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Hyksos and Israelite Cities BRITISH SCHOOL OF ARCHAEOLOGY IN EGYPT, AND EGYPTIAN RESEARCH ACCOUNT TWELFTH YEAR, 1906 HYKSOS AND ISRAELITE CITIES BY W. M. FLINDERS PETRIE WITH CHAPTERS BY m J. GARROW DUNCAN LONDON OFFICE OF SCHOOL OF ARCHAEOLOGY UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, GOWER STREET, W.C. AND BERNARD QUARITCH, 15, PICCADILLY, W. 1 906 A BRITISH SCHOOL OF ARCHAEOLOGY IN EGYPT, AND EGYPTIAN RESEARCH ACCOUNT TWELFTH YEAR, 1906 HYKSOS AND ISRAELITE CITIES BY W. M. FLINDERS PETRIE Hon. D.C.L., LL.D., Litt.D., Ph.D. F.R.S., F.B.A., Hon. F.S.A. (Scot.) MEMBER OF THE ROYAL IRISH ACADEMY MEMBER OF THE IMPERIAL GERMAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE SOCIETY OF ANTHROPOLOGY, BERLIN MEMBER OF THE ROMAN SOCIETY OF ANTHROPOLOGY ^ MEMBER OF THE SOCIETY OF NORTHERN ANTIQUARIES MEMBER OF THE AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY EDWARDS PROFESSOR OF EGYPTOLOGY, UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, LONDON WITH CHAPTERS BY J. GARROW DUNCAN, B.D. LONDON OFFICE OF SCHOOL OF ARCHAEOLOGY UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, GOWER STREET, W.C. AND BERNARD OUARITCH, 15 PICCADILLY, W. 1906 PRINTED BY HAZELL, WATSON AND VINEY, LD., LONDON AND AYLESBURY. : BRITISH SCHOOL OF ARCHAEOLOGY IN EGYPT AND EGYPTIAN RESEARCH ACCOUNT ©atron THE EARL OF CROMER, G.C.B., G.C.M.G., K.C.S.I., Etc., Etc. GENERAL COMMITTEE {^Executive Members) Lord Avebury *Prof. Ernest Gardner Sir C. Scott Moncrieff Walter Baily Prof. Percy Gardner Robert Mond Henry Balfour Rt. Hon. Sir G. T. Goldie Prof. Montague Freiherr von Bissing Prof. GOWLAND Walter Morrison Prof. T. G. Bonney Mrs. J. R. Green P. E. Newberry Rt. Hon. James Bryce Dr. A. C. Haddon Dr. Page May Prof. - J. B. Bury Jesse Haworth Prof. H. F. Pelham *Somers Clarke Dr. A. C. Headlam F. W. Percival Edward Clodd *Sir Robert Hensley (C/iairman) Dr. Pinches W. E. Crum D. G. Hogarth Dr. G. W. Prothero Prof. Boyd Dawkins Sir II. H. Howorth Dr. G. Reisner Prof. S. Dill Baron A. von Hugel Sir W. Richmond *Miss Eckenstein Prof. Macalister Prof. F. W. Ridgeway Dr. Gregory Foster Dr. R. W. Macan Mrs. Strong Dr. J. G. Frazer Prof. Mahaffy Mrs. Tirard Alan Gardiner •J. G. Milne E. Towry Whyte Treasurer—*F. G. Hilton Price Director— Prof. Flinders Petrie Honorary Secretaries —Mrs. Hilda Petrie and *Dr. J. H. Walker. The need-of providing for the training of students is even greater in Egypt than it is in Greece and Italy; and the relation of England to Egypt at present makes it the more suitable that support should be given to a British school in that land. This body is the only such agency, and is also the basis of the excavations of Prof. Flinders Petrie, who has had many students associated with his work in past years. The large results of this centre of work in the subjects of the prehistoric ages, the early dynasties, the relations of prehistoric Greece with Egypt, the papyri, and the classical paintings, have shown how much need there is of maintaining these excavations in full action. The present year's work on the Temple of Onias, a Hyksos cemetery and fort, the cemetery of Goshen, and the town of Raamses in Succoth, has carried on the course of historical discovery. Active support is required to ensure the continuance of such work, which depends entirely on personal contributions, and each subscriber receives the annual volume. The antiquities not retained by the Egyptian Government are presented to Public Museums, after the Annual Exhibition, during July, at University College. The accounts are audited by a Price, Chartered Accountant, and published in the Annual Report. Treasurer : F. G. Hilton Child's Bank, i, Fleet Street, E.C. ADDRESS THE HON. SECRETARY, BRITISH SCHOOL, UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, GOWER STREET, LONDON, W.G CONTENTS INTRODUCTION SECT. PAGE SECT. 22. Fi gure of Admiral PAGE Hor . 18 1. Organization . 23. Graves of I XXVIth dynasty onwards 2. Results of the season 24. Stone objects I .... 19 3. Previous work 3 CHAPTER IV CHAPTER I THE HYKSOS CAMP THE TEMPLE OF ONIAS 4. Conditions of the site 25. Descriptions by Josephus 26. Accordance 5. Course of excavations . with remains 6. The foundations and size 27. The outer fortification . 7. The bank 28. Formation of the mound and stucco slope . 8. The entrance ....... 6 29. Approaches to the temple 30. The Temple 9. The stone wall 7 23 10. Later history"! 8 31. The Castle 24 11. Origin of the camp 8 32. The masonry 25 12. Position of Avaris o 33. History of the temple 26 34. Small objects found 26 35. Summary 27 CHAPTER II THE HYKSOS CEMETERY CHAPTER V 13. Material for study 10 TELL ER RETABEH (RAAMSES) 14. Order of the graves . .11 15. Plans of the graves 12 36. The site and its results .... 