 0 77 vk[n9] 7 0 11 a to an 5 7 811 1 0 111 or mortgage ( . ere a lady is “ Aw wv[5 1v0v] K0 10 0p09 exhorted to cure her stupidity and ignorance by 1 7 0 9 5 77 10 5 19 seasonable inattention to business 5 0117 119 11 0 1 7 5

5 0 11 1110 10 11 0 11 1 0 111 1 v 0v a1 0 0n0 10 v x0 1 7 0 0 1 01 1 1019 5 110 1 71 9 5 1111 09 2 77 11 . e [ ] 7 1 1 x1

810 Ato vvmo v B 11 07 1011 019 . E 11 5p1809 7 [n9 ] Epa qually provoking is the state of another letter

No . 5 77 01119 a ju[a ] ( the writer of which says that he had sent

fi s 5 1 0 7 0v 77 5 v 7 x011 7 0 10 0 85 8n11 0 0 10v 77 vp0[v] 1 50 dried g ( [ ] n x 9 x0 1 7 0 v7 0 9 N 81111 00 1 01 11 11 01 otice seems also to be taken in i t of the sailing of a sacred ship up the river ( a va wksva o m I I I . 111 0 [1 07 0] 11 0 111 011 I x01 0 0 17 o v A1)\ 1 . 0 p 9 T o v A8p10 v0v Av7 1m1 1vo v

1 2 . 8 810 7 19 M5 X0 v0v9 7 0 77 5 Zn9 a v7 1 0 0v p [ ] [yp ¢ ] 47 . I t is more profitable to turn from these broken Tvxa wv Th e deed i s written o n th e back o f a sh eet o f papyrus wh i ch Th e 1 6 s was a a t u a ec e o f E t a m h h e h a e b ut a fo m c a t e as ee aw e o v w e a a . 1 p r ic l r sp i s gyp i n p l , b n scr l d r it l rg b dly r d p it ls m wh i ch h as n o t h h n a e o f i t e rto b ee n m et with in th e papyri o r Th e write r o f th e latter pro no unce d G reek as b adly as h e wro te o n h / t e o st a a wh e e o o h 1 o n th e o th e h a i s n o t un if we ma ud e f o m th e S e n 7 10 10 10a fo r 17 M 0 15 o110 a r k , r 5, r nd, it, y j g r p lli g 0111 4 1 1p ¢ p c o mmo . n o r th e expre ssi o n 7 0 17 1 7 11 001! 1 7171 07 11 11 0 . T E RE E K P AP YR H G ] . 33 — 1 w I . H K A1 8 tv t 7 records to an interesting document (No . 97 ) hich p 0 [ 5 n9 ] App a g S l l

2 mc x 7 has been preserved in a fairly complete condition . . Hp p u oo v] 11 10 9 S 1

As w . 0 1 807 7 Ba r o v 7 it deals ith the taxes i mposed upon the fellahin 3 5 19 p S 1 — 1 in the neighbourhood of Arsinoe it is particularly 4 . Ap11 11 0 [1e111 9 ] v 109 S 7 J l 11 . 0 0 17 11 1 H0 0 1117 0 7 worth attention . 5 9 [ 9 ] S 1

6 1 ' . To v0 1 19 S 71 1 7 11 5 01 7 1 11 0 77 7 7 . Km 0 7 11 7 00 0 09 7 1 0 719 11 u [po — 1 7 . 01 11 01 0511 19 Kp0v18[011 ] S n l 77 OR5 111 9 ] 8. Apo Buug Kpo v13[0 v] S 71

2 . 1 0 1 1 0 11 7 1 5 10 1 10 77 0 1 5 1 81 1 00 117 0 5 1 7 v 1 7 9 7 1 7 9 1 1 11 9 9 [n ] ‘ ’ . I o o vsv N0 0 0 v7 0 9 g p [ 9 ] S n 11 111 1 11 77 0 7 1 11 7 1 1 077 1 5 0 10 11 3 . 11 1 p 9 1 19 7 19 711 I O. O e Ma a x. p a v g p y S n 1 11 0 1 5 11 1 1 1 7 4 . 011 0 111 9 0 77 01 0 9 9 X0 17 0 9 0 011 011 11 0 7 00 9 1 1 . O 0 5 v0 B0 1 1 p 9 ¢ 9 S n 1 0 vo 1 5 111 7 5 0 0 5 5 . 8 p g 1 [ p ] p vo g 1 p 5 [111 9 ] 0 77 0 I 2 . [10 1 7 77 0 M a x. 1 111 9 ap p S n

K . . 1 . e7 — H w o v 1 Ile1< 5 111 3 x[ 9 ] 9 S n I 0 1 w vvr wv 7 7 0 0 0 8u< v 5 77 1 011 1 1 6 . K e o n 1 1 1 711 y py p 1 [7 ] I H0 . v e1 T 4 n 9 V S n V 7 0 1 0 1 1 0 7 1 10 11 1 1 7 . 0 O11 0>\ 07 0 0 9 7 1 1 9 19 1 19 1 . A w o t 5 py g S n H0 77 0 0117 0 111 11 . 7 8 . H axka o 7 0 0 9 0 1 15 111 t g p h g] [ ] 1 9 ' I 6 . K01u 1 1 0 1 M1v 0 1 0 i 1 s111 7 e o , 9 [9 ] [ p 9 ] 11 " S 0 a t 11 0 9 . 77 11 0 0 809 V I . £20 1 7 9 S n 1 0. Rm 7 0 0 ' ' 1 8. A 1v 0 1 e0 p11 9 7rp B[vr ep0 9 ] S 7!

1 1 . 5 1 7 1 11 1 111 1 7 0 9 1 ] 1 1 ‘ ’ ' 1 . I avezrvo vn _ 9 g VV S n 1 2 . 0 . — ‘ 20. v v 7ra 0 3 17 0 7 S p fi p [ p 9 ] 4 11 1] E 1 S p f 1 < 5 07 0 11 1 5 0 1 . 0 1 11 11 10 7 0 0 07 9 3 1 9 9 1 p[ ] 2 I 1 . B1 111 11 0 9 15 pe[111 9 ] 18 0 1 Si c 0 7 00 Xa 1 1 0 11 0 0 111 1 4 . A [ 9 ] Xa 1pn11 0 1 ( ) 1 n11 9 11 01 9 2 2 . 11 5 1 = 11 0 19 n —1 " ‘ ‘ S y t 5 0 115 6 ic 16 1 . 1 0 a V 1 5 y[ yp 1 ] A Bd I (A y d 2 . A ew7 s 0 3 p n9 H fc v 19 —1 ‘ S n 7 1 6 1 111 1 A1 80 0 1 01111 1 d . Ka 1 i 1 p n1 1 9 1A 1 2 . A 0 w17 1 11 7 11 — 4 p 1 9 0 S n vy 1 1< 0 7 101 1 1 7 7 . Ap77 0 p 1 An11 1 p100 7 00 11 110 90[q§ 0p 0 0] 011 0 1111 [C] 2 . Ma 111 i 1 5 p[ ] p 3011 S S—BP 3 1 8 La 1 2 6 . 8a7ra u n g [ ] “fi t, 1 8 7 7 . 2 111 1 1 07 119 0 0 0 7 0 0 1 0 1111 9 — 1 p p 1 K L ( A 27 . / 5 n 0 0

An d t E of the cultivator of the land from he ach of the persons named in the list of Ty me us A e wh o capital ( rsino ), goes into the village at the 8 ae paid drachm , the sum total amounting to 1 5 2 “ time of cultivation to work the land : likew ise also e drachma of dirty coin . The expenses of collect w Th lo e o i s m te the ealthy g the son of O m a s [has paid] i n g the money , or the loss on the value of the silver H H , through ero the younger, the son of ero the priest , 6 0 came to obols, and a series of sy mbols accordingly n “ from twenty obols . A d for the cultivators is used which signify in all drachm ae 1 5 2 less 1 0 ” of the continually productive land one drachma ? drachma (or 6 0 obols) . we w ’ 5 obols ackno ledge (to have received according Ibi o n s was account more complicated . He received Hé é . H e to) the village registers l s the son of erakl s 8 a 1 from three persons drachm e 3 obols each , and P a aus wh o the son of p [ is the assistant of the H a from a fourth, Maro the son of erod, 4 drachm e w He ste ard (has paid) rent at 3 obols an ardeb . 2 obols less 4 obols . The other expenses came to

. 2 An d has registered it [In all] 9 [obols] 2 w 4 obols , the hole amount received being accordingly for the [cultivator of the . land from the capital] , 28 drachm ae less 7 9 obols . wh o goes [into the] village to work the land 5 obols n o w re us 8. w an ardeb (has been paid) . O the son of . the 4 I ill pass on to another class of docu P last Did as K h ai rémo n the son of Khaire ments discovered by M r etrie . These are the mo n likewise (has paid) 2 1 obols ; 3 obols an household accounts and pri v ate expenditure of the

. Two 1 6 . N o . 2 ardeb he has registered obols , copper scribes who superintended the public office 4 5

h 2 1 6 a d rac mze . . In all , 3 obols copper drachm is a good example of this class , and in excellent con E m a Did as w 1 8 . K h ai rémo n son of like ise (has paid) obols . dition nglish housekeepers y be interested i n Harpo k ratio n the son of Demetrios the mercena ry knowing w hat was the daily expenditure of an Egy p o P o P o w a o 1 2 . S w obols krates r tas son of r tas like ise has tian official some fourteen hundred y ears g , and hat paid 2 1 obols . were the articles required for his daily use . I t need

To a later date belongs a list of tax - pay ers drawn hardly be said that the hand writing is as hasty and “ up on the 2 5th day of Tybi by a certain Tyme us bad as that of the most careless calligraphist at the NO (T011 5 111 9 ( . present day . HMU AND ARSINOE . HAWARA, BI A ,

1 s e w wv . MEl I?) p fi fl ]

0 1 ' 11 Xe 11 0 1 77 0 0 S 1 sha wv 2 . sa xs9 S 11 11 0 1 7 7 0p[a ] 011 [0 x0 ] S p[ ]

X0 10 v 8 0 7 e13 1 11 1v 7 £ 1 0 1 3. 0 1 0 7 0 011 [0 7 ] 5 x p [ ] S I 1

w0 1 0v . two . Z 4, 5 The next lines are obliterated p [ ]

11 “ 0 0 1 0 6 . 8 1

a 7 o v F R o vo v 7 . x p

8 a v 18 . w fl w[ ] Us]

07 Exa lo u 9 . 1177 09 Z

1 1 w11 0 0 5 0 1 0 o v 3 0. Bsp 131v9[ ] 7 4[ p ] S

11 o vkko 1 1A 111 11 3 I I . 1 044 11 111 ] yh g] D ] S

1 X0 10v 11 105 09 S 0

F a v é 0 00 1 1011 72 0 I 3. S 1 1 0 ) S

11 0 X0 111v l I 4. [11 ]

s £ 1v0111v I 5 . p fi[ ]

1 6 Xa a v111v I 6 . 7 11 09 x [ ]

I 7 .

eka wv 1 8.

0 X0 7 0 1 9 . n [ 9 ]

: 2 e e w fl uv f 1s 0. p fi h ]

2 1 .

2 2 . 1 X0 1o v

Mekh ei r th e l th . Y o u 20 a g have received drachm , 19 a and I have received from you 35 drachm , and from the 20 drachm a [are subtracted] 4 according to 8 agreement, for paper 0' v1 810 : 1 a 2 o [First day] Meat, drachm e ob ls ; paper, 4 eh a wv

1 . obols ; beans , 4 obols liver , obol “ h i k o r S : c c ease 2 o h . f econd day p , ; reeds fuel ,

'

2 o h . . , 3 , o h . , . , ob oil ; beans 3 ; fuel 3 , ob in all

2 5 dr .

“ ‘ ’

: 1 . 1 1 Third day meat, dr sheep s head , ob

1 2 . 1 o b . . o h . ; flour, ob beans, 3 ; fuel , ob oil , “ 8 I . 2 . ? 3 ob I n all, dr ob “

: 1 . Fourth day meat, dr ; lentils , 3 ob . fuel ,

2 1 o h . ob . bread, ; 1 ob . a reed , 1 ob . h o fi s 1 h 7 o h . o . . 1, . ; ; g , . ; oil, 3 ob in all , 3 dr

2 . The whole sum is 3 dr . ob “ : 1 1 I Fifth day birds, dr . ob . sundries, [ é I o h 2 o h o h I o h . . paper, . ; fuel , . ; a pot , ; salt, 5 ;

I o h . o h . . . flour, ; lentils, 3 ; oil , 3 ob I n all, 3 dr 2 ob . “ h S : . 1 . 1 o . ixth day birds , 4 dr meat, dr ; salt, f. m 1 0X0 11 [111 v] ’ h . o o 1 . h . 3 ; a sheep s head , ob seasoning, 3 ; fuel ,

’

2 . 1 o b . 1 . . ob bread , ; eggs, 1 ob lentils , 3 ob oil, L [ w a f o Bp u l c] - d o . o h o h . 3 ob for myself, 4 . ; a pet g, 3 ob . [or ] an 1 ' i h the man with it, 3 ob . [or 1 ass, ob . [ 0 7 8 1111 — p 1 [ 11] all] 6 eka wv h It o ug t to b e 28 drach mae 2 o b o l s.

7 HA11441121 19 1 4 11 s AND 1 4115 1 11 013 . 36 , ,

’ A e h . P the full drac ma, and certain of Mr etrie s papyri , fragments from the mounds of rsino itself, which A No s 2 2 t . t . 44 and 45 for example, show that it must are mostly of comparatively la e date lmos all c o n se have the same value in them . the papyri are in cursive forms of writing, and alm h e r o ra . Besides payment in cash , payment was also made quently of the greatest value to the p g p 6 a r ta bé On e t No . 7 ) t i n corn , the standard of measurement being the , of hem ( still has a tached to it the clay

l E . which in P tolemaic times was equa to the nglish seal which made it valid The deed is complete, but

- R a e two . , t bushel , or in the oman g to thirds of this unfortunately the ink is so faded as o oblige me to The artabe is denoted by a peculiar symbol in the leave the task of deciphering the whole of the docu

. Pam papyri and on the ostraka, closely resembling that ment to others I t is addressed by a certain "e Alki n o s . e No . 1 . , used for obols in g7 menes to the brother of Themist s, an d “ As w i n might have been expected , bankers abounded , begins with the statement that you will do ell 11 0 1 1 1 money - lending and exchange being two of the most being in want of another little letter ( 11 11 1 19

' 1 E Aku t 9 8 1 1. 0 8£ X 11 1 1 a t w 1 0 77 017 0 1 a l ko v profitable parts of their occupation . ach bank or 1 ¢ x p k 1 9 £ 77 107 0A10v 0 1 0 0 1 0 Ma r pém Za was named from the individual owner who 1 1 y many more ” “ ” “ r presided over the table, or counter, belonging to it . such little letters be found and deciphe ed Thus i n the time of Nerva Trajan we hear of the

0. L P H 1 888 N 5 ist of apyri found at awara, bank of Sa rapi o n at Arsinoe ( o . in the time of — H an D m 1 1 2 . d f m n . Hadrian of that of Melanes (No . The bankers ieratic e otic rag e ts R d i n k m 1 . e P o m 3 , m 2 . w sta p of a t le y year 3 7 back , na es, l ere public notaries , and deeds seem to have been D m 1 . u 4 1 l. N eed of property na ing bo ndaries 3 , o . E i h an és w . 44, , deposited ith them In p p the son 1 . L fi n e m a 5 y ; , g . Sm ” iterar capitals critical ar in l notes all Sukh io n P fra . of , sends greeting to Masis ( ), the son of s V § i n L m 1 ; . D e ua 9 alue atin s all frags iogen s the banker, and refers to a certain xpm VIIth 2 2 C P . m f ” . optic cent s all rags . 7 111- 7 759 or agent of his who bears the Roman name — 2 . C S v k m 3 optic er ice boo ; s all frags .

N P - Pacci us . , t 2 . C N n T of Gaius he son of onius ontius I n this 4 opy book , Latin, o tibi yn daridi s facies ” ‘ i . fEn e d . 6 0 1 6 1. n w 7 1 077 1 817 1 fr . document the word for ba ker is ritten 1 79 , ii each side, ag An 2 . T o ubas P o d o k h r e a o s 1 0 l. VIIth n 9 axes, p , etc . ; , ce t, E 7 0 1 17 1 . the gyptian pronunciation of 11 77 5 19 * broken . w g g t D n s It ill be seen from the fore oin account wha a 0 . D A . Di o sko uro . 2 2 l. . 3 eed of tonio eed of s , frags

. L f m K o n E wealth of information we may yet expect to glean 35 etter ro (nstanti os piskopos 6 frags . R 1 4 1 . 0 ma by Q S r st from the papyri discovered by Mr P etrie. But the eceipt for drach e uintos enas, year

T l. . iberius ; 7 , entire harvest will be a work of time . Most of the papyri . R E So ukhi o n l. f . 44 eceipt of piphanios son of ; 4 , rag

t ; . r l. f g 8 . are in a mutilated and fra men ary state some of 45 Marriage cont act , rag

. C 1 l. ; 4 , m . them , indeed , are mere scraps ; and the multiplicity 5 5 ontract nearly entire, but da aged

6 . L 1 0 5 5 d fi s an d S d . 2 2 l. of cursive hands which they contain makes the de etter about drie g ; acre boat , . f broken c i ph e rmen t of them di ficult. But with the help of 6 0 . Two tem T . . 1 0 l. n receipts p iberius , broke . P 6 . L 1 0 l. f . Se n n similar papyri , now i n the museums of aris and 4 etter ; , rag be auto s.

6 6 . A n 1 2 ccou ts of corn l . Berlin , the work , however laborious, will be hereafter

6 8. C T Akl i L . s e as. e ontract heon, son of p 7 , frag accomplished the lacuna the fragments present will ' 6 . 1 l. 1 f . difi r n 1 l. f e en t d . 9 Letter ; , rag Back, ha ; 3 , rag ff , t be filled up and he symbols which still ba le the letter .

We 0 . F m w . . 2 2 k decipherer ill be all explained shall come 7 ar accounts 3 cols parts bro en .

