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Billing Notes; BRI USER CODE 51- Article Title: Strawn, K.; A method of 1281;CAI # 00000806; LHL 010225 breeding and raising three texas darters, pt. 2

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~ids), chopped earthworms, rmed or fresh shellfish, scraped :, or liver, and very small cubes sh may all be tried, but ex­ must be exercised in the feed­ of the a hove. Tuna, sardines, 1ily canned fish should never ; food in the small aquarium. to Feed and How Much blem of how often to feed and 1 presents many difficulties nes to setting fixed rules. Here imon sense, observation and :ation must be your guides. ig, the size of your specimens msidered; however, the most fundamental should be their iajority of very young fishes in ral habitat eat almost con­ A Method of Breeding and Raising the home aquarium this con­ ng would be difficult and a to duplicate. The majority, THREE TEXAS DARTERS vill do well on two or three ings daily. For older fishes Kirk Strawn ' should prove sufficient. In­ University of Texas ~cimens should be considered, ~shes - like people, eh, Rollo? PART II do eat too much if given the HERE IS LITTLE available information Proper temperature and food are essen­ r. In extreme cases fishes have Ton the breeding habits of darters. tial for repeated spawnings. 1 to kill themselves from over- Most published accounts are of field A pair of greenthroat darters will the other hand fishes in the observations or aquarium observations spawn repeatedly when kept at tempera­ rium will sometimes go on a made on ripe, freshly caught, wild fish. tures ranging from 60 (and probably ike. In such cases either a There are no accounts stating how to lower) to 74° F. Between 75 and 80° diet or a short period of star­ bring darters into breeding condition F. the females stop laying and if kept a combination of the two) is or, except for Fahy's recent paper in the SO's for long they require a stay ( 1954), presenting means of obtaining of about ten days to three weeks at g must be remembered about repeated spawnings from a single pair. breeding temperatures before they will verything that goes into the Map: Rivers of the Edwards Plateau in Texas, Photo: A male Rio Grande darter, Etheostoma gra­ nave to come out, either as sketched by the author. hami. 2 3/8 inches in total length. Taken from Devil's or as fecal matter. The tank river. Photo: John S. Mecham. mtched closely and uneaten ss it is alive), and fecal mat­ be removed daily. II: DO NOT OVERFEED. 1er hand avoid starving your in doubt strive for a happy If that has you worried, Rollo, 1ber this: the above is meant he general fundamentals; a mtinued on page 32)

AQUARIUM JOURNAL spawn again. Though a ~how little change in freque1 at different temperatures, NOW 3 SIZES are greatly slowed down b peratures. At 72 to 74' F. a will spawn every four and, while in the low 60's spawni one-half as frequent. Both Filterfost and Rio Grande darters SJ in the low 70's and high (Fillers 30 gal. No • 11 Med·1um per hour) \farcos Springs the fou For 20 gallon aquariums or less. spawns the year around in

(Fillers 60 gal. ing 3 to 5 degrees abovt No. 18 Large per hour) 72' F. For 50 gallon aquariums or less. Frequent spawning resul (Filters over 60 No. I SL Super gal. per hour) feeding of suitable food. 1 For I 00 ga IIon aquariums or less. is one that the darters ea is before them twenty-four NOW USED BY Houston dwarf white wor Public Aquariums in Large quito larvae both fill the Cities, Hatcheries, Stores and Hobbyist.

NEW OUTSIDE FILTER No. 10

WITH SELF STARTING STEM. A ONE-PIECE MOLDED FILTER. tuberfex worms have not b to try, I believe they wou: excellent. Daphnia magna in sufficient quantities an used as a supplement rathe Malvin Produc•s Company main fare. Brine shrimp I advantage of not living ], 115 FOURTH AVENUE BROOKLYN 17, NEW YORK water and are ignored by throat darters when larger able. On the bottom of the