28 16. The red pottery ...... 14 37. The first city wall . 28 17. The earlier remains . .14 child-sacrifice 38. The • 29 18. The scarabs . 15 39. The great house ..... 29 40. TempleofRames.su II . 29 41. The later walls • 30 CHAPTER III 42. The bricks ...... • 30 Pis. xxviii xxxii, the THE LATER REMAINS 43. — Temple • 30 Pis. 44. xxxii—xxxiv C, the amulets . • 3i 19. Graves of XVII Ith dynasty . .16 Pis. xxxv B xxxvi B, bronze and pottery 45. — • 33 20. Remains of XlXth XXIInd dynasties 46. PI. xxxvi C, stone and weights — 17 • 33 21. Graves of XXIInd—XXVIth dynasties 17 47. Skull measurements 34 vi CONTENTS CHAPTER VI SECT. PAGE 62. Contents of graves 44 THE CEMETERY OF GOSHEN 63. Periods of cemetery 45 By J. Garrow Duncan, B.D. CHAPTER VII SECT. PAGE 48. The district 35 THE CEMETERY OF SUWA 49. The work 35 By Garrow Duncan, B.D. 50. Disposition of the bodies . -36 J. 51. The dating ....... 36 64. The district . 47 52. Classes of graves ...... 37 65. Classes of graves . 47 53. Sand-pit graves, XVIIIth dynasty . 37 66. Sand-pit graves 47 54. „ „ XlXth—XXVIth dynasties 39 67. Pit tombs 48 55- » » Roman . .39 68. Four-chambered tombs . 49 56. Side- scoop graves . 41 69. Shaft and chamber tombs 50 57. Bricked graves . 41 70. Disposition of the body . 5i 58. Pottery coffins ...... 42 71. Graves of Ali Marah 5i 59. Ziyeh and pot burials . -43 60. Pot burials of children . -43 61. Stone and wood coffins . 44 Index 53 r 4 LIST OF PLATES WITH PAGE REFERENCES TO THE DESCRIPTIONS {Plates -with lettered numbers are only issued in the larger edition.) Temple of Onias (Yehudiyeh) Tell el Yehudiyeh PAGE PAGE XXII. Plan of existing remains . 21-4 I. Stone vases, etc., Xllth dynasty. 14 XXIII. Plan as restored . 21-4 11. Plan of Hyksos camp. • 3-4 XXIV. Model and views . • 21, 22, 24 III. Sections of Hyksos camp . • 4-7 XXV. Stairway and wall • 21, 23, 25 IV. Model and views of Hyksos camp • 5-6 XXVI. Battlement and wall . 21, 25, 26 ' V. Hyksos grave, daggers, and pottery XXVII. Cornices, pottery, etc. 22, 25, 26 VI. Hyksos daggers and objects Tell er Retabeh (Raamses) 1 1 - 1 VII. Hyksos scarabs and pottery XXVIII. Granite stele, Ramessu II base, ; VIII. )1 !) ') » • Ramessu III • 31 IX. Scarabs, Xllth—XVIlth dynasty • 15 XXIX. Scene of Ramessu II . ] 29-31 • - XXX. » ,) » • X. Hyksos pottery . 1 1 .... 1 XXXI. Sculptures .... • 31 XI. Scarabs^ XVIIIth dynasty onward • 15 XXXII. Dyad, stele, amulets, and bowl • 31 XII. Hyksos and later tomb plans • 12-13 XXXIII. Scarabs. .... • 32 XIII. Pottery, Amenhotcp II age . 16 XXXIV. Groups and Ramessu III deposit • 32 XIV. Pottery coffin of Men 17 XXXV. Plan 28-30 XV. Admiral Hor,coffins,and corn grinders 17, 18 XXXVI. Foreign pottery 33 XVI. Dyad of Ramessu, Merenptah column 8, 17 Saft el Henneh (Goshen) XVII. Foreign pottery, XXth dynasty . 17 XXXVII. Scarabs .... 37-46 XVIII. Amulets and beads, XXI Ind dynasty 18 XXXVIII. Amulets .... 37-46 Altars XIX. „ „ XXI I Ird dynasty 18 XXXIX. 50,51 XX. Figure of Admiral Hor, XXVIth Gheyta dynasty. .18 XL. Jewellery (described in larger XXI. Green glazed bottles.XXVIth dynasty 19 edition). HYKSOS AND ISRAELITE CITIES INTRODUCTION Egyptology in England, which has developed so much in the last quarter of a century. I. Tins volume marks a new departure in the In the work of the past winter our party consisted course of British excavations in Egypt. Hitherto of five. Part of the excavations were directed by my the Egyptian Research Account has been a small old friend the Rev. J. Garrow Duncan, who, many resource for the promotion of the work of students ; years ago, had worked very carefully at Naqada and ; and, as such, it has enabled several to obtain that another student, Mr. C. Gilbart-Smith, after some footing in the subject from which they have gone experience in managing the workmen, also took on to more important positions. It has been for charge of a site. My own part was the surveying, eleven years a basis for the new men who have and unravelling the history, of the important been entering upon work in Egypt. Now it has structures that we found, as well as directing work- been largely expanded, and with the support of men during most of the season, and obtaining the most of the British authorities in archaeology and photographs here published. The greater part of history, it has taken the more permanent position the drawings were made by my wife ; and most of the British School of Archaeology in Egypt. Such of those from Mr. Duncan's excavations were made it has long been de facto ; but de facto in Egyptian by Mr. T. Butler-Stoney, who kindly offered his affairs is not always de jure.
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