1 . A 2 . 7 1 I. . t w ccounts cols 5 , parts lost to possess an intima e kno ledge of the i nternal ” “ ” 2 . A f rm 7 , ; h a . 2 . 1 8 . administration and financial condition of the Fayum ccounts a seed, y, etc cols , l . C Tam atesi s l. ar o . 7 3 opy of letter to 7 , p ts l st P R a . during the tolemaic and oman ages, and sh ll be . 2 l. r . k 7 5 Money accounts ; 4 cols , 4 , pa ts lost Bac , parts able to form a comparatively detailed map of the of contracts . L Pam 7 6 . etter from men es to Alki n o s brother of Themistes villages it embraced and the streets which intersected w . 1 0 l. w . ith seal , entire, ords lost

. its capital 8 . C 1 7 ontract 5 frag.

n n 1 . 7 . C l f . The mere mentio of the number of the fragments 9—o tract ; 5 , rag 80 1 . H P S 2 0 l. . B Tiin aio s ? collected by Mr etrie is the best proof of their istory of icily ; , frag y

8 . L f m i n Ha r n 3 th d io 0 l. . i etter ro Maron 4 of 3 , frag mportance to the historian of antiquity, when they A . l. n 9 5 ccounts 7 , e tire, damaged . t can be fully explained and compared with he other 1 0 1 . D d z ud T b ate year ( i erius ?) frag.

u E 1 0 . L f m Sara i i s . o n Bubast l. papyri from the Fay m which are now in urope 5 etter ro p of to his sister ; 5 , 80 l broken . They amount altogether to 4 , exclusive of 35 smal 1 1 A . 1 2 l. f 5 ccounts ; , rag. ’ v Th e a e r symb o h as d eve o ped o ut o f th e s mb o se F r a l tt l l y l f, d . f a m en w h n es n o m e e br o ken ar o n e u g r g t, it li i c pl t } , p t g , No . 1 8 wh h i s se a t an sfo ma in 9 , i i r r io n o f but n es wh o e c t lf t li l . E TH P I C TURE S 3 7

L P 1 H 1 l. . 1 6 . 6 Letter, under adrian ; , frag etter, under late V T o . m . II . . H r li A 1 l. a wo a e ak des cut o ff m t o . ntoninus 4 , frag B ck , si il r fragments 4 he n son of , unti ely, go d w l. a F . 1 2 2 0 D th . . T . 6 K 1 3 Letter , under rajan ; , fr g are ell ied year , hoiak 9 ; aged 9 — VI i . D d m th 1 6 o n busm e ss l. . I. . o s e A v I w 4 5 Letter ; 9 , frag 5 y turner. li e rote it, and here D 1 0 th T r st 6 6 N h 1 6 6 . . t e a e h as b eed of of iberius, and another of of I lie , aged ( ote that g een

Herakleides. 1 H a Akhillis . b h a a v adri n both of dau of 9 scratched in y a later nd , the pl ce ha ing

l. o . b b b Di d mo s. , br ken een left lank y y ) VI I . 6 kh i l. . . D Mo u s. 1 o 1 88. 1 th n P I 9 accou t of etes, toparchy 7 , entire i s, aged 5 5 . nnocent . V A 2 l. I I. . K aia 1 6 . an d Herai s w 9 ccounts, good ; 3 7 p his ife. Innocent . V I I . V 6 . . . 1 . R o n 1 l o . 9 7 egulati ns and accou ts ; , broken Back , 9 aleri s, aged 44 V I 1 I . 2 . am m accounts . Bl eless amo ng ortals in business the best

1 8 . A u 2 2 . 1 l. m r . men was L o uki o s E teim o s 9 cco nts ; good Back, 5 , si ila of , and V II . 1 . m r . o f 1 . A o w o o 9 9 cc unts si ila 3 Isid ra , are ell, and be of go d c urage ; aged 49 . V II . 1 6 D . . . m 20 0 . A o o o 1 . T fi —cc unts of c rn , etc large frags e etri s, aged year ( his is nely cut on 2 0 1 2 . A o . t cc unts ; large frags a lin el stone . ) V l . II . 1 . D o 20 . 2 2 . Th e F a. 7 Letter ; , frag I i genes of lute (sign of house P) of

T 1 l. k . A A 1 1 th . 2 0 8 . ccounts, of iberius ; 4 , bro en rsinoe V A 1 l. b . I . 2 . D wh o h e 2 1 0 . ; t w was — ccounts 9 , roken I I iogenes abode as harp hen he A 1 th o f T b 1 1 l. . v v 2 1 2 1 . He S 4 ccounts, s i erius ; , frag ali e ( appears to ha e been a yrian

- A tax 1 2 l. . T 2 2 0 . A k , ; , b w N b . h e o fi . 2 ccounts of ndron—i os gatherer broken musician y the ord a al cl th, g , 2 2 1 . f 0 0 l. . m m mm fi . 1 was Letters , o ficial ; 3 4 , broken is fro the u y ; and the label, g ,

l . ffi 1 2 l. . 6 . A 1 . 2 2 2 . ccounts , frag Back , o cial letter ; , frag attached to it ) V I . D th T 2 2 l. . . Bo ubasto s th e rm thi ac 2 2 . The o u 3 eed, s of rajan ; , nearly entire I I 3 of the gate of

T P . L 1 l. . 2n d m A . 2 2 . 4 etter, official ; 4 , frag , of ( rajan ) quarter of the etropolis of rsinoe VIII l. . . 1 Dem v f . A o . 1. 1 . o 2 2 2 8. to ccounts ; 3 c ls , 7 Back, , entire 4 s, aged 4, ne er be orgotten V I I . l. . . kh h A 1 2 I. . So u as Di t e . 2 2 . das e Vi w 9 ccounts ; , frag Back , 9 , frag I 5 , brother of , of V A 1 6 . 1 . I . 6 . T A o lli n ari o s Dio kles 2 2 . 3 ccounts ; frag Back , 3 frag II ( his is) the body of p , son of

1 8 l. . w m Ar . 2 . 33 Letter, official ; , frag the ool erchant of sinoe VI I . 2 8 f a 1 2 l. T . . P an ta ath o s Arsi n o ite m . 3 . Letter, o fici l , under iberius I 7 g of the no e

V I I . 8 I n 2 1 2 l. . . was o P . 43 . Letter ; , frag I peace laid the s ul of eter V II . A k . . A z ud 1 l. Thermo uthi o f P tes ukh o s . 2 . s e o 44 ccounts, 4 of ugustus ; 35 bac , 7 , entire I 9 son V A x 1 1 0 l. I I . 1 0 . S I 2 45 . ccounts ofhousehold e penses I abinos nnocent V A P 1 2 . I . 1 1 0 0 0 0 v . A 1 0 t ra n s 2 6 . A to 4 ccounts, 4th (of ugustus ) ; l II of y , unforgotten for e er

l. . 2 . L 1 2 5 4 etter ; , frag

A 1 6 l. . . 2 6 . 5 ccounts , frag ; also back — A o fii c i al. 2 8 . 5 7 ccounts ,

h o f T l. . 2 8. t 9 Letter of 4 rajan 7 , perfect

D 1 T 2 2 l. . 3 0 3 . eed of 3th of rajan ; , perfect

D 1 l. a . 1 2 . 3 eed ; 4 , fr g

L T 2 6 l. . 2 1 . 3 etter, under itus , broken

BY CECI SMITH. A b m . L 3 2 7 . ccounts ; roken ; back sa e

2 A 2 2 l. r . 3 8. ccounts ; , b oken 2 C . 5 . From the foregoing hapter I I I the following A o 1 l. . 6 . 3 4 cc unts ; 3 , frag U l . A o n . 8 . 381 . cc u ts ; frag Back, deed ; , frag nder facts seem to have been clearly established

V . espasian ( 1 ) That the majority of these paintings are to all

1 1 . a 8 . A . . 3 5 ccounts ; 9 l entire, and l fr g intents the work of Greek encaustic artists . A 2 1 l. o . 0 1 . L 4 etter, under urelius , br ken 2 wax w 1 8 D 1 th H a l. a . ( ) That they were executed in melted ith a 4 . eed of s adri n 9 , fr g

A l. . m . 1 . r 44 Lette , na ing phroditopolis 9 , frag brush and a fine stump , possibly of metal

2 . D . 4 7 eed ; frag (3) That their dates may be ranged with certainty m . A 2 l. 2 . 1 . 4 9 ccounts 7 , cols entire, da aged w withi n a narrow limit, beginning ith the era of 2 A 1 8 l. . 49 . ccounts ; , frag H adrian . The pieces not described here are fragments of a We will first briefly examine h o w far these con z . do en lines and under, of accounts , letters, and deeds elusions correspond with what we already know of

the Greek methods of painting, and how far they 5 1 . The Greek inscriptions . show us n e w lights on ancient life and art . Plate Ma The controversy that has raged over the question P h rmo uth 2 rr eiés. V . 8 a I . 4, of ph o ro s ; and priest of encaustic painting has chiefly centred around the

P - m . H. . 1 w P N. (to b ) well kno n passage of liny, xxxv , 49

T an n o s v . VII. 1 . P o r t lemy son of y , he li ed and the n efzdi duo uer e 0 11 11 11 11 115 en er a cem E n causto pi g f 9 g , , wi Th rm e o utha v ' (daughter or fe) li ed years 4 ’ o r e cestr o i d est ver zeulo do n ee classes zzz i et i n eb , , p g F w e. Inno cent . are ell to y V I 2 On b K P P eten e i I . . g y h es e eta e fo r e e a use th o u th e ehalf of in tolem p Th i s term m ay b r in d g n r l , gh “ ” o So ukh o s - he t c (son of the pr )phet pre s e nt po rtra i ts are n o t fused i n o r e n causti c i n t s ri t

VI T ran n o s P o f th e wo . I. 3. y son of tolemy sen se rd 8 HA ARA BI AHMU AND ARSI NOE . 3 W , ,

' ' ’ ' '

lutzs 1 1 cer zs ea 1 . On h co e er e. Ho e ter tzu771 a eeesszt reso 7 1 p 2 p feature of each the same analogy, t en , I think ’ ’ ’ ' ’ czllo 11 te11a 1 ua zeta m n avzbus 71ee so le n ee sale we w , q p that may very ell extend the use of the brush

'

ve7111s 11e . . et g The description of the third to the methods i and ii , and thus g rid of the grave ffi style, which amounts to little more than a mechanical practical di culties which confront us if we are , with f process for preserving shipping, presents no di ficulty the German critics , to imagine painting in any form ? what were the two other methods The question without a brush . They do not attempt to explain cem 13 depends upon the punctuation of the words 1 how the delicate drawing, for instance, of an eye is to D 171 ebo re cestr o . V w o onner, whose ie is m st generally be accomplished by plastering on a sort of syrupy No two . accepted , thinks the processes are to be distin compound with a spoon amount of melting gui sh e d according to the material on which they are or subsequent working up with a cestr um could Wax f ? Wh laid . and the cestrum are employed in both possibly su fice ; besides , why should it y , P w cases ; but the wax is laid in the first case (as liny kno ing the use of the brush , the ancient artists w w takes for granted) on ood , in the second case, on ivory . should deliberately have hampered their po ers in A w mong the alternative interpretations at present settling to work only ith a spoon and fork, so to

ff . o ered , the only other practicable one seems that of speak, I cannot understand ‘ W wh o e1 eéo re eestr o As elcker, takes the words a matter of fact, the question is settled beyond i n o w . i . e. together, and considers the two cases as ( ) wax , a doubt by the pictures before us , and it only

w . w H wax on ood ; (ii ) ivory ith a cestrum . e con remains for us to reconcile the use of a brush in wa x w si dere d that in i . the was resolved with volatile encaustic painting ith the evidence of Greek litera ’ aa 11611 11 77 1 . w oil , laid on with a brush , and then melted ture I would submit the explanation hich I have

- A with the red hot metal implement . gainst this it is given above as a reasonable interpretation of the w objected that wax being undoubtedly employed in all passages in question , and one hich has the advantage w eera processes , the ord would not have the exclusive at least of being practicable . W sense attributed to it by elcker ; and , moreover, It may be urged that the pictures before us are not ae P most arch ologists have argued that the brush was works of encaustic proper, because, as Mr etrie says ,

certainly not employed in encaustic at all . the heat of the sun was probably strong enough to No w w fi , ith regard to the interpretation of the dis render the wax suf ciently liquid for use , and there P uted , we p passage of liny I think have a valuable fore the burning in , which gives the process its name ,

w . piece of evidence in the words of that author himself. ould not be necessary To this I would reply , that 1 n I n xxxv ., 47 , or only a few lines previously, he the process is here see in its natural state ; the Greeks w E has been discussing the orks of the lady painter almost certainly derived the art from gypt . Indeed , “ ’ ' ' Jaia (or L aia) : E 1 pem czllo pi zzx z t et ces fr o ebo re it is only natural to suppose that a process like this

° ' 771 1111e7 11 771 77 111 11 77” t i magi n es 1 1 e Neapo lz 11 71 11 771 171 should have had its origin in a country where it was ’ ' ” ra11a 1 111 611111 5 11 11 771 ua ue i ma i n em ad s ec ulum g , g q g p . perfectly simple and easy of execution , rather than i n Here there is no question but that the words ees tr o Greece where the necessity of using artificial heat 111 ebe re en i f are to be taken together as opposed to p rendered it extremely laborious and di ficult . The

1 1110 two - i . k w e her methods of portrait painting were ( ) Gree s , in borro ing the id a , were forced to adopt i e w , . . P h o t ith the brush probably in tempera, as liny else artificial methods, such as palettes, etc . , for keeping ' ' w pem ez llam i i t w here uses in this application ; ( ) wi h the material in a orkable condition no wonder, then , str um — the ce on ivory . I cannot help thinking that that they called it encaustic a term which expressed cestr o ebo r e 1 the application of the in 47 is the to them the characteristic feature of the process . 171 ebo r e eestr o 1 same as that of in 49 , and that W elcker is so far right that these words in both cases 5 3. The earliest mention of the use of encaustic We . two a must be taken together thus , in the p ssages, painting in Greece proper is probably that in the i z v . i . Cer a P have three kinds of painting mentioned, ( ) ; ode falsely attributed to Anacreon . aint me my

: i i Cestr o ebo re w wax that is , encaustic painting proper ( ) ; mistress ith her soft black tresses , and, if the ” : i ii or encaustic on ivory ( ) or tempera . can do it, paint them breathing of myrrh . Bey ond w I t ill be noticed that none of these terms as used this poem of very uncertain date we have nothing by P liny can possibly be taken as exclusive : I mean in literature which refers to encaustic earlier than the “ ” a e P that, though the first is called wax , this does not g of the Greek anthology ; and , although liny wax at all imply that was not used in ii . , j ust as mentions vaguely that many of the great Greek

. an d . P P o l n o to s w the cestrum is used in both i ii liny classes artists from yg do nwards employed it, in

his methods popularly , according to the prominent all probability it did not come into general use for THE P I C TURE S. 3 9

- w - easel pictures in Greece before Alexandrine times . the all paintings which hav e been for a century E was wa I n gypt, on the other hand , the process perfectly or more finding their y into museums from the well known at a very early date it was naturally the excavations at Pompeii and Herculaneum are exe c uted heritage of a people who for thousands of years had in the encaustic method , but the means adopted

w w . was executed coloured dra ings and ritings I t , for preserving and restoring them have rendered their

. A however, chiefly after the Macedonian conquest that evidence practically worthless prominent example

E - z fl ute — the art of painting developed in gy pt, and i n this of this is the nearly life si e bust of a play er in we w w connection find numerous names of painters the British Museum , hich ould be probably the w v w famous in Greece or Italy , hose origin or nati e most beautiful extant example of an encaustic all E : An ti h ilo s He l place was gy pt p , for instance , a painting if it had not been injudiciously restored . le n i stic E w A w gy ptian , orked at lexandria , and was The instances hich have been principally quoted as A H w the successful rival of the great pelles elena, the bearing on this subject are as follo s “ ” E 1 so - C daughter of an gyptian Timon , said to have painted ( ) The called Muse of ortona ; a paintin g the battle of 1 5 5 05 ; Demetrios and Serapion of executed in wax on slate with a brush ; d ug up i n

A wh - o w R two 1 2 : w . lexandria, orked in ome in the last a field about 7 3 probably cinque cento ork

B. A i n A C . e t o wh o H centuries ; and , in the ti me of adrian ndrea Mantegna is known to have worked in the

A R . painted the marriage of lexander to oxane . same method ’ I n the first century of the C hristian E ra encaustic ( 2) The Kleopatra found in Hadrian s villa at Tivoli 1 8 1 8 : painting seems to have become i n great measure in interesting as being, if genuine, of the time o f Had ri an C . S o . St. L v a hristian art uke is said to ha e painted , to which our portraits belong ch ner in

’ A11 s b AZ/ 2 1 ezla e 2 13 1 1 882 B No . 2 in encaustic a portrait of the Mother of God ; an d the g . g . , , g 7 , thinks w we have frequent mention of it in the ritings of the antiquity and encaustic technique alike doubtful , E wax u m St . C We usebius and John hrysostom . are accus since and a g mastic have been found in its

- to me d to think of the introduction of oil painting composition . The very argument thus used against Van E by the brothers yck as a new discovery , but it might equally be used in favour of its genuineness as a matter of fact this process is merely a derivation ( 3) A series of portraits painted on panels i dentical ’ Of w P . from encaustic, of which the record remains almost i n style ith those of Mr etrie s excavations w L unbroken do n to the fourteenth century . I t has these, three are in the ouvre , inscribed with names wax w P S been thought that the appropriation of to so which identify them ith the family of ollins oter , On e many other ecclesiastical uses may have contributed archon at Thebes in the time of Hadrian . is L to the gradual disappearance of the art which mainly half in the ouvre, half in the British Museum ; and w . O w t o depended upon this material ther ise, there seems more of the same style i n the British Museum wh E no reason y encaustic painting, as practised by all from gypt . w D w w the ancients , should not have held its own among the These ere all that onner kne when he rote ’ ' - d a l m a i zs two various processes of to y . I t has this advantage in He big s Ca p z c/ze The first wax l over oil , that the a lies with all colours , does he dismissed as probably false ; of the remainder he not crack or flake off, and preserves the material said that they had been smeared since their discovery w w w was on hich i t is laid against dust and damp . The ith a thick yello ish varnish , and that it only picture can be retouched indefinitely without the on that account that they had been thought encaustic re evil effects which the scraping of oil colours pro at all . Finding , in fact , that none of the actual

. w w e duces In the pictures before us we see to hat an mains agreed ith his theory of ncaustic , he settled extent a semi - relief treatment of the surface may that it was tant pis pour eux either they were not

re : wa s be adopted , and the naturally polished surface encaustic, or else they must be false so that he “ . v sa w We quires no varnishing The character, moreo er, of able to y , ith a clear conscience, therefore ”— the material itself gives a kind of fading and yet have no authentic encaustic painting of antiquity a h w transparent effect, which , hen properly handled , is excellent example of one form of destructive criticism .

