Senna, Mannjafnaðr and Riddle-Contests Verbal Duels in the Fornaldarsögur

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Senna, Mannjafnaðr and Riddle-Contests Verbal Duels in the Fornaldarsögur Master’s Degree in Language sciences Final Thesis Senna, mannjafnaðr and riddle-contests Verbal duels in the fornaldarsögur Supervisor Ch. Prof. Massimiliano Bampi Assistant supervisor Ch. Prof. Marina Buzzoni Graduand Giulia Guarienti 989552 Academic Year 2018 / 2019 Table of Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................. 1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 4 Chapter I – On Verbal Duels ............................................................................................ 8 I.1 A definition of Verbal Duels ................................................................................... 8 I. 2 Flyting ................................................................................................................... 10 I. 3 Flyting in Germanic literature .............................................................................. 11 I. 4 Old Norse verbal duels ......................................................................................... 15 Chapter II – On Fornaldarsögur, prosimetrum and legendary past ............................... 18 II. 1 Fornaldarsögur and genre classification of sagas .............................................. 18 II. 2 Prosimetrum in the fornaldarsögur ..................................................................... 24 II. 3 The legendary past of the fornaldarsögur ........................................................... 32 Chapter III – The senna in Ketils saga hængs ................................................................ 40 III. 1 The senna ........................................................................................................... 40 III. 2 Ketils saga hængs: a summary ........................................................................... 52 III. 3 The sennur in Ketils saga hængs ....................................................................... 54 Ketill and Gusir ....................................................................................................... 54 Ketill and Forað ...................................................................................................... 60 Summary and comparison ...................................................................................... 67 Chapter IV – The mannjafnaðr in Örvar-Odds saga ..................................................... 69 IV. 1 The mannjafnaðr ............................................................................................... 69 IV. 2 Örvar-Odds saga: a summary ........................................................................... 79 IV. 3 The mannjafnaðr in Örvar-Odds saga .............................................................. 85 Chapter V – The riddle-contest in Hervarar saga ok Heiðreks ...................................... 93 V. 1 Wisdom contests and riddles in Old Norse literature ......................................... 93 V. 2 Hervarar saga ok Heiðreks: a summary ............................................................. 98 V. 3 The riddle-contest in Hervarar saga ok Heiðreks ............................................ 102 Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 112 Bibliography ................................................................................................................. 116 Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................... 125 Abstract Questa tesi analizza il modo in cui tre generi di duelli verbali della tradizione norrena (senna, mannjafnaðr e gara di indovinelli) sono stati introdotti e rielaborati nelle fornaldarsögur o “saghe del tempo antico”. I duelli verbali dimostrano l’eloquenza e la sagacia dei personaggi coinvolti, ma permettono anche di comprendere i valori della cultura che li ha prodotti. Essi sono presenti nelle letterature di tutto il mondo, ma assumono delle forme particolari nella tradizione norrena: la senna, il mannjafnaðr e la disputa sapienziale. Questi tre generi sono originati nella poesia e ve ne sono degli esempi sia nell’Edda poetica che nelle saghe. Alcuni dei duelli verbali più interessanti della tradizione norrena appaiono nelle cosiddette fornaldarsögur (“saghe del tempo antico”), ambientate nella Scandinavia precristiana prima della colonizzazione dell’Islanda (870). La presenza di questi generi di duelli verbali nelle fornaldarsögur è uno dei tanti esempi della profonda influenza che la poesia eddica ha esercitato su questo genere, ma permette anche di comprendere meglio il modo in cui queste saghe sono state modificate nel corso della loro trasmissione