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The Rape of Brunhild University of Iceland School of Humanities Faculty of Languages and Culture The Rape of Brunhild Dismantling Female Transgression and Dominant Ideological Frameworks from the Middle Ages to Now MA degree in Literature, Culture & Media Melanie Janin Waha Kt.: 210684-3609 Supervisor: Þórhallur Eyþórsson May 2020 Abstract This thesis focusses on the literary character Brunhild, who is a crucial figure in the German medieval Nibelungenlied as well as in related Nordic literature. Medieval society will be examined closely in terms of its politics, laws, regulations, and general social occurrences, shedding light on her character from a historical angle. Followed by a close reading of the stanzas and sections in the Nibelungenlied, which deal with Brunhild in particular, the thesis will move onto the 19th and 20th century and the dominant European nationalistic currencies of the time. The underlying theme of this thesis are the notions myth and ideology, which remain crucial to disentangle the political and social networks that created and appropriated the medieval figure for centuries to come. This is also why the last section is concerned with the 21st century and a Brunhild that now stands in stark contrast to the previous centuries. Table of Contents 1. Introduction......................................................................................................................................1 1.1. The Importance of Myth...........................................................................................................3 2. Origins..............................................................................................................................................4 2.1. Introduction...............................................................................................................................4 2.2. Historical Origin.......................................................................................................................4 2.3. Geographical Origin.................................................................................................................6 2.4. Literary Origin..........................................................................................................................7 2.5. Women in the Middle Ages.....................................................................................................14 2.5.1. Fighting Women..............................................................................................................14 2.5.2. Diplomatic Women.........................................................................................................16 2.6. Marriage in the Middle Ages..................................................................................................18 2.7. Inheritance Structures.............................................................................................................22 2.8. Conclusion..............................................................................................................................26 3. Brunhild..........................................................................................................................................27 3.1. Introduction.............................................................................................................................27 3.2. Brunhild as Historical Figure..................................................................................................27 3.2.1. The Burgundians.............................................................................................................28 3.2.2. Brunichilidis of Austrasia................................................................................................28 3.3. Brunhild as Literary Figure.....................................................................................................30 3.4. Sigrdrífa and Brynhildr...........................................................................................................32 3.5. Valkyries.................................................................................................................................33 3.6. Similarities and Differences in the Old Norse and German versions.....................................36 3.7. The Rape of Brunhild..............................................................................................................40 3.8. The Senna................................................................................................................................43 3.9. Female Transgression.............................................................................................................46 3.10. Conclusion............................................................................................................................52 4. The Brunhild Figure in a Post-medieval Setting............................................................................53 4.1. Introduction.............................................................................................................................53 4.2. Brunhild in the 19th century...................................................................................................53 4.2.1. Richard Wagner...............................................................................................................57 4.3. Brunhild in the 20th century...................................................................................................61 4.3.1. Fritz Lang........................................................................................................................61 4.4. Brunhild in the 21st century....................................................................................................65 4.5. Conclusion..............................................................................................................................70 5. Conclusion......................................................................................................................................71 Notes...................................................................................................................................................72 Works Cited........................................................................................................................................75 The Rape of Brunhild Dismantling Female Transgression and Dominant Ideological Frameworks from the Middle Ages to Now 1. Introduction The following thesis aims to shed light on the literary character Brunhild, who has been a crucial figure in the German Nibelungenlied as well as in related Nordic literature. It will first be attempted to trace the potential real-life sources that have inspired the literary character. For this, a summary of crucial historical events is important. Throughout the thesis, a critical reflection on specific social and legal conventions, such as marriage, bride-gifts, and dowries, will be discussed in relation to their application within literature. Focus throughout will be on the role of women in society, their expectations, tasks, and positions, and how these have manifested themselves in linguistic and literary terms. The literary figure Brunhild provides us with an insight into medieval society; yet, as an ideological tool first and foremost, she has allegedly been misused for the strengthening of dominant ideological frameworks for centuries to come. In the medieval Nibelungenlied, her transgressions embody and validate the upholding of the “natural”, patriarchal order; the 19th century and in particular Wagner, on the other hand, revived Brunhild as an emblem for the on- going European nation-state-building movement of the time, while she became a traitor during the Weimar Republic in the 20th century. National Socialism later glorified her Nordic valkyrie-esque origin and thus a female image, which reflected little on the actual lived experience of women in the Third Reich. However, it did not end there, as some scholars have recently claimed that the literary figure Brunhild emanates independence, political power, diplomatic skills, and physical strength, which may provide her with a position somewhat close to a proto-feminist role. Given the meagre sources we have reflecting the reality of medieval women, such claims appear rather detached from history and need to be investigated further. In this thesis; the Middle Ages are given priority, yet, the above-mentioned eras will be discussed in order to reveal patriarchy’s long-nurtured impact throughout history in literature; a closer look will also be taken at the age-old trend of myth-making to further one’s own ideological and thus also political beliefs. In the German Nibelungenlied, Brunhild is an outsider, a foreigner of Icelandic descent; yet, she is at the core of the narrative in the Nordic versions of the same story. Brunhild has also been subjected to less ill treatment in the Nordic versions of the Nibelung saga. While the Nordic versions will be consulted for specific narrative or cultural comparisons and cross-references, the main focus of the thesis is on the German Brunhild of the Nibelungenlied. Brunhild is not the only main female protagonist in the Nibelungenlied. The second important female in the narrative is her sister-in-law Kriemhild, the sister of the king Gunther, 1 Brunhild’s husband, who is also the wife of the main male lead Siegfried. Within the field of literary studies, it is specifically Kriemhild
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