. No w most charming , from a comparison of the excellent illustra *‘ tions i n Cros - Henry of the Pollins Soter pictures

. two w P 54 The fact is that , until the last years , the ith those of the etrie series , I am convinced that list of actual remains available for the stud of e n the general condition of those pictures has undergone — y caustic painting was very small and the majority little or no change ; and a close examination of the even of these have been in some quarters looked upon others in the British Museum does not disclose the

’ ’ w . M t He C o e P s 1 88 . L E n ca usfz ue : ar M . ith suspicion There seems no doubt that many of g p r s nry, ari , 4 RA BIAHMU AND ARSI NOE . 40 E AWA , ,

’

P rst . sligh test evidence of restoration . Mr etrie s own of the century The better ones, in consequence,

series , when they were all exhibited together in the he puts at a still earlier date . E H E gyptian all , were extremely valuable in showing ven granting the matter of the lock of hair, which , d i fle re n ce L Mo h rabi exactly the i n appearance presented by a after all , is merely a sign of a ibyan or g

restored and an unrestored picture ; the restorations origin , and as to which , in the peculiar treatment of

in his case being , as they would probably have been in the hair in these portraits, one might easily be mis

the other cases , necessary for purposes of preservation . led, the evidence for this early date rests mainly upon No w is D . Besides the above examples , there in resden an imaginary development of style , we have

'

to lo o k - H fi s 1 6 1 w P C . 8 a series which in 5 ere taken by ietro della only at the portraits in ros enry, g V S alle from the catacombs of aqqara, in the Mem and 9 , and we see how misleading this test may be . h i An d two te . p nome lastly we come to a series of sixty These are members of the same family, and pre H Rub ai at sumabl six found by the agents of err Graf at yy , y of the same date, or nearly so , and yet there A d e sc ri ff near rsinoe in the Fayum , and of which a p is a world of di erence in the respective artistic merits

r E M1 111 s Al/ two D . 2 /1e71e . tion is given by G bers in the g . of the pictures ' ' “e — P i — Z ez tzm Bezla e 1 888 NOS. 1 1 , , , . t , t g g 35 37 Unfortunately, Besides his Mr etr e s argumen s fo—unded on no proper records of this find seem to have been pre the much safer material of the actual fi n d s seem to served , beyond the mere fact of their provenance . me convincing in fixing the bulk of his pictures to the w H There were, however, found with them three small century follo ing adrian . This date agrees with n w inscribed tablets of wood , which tell us that the necro the inscriptio s found with them ; it coincides ith Rubai at e P n S polis of yy b longed to the harbour or landing the olli s oter pictures , with those in the British 6 0 1 0 D Dr E place ( 7 7 9 ) of Kerke, which was in the limits of the and resden Museums, and with these last bers

. Rub ai at W Memphite nome compares the bulk of the yy examples . e ’ Dr E These portraits are, as bers description shows thus have for all the examples yet known of encaustic

a H : - us, an exactly p rallel series to those of awara all mummy portraits a prescribed limit of date ; the area w of them are busts , some sho ing the hands, painted of their find seems equally prescribed , for all those of in the same method on sycamore wood . From a which we know the provenance have come either from D n Dr E Arsi n o ite comparison with the resde portraits , bers the Memphite or nome in the Fayum thinks that some of the wo rs t are of the time of none have yet come from the neighbourhood of

H . adrian The best he puts as far back in date as Alexandria : and therefore at present we cannot accept L a id es ’ the time of the g . To this result he has been Dr E bers theory of the Alexandrian origin of the A led , as I think , on a false track of reasoning, which artists . pparently at the time of Hadrian this dis he probably would have himself rejected if he had triet of the Fayum was inhabited by a large po p u ’ O P t g . H z had he pportunity of studyin Mr etrie s examples lation of prosperous elleni ing races, intimately Dr E t t bers thinks that he mixed ypes of nationality connected in customs and religion , as the parallel w — R t , ff , . P hich he finds in the por raits Jewish Greek oman , developments in the di erent series show robably, S — e emitic point to a period not long after the con also, the artists wer settled in the locality ; the custom H solidation of ellenic life in Egypt under the Pto le of mummifying with a portrait at the head seems to h w P mies he t inks that some of the pictures are so good have gro n up here, as Mr etrie points out ; and we that they can only have been painted in Alexandria - do not yet know of any instance of it outside this he finds that the striking realism of the art corresponds neighbourhood . well with our received notions of Alexandrian art ; a e H wh o The g of adrian , was himself a patron of

, , w and finally he observes on one of his male portraits the arts, in hose time the renascence of archaic w “ ’ a lock of . hair, hich he identifies with the P rince s E Greek art took place, and who visited gypt, may very H P lock of orus , as worn by the tolemaic princes . well have given an impulse to Greek art in Egypt Since the P tolemaic rule ended with Kleopatra in an impulse of which the personality of the famous

D. C . 0 3 , he concludes that this portrait, which is not Ac A , painter tion , at lexandria, is a striking evidence . one of the best, dates from the middle or beginning

. 5 5 The art of portraiture in painting, as in that of ' See a o th e c e w e th e ame o u a Bez la e ls arti l ritt n in s j rn l , g N D sculpture, did not probably come prominently forward o . 1 80 b r D e u h o o t e e c u e . I am o , y nn r p n s pi t r s s rry n o t A ’ . i n scri to h ave h ad th e a va ta e o f o w Dr Do e s o o until lexandrian times It is only in the d n g kn ing nn r pini n , p w h i ch was n o t pub i sh e d un i afte r th e se remarks h ad b ee n two BC l t l tions of the last centuries . . that we fin d the wr H itte n . e c o n sid ers h i s fo rme r Opini o ns as to th e tech nique o f e c au t o fi me b th ese n ew o v honorary decrees to public men frequently recording n s ic c n r d y disc eri es. I can n o t a r ee w th h i g i m. z the vote of a portrait in marble or bron e to be erected . E P I CTURE TH S. 4 1

It was an art that flourished most naturally in a He r painted portrait we have dedicated in the

s : R P w v was Roman atmo phere every important oman house shrine of allas , hose ser ant she ; but to her

’ ' 1 711a 1 71es wa x we v : had its g , the masks of its ancestors , body have gi en an earthly tomb that an image a tr i um w w m a w w e v hung on shelves in the , and hich , taken do n of her y not be anting here also , have car ed ” for the funeral procession , formed the most important her form upon the tomb . It is, perhaps , not entirely a spectacle in that procession . The ancestors in the coincidence that the lettering of this inscription marks

w a e H . hall ere, in fact , a cherished possession ; and it brings its date as being not long after the g of adrian us curiously down to modern times when we read of As to the question w hether these mummy - portraits wh o w the rich parvenus , having no ancestors in par ere painted during the lifetime of the individual or

' ' ‘ a tr i -771 w elz eaz az 1 771a 171 es P s ti c ular a . , decorated their ith lp g , after death , it is difficult to decide Mr etrie state

i . e . z bron e or silver or painted portrait medallions , above his opinion that the artists supplemented their either of the E mperor or other famous personages sketch of the dead partly from memory and partly

we w w Dr E v P . e en in ompeii see the alls decorated ith from existing portraits bers , on the other

. v paintings such as these hand , acting on his idea that the artists must ha e

' ' R n 1 171 a 171es was A The idea of the oma g that of bring come from lexandria , is led to suppose that , in i n an g the dead in their living likeness up from the under many cases at y rate, the pictures were done during ’ w : E orld the notion of perpetuating the dead person s life , just as the gy ptian kings had their tombs com was E We m e n ce d f i n e n . O e t form thus not confined to gypt find in during their lifetime . the fun ral the earliest times the idea prevalent in other countries tion of these portraits there can be no doubt : the w h o w w of keeping i n the face , at any rate, some semblance painter kne exactly much of the picture ould M ke n ae w . S h o w v b of the living I n the graves of y , chliemann be shown and much ould be co ered y the found on the face of some of the corpses thin gold mummy bandages , and in some cases the cartonnage

w . masks , pressed more or less into a likeness of the gilder has orked on the portrait I am inclined to we th e P dead ; have in British Museum similar gold think that Mr etrie is right , and that the pictures masks from Nineveh ; and in the L ouvre is a whole were painted after death . The sty le of the portraits E w series from gypt, here the custom dated from at is usually conventional precisely in those details B w w . C least fifteen centuries . Benndorf has sho n , in which make the difference bet een one living face A t k w an n i e h o w u . his the custom s rvived , and another The eyes , hich , more than y other

E . w notably in truria The Greeks ith their painted feature , should impart the living expression , in all and sculptured ste/w had the same idea ; but it was these cases are executed in a perfunctory and formal ’ P o l n o to s H not probably until Roman times in Egypt that Greeks manner . The ey elid of yg elen had w T wa r : reverted to the old custom . written in it the hole seven years of the rojan A P w we part from the notices in liny and other riters , i n these ey es can read nothing except a fixed , wh An d o . name certain painters of later date as havin g glassy vacancy they are, moreover, i n many

- we . been proficient portrait painters , have little to tell cases, too large for the face This is not merely due h o w us far this form of art was in vogue . Jaia painted to the inability of the artists , for many of these R w 1 w 00 BC . portraits in ome to ards . , and is specially portraits sho a real grasp of character and a distinct P o w n recorded by li ny as havin g painted her picture , technical skill in the modelling , notably in that per P reflected in a mirror . rotogenes painted the portraits haps most difficult of tasks , the indication of the play A An ti o n o s . of lexander, of g , and of the mother of of muscles around the mouth A w v . e t ristotle But probably as y , for public purposes I n that climate the painter ould not ha e been w w at any rate, the fashion for portraits was in marble able to ork long ith his model before him ; and or bron z e . In all the honorary inscriptions I can these pictures must have demanded consummate only find one which speaks of a painted portrait this freedom and swiftness of execution . I n this con

Di tten b e r er Sullo e 2 n e cti o n one ( g , g p . 59 , no . from it is curious to note that the artist Jaia is

P He esan d ro s P w atmos, orders that a certain g shall be specially described by liny as being a quick orker ° ’ ' ’ ” ’ ' honoured with a gold crow n and with a painted like 71egz1 e 11 11 1 11s velo czo r p 11 111 7 a 771a 11 11s f uz t. That

’ sim m a rrr w w ness , yp fp ; probably a framed bust of him pictures ere sometimes painted after death is sho n A111 b . self, to be hung up in the agora or the theatre . by an inscription quoted y Marini ( , p

A w v - w R propos , ho e er , of our mummy pictures , one hich mentions the picture of a oman lady painted

’ ' A w 1 11 e7'e e zem saf ar i s s 11 ee inscription from thens thro s a curious sidelight on after her death , p g fi g ”

. E uan th e o st excessz1 771 1 1111 su e . the custom I t is the epitaph of a lady, , p A Ach arn e i s w daughter of riston of the deme , and says , U nder these circumstances , I think no one ill G HAPVARA BI AHMU AND ARSINOE . 4 2 , , deny that the measure of success achieved in some be sure that the Greek artists would have had little m of the best of these portraits is very remarkable . to learn fro ourselves and these portraits show us N The old man i n particular ( o . shows a breadth that their technical skill and knowledge of their w of style and a quiet humour hich reminds us of materials were, at least, on a level with our own . some of the Dutch masters of the Teniers school . : H w Of course there are good and bad among them in 56 . The descriptions of the a ara portraits which P ’ L some cases , as Mr etrie s classification and the ouvre follow consist merely of a series of notes which I we w pictures show , have good and bad of the same took while they were on exhibition , with a vie of

d ate o r date ; the quality probably depended to some extent ascertaining, if possible, what distinction of _ upon the price which the relatives could afford to pay . style is evidenced in the technique and method of the w On e . onders what this price may have been , especially various examples The arrangement is the chrono w w hen we read of the enormous sums hich great logical order settled upon by Mr P etrie : my own

. pictures fetched in the palmy days of Greek painting independent arrangement , from details of style , m w f Most of these people see to have been ell to do , di fered from his so slightly that I have thought i t w as the gold wreaths of the men and the jewellery of best to follo his order throughout, only inserting

' e n ro v We L w the wo m p e. have in the ouvre portraits the the numbers marked ith an asterisk in what I e family of an archon but I think Dr E bers is certainly would suggest are probably their plac s . These

w w P n o t right in refusing to identify the stripe on the dress ith numbers ere left unclassified by Mr etrie, as

l . the L a tte/( wa s worn by patricians and kn igh t y families . answering to any of his tests

The occurrence of this ornament in our portraits is AI TE N A A P N D O C N V S.

, t , , Y : v - almost universal on bo h shoulders of men women F F . oung child painted on can as in mummy case w P ws and children , and i t is quite unlikely that these ith hieroglyphics Greek ( ) chubby square face, eyebro d w a arche and ide apart ; hair str ight and thin . Body to people could all have been of high birth and position . f t w . S 1 . s The ornament is simply what one finds on all the front, ace sligh ly to r hading do n of no e and under . w w chin no high lights Background hite, ith black strokes wh E t gy m fo r P . w r b tunics ich have come o us from ptian sites of ( eant hair ) White chiton, ith red i and around

t w P . w a t. o Ta es C r S. K M this date down ards (see f p y . , neck to hich a pendant has been hung ( ) w . Th e 1 h Good dra ing, but careless eyes much too large pp . 7 and has, I think , ere no ulterior meaning .

ffi . d style is di cult to judge, as the paint has cracke and I n the absence of any original work of the great D h ff . T e flaked O in places eep red tone . hair is drawn

fi k . T h e ff h Greek artists , it is impossible to estimate precisely in single n e stro es general e ect as probably been what the merits Of their art may have been as c o m very good .

Y Y . P . pared with the art of the Renaissance and modern ortrait on canvas lady Greek

: RED AND I T UMMY- CAS times we are limited to the scanty and scattered G L M ES.

AC Y man : mm - w n s criticisms and anecdotes of authorities who for the oung in mu y case, red, ith gilt decoratio i w y , two z most part display their absolute ignorance of the and h erogl phics across breast ithin hori ontal lines, APTEMIA PE E W XI w Y Y . v f Greek type o al ace, rather . subject The story of the sparrows and the cherries n b w w w w I thi arched eye ro s, ith ide space bet een . Body to , proves nothing, as Goethe said, except that the f . 1. an d ace slightly to l shading on of nose and face , under H w P . w sparro s were very indifferent art critics . robably lip and chin igh lights do n nose and on upper lip, and dot H . b w w in eyes air dark ro n, edge dra n on to background a single sentence saved from the books by Apelles v a w . w b o er it is l id a gilt reath Background yello ish dra , w ould be worth to us more than all the anecdotes m v W d . an d s ooth and clean , lea ing goo outline hite chiton, h m v . w n 1. of painters i n antiquity But if we may judge from hite i atio o er shoulder . C r w a an d n w m the relics which have reached us ; the Campanian a eful dra ing, but a little h rd man ered ; ar w H m . a bro nish tone air s ooth and careful, p rt behind r . - wall pictures , mostly the work of mere decorators of b w m T n ear corrected y ork fro background . hi line of w suburban villas ; the vase paintings , by men hose I fo r u an d w n ndian red o tline of eyes nose, and bet ee lips . was m S b very art hardly entioned in literature, much hading of drapery in colour of ackground, hard and

. Th e f angular ace is good, the drapery sketchy. less their names ; and , lastly , these encaustic por

- AD. O man m mm m lder in u y case, precisely si ilar to last, traits , painted in a remote corner of a distant pro w m b a a i n ith si ilar inscription, and portrait ( e rded) p inted v w ince by local talent not holly unconnected with much the same style : possibly the father of the preceding — A . i f w No . C the undertaking interest, we think what a orld w I T O E of difference must have lai n bet een such men as G L B RD RS.

Z . w w an d m these and the great painters , the friends of kin gs , Man ith slight beard , hiskers, oustache ; body

r. w n w u i m 1 . wh o l —we slightly to ; in hite chito ith p rple stripe wou d not sell their pictures for gold, may h A m d . d d s oul er roun head, fro shoulder to shoulder, a ban we obtain a faint idea of that which have lost . I n o n w b H laid ith relief of tendril and erries gilt. air close, u aw w fi the conception and in treatment of subj ect, we may curly, caref lly dr n ; eyebro s a clearly de ned arch ;

I AHZII U AND ARSI NOE . 44 HAWARA, B ,

k m l - r v d . w . . a d ee set . rinkled f ce, p eyes Bo y slightly to l eyes to l black curls Bac ground quite s ooth s ate colou , lea ing

No o w . S a a . w a a . li ps slightly parted , eyebro s arched, squ t f ce h ding cle n outline drapery sh n D w an d v m f f . o 1. . H n O n and under chin igh light only dow centre ace ra ing good ery careful, the odelling of the

- Ba wa m m D . h b ut w ckground r slate colour, s ooth . ress has perished s oulders and neck is unusually studied ; the hole i n an w ak i n D w x a Red . f a fi n n i ck d w ra ing e cellent, a real char cter study. tone e ect is little g e , and anting bold

On th e an d m v : w m r . O n i n hair face the colour is assed ery thick , but ness ar deep red tone, ather flat utli es laid in fi r m o w w o w n . O and g od clea ork utlines hardly traceable, in purple, ith a thin deeper col ur for outline of eyes, lo er H m I an w . a . dark ndi red ; cle n edge lashes, and bet een lips air in thick asses of colour

Rei n e/ted 1111111 111171 la er wax w w d . o . , y f ell orked up the edge hairs lightly painte in ' '

F ro n tzs zeee . . p , fig 7 9K . Bo : R ma P k AG La : G P n h AH. dy reek ( ) ; high forehead, tria gular arc ed y o n ( ) face rather square , hair short blac ,

w m l f b w n w w . o angular eyebro s , nearly eeting ; body to . , ace slightly eye ro s arched and inclini g do n ards to nose B dy wn S 1 to r. a f . S v . o n so hading in line . side of face, and under chin slightly , f ce ull hading ery slight do each side H h w H o m n . ti high lig t in strong line do n nose, and on lips. air of n se ( ore on and u der chin igh light on p

a e l. b tw . o o . lack , in coils around face , shaded into f rehead of nose and upper lip Background d rk slat on , m f a mo v Ear w r. av . a . B ckground bluish, s oth , lea ing good outline yello ish on , s ooth, le ing outline around ace White

Of w P o n n : two m o . rings , three beads hite and red glass ( ), a ri g chiton and hi ati n n m i n th e be D w fu m ecklaces of si ilar beads the upper necklace ads ra ing care l , and odelling good ; eyes much too w b w rim r m i n I d . C b w alternate ith eryls hiton (blue stripe et een edges large, ith ound the ndian red e ge of drapery

f o v . w av . o v 1. h ochre for g ld), and himation o er s oulder, both purple cur ed Brush ork he y, but not bad ' dd w w Rerzzelted w1111 111171 la er o wax a ed . ith hite lights . , y f w n r f e71 at e e71 D Of o x th e . ra i g of face fair, drapery g od, e cept upper Lady body slightly to , ace nearly f , eyes

w w m d n . E b r w ace . S d r edge, hich is hard ; ar red ish to e ye alls b o n , f , but pupils slightly to l ha ing unde eyes, nose, and w 1 w m w . ith a black line on upper lid , fro hich eyelashes are chin , and slightly on of nose high light do n nose and

aw . O a w o n . d f mo dr n utline of dr pery shaded ith a deeper purple chin, and earrings Backgroun airly s oth, greenish

- o . o Ha i n w f two col ur slate col ur. ir ro s of curls around ace and Rewax ed w o o . coils at back, ith g ld pin (col ured ochre) stuck through back E o o w h m . . P v w a 1 . L Lady Greek ( ) o al face eyebro s slightly rched, obliquely fro top corner arrings, h p it

' an w w two : k d r . a S ide apart body to , f ce nearly to front. hading three stones, a black stone bet een pearls nec lace a

r. o w w o an d h n bu t to o w m on , and bel chin slight high light do n n se c in plain chai , slightly dra n to ad it of distinguish an d o n w i n o H n n i n a o w. i lips and je ellery, yell air long ri glets g det ils ; to this is suspended a green st ne in gold v w o m a o : w n o er face, ith a bunch at the back stuck thr ugh obliquely ed lli n belo , a second necklace of alternate gree w a o i n . o d w m h . ith g ld p Backgr un greenish yello , s oot , stones and dull red stones set in gold, very roughly painted l v D w m . E o o n w ea ing good outline arrings , a ho p hich are eep purple chiton ith black stripe , and himation of sa e w w b t o o . : i . a v strung a eryl bet een pearls necklaces, ( ) ( bo e), material ver shoulder ' a wn tvvo w w n w n f a ch in dra as t isted strands of gold ire ; (ii . ) a Ge eral dra i g air, but colouring careless , dirty and

o f a am - w a : w ff band alternate l rge oblong beryls and di ond shaped e k best on dress, here there is a curious e ect of a H d w th e a b wax. beads of gol throughout the je ellery gold is indic ted transp rency, caused y the cooling of the air

o w P ff Ob b u m - red in yell . urple chiton and himati o n around both e ect tained y st mping out in se i relief ; upper i shoulders . outline to the white of the eye ; gamboge li n es used n D w n v m w w S . ra i g good, ery s ooth clean colouring, ell orked hading of neck and chin pinkish tone ' Remelted wztfi 111171 la e : w m . r o wax added . . S n up drapery fair ; reddish tone hadi g ell anaged , y f a w Eyelashes dr wn in . Bet een the flesh and the background w n AA 1 b r. h r. 71 a e o u . . : c a line is left, sho i g the panel thr gh Girl ody to , face slig tly to , eyes f ’ Remelted wzt/z 111171 la er w o wax added . n b . , y f shading ell handled and softened i to a bluish ackground

R m n - H H. L : E P w m w o n w an d o n w ady o a o gyptian ( ) ; eyebro s nearly eet igh lights faint do n nose, lo er lip, je ellery ; i n a v a m a w d an d a h e e . C an d v g, eyes sloping in r s, long nose f ce, t ick lips . ery sm ll in y hiton purple, purple ntle o er B r . a a m . w S v . d b e ody to , f ce slightly so hading hea y on r side of shoulders ; e rrings, for e y gold hoop set ith thr e a o wn n m a : two e an d f ce and neck , str ng high light do nose, a d on lips k ; p , b e er lds and nec laces up er one b ad reel of w w h . Ha . i n a r l m and chin and je ellery ir a coil high at b ck of hic the bead is gold, the ee of e erald or green glass h o m w w fo a w n S w ead , fr hich ringlets brought for ard around rehe d the lo er is of gar ets trung on chain of gold, ith a