manoscritta. Il dibattito accademico riguardo ai duelli verbali ha tentato di trovare dei tratti universali di questo fenomeno, particolarmente nella poesia epica e nella narrazione di guerra. La classificazione proposta distingue i duelli verbali in base agli argomenti trattati, al grado di ritualizzazione del dialogo e alla presenza di un’effettiva intenzione di nuocere all’avversario (Parks, 1990). L’effetto collaterale di questo tentativo è stato di fondere due generi della letteratura norrena, senna e mannjafnaðr, in un unico genere denominato in inglese flyting (Clover, 1980; Swenson, 1991). Questa classificazione può essere utile in un’analisi comparativa ma risulta riduttiva per comprendere le caratteristiche e meccanismi di questi generi. Anche la tassonomia delle saghe è stata al centro di un acceso dibattito accademico. La classificazione moderna delle saghe ha dovuto supplire alla mancanza di una terminologia medievale che tentasse di identificarne le varie tipologie. Per questo motivo, i criteri di classificazione odierna sono basati su alcuni tratti salienti delle saghe: i protagonisti principali (re, cavalieri, santi, i primi coloni islandesi) o l’ambientazione spazio- temporale (la Scandinavia precristiana o vari periodi del Medioevo islandese). L’applicazione di questi criteri nella classificazione delle fornaldarsögur è stata criticata 1 come arbitraria e insufficiente a spiegarne l’eterogeneità (Quinn, et al., 2006). Studi più recenti hanno preferito assumere un approccio descrittivo e hanno riconosciuto nell’ambientazione spazio-temporale delle fornaldarsögur il cronotopo che ne determina i tratti salienti, mentre si è concluso che la varietà interna al genere sia il risultato dell’influenza di altre tipologie di saghe e della traduzione di letterature straniere (Bampi, 2017; Ferrari, 2012; Rowe, 1993). Nel corso di questa tesi si presta particolare attenzione al ruolo del prosimetrum nell’origine ed evoluzione delle fornaldarsögur, un aspetto che testimonia come l’Edda poetica sia stata fonte di ispirazione nella composizione di queste saghe ed è strettamente collegato alla presenza dei duelli verbali. L’utilizzo di poesia eddica all’interno della prosa contribuisce alla rappresentazione di un passato ancestrale che il pubblico medievale islandese trovava sicuramente affascinante, ma che imponeva anche di misurarsi con gli aspetti più scomodi dell’eredità culturale pagana. Il modo in cui i duelli verbali appaiono nelle fornaldarsögur è indicativo dei numerosi cambiamenti che sono intercorsi nella trasmissione di questi racconti e riflettono la percezione di concetti come marginalità e mascolinità nell’Islanda medievale, oltre a precise idee sugli ambiti in cui poteva essere dimostrata la saggezza di un individuo. La senna (pl. sennur) è un elaborato scambio di insulti il cui obiettivo è delegittimare l’avversario agli occhi della società e rappresentarlo come “l’altro”. Gli insulti lanciati dai partecipanti riguardano la sfera della sessualità, gli obblighi nei confronti della famiglia e le virtù guerriere. In Ketils saga hængs ci sono due sennur in cui il protagonista Ketill deve affrontare un avversario caratterizzato per la propria diversità etnica o di genere, inestricabilmente legata al sovrannaturale. Nella prima senna Ketill si confronta con Gusir, una figura misteriosa che incarna i pregiudizi razziali diffusi in tutta la Scandinavia nei confronti della popolazione lappone e una serie di connotazioni negative attribuite alle regioni settentrionali dell’odierna Norvegia. L’avversario di Ketill nella seconda senna è invece una donna troll, Forað, una creatura sovrannaturale che minaccia la società degli uomini. A seconda dei rivali, ciascuna senna nella saga si concentra su argomenti diversi: il primo duello contiene principalmente minacce corporali e accuse di codardia, nel secondo gli insulti esprimono aggressività sessuale e preoccupazioni riguardo alla sovversione dei ruoli di genere. Il fatto che porzioni della seconda senna sembrino essere stati riassunti in brevi passaggi in prosa, suggeriscono che lo scriba abbia riconosciuto le somiglianze tematiche e strutturali fra questi due dialoghi e abbia deciso di non ripetersi. 2 Anche il mannjafnaðr (letteralmente “confronto fra uomini”) tratta il tema dell’identità di genere maschile, ma il suo scopo è di stabilire una gerarchia di uomini all’interno della società attraverso un confronto delle loro abilità e gesta. Gli insulti fanno parte di questo tipo di dialogo solo come mezzi per sminuire le prodezze altrui, ma non ne sono il fulcro. Nella Örvar-Odds saga, il mannjafnaðr ha luogo durante una gara di bevute in un momento nella trama in cui Oddr, il protagonista della saga,
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