- o n w . Ea bar o f i n H it is set a gilt reath rrings a cross gold to central emerald gold with two pendent pearls. air w a e w r i n a w v u h hich a pe rl is attach d , ith three pendent pea ls hanging parted centre, t ken back in a y c rls, deep reddis f m : a v o f w w ro the bar necklaces, (i) bo e, a chain alternate bro n eyebro s a delicate black.

e an d red . o n wn w a u o b th e d p arls stones ; (ii ) a g ld chai badly dra , ith Work very c ref l and go d, only spoiled y har — a P . P u i n an d m w crescent shaped ( ) pend nt rple ch to hi ation line of the edge of the chiton other ise, in the drapery,

a v has ff . p ssing o er both shoulders . the light been put in with go o d transparent e ect d but a Remelted w1111 v 111171 la er o wax added. Mo elling good, rather coarse and he y ; thick cross , y f ' ' a F ren tzs ze d ee . . hatching on face and neck ; b ckgroun a good deal p , fig 9 * . d an d T. Y h : v w destroyed out Greek, o al type ; eyebro s arche rn l/ d t/1 111 11 a er x wi 1 l o wa added . K e e e r . , y f turned up at inner ends body to . , face very slightly to r ’ ' P late X 1 6 o a rzd w1 tl1 t/ze r e e za N h . e H d o S w . L . 1 . , fig f p g . hading very slight do n of face and under chin ig * Y m n R m P C C . a : a w n o t a b ut wn a . oung o an ( ) angular f ce, eyebro s, light l id on, left, do centre of forehe d to chin an d i n m a H w h r n d nose ; no ha r on face, but slight i cipient oust che air shortish, it crisp curls , black . Backg ou sage a m n m . o l. n m m t . C a at ngles of outh in thi black strokes Body , face gree , very s ooth and clean hiton l ost sa e colo ur r v f m . S n o n 1. O o w u o n . slightly to hading, ery slight li e n se, beneath as background, ith purple stripe r sho lder ; hi ation

n I. f fo r h u m . chi and lips, and slightly on of ace ; high light eyes over bot sho lders, of sa e colour n w H d . bu m D w l v k and a very thin li e o n nose air thick shy ass of ra ing excel ent, e erything s etchy except the face, E P I T TH C URE S. 45 wh a w w V o aw wa m w m ere pinkish tone, and c reful bold brush ork, ith ery g od dr ing r bro n tone hair , bold asses

- H o . o S o o u w t a i n cr ss hatching air in single black b ld trokes, flat at of c l r edged i h single h irs flat ; outline of eyes w an d w t th e b k was d . o I n edges, hich ere finished af er ac ground lai in n se in so ft dian red ; go ld represented by ochre O w o w o f w ma tw utline of eyes, under bro s and eyes, and al ng nose and ith lights yello ; hi tion entirely i n o Shades o f

I . r a an d S th lips a thin line of dull ndian red Main lines of drape y purple , used altern tely as lights hades ; e back r t ff v d in sage g een sligh ly darker. Whole e ect ery transparent groun colour is used for the shade thro wn by hi mation

- d . w an E v . 1 . S o . C a w good dge of chiton on breast shaped do n h ulder reful clean brush ork . Remelted wi t/1 111171 la er o a , y f wax dded * ' - P M. : R m E : a b F r o a tzs eee z . 2 . Girl o ano gyptian ( ) squ t chu by face, p , fig — n m a . o r . thick lips, lo g al ond sh ped eyes B dy to , face almost BAR AND DR P AR O E RrNGs. x . S . o n e actly to front hading, a thin line on r of n se ; stro g P . : R m . H d . u w a high light on nose air falls in long curls on shoul ers B Lady o an ( ) ; rather ang lar type, eyebro s ne rly m D w m a m o f a wo . l. v o t . S 1 o f ra ing echanic l ; delling f ce rked in hori eet Body to , face ery sligh ly so hading on . z o n tal P w o fa . H hatchings urple line around eyes, ith a black n se and ce, deep under eyes and under chin . igh v i t f m w e w T o o o w w . o . line abo e ro hich ey lashes are coarsely dra n light on f rehead , d n nose and chin , and on je ellery H m to m o ut r . b tw uch perished ake clea ly air lack , parted in centre, and arranged in o rolls melted 1 1111 la er o wax adde o f a Re 101 11 71 d. w , y f ar und ace ; single edge h irs separately dra n in . Back

- R m P w o u d w - v S. : Gra c o E Lady o an ( ) type ; straight eyebro s gr n hitish drab, lea ing outline fairly clear. arrings , w r w m n u o w z ith la ge space bet een the , forehead tria g lar, all a single pearl fr m hich hangs a hori ontal bar of gold ; r m two r w r . to a squa e and flat ; face and body slightly to , eyes nearly fro this hang pea ls, each of hich is att ched a m f v 1 . n o N . S d o f an d . ull ha ing under eyes (hea y), on side face pyra id of three grai s of g ld ecklace, a string of triple o w w a u w w t . chin ; high lights (badly used) d n nose and do n centre pend nts ; the gold is colo red ochre, ith yello ligh s H C h a a o w o f 1. e e o n w . o y , and je ellery air black , parted in centre, iton , ultr m rine c lour, ith an edging at the top c nsist m h i n o f n o v w n assed around face and in a bunch hig at back . Back g a purple li e ab e a hite li e ; it has a stripe on

- r w v b th e 1 . o o n o w g ound pinky hite, ery rough and coarse, o scuring out shoulder , indigo col ur, edged b th sides ith

w l w . H m o E r t o a a v v 1. . a m line on r of f ce. ar ings pe rls h nging ertically, gold (yel o ) i ati n o er shoulder, sa e colour as

u o w b . str ng on a g ld ire ; necklace, green beryls, cut o long, chiton ' P v w w . H n o . on a gold chain urple chiton (usual ertical stripe t Baddish dra ing, yello ish purple tone air a black w o d w m n o t l a o w h sho n ) ; al ng the upper e ge runs a black stripe, ith a ass, c e rly defined, shaded i nto f rehead, and it d m geometric pattern i n yellow (gold) upo n i t ; himation over e ge hairs si ply drawn i n . Eyelashes roughly laid in in O b . 1 o . d . F . shoulder als purple lack utline of eyes and nose in purple har line our D w v . w D ra ing ery careless ; the l shoulder is considerably straight lines of shading on neck indicate rinkles . irty w v a r. H b d . higher than the ; yello ish tone . air nearly perished, colouring, drapery ery

m w Rea/ax ed. . O but see s bad ; dirty, coarse ork utline of eyes , nose and lips and drapery in dirty Indian red ; shade cast by stones o f n ecklace on neck i n a light greenish co lour shade X. Lady : Greek ; arched brows far apart ; hair in two Of m w m r w r b hi ation do n neck in the sa e colour ; lights on o s of sho t curls round face, knob at ack stuck through

w e w in . Th e o m th e an d r drapery in background colour . Je ell ry in ochre with ith a p col ur fro face backg ound is

h w m o . Ea m b m w wo white light. T e ork is clu sy and spiritless ; the hair nearly g ne rrings for ed y a pearl fro hich t

- was b o o wn to o lo w b d : vi z . y mistake br ught d on each side, and other pearls hang y a gol cross bar three necklaces , i w . Ob o r was . has been corrected hen the background laid in over it. ( ) at top, l ng be yls and gold beads alternately ; (ii )

emelted wi t/1 111 111 la r o wax adde a re d w . R e d. , y f ch in of stones set in gold, ith cylinder pendant ; (iii )

m - 1 a . F r an 15 1 111 1 . . 1 , fig 5 dia ond sh ped pieces of gold and beryls alternately P w d w t urple chiton ith stripe of eeper purple edged i h gold , I P A S G E D O E I GS. N L R RR N an d m t v hi a ion o er 1. shoulder. L : e v w w m h QQ . ad y Gr ek ; deep set eyes , o al face, arched Good dra ing ; drapery ell anaged, edge of air w far a a r w o . . All bro s part ; str ight nose ; hair in long ringlets st aight careful, and outline g od Warm tone the je ellery

a h . . i n o v w an d o . to r t e er bro , perh ps in a kn t at back Body , and p gilt

. w n r . n S o o a d P P . a : l. f ce slightly so had , under chin ; high light Lady Greek ; body half turned to , face nearly to ’ w o o n o f i z . . m a B . H a a z e f int do n n se , and part forehead and chin front igl light left on nose air t ll fri l d ass m m o u t m a E n w To o . t o uch perished to ake clearly ; see s c reful of single curly strokes arri gs, and necklaces, but w t w a w n t . ma o o o m t . P an d good rk , especi lly on face je ellery distinguishable f r indis inguishable urple chiton hi tion i h

P . w o o inkish tone broad stripe edged ith g ld ( chre) .

Rewax ed . m m F . o o d w ace uch perished G dra ing, clean , s ooth

- . v o w l w GG o w o . Greek type, o al face, arched eyebr s and colouring deep bro nish red t ne L a o to l. 1 forehead ; b dy , f ce slightly to ; shading on . of A L TE . w li n f a a d 1 . o f ce, under lo er p chin , and beside the ld of w w A : mm t a . d a n o o n . H . r pery ; high lights , except je ellery air black , Girl Greek (in mu y) ; eyebro s sligh ly rched

w an d m i n o f o v to . t o n parted do n centre assed a single roll ar und ace. B dy and face turned ery slightly l shading sligh ly f d c h i n Ba o o v a 1. o ckgr und greenish drab, r ugh , lea ing a cle r outline, side nose and face and un er ; high light slight w f H m th 1 f o n o . b ut single strokes o f it applied down . side o face as a d n ose and nearly in centre lip air nearly s oo w m E a a w . o light. arrings , a chain of three pend nts ; pearl , ith black Background dark bro nish grey, nearly s o th,

a t o m o : two a o n . S d S o f fa . gold be d at ached, hanging fr a g ld rin g neck d rker r ide , lighter on sha ed ide ce White m v 1 e a o f c ut o o m o n o w a w w o . lac s ; upper , string beryls in obl ng f r , a chit n ith n rro purple stripe, and hite hi ati n o er o o w a n two . g ld chain ; l er , a ch in , represe ted as strands of shoulder w t a aw w ma o D w n v o o m a t is ed gold , c refully dr n ; chiton hite, purple hi ti n ra i g ery g d, odelling excellent ; the dr pery is o u o we a an d ut w a fe w v o w f lded in gracef l f lds around neck , so no stripe of chiton ll rranged , p in ith cle er t uches in hite ; w th e a de . visible . the h ir is ell sha d into forehead ; no edge hairs AHMU A A BI ND AR I N E . 46 HAWAR , , S O

to r . 1. w h n . . S r w o n . O Bro nis tone utlines of eyes , ose, and r edges of , face nearly to front hading in a nar o line k h a . w a an d . w a r drapery sh ded in pinky red Bet een the b c ground of nose under chin Background nearly ite, f i ly m m f h h h n u . Ea n t e a t e . a n o and f ce on l (s ded) side, a thi li e is st ped s ooth rrings ormed of a string of three pearls a w m o m a . o o f out, f r ing a cle n outline hoop of g ld (coloured yell ), and necklace or ed of m w P ern e/ted 701111 111171 la er o wax added. o b , y f large circles j ined y s all beads of gold , ith a crescent t w la X. 1 o f o w . w P e . . C d , fi g 4 pendant gold (yell ) hiton hite ith broa purple m mm mm en ac S ma v 1 BB. e Girl (in u y) : sy etrically f ; hading stri pe ; purple hi tion o er . shoulder.

a a o u a e ar . D m princip lly on neck ; hair (bl ck) in c ils ro nd f ce ; Drawing fair Drapery mechanical . own the hi ation trz lea a a n a bi two m w z z rings ( g ) pe rls and gold ; eckl ce of fifteen g stripes of black are stu ped out ith a ig ag line, H . w C o n ma w h . w S o . a m n pearls hit purple ; hi tion yello is bro n air done ith a harp p int Surface gener lly uch i jured . ' w an d v a a Remel ed wzt/z 11 71 r ax added t 1 1 la e o w . black, on hich the coils indi idual h irs are indic ted , y f * b m w a m n : w n w v h w . d y stu ping ith a sh rp point (cestru or ha dle of O. Girl ith lo g a y air do n the back y i P t m h av i n two w . . n f T m m r a to . o o brush ) ; see s to e a parting the lo er coils to , face e rly ront uch injured to ake out m o m . Background thick uddy greenish colour. Good del clearly Greenish chito n with dark blue stripe down each

o n f w w v - w a v b an d m . ling ace, hich, ho e er , is quite corpse like, nearly reast, hitish hi tion o er each shoulder w d b m o wn S m av f ir n t hite partly spoile y soakin g of oil fro the inside d ee s to h e been a ly good, but too much is go e o

Th i . . e s o o the centre gold not gilt, but c l ured ochre make this clear. F Man : R m n o o o u b w n A . o Remelted wi t/1 111171 la er wax added o a ; h k n se, ang lar eye r s early , y of . * m n o n m m - E U. : R t P w m eeting, lo g face, p i ted chin , slight oustache , beard , Man o ano gyp ian ( ) ; eyebro s nearly eet

w w . i n w o wn w t and hiskers short curly hair, dra n in single lines Body g ; eyes long, narro , sl ping do ards to nose ; sligh f m n 1 . O r . to . S a w m d a wh r . to , face nearly front hading ere line do oustache, be r , and iskers . Body to , face slightly m v h . S 1. w nose, and the sa e used irrespecti ely for s ading or as so hading a thin line on of nose and belo chin ;

u H w n . . o wn H a m outline througho t igh light do n nose and lip only high light, strong line do nose . air ass of thick w m m C o . i n w n . r Background ar , greenish grey, quite s ooth hit n curls, each dicated in a scra li g fashion Backg ound w - w l. an d m w h as w a m v hite, narro purple stripe on , hi ation hich greenish yello , cross h tched s oothly, lea ing clean out

w o n w th e fl esh - run w a i . w w f been hite , to hich red of the colour has line C hiton hite ith n rro stripe and l nes O back

l. o . o n o o m m v upon the sh ulder gr u d c l ur ; hi ation , sa e , o er both shoulders . D w m T w n . D w v m an d ff . ra ing flat, annered , and a gular one deep bro n ra ing ery annered, niggling, angular, a ected

D w a - . w d f r o C o h f w w . ish red rapery plain ash ith a har angul r line r ss atching on ace, purple ash for shade belo eyes

v w . . V m n . x m w k . E e edge and fold Black line o er eyes , ith lashes er ilio tone Lips e tre ely thin and ea y * - A . m an : i n a J Middle aged thick lipped , square face ; lashes co arsely i n dic ted eyeballs deep purple .

- P * R m E e - - bo l. e71 ae AE M R m w f , . an : o ano gyptian ( ) ; dy to , head nearly o an ; bull necked, thick lipped , ith

1. i y . S i ; S k m m slightl to l had ng on side of face and under ch n tubbly beard and hair, thic lips and a s all oustache ;

h o e b an d m - g g , , ; in v b w. hi li ht on n se che k ones te ples hair short hair close cropped, descending a half circle o er ro an d ve an d li b . k w ; , r . . S a o n r. coarse sha n chin p luish colour Bac Body to , face nearly to front h ding , and narro d wh m , o H w n o n g n i y , , y , u v w . rou d rt bluish ite s o th but badl laid on purple o tline e ery here igh light do n ose, and b an d . li H m w w g k W an d . w o scurin outline of dress r of nec hite chiton p chin air s ooth ash, ith edge hairs dra n w h 1. . i k. k d v m . an d it purple str pe on shoulder in blac Bac groun mau e, s ooth White chiton All m a r k m i , w o w . the a n lines laid in in co rse purple st o e and hi ation, ith narr stripe v w f h ma . y r k g ; D w f wn . er coa se brush or on sur ace t rou hout hair ssed on ra ing of ace good, drapery poor ; deep bro tone On th e w wax o h a s w w s . H z f drapery hite c lour run do n ard ;red tone ori ontal hatching on ace. Remelted wi t/1 111171 la er o wax adde , d. Rewax ed y f .

*

R. Y h man : l. l. oung shoulders to , head slig tly to ; in w greenish hite chiton with purple stripe o n r . shoulder ; w m m a k v hite antle passing fro b c of neck o er shoulders. r a n g k ; . H i Back ound a d r er dirty gree no pure colour a r C HAP T E R VI I. d w m h m of hea reddish bro n , thin oustac e, and s all peaked i n H b a . w beard, coarse l ck lines igh light do n nose ; ON THE VEGETA E RE MAI NS DISCOVERED I N THE n w m BL purple line rou d eyes ; eyebro s nearly eet, sloping A * w w CE METER OF HA AR . . H v w d S do n ards ea y brush ork perpen icular thin tyle . Y W Rewax ed . ‘ V - . Y : R m E mm e e r E ERR . outh o ano gyptian sy et ical arched y BY P ERC Y E . N WB Y w w m o o n m bro s, hich nearly eet ; h k ose, large al ond eyes,

. l r f o pointed chin , thick lips Body to . , face nea ly to r nt. w E 57 . Since the close of the last century, hen gypt S 1. h hading, a line on c eek and under chin ; high light

a w - was t o H o . s r ight d n nose. air sh rt cropped Background a in a great measure rediscovered by the French ’ n slat ~ l ur m e co o . C E gree ish , correcting outline, s ooth hiton savants attached to Bonaparte s gyptian expedition , an d m w w w hi ation hite ith bluish shading, narro purple many interesting discoveries of ancient vegetable stripe on I. shoulder . D w m k remains in the tombs and cemeteries of the ancient ra ing echanical , hard, and flat ; pin ish red tone.

Ha m e w o n w d o f E . ir rely a flat black ash, hich ashes back gyptians have been made gro u n d colour ; a pink dab on cheeks an d c hi n ; b lack line Th is pape r was read b e fo re th e Bi o lo gi c a l Secti o n o f th e o v e d . er eyes , no lashes ; dge of rapery quite straight o at th e Bath mee 1 888 an d an a ac t Bri tish Ass o c i ati n , ing, , bs r Remelte 1 1 7 a t t d 2111 11 111 1 l er o wax added . , y f u h o u x o f i t u h e th e P r o ceedi n s . Th e a m e re * is p blis d in g t r st p ss SS. a : E P m w L y gy ( ) ; q s i g , y me t to Mr ac o Mr C a u h e Mr d ptian short s uat il n face e ebro s h i s ac kno wle dg n s J ks n , rr t rs , o d w w r w o o f r an a n d e e c a to Mr Th i selto n D e y , m e P o . C e and e es sl ping o n a ds to ards n se pr truding lips , Ho l s , r p , sp i lly y r

a w k v fo r th e n an d mo t va u e as a e . . e h ir of iry curly single loc s nearly to shoulders Body an d P ro f. Oli r ir ki d s l abl sist nc ON THE VE GE TABLE E E AI AINS DI SC OVE RE D [ N THE CE JII E TE E Y F HAi V O AE A. 4 7

The earliest of these discoveries was that made by an E nglish translation of this m ay be found E 1 820. o u r n a l o Bo ta n hrenberg in This distinguished naturalist, in the j f y for january , February , w h o - 1 8 . 1 88 1 E was attached to the exploring party under the and March , 7 9 I n , mil Brugsch Bey dis Mi n uto li v a command of , made a large collection of fruits co ered quantity of vegetable remains in the great ’ s , Pi n et e m XXth and eeds from the ancient tombs but as he himself vault of , a king of the dy nasty , “ th e D - e l remarks in a letter still extant , the fresh appearance containing series of roy al mummies , at eir

of these seeds , and in several cases their still existing Bahari . These remains consisted for the m o st part o f fl w characteristic taste and smell , makes their ancient o ers and leaves , bound together and made int o ” Th e v origin highly suspicious . scientific alue of this garlands . They were all carefully examined by the P s E g was . a Dr. S w n discovery therefore lost Three y ears later , y ptian explorer , ch einfurth , and have bee salac ua o b q made considerable collecti ns of seeds , fully described y him in a paper contributed to the

’ ’ E Bulleti d ‘ leaves , and fruits from the ancient tombs i n the gy ptian I nstitute at C airo ( n e l b zslztm N E tzea . L 1 886 w ecropolis of Thebes , and these vegetable remains gyp ) ater, in , M . Maspero , hilst ’

- - w P 1 2 ~ b . 8 6 . lo ri n Dra A N c o n ere carefully examined y rof Kunth in p g the cemetery of bu n egga , made w sid e rab le They ere all more or less carbonised , but he collections of ancient vegetable remains . w w b Dr Sc w succeeded in determining some t enty species , and These ere also examined y h einfurth , and w he published the results of his investigations on them though the specimens ere often in bad preservation , ’ An n ales d es Sez eu ee was o He in the eighth volume of the he able to recognise s me fifty species . 8 1 8 Na turelles . 1 S (p 4 everal y ears later , in 59 , published the results of his examination of these

' ’ ‘ z P Bu l r B ta m selze a/z r zi d z e s o b er . B Fran Unger, rofessor of Botany in the University remains in g f (viii el ) . “ V P S 1 886 w of ienna , published a paper on the lants of the I n eptember, , it ill be remembered , Mr

A E d er C r ncient gyptians in the arruthers , in his p esidential address to this section ,

' ' ' ' ’ K a zser lzc/zen Aéademze d er PVzlrsezzse/zaf ten z u l en brie fly alluded to the results arrived at by the e x am i [Va l/t r ee /z . 6 Mat . C Ed . 5 . ( lasse xxxviii . 9 and nation of the ancient vegetable remains , and pointed in this paper he gave identifications of some plant out their bearing on certain theoretical v iews enter w tai n e d n remains hich had been discovered in the ancient at the present day . In one of these species , “ w w E w Dr tombs , and hich ere preserved in the gyptian he said , except in some vine leaves hich

Two 86 1 S w a n d w V . 1 v Museum at ienna years later, in , Unger ch einfurth had disco ered , of hich he has w examined a number of organic fragments hich he made a careful study, has he been able to detect any had found in some of the unburned C lay - bricks of peculiarities in the living plants which are absent i n E ” which many of the ancient gyptian monumental those obtained from the tombs . w buildings are constructed , and in the follo ing year h th en h o we ve r n e w e 8. S published the results of his investigations in the 5 ince , , a quantity of material

- L o E n proceedings of the before mentioned society ( . c . for the comparis n of former gyptia vegetation of — h — o wn 88 . Abt . I 5 . 2 d a 2 bth 5 . 6 lv w a e A . . 1 xlv . 7 5 ; liv 33 ; . a kno n g with that of our y has been 1 8 Abth . . . s 9 From the fragments of plants brought to light I n the spring of the present y ear, found in these mud - bricks he determined twenty whilst Mr Flinders Petrie was exploring the hitherto

H w v four species of plants , most, of course , from very untouched cemetery of a ara , in the Fay um pro ince w L w E w i mperfect materials , and necessarily ith some hesi of o er gy pt, he found a number of funeral reaths , th e w t ati o n . as to accuracy of their determination and a large quantity of fruits , seeds, and leaves , hich He w w , ho ever , by this means , established the fact in all probability ere the remains of the offerin gs made

’ ’ ‘ o f th e E v E ra r o s ti s a b ssz a zea L K . of the culti ation of g y , . , in to the dead and of the funeral repasts gyptians E w e t w A w ancient gy pt, hich has not y been other ise lthough these remains ere found merely covered 8 1 w th e w v . 1 pro ed I n 7 , the celebrated German naturalist , ith dust and sand , y have been preserved ith A was an lexander Braun , led to examine the vegetable scarcely y change , and therefore permit of the r E C w remains p eserved in the Berlin gy ptian Museum , losest examination and comparison ith their existing w v f P v . o . O w H from the surprising disco eries rof s ald eer, representati es Man y of the most delicate flo ers , Z w w of urich , and the results hich that naturalist had indeed , have been preserved ithout sustaining the Th e arrived at in examinin g the ancient vegetable remains slightest damage . roses , for instance , had evi ’ - o f Sw w . d e n tl the iss lake d ellings The results of Braun s y been picked i n an unopened condition , so as to

MSS . I n investigations were published from his , after prevent the petals from falling dry ing in the b A his death , y scherson and Magnus , in the ninth coffin , the petals had shrivelled and shrunk up into a

' ’ ' Z ei tselzrz t zér E t/ mo lo ze 1 w 8 . 2 0 volume of the f f g ( 7 7 , s 9 ball , and when moistened in arm water and opened , ’ E AWARA BIAHMU AND ARSL VOE . 48 , ,

e the androecium appears before the y e in a wonderful cherries , apricots , pears , apples , quinces , pome No t w Mo m s . ( state of preservation a stamen , not an anther is granates , olives, black and hite mulberries — r M lba n m a . a wanting one might almost say that not a polle y and ), bananas , cucumbers, melons , and

- W n w . Of grain is missing. he taken from out of the sand ater melons these there had been proved to

- E y , and dust of the cemetery , the vegetable remains were have existed in ancient gypt onl the date palm i n w fi very dry and brittle , and that state it was quite the sycamore, ith the true g, vine, pomegranate , ’

- w . P impossible to examine them . They ere therefore and water melon To these Mr etrie s collection

i n w , , soaked cold , luke arm , or hot water (according to permits us to add the peach cucumber, and melon Co r dla M r a L mo zzk/ze t the species) , when they soon recovered their original the sebestens ( y , the y of the A A . flexibility, and permitted of being handled and ex rabs) , the olive, and the walnut mong the plants E w n o w P a r us a mi n e d with ease . By this means it was possible to of ancient gy pt hich have perished , the py

' o Nelmn bz um prepare a series of specimens gathered two th usand and have often been quoted , though until a o n o w years g , which are as satisfactory for the purposes this latter species had not been authenticated by wo . t of science as any collected at the present day. The specimens from the ancient tombs To these n o w 1 brittleness of the specimens was only due to the specimens may be added ( ) a cruciferous plant ,

' '

Matt/z zo la lz br a to r L . w extreme state of dryness they had attained in the , (several flo ers of which were nineteen or twenty centuries during which they had found in a wreath from the Hawara cemetery) ; (2) Ro sa san eta R lain in the tombs . This dryness was , doubtless , also a rose ( , ichards), now confined , accord an A w i n P f. Cre the principal factor in their onderful preservation . g to ro p , to byssinia ; (3) a species of

’ d o mestzea n o w P P . A The examination of these remains of the vegeta y rus ( , also found in byssinia

E w c o rn fl o we r Cen ta ur ea de r essa . w tion of ancient gypt has , in a t ofold way , a most (4) a ( p , M hich n n o w A important bearing on botanical scie ce . Firstly, it is found only in sia Minor and the neighbour throws some light on the question whether the species i n g countries ; (5) a j uniper Q ui ll/ter m n o w E of plants have undergone any perceptible chan ge in not known in gypt , but distributed throughout S 6 historic times . econdly , it has an important bearing the whole Mediterranean region ; ( ) a variety of

' m n e li ve lea eur o a n e o co m o O e . n a oz ea on several questions con ected with the former g the ( p , v , o f A graphical distribution plants . now confined to byssinia, but which , in former w times, would appear to have been more idely dis ’ Dr M 59 . The results of Braun s examination of the tributed (7 ) a species of Mimusops ( w w Dr Berlin collection had shown some extraordinary differ hich is now only met ith, according to “ e n ce s S w C A . A in the distribution of several species In Mr ch einfurth , in entral frica, especially in by s ’ 8 E la o car s P . u E . serr a tus etrie s collection many fresh instances occur I n sinia and ( ) a species of p ( , E S gypt at the present day are found , cultivated or which only now occurs in outhern India and Ceylon . th e naturalised , many plants, no traces of existence Only the stones of the fruits of this latter plant were

. On of which in ancient times can be proved the found and these, of course, may have been imported E other hand , there existed in ancient gypt many along with the other commercial products of I ndia n o w i C plants which have van shed from the region of and eylon , which are known to have been intro f the Upper Nile. O course it should be remarked d uced at a much earlier period than that to which E t . d ifli cult that among the plants of the ancient gyptian tombs hese vegetable remains belong It is to say, fe w E b w w a appear to have reached gypt y means of however, for hat purpose these fruits ould have trade, and not to have been products of the land , as been introduced ; it could hardly have been for eat w was w i n u i n to ler Braun has sho n most probably the case ith g purposes, as the fleshy pulp of the fr it is ' ’ ' Sa zi zaas ema r z zza tas V the fruits of p g , ahl . ; yet this is ably sour . . w probably not the case ith the majority of species . 6 0. S The most widely distributed fruit trees at the present everal species of plants , however, which have E Dr S w w * fi day in gypt are, as ch einfurth has sho n , the been identi ed among these ancient remains were un

- fi Z la / leas S i n a E date palm , the sycamore g, and the yp p doubtedly introduced into gypt either for ( I ) e co n o ’ '

Cfi r zstz W . I n ro wn 2 , illd the gardens there are now g T , w mic purposes or ( ) for the beauty of their flo ers , A , C w true oran ges and mandarins rabian lemons , itrons, hich were either used for personal decoration , for vines , j ujubes, tamarinds, cassia, peaches, almonds, making funeral wreaths , or were esteemed for their

. ' ' aromatic odour ’ Sar la F lo ra des An ezem ar dz n s Ar aoes d E t i n j gyp , ’ ’ ’ f . O ulleti n de l l m tzta t E tz efl an n ée 1 I those introduced for economic purposes , per B gyp , 887 . r Ibid . haps the most important are the leguminous plants VE E T OVE RE D [ N THE CE AIE TE A’ Y F HAIV A ON THE G ABLE RE A/ADVS DI SC O AR . 49

w w A . 2 two hich, ith one exception , point to sia Minor, found The dimensions of these are 3, 9 , ( )

A 2 8 2 . . rmenia, and the nei ghbouring countries as the place , 7 mm respectively These dimensions are v of their origin . These are z much inferior to those of the modern culti ated

' ' '

1 C P ea Cet er a r zetzzzzm z . ( ) The hick ( , The dis kinds c o ver w Of we h v y of remains (flo ers , pods , and seeds) of this cereals a e in this collection three kinds

' ' w as w 1 W Tr z tzea m wrl a r e plant is interesting, as it not before kno n to ( ) heat ( g ,

v o 2 Ho rdezt m w/l a r e have been culti ated in ancient times ; it is als one ( ) Barley ( g , A At/m a str z o sa of those species of cultivated plants the origin of (3) species of oat ( g , ' w w w . Czeer hich is not kno n Fourteen other species of , The grains of heat and barley are quite equal in

w v z w E ho ever, are recorded , and these are all nati es of si e to the average grains gro n in gypt at the S v W A . w Greece or of estern sia . I t seems therefore most present day e eral ears of barley ere also found , A f . C probable, as lph de andolle has pointed out, that and these do not dif er in the sli ghtest degree from the cultivated plant comes from the tract of land modern specimens . Only seven grains of the oat w H w w ly ing bet een Greece and the imalayas . The ere found , and it is doubtful hether these seeds

' ' a r zetzrzmzz fl ra w species C. is given in all the o s of the were the produce of cultivated plants or of eeds

E E w N o f W A . south of urope , gy pt, and estern sia as far as gro ing in the cornfield one the Greek or C S R w the aucasus and India , as a cultivated pecies or as oman botanical riters mention the plant as

w : w w gro ing i n fields and cultivated grounds . It has also having been cultivated they , ho ever , kne the — C 30 0 ave/za been indicated in the rimea and to the south of the plant the [ , t of the Greeks , the of the — - R C s w . w C auca us as nearly ild This quasi ildness can omans but , it would appear from lassical authors , ‘ A w w co rn fi e ld sf only point to its ori gin in rmenia , Mesopotamia , only as a eed gro ing in the I t might ,

w v A and the neighbouring countries . The dimensions of ho ever, ha e been cultivated in sia Minor in

' ' De Alz metztzs 1 2 the pods and seeds are smaller than those at present ancient times, for Galen ( , i . ) men cultivated in Egy pt ; i n all other respects the ancient tions that oats were abundant in Mysia above Pe r

w w v specimens are identical ith the modern ones . gamus, that they ere gi en to horses , and that men 2 Vi o la F a oa O N ( ) The Bean ( , nly one seed of used them for food in y ears of scarcity . one of

. o P 1 this species was found The dimensi ns of this bean the seeds found by Mr etrie exceed cm . in length ,

8 . 6 w are , in length , mm , in breadth , mm . ; this is smaller hereas the seeds of the modern cultivated species 1 than the variety at present cultivated . This species generally exceed 5 cm . , often , indeed , reaching A 2 . i n also points to sia Minor as the place of its origin . cm length . From this C ircumstance it is prob L L en s esezt lezz ta Mce n c h A w (3) The entil ( , ) quantity able that the ancient seeds ere the produce of w w w of the seeds of this legume ere found . They also eeds gro ing in the cornfield . This species still n o w E E are smaller than of the variety cultivated in gy pt . exists in gypt in deserted fields , but it is uncertain S . A A . The ancient pecimens average 4 mm in diameter ; whether it is indigenous . ccording to lph de v . fl o ras C w the recent ones a erage 4% m m The of andolle it has not been found undoubtedly ild ,

S E N A w v outhern urope, of orthern frica , etc . , al ays and is only met with in the culti ated state or in

w c o rn field s w w . mention this species as cultivated , or as gro ing in as a eed mixed ith cereals w All fields after or ith cultivated plants . the other The impurities found among the cereals are i n

species of this group belong to the Mediterranean tere sti n g. They are W A ' ' . A z eul W w llf ed z ea o de ztz a ta . . 1 T o basin or to estern sia From this fact, lph de ( ) seeds of g , illd

C 2 On e Galla n t tr leo r lze W . andolle considers that it existed in prehistoric ( ) seed of , ith W A ” ' ' ' Si x To r zlzs z a er ta L . times in estern temperate sia and Greece, and (3) seeds of f , “ was was On e Ce/zta a r ea de r essa . . that it i n these countries that its cultivation (4) seed of p , M Bieb ” first undertaken in prehistoric times . This plant The presence of the first three of these seeds Shows

must have been introduced into Egy pt at a very early that the tillers of the soil in the G rae c o - Roman Dr S w w w w w period , for ch einfurth has found a mess of it period ere troubled ith the same eeds hich ’ f D - E amongst the funeral of erings in a vault at ra Abu n n o w infest the c o rn fie ld s of gypt . The occurrence

N XIIth 2 200—2 00 B u d e r essa w v . C . Ce/z ta r ea egga , of the dynasty ( 4 ) of the seed of p , ho e er, is of much

' ’ 4 Two Pe a P z sa m sa tzwm z n o t n o w ( and species of , , greater interest , as this species is found in

P . a r r/ease L . L . , O E an , and nly three specimens of gy pt, or, indeed , in y of the contiguous countries , w . w A the former species ere found The dimensions of though it occurs as a cornfield eed in sia Minor ,

. re s c A . these are 4, and 35 mm in diameter p e Mesopotamia , and rmenia The achene is light i f h t ve l . O t e w 2 . Altm . y See e Bo t . der latter species five specimens ere L nz , , p 43 HMU AND AR I E 0 A BIA S NO . 5 HAIVAR , ,

S r A r i n colour , shining, lightly comp essed laterally and The plant is a native of s a Minor, and must have

v e E . oblong o oid in shape . The areole incloses half the be n introduced into gypt at an early period I t is

E C . length of the achene and the base, unlike the base now only cultivated in gypt in fields about airo C of those found by M . Maspero i n tombs of the Acurious coincidence in ancient and modern lover XXth dynasty, is quite naked , as in recent speci cultivation is the presence on the ancient specimens A A D Cusezi ta mens from sia Minor . The intermediate bristles of numerous plants of the rabian odder (

- a r a bi ea of the pappus are nearly one fourth longer than the , which is still the commonest and most

- fie ld E A The . . w achene, the inner ones half as long occurrence flourishing eed in every clover in gypt of this plant among the wheat indicates the way by careful comparison of the two species show that they w w E A hich heat had come into the hands of the gyp di ffer in no respect from modern specimens . large

- w . tians ; and this, in a way , confirms the supposition quantity of peach stones ere also found The C of Alph . de andolle that wheat was aboriginal in dimensions of these stones are much smaller than

e . Mesopotamia and the contiguous countries, and that thos of modern cultivated kinds The original De C an it was from thence that it spread over the surround habitat of the peach tree is very doubtful .

i n . Se e C g countries ( also on this subject an interest dolle considers that it came from hina , and gives b P o u e ri e i n . L ac w . g paper y rof Terrien de p , in the several facts hich point to this conclusion I t was ,

Ba lo n i an a n d r i en tal R co d C . b O e r . . w w y , vol iii ; and p the ho ever, at an early period gro ing in abundance C n T . P h eo . JV. H. . . 1 statement of the haldea historian Berosus , in in Media and ersia ( p , iv 4 vii 3. mmen ta i r e F r a men ts i . . L e n o rman t : E ssa i de Co P E g , , ed From ersia it was introduced to gypt, and from s mo u r 6 P d er r a men t co s o n i es de Be ese . . f g g g , p aris , there taken to Italy and the Mediterranean coun 8 2 1 P li n . 7 ) tries ( y , xv The henna (several twigs of which were found) was introduced into Egypt at a

f . 6 1 . O the other plants in this collection , which very early period The large usage made of this E were introduced into gypt from foreign countries , plant , and the extent to which it has been cultivated

: 1 O and cultivated for economic purposes , are ( ) flax by the peoples of the rient, has effaced all traces of

L i n ant lzn mi le 2 . ( , Mill . ) ( and 3) the vine and currant its original habitat The henna has often been found in ff Vi ti s vi n i era L . v ar co ri n tli i aea ( f , and . , (4) the a state of perfect naturalisation in di erent regions of ’ E Tr i o li atn alexa n a r i n a i n w b ut gyptian clover ( f , (5) the ancient orld no traveller has observed it as '

P r n n n s er szea Eth H w . E P . k 6 the peach ( p , and oo ) ; ( ) the gro ing entirely wild min acha, however, has ' ” L awso n i a i n ermi s S henna ( , (7 ) the pomegranate lately indicated the shrub as pontaneous in the

P n n i ea r an a tmn 8 a la n s L n N S ( g , ( ) the walnut (f g mountains of ato ka, to the east of the ile uperior, ° - N. E . r e i a Ri ci n us . g , and (9) the castor oil plant ( about 4 lat of the quator If this is the original co zn mn n i s A w , mong these plants the flax deserves habitat of the henna, the plant ould appear to have

n . O E special consideratio nly four capsules of this been introduced into gypt, like so many others , i n t w L n a . ere found The lengths of these capsules through Abyssinia . Three small unripe fruits of the

2 . 6 are 7 5 , ( ) 7 4 and mm ; the breadths are 4 , pomegranate were also found , and these are of great 6 2 6 2 . . N . On 3 , and mm respectively one of the seeds interest cutting one of these across , it was found i n reach 5 mm . length . These dimensions are inferior to contain only four cells , whereas the modern culti z — to the average si e of the capsules and seeds of the vated kinds have usually 6 8 cells . The fruits were same species now cultivated . The capsules are very shrivelled, but on placing a piece of the peel in

L . . lz mn ile recognised as belonging to the species , boiling water it soon recovered its original flexibility from the fact that long white weak hairs occur on the A microscopical examination of the peel shows the

. z - w w inside of the partitions The proportionate si e of the large thin alled cells , among hich occur the thick

- w w w fibro . No seed , hich is much narro ed upwards, also proves alled cells and vascular bundles starch that the ancient specimens belong to this species . granules were detected, but throughout the tissue

The ancient seeds still present their original brown occur crystals of oxalate of calcium . The tree is

u S. NW . a glossy polished s rface, and under a lens the extremely indigenous to Indi and the countries and w W P S . C fine pits hich mark the surface may be distinctly of the aspian, to the ersian Gulf, and was . P E . traced This species is still cultivated i n gypt and alestine From the latter country it probably,

A . byssinia The finding of a bundle of Egyptian introduced into E gypt . The comparatively rare clover carefully tied round with a strip of papyrus mention of the tree i n the earlier hieroglyphic i n scrip n o was pith is also of great interest, as this species was t. tions would lead us to believe that it not generally w At E . before kno n to have been cultivated in ancient times . cultivated in gypt i n the most ancient times

H A BI AHM AN 2 AWAR U D ARSINOE . 5 , ,

w 6 . . 3 Beside these vegetable remains, the follo ing used This latter was probably imported from

w o f H w - : A S . ere also found in the cemetery a ara a frag Greece, sia Minor, or yria But perhaps the most w N m lzwa e a cer ulea S v . ment of a flo er of y p , ; a interesting of the manufactured obj ects are the pair

Z i lla m a ro id es F o rsk . No w w , ; . quantity of capsules of y g of cork soles cork , it is ell known , is the w N Ta n za r ix uer eus sa ber L . a fragment of a t ig of the ile tamarisk ( product of Q , , and this tree is a w n ilo ti ca Eh re n b . t o w E , ) flo ers and a quantity of pods native of the south of urope, and is especially

‘ i a w ile aca A a r a bi ea W . N c . S n S of the ( , illd ) several flo ers abundant in outher pain , from which country it '

w - E i lo m nrs- u tum L bi u 1 . of the common illow herb ( p , ) has been , from time immemorial , largely exported . Cucumi s sati vus three seeds of the cucumber ( , This pair of cork soles found among other objects Melo w C. H a flo er of the melon ( , a capsule of in the awara cemetery point to the commercial r d r um sa ti uuuz Co i a n L . coriander ( , ) two olive stones relations that existed in early times between Egypt Olea eur o ea ( p , a fragment of a plant of the and Spain . Ru ta E mex den tus L . common gyptian dock ( , ) a large

- w , 6 . n n quantity of dates and date stones and several reaths 5 Taken as a whole, this collectio of ancie t

- P lzeen i x d uel - composed of flowers of the date palm ( y plant remains throws some light on the solution of li er a two f , strung on threads of twine ; fruits of the question whether the species of plants have

- i ca H /zwn e t1zeoa . , t C the doom palm ( yp Mar ) a neatly undergone any perceptible hange in historic time .

- u l i n er a ta cy li n W tied p bunch of the inflorescence of p ith respect to the wild plants , the question must d r i t a L , . t w several por ions of the inflorescence of the be ans ered in the negative . The most careful

- E Saeelza ru m e ti en n e L . w gyptian sugar cane ( gyp , ) investigation of them sho s a surprising agreement Sci r us ma r i ti mus several fragments of the plants of p , with the recent species , and even small varieties of

/ er us n n i ei a L . L . un oe t , , i n and a quantity of wigs ofj ip p form have many instances been retained . f w ew . ifl e re n to hich, in a cases , the berries were still attached But the case is d t with the cultivated plants w — — The specimens of these last three species ere all although some kinds wheat and barley have under

taken from the interior of crocodile mummies , of gone no perceptible change, yet most of them do not f A w t t . hich hey formed he principal stu fing careful . agree in minute details with recent forms The oats , w comparison of all these specimens ith modern ones, the flax, the currants , the beans, the peas, the lentils ,

f - t t . shows tha hey dif er in no respect from modern the peach stones, etc , can be at once distinguished n o w E , t . plants of the same species growing in gyp from modern cultivated kinds , as they are for the b most part characterised y smaller seeds . Some

6 4 . g g t t Many interestin facts relatin o the ancien variations from the present forms, as has been pointed E flora of gypt are also to be gleaned from the P un i ea out, are also observable in the fruits of n t ; , r n manufactured objects fou d in the ceme ery as for g a atum.

- instance, the textile fabrics , basket work , and wooden If all the ancient plant remains that have been objects of various kinds . discovered in the tombs of the ancient Egyptians are An t t examination of he fibres of the tex ile fabrics taken into consideration , the flora of ancient Egypt w shows that they are al ays composed of linen . - announces to us , like that of the lake dwellings, that A n scherso has examined the fibres of a quantity of all the plants which come in contact with ma n E ancient gyptian mummy cloths , and has come to become changed up to a certain point, and thus man Verlzan dlun en der Ber li n er the same conclusion (see g participates in the great transformations of nature ; s s l e/z An t/i r o o lo i elzen Ge el s a t 1 8 . p g f , 7 5, p while the wild plants which surround us at the pre Two species of a grass were used in the manu sent day still grow in the same forms as they did

- w facture of basket ork . Baskets were also made of a o two or three thousand years g , and do not exhibit

- l , . plaited date palm leaves as a so were mats The the smallest change . rope used in G raeco - Roman times was chiefly made — was of date palm fibre, though hempen fibre some w 6 6 . The follo ing is a complete list of the vege ’

. C n times used The hildre s toys and small wooden table remains found by Mr Flinders Petrie in the

g , t images were enerally made of sycamore he com cemetery of Hawara . Those marked with an aste

E . C monest gyptian wood edar was used for the risk have before been authenticated by specimens

, t t panel pictures and was probably impor ed from he from the ancient tombs . P L ebanon district of alestine . The coffins were

N m a oe Sav. w w y ph ea c rulea, generally made of sycamore ood, but the ood of Nelumbi um m . ’ speciosu , Willd

P z n us i n ea L . ( , a a librato r L . a species of pine probably p ) was also M tthiol , B AHM I U. 5

m o P o . D n m Z Ga . illa yagr ides, rsk elphi iu orientale, y

- a . C o L oe eze ba DC . Lychnis c li ros , L cculus ,

T m Eh re n b . N m ae o H a arix nilotica, y ph a l tus, ook .

P . P v H b S . Rh aeas . i iscus ( p ) apa er , L S E o a a . v lli m i . a L . var. A o l e c rpus serr tus , L inapis ar ensis, , , jacq M ru m m . ae a un ifl o ra V . Linu hu ile, Mill , ahl

a m m N . On c o ba o o F . B lsa dendron yrrha, ees spin sa, orsk A V a . fi cif v o lia . itis inifer , L lcea , L

ri n th iaca . m n v. c o o m H s. , L Linu a gustif liu , ud

a a . n ae Del. Medicago denticul t , Willd Bala ites gyptiaca,

T m alexan d rin um . o rifoliu , L M ringa aptera, Gaertn . m S a . P C a a s. icer rietinu , L esbania egyptiac , er

V F b . v L . icia a a, L Lathyrus sati us , C e oe . L ns esculenta, M nch ajanus indicus, L . v m C P m . v lo c n s S . var . c o th o id e isu sati u , L itrullus ulgaris, chrad , y

v . Sc h wn f. ar ense, L A A b a . m r v L . cacia ara ic , Willd piu g a eolens , C eruan R R . a F k osa sancta, ichards pratensis, ors . m S h r P . ae an th u v r s a o DC . y us do estica, L p su e lens, h H . C m P Et . o runus persica, and ook artha us tinct rius, L . mm P . A . Myrtus co unis, L icris coronopifolia, sch m m m w o Lamk. Sambac La s nia iner is , Jas inu , L .

m . P a L . unic granatu , L Mentha piperita, m F E m . C . pilobiu hirsutu , L icus arica, L

m v . S f F C . ucu is sati us, L alix safsa , orsk A m m . . v L Melo, L lliu sati u , A m a v Ser . . Lagenari ulgaris, lliu cepa, L m r o am C x . . R Galiu t ic rne, With al us fasciculatus, o b

o a m v m Med mi A v n rt mb. C . e a P . . o u e ri ndru sati u , L rgun , G W l C To . L . ri is infesta , L yp erus esculentus , m An C m o m lan i er D . hrysanthe u c ronariu , L . dropogon g , esf L e t c hl n a . B o o a a . C . R z e t urea depressa, M ieb p bipinnat , et

m - E r a m L K . L . Gnaphaliu luteo albu , rag ostis byssinica, m ch im ri H P m S e a Ac h . Mi usops p , ochst. ar elia furfur cea,

x z U fl m . S o Dr . resi n Ho tyra Ben in , y ( ). f snea plicata,

O a . le europea, L N T — i O E . The w v ma v . n ub ca Sc hw , n f. riter of this paper has recei ed ny w h an C x . ordia My a , L letters, and has often been asked, hether t ere is y th e m s m e C r b a . e uscuta a a ic , L truth in state ent that se d taken fro the anci nt m I t ma b e m m m . So r . lanu dulca a a, L to bs had been caused to ger inate y here m was a o th e O a . rig num Majorana, L pointed out that this state ent long g refuted on r f C . o o n o elosia argentea, L g ound of intenti nal deceit the part the gardener

w Bo t an . R m x th e v o o ur n . u e dentatus , L. entrusted ith culti ati n (see j , j , L u N v w f r o f a rus nobilis, L. e ertheless, o ing to requent requests, a se ies “ F S co mo rus m v n In th e icus y , L . experi ents ha e bee tried on the seeds found H w m as . Th e v Juglans regia , L . a ara ce etery seeds ha e been planted under v C m but et the ex eri Quercus suber, L . (cork ). fa ourable ircu stances as possible, , as y , p m n v u u . o . juniperus ph e icia, L ents ha e res lted in absol te failure 1< P n inus pi ea, L . N T z L . arcissus a etta, P dac t lif r o e a . h enix y , L H a h i t e ba c a . yph ene , Mart C yperus papyrus , L . S m m cirpus ariti us , L . Im perata cylindrica, L . m S ti cum . e C HAP E R V . accharu gyp , Willd T I I I Av o S h ena strig sa, c reb . T m v riticu ulgare, L .

BIAHMU. H v ordeum ulgare, L .

W tw - 6 . a o o so Th 7 hen , six years g , I visited the called e following is a list of the plants previ o usly Bi ah m u py ramids of , about four miles north of Medi authenticated by specimens from the ancient Egy ptian c l w net Fay um , I concluded from their appearance tombs , but hich have not been found among the was v H w that it very unlikely that they had really been vegetable remains disco ered at a ara . w pyramids , but rather that they ere courts surrounding

r S e P h a r ma l e ti ca o ur n a l v w w . ceu o l. xi x. . 8 t o y , , p 3 7 , 399 . great pedestals on hich statues had stood This HMU AND 4 4 7 AWARA BI A 135 1 015 . 5 4 E , ,

th e Hero do to s Vth result agreed nearly with description of , edge to a courtyard of a mastaba of the dynasty ,

w z . of two pyramids rising out of the ater, each bearing at Gi eh men t o co ur t Hi s P a ve . a stone statue seated on a throne . idea that they f Beside the rough blocks of w were large pyramids half submerged was easily to be bro nish limestone scattered over the court , there is b C explained y the fact of his visiting the province a uniform spread of hips of fine white limestone , w m during the inundation , and his vie ing the from which is probably therefore from the destroyed pave

A . A w Bi ah m u . , g g ment rsinoe and not oin do n to The rab 0 ” K ursi F a r aun P w name, , or throne of haraoh, accords The evidence about the pedestals is as follo s P w s D r w edestal o bro n i /t li mesto n e. e also ith this idea ; they are, however, more usually f ressed face “ ” “ es sa n a uz o n S an known as , the high places or high maining all ides of it no fragments of y other z things . Such was the state of the question when I stone lying about , except pieces of the quart ite sand w : went to the Fayum this year, and I much ished to stone colossus and no excess of flat pieces of that H two settle the matter by excavating. appily days over the curved, beyond the proportion natural in the w was ffi . almost su ced , and after a eek there scarcely colossus Two F a ce rema i n i n . any point of doubt remaining. g or three stones on each side w w The general arrangement of the structures ill be (of the eastern pedestal) ith flat dressed faces ,

n PI . i n . : seen on referring to the restoratio in xxvi The parallel to the whole mass , and one plane such various evidences that were discovered for the form faces would be very improbable if it was part of a

w w . here dra n , ill be best understood if we consider larger mass partly destroyed n t o edestal Th e ff e Ste s i n ro . w the di er nt parts of the structure, and state the p f f p course next belo

proofs that exist for the present restoration . This the plane faces at the top projects considerably, with w drawing only gives the plan and elevation of one broken front edge ; lower do n , the courses project 200 structure ; at feet distance on one side is a similar with cut edge, and therefore must have had another

building facing the same way while between these the block in front of them , showing a further step out . ‘

A . h road from the lake leads up to the capital , rsinoe The widt given here to the steps , and the position of tw e H o . ence it appears that these colossi wer placed as the joints , are only assigned by eye d ta Ste s a t si de o e es l. guarding the approach to the province from the lake, p f p These are probable, from

like the colossi on either side of the approach to a similar reasons but are less certain . o destal Hez li t e . temple, and probably at the proj ecting corner of the g f p This is only restored to the

- reclaimed district . existing top course level ; it may have been one or two courses higher, but then a further recession of the

6 8. The evidence about the courtyards is as face would be demanded, which is not likely, and the

follows colossus would be too high above the courtyard . R o ur t a rd wi t/i wa ll aro un d. Th e C y emains of wall , and evidence about the statues is as follows t N Sta tue o a man . a clear space around each pedes al ; the pedestal f ose found of western figure. No s nx t a ni . D having finished dressed faces on all sides , and there p rapery was found, several pieces .

. Seated a n d n o t s tan di n . P N fore not part of a larger mass g ieces of ile figures, and

D . m ti o n s . sum F o un da rawn as uncovered on all sides large fro sides of throne .

a ll o i n s back o edestal. K a lan ti éa w P W j f p There is no sign of ig . iece of drapery of wider ribbing wall or foundation further south ; it is improbable than that of the waist cloth . ti lz n w Deco ra o n o t ro e. sum x x that there was a small space between the all and the f Base of ( vn . foot ' N . 6 pedestal ; and the existing remains of the wall just of ile figure, pieces of stems and flowers (xxvii 5, )

agree to its joining the pedestal . of plants . From the front part are pieces of pen and

Wa ll six co urses l ug/t. Four courses remain at the hawk (xxvii . and false door (9 ) from the ka w NE . corner, without a top, so 5 is the minimum name, in the usual position of inscriptions do n the

The dressed back of the pedestal shows 6 as the sides of the front .

Base o tlzr o n e. m fi maximum . The step in front of the pedestal agrees f Fragments of any gures of the f 6 . . h to , which is more likely therefore than 5 nomes bearing of erings (xxvii 3 and 4, and ot ers) ;

'

Tl uckn ess o tlze wall. S w f ho n by flat face inside facing toward the front (north), as the piece 3 was w the NE . corner, which is probably the face of the found on the est side of the pedestal as high from court ; there may, however, have been a fine stone base of block as drawn, according to base surface

fi . o n . i linin g. remaining g 3 The spacing apart is not certa n , d o o wall C 2 Ro un ed t p f . opied from the parabolic but by the most likely proportion the 4 nomes I AHM B U. w 1 w w ould j ust arrange round the base , 7 at ends , 4 at of the base is double its idth second , it is ell pro sides . portioned to the si z e of the statue deduced from the M' . o n o li tli . w The most probable place for a joint fragments above ; third , it ould just hold the forty w two ould be just above the base , where the throne stands nomes in the most likely arrangement of spacing, w on it , as the block there turns to idth instead of as in the restoration . Y e t We . n o w height it is certain no joint existed at that part, have specified all the data for the recovery as we see not only a small depth remaining beneath of these monuments and we see that there is scarcely

sa m fi b a n w . the ( g . but the block is there broken y y point on hich an uncertainty remains The w — w w was w w edge holes , hich sho that there no j oint near statues ere 35 feet high , ith bases 4 feet high , or z that part . The height of the base above the nome 39 feet high in all , monoliths of quart ite sandstone,

fi gures is not fixed . polished until it glitters like glass . They stood on 2 1 w pedestals feet high , so that the hole mass rose 0 e w 6 . w 80 6 9 . W ill n o w turn to the evidence as to the feet The courty ards around them ere about w 1 1 b 1 0 z w 9 , 3 actual si e of the colossi . This is some hat com feet ide and 7 feet long inside or 3 y feet 1 we , w 1 6 , g 3% plicated , as have no complete statue of the same outside the all being % feet thick and risin

w w . period ith hich to compare the details of this . feet from the ground The materials I have used are ( 1 ) the throne and There only remains one feature which cannot be — NE . w tese n w . Use r . w lo er part of a statue of I I I , hich I recovered the gate ay In the corner of the Ne b esh eh Mus 2 w found at (Brit . ) ; ( ) a photograph eastern court several fragments of red granite ere

E l Bersh eh w . of the painting at of a colossus on a found , hich almost certainly belong to the gate

Use rtese n . , sledge, of the time of I I ; (3) a small There is a plain torus roll , from a top edge and a Se be ke msaf XIIIth w w statue of , of dynasty , hich I banded torus from an upright edge, ith panelling, bought at Thebes ; (4) a photograph of a statue of and parts of the ancient design often seen in panels W wa s A Mu l Pl . a . . . s o d . menhotep I I I ( Brit ) . Taking as a basis of the kingdom ( xxvii 4, 4 ) ith these 1 Am e of comparison , and supplementing it by means of the foun d a portion of an inscription (xxvii . ) of

w w n e mh at . others here needful , the results are as follo I I I , the most likely king to have erected such An d monuments . though the inscription mentions

F m t m et a e ea u e . r g n s s r d his restoring works that were inj ured , y this may

Ame n e mh at . i n s refer to the works of I in regulating the

No w I 1 w Amen e mh at . se , ide 5 Fay um , hich I I I certainly improved D wi rapery ribbing, g and enlar ed , and need not imply that these statues kilt g

. Sa m belonged to a previous king , centres apart L width at base The supposed dy ke of inant forms a corner just F w w e , , n 3 4 Bi ah mu was lo ers ide o h ad about , and as this probably a reclaiming m (P) 3 ter inal 9 two dyke, these colossi must have stood almost on

1 7 the dyke , overlooking the lake in front of them the road from the lake across the reclaimed land up to

the capital probably passing between them , as it does

Mean of all at this day .

w w The height of the figure seated may therefore be 7 0. The follo ing levels and measurements ere 0 20 E . . taken as about 4 inches , or 35 feet ; and though taken on the court The foundation projects 4

w w . these data vary greatly in value, yet this ill fairly inches bey ond the foot of the all The total length

r 6 2 1 E . 1 0 o 0 1 6 . rep esent the best of the results, 4 , 5 , and 3 of wall on the side is 57 ; the foundati n along the

b N 1 00 w 1 20. 1 w . The height of the base y the proportions of ( ) ould 4 , and therefore the all 3 The sides of the 8 1 b 2 2 8 8 be inches , y ( ) inches , by (4) 57 i nches , and pedestal are about 5 5 from the foundation edge on

b . 2 y a Bast statue in Brit Mus . 4 inches . judging by either side . The back face of the pedestal points to

w . 8 1 6 0 N. the nome figures , it could not be under 4 , as their 3 from the face of the all The stones marked

w w w NE . height from the lo er surface is kno n . The length on the plan are all dra n exact at the corner , w E and breadth of the base have been estimated by e y e and also the fe at the S . and the stones z from the si e of the upper step of the pedestal alone along the sides are only general in character . The

’ ' ' L Den kuuzler are three checks on this exist ; first , the breadth of the stones marked on epsius plan in

w . step around it thus comes out equal , hen the length only representative , and not exact The pedestal is ' HAWARA BI AHMU AND ARSI NOE . 5 6 , ,

E . about 26 0 x 39 0 at the broken base ; the finished The excavation was complete at the pedestal ;

t , faces at the top are 2 57 X 389 . The angle of the every bit of soil having been urned over and every 6 0 w NE . stone examined , from feet south of the pedestal sloping all at the corner, on such stones as are ° ° At W 6 6 6 N. . . N. apparently unshifted, is, on side 5 up to the outside of the wall the pedestal '— ° ’— d u 6 1 , g 1 6 E . t mean , 5 on the side, 4 3 mean only some trenches and holes were o recover 6 ° t 4 Mean of both sides, say pieces of the colossus around the pedestal he whole

200 W . The levels are taken from an arbitrary datum , of the structure is so much more ruined than the

E was . inches beneath the level of the pavement at the NE . . that it less worth exploring The fragments w w corner . The courses are as follo of the colossi hich I left behind are buried in the E W . d u S . hole I g at the corner of the pedestal , ex . Wa at NE . e e tal. E . e e ta ll W p d s p d s l .

ti n w . 46 8 cep g some large pieces hich I left out The

E two . 2 447 pieces brought to ngland , and casts (xxvii , 4 2 2 i n A O . are the shmolean Museum , xford S9 I 3 6 5 334 3 0 7 2 7 5 HAP E R IX C T . 2 45 2 1 2

1 86 A NOE RSI . 1 46

s Here it will be noticed that the Courses are intention 7 1 . A my object in excavating was not the later ally the same in thickness and in level in the two remains, but rather those of the middle kingdom ,

- pedestals , especially considering that there are small I did not attempt to do anything in the wide spread

two . A fluctuations of or three inches in the course lines ruins of rsinoe, except at the site of the ancient

The levels of the foundation of the courtyard wall temple at the northern end of the mounds . This is 8 1 1 6 N 1 N. E 0 are, at side, 9 to , varying ; . of . side, 4 ; apparently the oldest part of the place, a statue near

E 1 1 . S. . m Amen e h at I . of side , 4 The ground is black mud with there being of , who was probably the strata of coarse sand irregularly through it ; the sand founder of the Fayum province . From there the town n is native, and is so coarse and clean that it must have has continually bee rebuilt more and more to the A w c l been brought in by the bursting of chance dams in south , until the present rab to n of Medinet a the entr nce of the Fay um , which let a mass of water Fayum extends to nearly two miles from the north w in that s ept all before it , and brought with it a rush end of the temple site . For a general plan of the

. O of desert soil ver this lies a bed of mixed earth mounds , and an account of their antiquities and

E . and chips beneath the pedestal and some smaller papyri , the best source is an excellent paper by

e . 1 8 x 1 0 x 8 l e s esellsclz S w Wi cken Z i t . . blocks ( g ) underlie the large ones to ch einfurth and , in the g

. E /eun de 1 88 H rd . give them a better bearing There is no trace of , Berlin , 7 ere I shall only consider foundation deposits or of artificial sand beds under the ground of the temenos and its neighbourhood , as

. Two w P1 . the corners of either the wall or the pedestal sho n in . xxix w E . curious deep holes ere found at the pedestal The great temenos covers a large space, being over w 0 filled up ith dust and fragments of the colossus, 1 000 feet long and 7 5 feet wide . The brick wall w w t d u 0 0 hich sho s hat they must have been g when the around it is about 3 feet thick , and still about 4 was . On e w . statue being broken up hole , south of the feet high in the least orn part The bricks are — w 1 6 6 x x pedestal, and therefore under the wall site, ent down 44 inches, and therefore not later 0 8 5 , . XXVIth to level or feet below the base of the pedestal than the dynasty, though, perhaps , earlier was 0 8 , t . S n o w The other a shaft 4 across down o 3 level , at than that Most of the ite is cultivated land ,

E . 1 80 SE t . P F e rh at E f of he pile ossibly these were part of belonging to f endi , who reclaimed it three

t , a o an attempt to undermine the pedes al and so let the or four years g , hence research here is almost w S hole structure fall over for destruction . ome pieces impossible now ; an d many pieces of statues and z z has . of a green gla ed tablet, with traces of red gla e on it , inscriptions have been found , and much stone

w E . t t . So ere found by the pedes al bu much decomposed been removed , in course of this cultivation . far They may have been part of some glaz ed ornamental as the still bare ground was not too deeply e n c um b panels , or possibly part of a foundation deposit beneath bered y rubbish, I have excavated in it, and so w n o . the pavement destroyed recovered some notion of the plan of the temple . ARSINOE . 5 7

N lo w early all the stone is destroyed , but the sand beds of the approach to the pylon , and as as the

w was b . R w on hich it laid still remain ; and y tracing py lon itself In the late oman times , ho ever , this

w . C was them the position of the alls can be ascertained lear ground used for rubbish , and a great W w two w . I t ill be seen on the side that there ere rubbish mound has been piled up on either side , still w . On lines of building , too wide apart to have had a roof leaving a hollo over the line of the road

' w H was was a wa ll bet een them . ere , then , probably a wall looking over this area it seen that E VV . was surrounding the temple, as at dfu the temple itself bounded it on the , and that this not merely

v ro w w la appears to ha e had a peristy le colonnade all round a of houses , but the house alls y on the

w was it , as bases of columns remain along the inner bed other side of a street ; this all therefore the

On w - of sand . dra ing the axis , from the middle of boundary of the pro temenos , and the houses on

w E . the py lon in ard , the opposite side of the temple the side appear to come to an end , and not to v falls on the dotted lines ; and on exca ating here a pass under the great rubbish mound . I excav ated w w large base was found in j ust the line of the colonnade . do n the side of the all , and found that it rested w w w This ould give a breadth across the colonnades of on an older all in the same line, down hich I

ffi 49 0 feet ; but it is di cult to credit such an enor excavated to the bottom of it . I also excavated a w w mous building, as it ould be half as ide again as chain of pits across the south end of this open space ,

K . n was the great temple of arnak This buildi g of and found , at a great depth , that there was a distinct XXVIth w w late date , probably of the dynasty , or even road ay of pottery laid do n , belonging to the

P w . As w tolemaic, as a block ith a fine bust of a king earliest times the site of the temple and to n R a e was w offering, evidently of amesside g , found used must have been a dead level hen first settled ,

A r - . e XIIth in the foundations nother used block is the probably in the dy nasty , the levels of all the

Pl. . w piece of an early tomb ( xxvii hich , like foundations are of great value as pointing out the We S some similar fragments , had perhaps been brought history of the place . hall therefore proceed H At from the cemetery at awara . the pylon are here to state the various levels fou nd , in chronological some immense blocks of red granite, remains of the order . w 1 86 0 gate ay ; these were in position until about , w hen the stone grubbers of Medinet found that there 7 3. The scale of levels is reckoned in inches , and was z w limestone beneath them , and steadily mined it starts from an arbitrary ero belo any point reached ,

200. out until the standin g parts fell , and the threshold the threshold of the py lon being called The

. 2 tipped over and sunk The largest block is 5 feet rate of accumulation , roughly speaking , has been w 8 w long and 7 5 feet ide , and has still one block of the about inches per century, the hole of it artificial w side standin g on it (marked black in plan). I ex and ithout any relation to the natural rise of de N w cavated all round these blocks , and found another posited soil in the ile valley, hich does not seem

re - Am e n e mh t . P a l. piece of used granite of I I I ( to have taken place in the Fay um . The earliest 1 1 xxvii . ) in addition to the inscription already level of distinctly intentional w ork is i n the ap

. S w v - known (xxvii these blocks ho conclusi ely proach , or pro temenos here a bed of broken pottery XIIth w 1 that this pylon is later than the dynasty, and and clean sand has been laid do n 5 inches thick , w w w the traces of earlier ork ill be sho n further on . apparently for the road to the temple , and beneath On two N the inner side of this py lon are sand beds, it the mud is quite clean black ile deposit for the w w probably belonging to the bases of colossi , but they 5 inches examined . It ould be ell perhaps to

. 2 1 are not of the first epoch of building Further i n search deeper , but the hole being already feet two w A as fi rm . w I are the sand beds of alls sand bed runs deep through ground that not too , did w along the face of hat appears to be the temenos not continue it, as the mud appeared to be quite w - T 8 1 1 1 all , probably to support a stone facing on either native . his level of the pottery is 9 to and S was was w we ma ide of the pylon and in this bed found a very as the road probably raised some hat, y late foundation deposit of four plain gilt blocks of regard 1 00 as the original level of the ground in the I I h X t . limestone . dy nasty The position of the statues of e mh a m a Am e n t I . and Bast suggests that the block y

- A 2 t . t 7 . Outside of the temenos there is a long space have decorated the entrance to the pro emenos entirely clear of houses the soil is nothin g but loose the py lon the earliest period is shown by a great bed w w earth and pottery ; and this continued comparatively of clean y ello sand , 5 feet thick , on hich the

R R - : 1 1 clear until oman times , as a oman red brick house earliest py lon stood this is at 5 3 to 3 ; and as was ear ust was mined out for bricks this y , j in the line the ground very likely raised for the building, RA BI AHMU AND ARSINOE . 5 8 HAWA , ,

b e this agrees with the level of 1 00 for the original the XXVIth dy nasty . To this period probably W w w z ground . ithin the temenos , pottery is found do n longs the present temenos all ; the si e of the w P a e to 9 9 , or perhaps lower, under the sand beds of the bricks sho s that it cannot be of the tolemaic g , 1 6 S W . w . w late alls But much lo er depths are found in and yet the high level of it at the corner, 3 , w N E . the hollo on the of the py lon , and in the great requires it to be dated as late as possible, to allow As R w NW NE . hollo in the . . corner. I n the . ground , for such a depth of rubbish the amesside

w C 1 2 200 - mud, ith pottery and stone hips , lies from to ground level at the pylon is , the sand bed of a 8 8 1 2 1 4 , and sandy earth and pottery from 4 to 3 stone casing to the temenos wall at 94 must belong w 6 w a e XXVIth surface level , hich is feet belo the general to a later g , and is probably of the , as ground ( 1 9 9 so here is evidently a very early earth would not accumulate rapidly at the pylon . “ - 8 lo w 1 6 8 a e made ground up to 4 , covered with accu The foundation deposit , at , may be of this g , m ula i w n N. t o s. W w In the . ground , the lo est bit of though, from its poor quality, it ould seem to be w pottery is at 1 3 (the hole goes down to but there later. The sand beds of alls a little inside the gate m is mud over it to 5 5 : the pottery is probably pre are also of this date presumably , as they are fro 1 200 6 1 w 1 9 historic , and the starting level 5 5 , agreeing to the 39 to , or thick , and another ith top at 5

- H 1 1 . made ground level of 48. ence the ground in the and 7 Throughout all this period earth and

0 w - temenos seems to be about 5 , or 4 feet deeper than pottery ere accumulating in the pro temenos, until the outside level : this may be due to the earth for it reached a level of 2 6 0 (or over 1 2 feet thick above — the primitive brick wall having been taken from the the primitive road), before mere rubbish was accu

N m ulated . 8 W . inside of the enclosure . From 5 5 to 4 at the . there The waste heaps of pottery and

- 26 0 is burnt pottery, a waste heap ground and over that rubbish reach from up to 343, the present ground 8 1 1 e t 1 mud from 4 to 7 , the present ground in the low level y that ground , with 9 feet of accumulation , hollow . is the lowest region of the whole mounds .

The great temple, of which the remains of the L XII h . t 7 4 eaving, then , the level of the dy nasty , colonnade have been found , belongs probably to the

w 1 00 0 P XXVIth . hich is in the approach and py lon , and 5 i n tolemies rather than to the dynasty The Psametic i S i m the temenos , the next period of building is probably were not great builders ; not a ingle w E E R a e . e the amesside g To this may attribute the portant temple in gy pt is due to them , the mpire — P X I I l. XX 1 0 V . second sand bed under the pylon , from 4 upwards, ( ) and the tolemies being the periods of At Neb e sh eh Aah mes on which the granite threshold rests , with its top great buildings . , for instance,

200. Ame S a surface at For this the earlier work of deserted the ite of the large temple, and built

- was re a . n e mh at . e I I I used . To this g belong prob small one outside of it That some large temple Pl 2 w Ph ilad e l h o s ably the flint knives ( . xxviii . to hich are was built here under p is probable from

N. W found in the earth at the south part of the deep . the name of the town having been changed in honour 6 1 1 1 2 : A . w as hollow, at about 7 to level they are thus at of rsinoe That queen the heiress according 0 XIIth E law Ph i lad e l h o s 7 above the level of the dy nasty in the to ancient gyptian , and p reigned 1 00 XXVIth w temenos , and about beneath the dy nasty by his marriage ith her ; she is honoured as the “ ” P a n ebt ta ui E or tolemaic level ; hence they can hardly be t , or lady of both gypts, and has a throne XVI I Ith X C XI th . On tributed but to the or dynasty . I t artouche as well as her personal cartouche the m a w was P w y be noted that this deep hollo far deeper stela of ithom she stands ith the great gods Tum ,

w a o d u O Hare mkh uti H ff about t enty years g , but earth has been g siris , , and athor, receiving the o er w w P a ay from the south side of it , and thro n into the ings of tolemy and granting blessings to him ; and deeper parts to lev el it in this digging out the fl i n t the same tablet mentions P tolemy building a city ”

was . A b o fl i n t K e m uerm a A ground exposed y brought the large at in honour of rsinoe, named after her , fi . i n knife to me ( g and finding on inquiry that it and with a sanctuary dedicated to her , which she

P . came from cultivated ground where I could not work , and tolemy were worshipped This being the case A S z I had to encourage the people to hunt for them , by at the rsinoe of ue , it is probable that a temple v S A gi ing a good value for all that were brought to me . was imilarly founded to rsinoe at her town i n the n o w The better ones are in the British Museum . Fayum . The sand beds of walls and colonnade are

- R P The first wall of the pro temenos is also amesside therefore probably of tolemy I I . the bed is from 1 6 4 1 2 1 82 1 8 1 1 0 apparently ; it was founded at 7 level, and was to , or thick, its top varying from 7 7 to 9 ;

9 . 1 8 22 feet hi gh even in ruin and the stones still on it are from 3 to 7 , or 43 h a The next period of building is probably t t of thick . The bases of the columns have been left after

6 0 I A BI AHM AND AR I N E . HA! VAR , U, S O

Ma te ri l rm . re se Ma F rm . resen t . a . o P n t . An i n te ria l . o P F c e t

me e - a a l t br. to w . B s , Li s n , 43 45

a al l 6 - 1 0 t . a a t br. 1 B s , bk B s , 3 a a l t . me to e lt . b r . 8 B s , bk Li s n , 5

- S e te Al a a te w. 2 2 y ni b s r, 5 9

a a l t . 26 B s , bk Bro nze a l — a t . a l 8 a t . B s , bk B s , bk 3 43

a al t b r . H 1 06 aemat te bk . B s , i , G a te l 8— a t b r. r ni , pink B as , 3 44 me t 2 o e 2 1 1 1 me to e lt. b r. Li s n , 9 Li s n , 49 a al t . l 1 6 a a t b r. 6 B s , bk B s , 5 445

a al t b r - . 1 6 me to e w. 8 B s , 33 5 Li s n , 3 a al t . B s , bk o e —1 6 1 6 6 I A HM A Br nz 33 5 4 ATT C DR C A ST NDARD .

a al t b r. B s , — S e te . 8 a al t b r y ni , bk 3 44 B s , . a al 26 t . B s , bk 437 a al t b r. B s , a al 6 — 1 1 0 t . P o h B s , bk 3 37 3 9 rp yr y, bk . C o e l a 20—0 2608 26 0 — 6 'o pp r s g 4 3 Steat te . 26 6 1 i , gy 3 4 S e te . 8 6 2 6 2 y ni , bk 3 55 57 G a te br. r ni , a l 6 2 a t br . 1 6 1 a l B s , 9 a t b r. B s , o e —6 81 a a l t b r Br nz 33 3 5 5 4 B s , . Bro nze 36 1 6 53 3 5 1 6 58 a a l t . B s , bk a a l t b r 1 —1 6 B s , . 4 5 G a te . r ni , rd — me to e lt . b r 0 2 1 a al t Li s n , . 3 3 33 B s , bk . 33 Al a te 1 0 1 a w. 6 0 b s r, 5 3 7 me to e y . 1 6 1an 7 3 0 Li s n g 5 3 ‘ Se e t e 8— 6 6 1 6 6 6 H m rp n in , gy. 3 43 5 ae at te . 0 i , bk 4 G a te —1 6 6 0 6 6 0 — r ni , rd . 33 5 5 7 7 57 a al t . 20 B s , bk 33 o e 26 6 2 6 26 a alt —1 6 Br nz 33 9 7 B s , bk. 33 5 al 2 — 0 a t . 1 6 6 6 a al — B s , bk 7 5 7 t . 26 B s , bk 33 — a al t, b r. 20 1 6 a a l t - 1 B s 5 B s , bk . 33 6 5 l 2—1 a a t . 6 8 a al t b r 1 6 8 B s , bk B s , 7 3 5 - a a l t 1 2—1 . 8 a l “ B s , bk 4 333 3339 5 a t . I B s , bk 7 37

S e te . 2 a al t y ni , gy 5 B s , bk . 33 Ha mati te bk , . 49 a a l t br. B s , 33 m 2 — 1 e to e, b r. 5 6 6 7 9 a al t b r 2 6 - 0 6 Li s n 3 B s , . 3 7 4 3 — - a al t . 1 0 1 a al t b r 20—2 B s , bk 7 9 9 343 9 B s , . 6 a a l 1 6 - 0 t . 26 8 a al t 6 B s , bk 5 7 B s , bk . 3 a al t —1 6 6 0 Al a a — 2 B s , bk . 33 5 74 te w. 6 b s r, 3 38 74 3 Al w 2 —1 0 a a te . 1 a al t b r b s r, 9 55 35 B s , . 33 — ' a a l t 20 26 1 1 6 a al t r I B s , bk . 35 3 35 b . 5 B s , 4 S3 ‘ o e . 1 6 1 P S e te 2 ta ll Br nz , bk 5 3 9 34 y ni , gy . 7 a al t 2 — a al t b 2 —2 B s , bk . 7 33 45 5 r. 6 B s , 4 Se e t e . 1 6 1 6 6 a l rp n in , gy 5 3 a t b r. B s , — me to e b r. 1 1 6 Li s n , 7 5 a al t b r . B s , a al —1 t . a al t B s , bk 7 9 5 3 B s , bk . — a al t . 2 6 8 2 a al t B s , bk 7 33 5 B s , bk . - a al t b r. 2 2 2 - , 7 7 9 Bro nze 36 37 298 7 B s 33 37 3 3 l 2 a a t . 1 a al t b r 20— 2 80 2 B s , bk 4 37 5 B s , . 33 9 a al t . 6 6 8 a al b B s , bk 3 74 t r. a B s , 33 t ll a al t . 8 1 8 a al t 0— B s , bk 3 37 . 1 1 1 B s , bk 3

a al t 2 6 - B s , bk . —33 a al t b P HtE N1 c1AN SHEK E STA A . r. 26 B s , 33 L ND RD a l a t bk . B s , 33 Bro nze 26 547 2 5 2 7 S e te y ni , gy. 33 — G rani te red 1 2 1 6 5 a al t . 1 6 B s , bk 5 a l 1 - 1 26 1 a t . B s , gy 9 39 7 B s l - a a t br. 2 ' , 7 33 — Bro nze 1 26 1 3 5 5 1 3 6 a a l t 20 - B s , bk . 33 a al — 2 1 2 2 1 t . 8 B s , bk 9 3 9 4 94 a al t - b r. 1 0 B s , 35 a al t B s , bk . 33 5 5 3 S e te 8— y ni , gy. 3 44 a a l t — 226 B s , bk . 54 55 7 5 a al t b r. B s , a a l t 1 6 1 1 2 0 1 1 0 B s , bk . 5 9 34 a a l t br. 1 6 ‘ B s , 33 5 7 535 a al - 81 1 1 6 t . B s , bk 79 5 4 - a a l t . 1 6 B s , bk 33 ; Bro nz e 40 1 1 7 a al t - 8 B s , bk . 9 3 a al t b r 6 2 1 B s , . 4 35 a a l t r b . B s , a a l t br 1 —0 1 1 6 B s , . 9 4 7 4 o e 6 Br nz 3 - m e to e . 0 2 6 Li s n , gy 4 44 35 a a l b - t r. 2 B s , 7 35 Bro nze 25 1 1 9 6 3 1 1 8 a l a t . 20 B s , bk l 8 1 1 1 20 1 a a t b r. B s , 3 99 4 a al t b r - . 6 B s , 33 3 - o e x ma 26 33 1 4 1 228 b — Br nz rk a al t r. B s , 37 38 a al t br B s , . 33 A A — fE G tNETAN DRACHMA ST ND RD . a a l t . 2 B s , bk 7 33 — 6 0 G a te b r. 1 6 r ni , 5 93 1 0 1 1 'T Ma l e w . 29 1 007 7 3 ASSYRIAN SHEK L STANDARD . rb , - 8 1 02 6 me to e lt. b r . Li s n , 3 a al 1 —8 ' 1 t . 1 1 1 1 6 1 o B s , bk 3 9 9 3 Al a a te 1 —0 1 20 b s r 9 4 7 EIG T AI STA A - H Y GR N ND RD me to e lt. b r 8 1 22 6 Li s n , . 3 39 — - l 2 2 a t . 0 a al t . 1 2 1 6 6 1 a 7 B s , bk 5 39 B s , bk — - l 2 0 2 a al t . 20 2 6 6 1 8 a a t b r. 9 B s , bk B s , — - 2 Lhn emo n e bn 2 1 0 1 1 8 Sa to e lt. b r . 1 44 , 3 — 4 nds n , — a al t . 6 0 a to e lt. 1 2 8 B s , bk 58 3 1 25 3 1 26 2 S nds n , 3 IVE ] 011 T5 . 6 1

ATTI A C DR CHMA STANDARD . o . . e . . Mate rial . F rm Ch An c i n t Un i t M ateri al . An ci e n t . X Un i t .

P ER SIAN SIL VE R STANDARD

Basalt b r. 1 0 1 3 ,

me to e w . 2 4 Li s n , 9 I

ROMAN UN CIA STANDARD

me o e 1 fl at 1 22 1 0 2 t . Li s n , bk I 7 [ 5 3 14 7

K US (all bron z e) .

36 29 5 7 1 5 296 o 1 4 4 1 0 I 7 4 l 7 2 6 4 2 8 8 4 2 — fE G lNEI' ‘ AN D AC HMA STA A 5 5 6 6 1 26 1 2 1 28 R ND RD 26 1 35 0 1 0 1 36 o — a a l t b r. 1 2 2 2 2 6 B s , 3 37 33 5 5 3 3 5 5 6 33 c > 9 6 99 EIGHTY RArN TA A G S ND RD .

1 0- 1 7 s DE LTA. 4

N Naukr i at s : S S : . , , ais B , Benha

EG Y PTIA K AT STA A N ND RD .

—33 I S7 3 5 20—1 6 5 1 59 2 9 1 400 1 2 4 1 1 6 0 1 0 1 6 5 38- 43

DEFE NNE H B z ( ron e) .

i Un t .

1 45 7 I Mark I

tt ark p

B asal t

ASSY IA HE K E TA AR R N S L S ND D .

2 t 1 2— 1 2 Serpen ine ? bk . 43 34 6

Hze mati te . 6 1 15 6 3 , rd 49 Al a s t w — a e . 2 28 4 b r, 5 L ma — . rk 5 Bro nze 33 IO I 2583

B l - 6 asa t . 1 , bk 9 38 7 Bro nze 1 60 1 06 7 HAWARA BI AHM AND AR 6 2 , U, SI NOE .

h An c i e n t C . .

7 8. The bron z e weights from De fe n n eh require w i some special notice. They are orthless for show ng Syenite the variations of the standards,owing to the e x te n t ' to w b c o n se hich they are altered y corrosion , and the

quent uncertainties of their exact amounts . But as we have no other series of minute wei ghts they are

“ of great interest as showing the systems of subdivision

of the standards . To this end they are classified here according to the fractions which they show ; and for

clearness the division of the unit is stated , instead of

the multiplier as in the other lists . In order to avoid

' an y bias in attributi ng these to k n o wn systems of I b weight , began y grouping together those weights w " 0 hich were evidently connected , up to 3 grains in weight ; thus it was quite unknow n to what systems these groups might belong without examining their A relations to others . fter forming these groups of smallest weights (among which I only observed the w 0 decimal fractions of the kat) , the eights over 3 grains were successively added to the groups with w which they ere connected , until the groups emerged from their nameless and unconnected condition into

w - w clear relationships to the various ell kno n systems . Thus there was no attempt at try ing to fit the weights w to what was already kno n , but the results here came from the natural grouping of the weights quite inde

pendently of previous results . That every group is simply connected with some known sy stem is a proof t of the reality of the groups , and of the at ributions

not depending on casual coincidence . The decimal division of the kat is what might be expected from its decimal multiplication ; its binary division is a very m general mode in aking any small weights , as it is the readiest way of formin g fractions ; and its ternary division is already noticed in De fe n n e h weights (see Ta m} I A I ) . he ssy rian shekel is normally divided into 6 si kh i rs ; but it seems to be also decimally E divided , like its decimal multiplication i n gypt . The A ttic drachma appears in oboli as usual , and also in P o continuous halving. The h enician shekel is well w a kno n to be divided in quarters , or drachm e. The XE i n e tan m a g y be here found in oboli , but it is hardly

probable to find so many examples, and hence these

v o are , perhaps , to be attributed to the binary di isi ns

A 80- of the ssyrian shekel . The grain unit was bi n ari ly Eigh ty - grain standard divided like the others ; and this division was only a WE I GHTS. 6 3 continuation of the binary division of the 1 0 Assyrian Egyptians in the offerings in the temple of Heliopolis w — — w b Shekels from hich it was derived . not far from Memphis objects ere weighed y

L I w Nam w w Dr . was ast y ear deduced from the eights of Memphis the eight, hich Birch states equal to was 2 uten s I 2 len s ute n s was Reco r ds that a standard formed of , and termed or , and used for metal (see

- fir P a st i I o e . R . it the Memphite uten had not then noticed that f , vi This exactly confirms my result was w w such a standard kno n to have been used by the from the classification of the Memphite eights .

N O T E . — Th e w 1 888 h as th e m H w wh ff o m an k w r e m later ork in 9 opened pyra id of a ara, ich di ers fr y other no n in the ar ang ent

Am n mh at III . P tah n fru w n Th e n e e e as . of it. fu ereal furniture of and his daughter found i side Th e m Te tbastaufan kh m m o w m mm to b of has supplied many co plete sets of a ulets, the p sitions of hich on the u ies

A m H ru a h is v . u o t . ha e been recorded lso a great nu ber of large shabtis, and the sarcophagus, of father

Th e m XII th o v v great to bs of the dynasty, later used for cr codile burials, ha e been exca ated .

At Illah un m th e XXIIIrd v m XII th , any burials of dynasty ha e been found in to bs of the dynasty. w XVI II — r XIX. At T G u o b . v m ell , a to n entirely of the dynasty has been exca ated, and any objects found .

’ i wo w Full deta ls of this rk ill appear in the next year s volume .

H W ARA an uar 1 88 A , j y , 9 .

’ n ew h e r th e m v m 1 6 I n Dr . Leaf s edition of the Iliad fu ther notes on anuscript described in this olu e that ( ) line 94

x m v h ad d o r r o eo da t w Zen o d o t s 0 It a w m Did maean Th e te t ust ha e j ith o 7 7 . is clear that (our scholi st) dre fro y ” “ m 2 Th e o belo s 1 — t o five . sources, and the raditi n is thus carried back so e hundred years ( ) is omitted on 7 9 3,

I N D E X .

C emete e a e u c e I O ry, rly s p l hr s , a e o m h am e 1 1 r is d t bs in c b rs , Ga I 1 A e t i n a u 2 r nds , 5 , 5 cc n s p pyr s , a o n o m 1 1 la p in in s bs, t g t G f me F a um 2 o u 1 1 , I 2 Amen emh at I . ec a ss nd , r l i d in y , la See Mummi es . I w F av um 2 e e 1 2 Ame n e mh at I I . o ns s , rk in , Ch a e o v e o m I o l p ls r t bs, wh e e - cut atte 1 2 u t a th 6 p rns , b il l byrin , Ch a m o n wax a e I 2 l r t bl ts , G o ame at Hawa a 2 1 - 2 ate a e fo r 2 ds n d r , 3 l pr y r , 3 C o fii n . s. See Mumm e i s G - ee f - t o 2 Ame sen b n ebuu 1 0 r k r is s , ski , 4 , a t ll ni e o f e a - o t a 1 p ip , rr , 7 t c t wo me 1 1 6 Ammo n ari n 1 rk n , 5 , , 7 C o m o u o f fo e in lds rg rs , 3 ‘ G ee s F a um 20 2 A h - fen - mut co fii n s 1 2 r k in y , , 9 nk , 9 , 4 , 3 ata o ue 1 c l g , 3 An kh rui a c o h a us o f 2 1 , s r p g , 9 , o fi e ri n s o m 1 g in t bs , 3 A h o e 1 p r dit , 7 C o o e 2 rk s l s , 5 Ar o e uee wo sh o f 8 sin , q n , r i p , 5 C o o e u a 6 1 0 r c dil b ri ls , , f 1 6 o w u o - t n , r ins , , 5 H n et w t a e 1 2 m at o I o ir , i sk , i it i ns , a h c t e 2 6 em , , 5 ua e m e h 1 3 t pl C o o o o 1 1 sq r s , r c dil p lis , t 2 c t o a ’ ins ri i n , 3 h a lr mS 1 p C o ss a an use o f 1 8 , 3 r , p g , P o py , 5 7 Haw a wo at l n ar , rk , 3

r - me o p o e n s , 57 o a o ve e t p rtr its disc r d , 3

eve h to 8 D“ s , nd is ry , 57 , 5 m exa m e l l a pyra id in d , 3 Art m ido ro s 1 8 e , Da e o f o t mumm e e me e see C e mete 8 t s p rtrai s and i s, c t ry ( ry) , 2 1 Her a 2 p , 3 Demo 1 20 H e o h n t o 2 1 s , 9 , i r glyp ic i scri p i ns , D H e o h c e to emo t ame o n o ffi 2 u e o n e se I . ic n s c ns , 3 i r glyp i s r d c d n s n , De o t o f mud F a um 2 I 6 p si in y , a o f aw u t I O B gs s d s , D m I Ho o fo r h a uf 1 1 idy a, 5 k s d , i ah mu wo at B , rk , 3 D o e e 20 an d ta e o f o 1 1 i g n s, s p ir n , o o 2 l c l ssi , , 3, 54 Do ra 1 2 Ho ruta s , g, , 9 sc o at 2 ll in ripti n , 3 , 5 5 o te c o m o e 1 2 p ry, p si , tu e o f em a s t t na r r in , 54 D b o w fo m 1 1 ri , r , ev e c e fo r e o at o ll id n r st r i n , w t fo m 1 1 is r , e o f c o o t I a u 2 siz l ssi , 5 5 li d , papyr s , 4 Du b 2 se ek , 3 eve a e t 2 —2 l ls , 55 cc n s , 4 7 B o n wh ee 1 1 o a 2 —2 ird ls , sch li , 4 7

o - t 2 c t ca m 2 2 Bl ck prin ing, 9 ri i l arks, 4, 7 E e Dr o n o a t 0 o wo o e 1 1 b rs , . , p rtr i s , 4 o o em 2 B dkin , d n , p rti ns r aining, 5 Emb ro ideri e o n mumm es 2 1 o e to o t 1 s i , ea 26 B rd rs , gilt, p rtrai s , 9 r dings, E au t a u e o f 8 ' n s i p in ings , n r , 3 S P . o t . ee c t c a t I n m z zzes 0 1 B any lants g , 4 , 4 e ve f o m E t 8 B a - o 1 1 d ri d r gyp , 3 ln ce n se ur e I O r nding ir n , b n rs , s o o f 8 o e n v e I I hi t ry , 3 , 39 I c o h e o h c 2 1 Br nz k i s , ns ri pti ns , i r glyp i , E xh o o f a t u t e B u h e 1 1 ibiti n n iq i i s , 3 G ee r s s , r k , 37 ’ E e a i n a to n n a e I u - e e e es 1 2 y s inl id c r g , 7 I o o o 1 1 B ll s y l ns , r n t ls , 0 Isaro us, 2

lsi o n I 6 , Iv o a e 1 2 ry c sk t,

C a o a 2 n pic j rs, 9 , 3 C a t ve o n mumm a e 1 6 J. p i s y c s s , ’ C a e e m a 2 rp nt r s rks , 3 jewe lle ry re pre sen ted in carto nn age . a o a e 1 —1 C r nn g , 4 7 t 1 6 w th o t a t I i p r r i s , 7 o n o a t 1 p rtr i s , 9 , 43 et vo 1 2 C ask , i ry, a e o f 1 g s , 9 C eme e o f Hawa a 8 t ry r , m asta a 8 b s , o m we 8 t b lls , o f Tetb asta ufan kh 8 to mb , i t o m 8 p t bs, o t t to m s 8 p r rai b , 6 6 I NDE X.

P . L . - P all" S u u e Of 8 , p » San a s a u 1 2 1 a h wo at c l t r d l , p pyr s, , 3 L byrint , rk , 3 P ai - auc e an d a a i s I I n rs , n ys , Sara as 20 o o o f t s l p p siti n , 4 O O P ai i o n o m I I n n s bs, e An kh rui . t g t Sa c o h a us e a o n e . Se te o f r p g , gr t si , 4, 5 o n v a e P a rus ai i n g s s , 9 h py p See Te tb astaufan k . e a ea o f l t o f s o ne . larg r , 5 t w h mumm 1 6 it y, o f a ac a wo o n o t o f wo i d , 9 brick rk, 5 c Of T mai o s i 28 ( ) a 1 1 b e u Sau e o f , mistake n y L psi s , 5 i c rs p int " " tax - i s 2 l st , 9’ 33 w i n a s 1 0 e o o f T Sa dus b g , s cti n , 5 t e e1 0 r c pt, 3 Se e 2 1 22 m t o f 6 b k, , li i s , 5 , c o i e o f ee 3 1 ua ed 6 p s d ds , Seb ekn eferu 6 pavemen t rece ntly q rri , , e e 2 l tt rs, 3 h mo e 1 2 eve 6 Se dan c air, d , l ls in , l ax e s, 33 - m a o o f a e a co u o f 6 t See ds n o n ger in i n , 53 n ci nt c nts , , t a o u t h o use n s, 34 e o a o o f 6 cc So c w h ca e , 1 2 r st r ti n , , 7 ks it sk ts h St Of 6 ’ 3 S am te 2 a o u o f D o o o 6 p, prin d, 9 cc nt i d r s, , t

See I i a . l d S o 1 6 o f He ro d o to s, 7 yr s ’ P e fo r u e s e 1 1 o f S a o g b ild r lin , tr b , 7 P e n ast 2 u e o h e tem e , 3 plan nlik t r pl s , 7 h 0 P ern efan k , 1 n o t a ma e , 8 z Ta e waxe 1 2 P e rsi an s e b o x in 1 2 b s , d , am wi h c o ve 1 0 tyl , , l t L p t r, e th e wo Ta e - h o e 1 2 P e rso na assis a nc in rk , 4 p r ld r, ea e u rn c e a 1 1 l t L d n , in r ry, - a um 1 d uh o r si en ast 2 Ta sh e ame o f F y , ’ P e p , 3 , n h e - wo e s ee e 1 1 Leat r rk r n dl s, Tetbastaufan kh o m 8 P u e f ame 1 0 , t b , , 9 e es a 1 2 ict r r , L ns , gl ss , e v o u i n E fa h e o f An kh rui 22 P an s fo und pr i s y gyp , 47 t r , o wo o e 1 1 l t l t L cks, d n , e vat o o f Te th amen 2 pre s r i n , 47 , 3 w x E 8 Tex e 2 1 n o e tinct in gypt, 4 til s , h ari n 1 8 fo r fo o Th ermut , d , 49 Mal e , 1 1 l t a eath e 1 1 wee Th umbst , r, ' ll l Marei ds, 49 s, 1 6 Ti o s 20 fl o we 1 ap , Me e el F a um 1 rs, 5 din t y , T to 1 6 ch a e 2 i s , M o to 1 2 ng s in , 5 irr r, y , See C eme e . o f 2 To mbs . ry Mo i ri s a e 1 2 list , 5 t , L k , , T 15 1 I P o n e a s a n 8 OO , Mumm e e o at o o f 1 liny nc u tic p inti g, 3 i s, d c r i n , 4 TO S P o a ea e t e w h a o n a e Y , b o x o ffi 1 rtr its, rli st s yl , it c rt n g , in c ns, 4 ate 1 2 I , d d, e a o a e a a e I 7 l b r t ly b nd g d , 4 a e o f 1 0 at o f 1 —20 d t , 7 , 4 d ing , 4 o n a va 1 2 um m 1 c n s, 7 , 4 d y, 5 tem er a 1 8 in p , u e efo e u a 1 5 Va e o f XXVIth a inj r d b r b ri l, s s dyn sty, 9 wax me h o 1 8 8 e t a o ve o u 1 1 6 i n , t ds, , 3 k p b gr nd, 5, rewax o f 1 e n o f o a u e 1 6 ing , 9 b gin ing p rtr it r , w h o e 1 2 g , 9 , 4 m o e e u - ca e 1 6 it ilt b rd rs d ll d b st s , a te afte ea h 20 1 red s u o e w th o a 1 8 p in d r d t , , 4 t cc d i p rtr it, e au t 8 axe a e 1 2 w h o tra t 20 in nc s ic, 3 , 39 W d t bl ts, it p r i s , m e o e b w e 8 1 ax uc o wo u e mm e e 2 1 nti n d y rit rs, 3 , 4 W ing st c rk, 9 b ri d i diat ly, e xam e a ea o w a n 1 2 1 pl s lr dy kn n , 39 , p inti gs, , 9 See P o rtraits. o f f o m Hawa a 2 e h t Mem h list , r r , 4 W ig s, p is, 59

‘ P o e a e Ro ma a e 1 De a 6 1 tt ry , l t n p int d, 3 lt , P e e va o n b wax 1 Defen n eh 6 1 r s r ti y ing, 9 , 9 , Na o n a o f o a t 20 P o 2 sma l v o n o f u 6 1 6 2 ti lity p rtr i s , rinting, bl ck , 9 l di isi s nits , ,

’ - Nee es ea h e - wo e 1 I h - o 1 1 dl , l t r rk r s, W ipping t ps,

R. kh - a 2 o o ut o f a u es Ne t r , 3 W rking ntiq iti , 4 N e a en a e o f 1 Ra- en - mat me u e ate me o me e ec e f o m a a c e 3 il , nci t st t , , na s d in l ti s, W rk n s l t d r dist n , fo rme fl o w o F a um 1 2 a c e G ee 1 1 6 r int y , , n i nt r k, 5 , n d a a s 1 e o s s F a um 2 Re e o f Q u tu Sen 30 Wrea h s a g r nd , 5 d p it in y , c ipt in s as, t l

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