12 AQUARIUM JOURNAL JANUARY 1956 r·

spawn again. Though a few females the darters do most of their feeding, ~how little change in frequency of spawns drosophila larvae die in an hour or so at different temperatures, most females and the darters will not touch a drowned DW 3 SIZES are greatly slowed down by lower tem­ larvae. Mass deaths of darters frequently peratures. At 72 to 74° F. a good female occur in tanks with dead and rotting will spawn every four and one-half days drosophila larvae on the bottom even while in the low 60's spawnings are about though the water is well aerated and one-half as frequent. Both the fountain does not appear to be foul. It is pos­ lterfost and Rio Grande darters spawn readily sible that the greenthroat and Rio in the low 70's and high 60's. At San Grande darters would spawn on a diet f Medium (Filters 30 gal. per hour) \1arcos Springs the fountain darter of either one of the wet meat base foods iallon aquariums or less. spawns the year around in water rang­ advertised in the aquarium magazines ; Large (Filters 60 gal. ing 3 to 5 degrees above and below or on homemade Gordon's formula per hour) 72° F. (Gordon, 1955). The greenthroat darter iallon aquariums or less. Frequent spawning result from heavy stays fat and lives for months in a large IL Super (Filters over 60 gal. per hour) feeding of suitable food. The best food community tank even when little be­ gallon aquariums or less. is one that the darters eat avidlv, and sides good quality dried food is fed. is before them twenty-four hours a day. The fountain darter, on the other hand, USED BY Houston dwarf white worms and mos­ is very slow to take dead food. Aquariums in Large quito larvae both fill the bill. Though Even though darters spawn readily Hatcheries, Stores obbyist.

[ tuberfex worms have not been available on a dwarf white worm diet, dwarf f to try, I believe they would also prove white worms alone are not alwavs, a excellent. Daphnia magna are not eaten satisfactory diet. A condition similar to r in sufficient quantities and should be the blue sac disease of trout (Davis, used as a supplement rather than as the 1953) appears to be associated with the Dmpany main fare. Brine shrimp have the dis­ feeding of dwarf white worms. Fre­ advantage of not living long in fresh quently all or part of a spawn of eggs 1KLYN 17, NEW YORK \Vater and are ignored by adult green­ will hatch into larval fish that have large

throat darters when larger food is avail­ Photo: A male fountain darter, Etheostoma fonticola. P/4 inches in total length. Taken from San Marcos able. On the bottom of the tank, where springs. Photo: John S. Mecham

AQUARIUM JOURNAL JANUARY 1956 13 yolks which are not absorbed. These and there on vegetation (Fahy, 1954) If you really care about the larvae do not feed and die in about a and other solid objects. The three dealt h· week. The addition of mosquito larvae with in this paper are of the latter type. to the parents' diet minimizes the pro­ duction of these abnormal larvae. The male courts the female on the bottom of the tank. When the female is A pair of darters can be successfully ready to spawn she swims, followed by spawned in a five gallon tank. After the male, up to an object upon which several spawnings a female Rio Grande she deposits her adhesive eggs. These or greenthroat darter may look chewed darters lay their eggs on the side of the and should be removed from the tank tank, particularly the corners, on aqua­ and given a rest or else the male will rium filters, or on plants. If filamentous eventually kill her. Providing two or algae is present in the aquarium, the eggs three females so that the male's atten­ of the fountain and greenthroat darters tion is divided, using a larger tank, and are deposited almost exclusively on it. TROPICAL furnishing rock piles and plants for A mass of white fluffy glass wool is also shelter all help prevent torn fins on the a preferred spawning site. The fountain FISH FOOD female. darter lays its eggs almost exclusively in the upper half of the aquarium and will Freshly caught wild darters usually

ignore glass wool in the lower half of 1 produce yellow eggs. In contrast, dart­ the tank. In contrast the greenthroat ers fed white worms produce colorless darter will spawn almost exclusively in pellet food, des' eggs. The addition of mosquito larvae ,:..-T--W--h-a-s _m_a_d_e_a the lower half provided the glass wool or brine shrimp to the diet puts some for is confined to the lower parts of the color into the eggs but none of the 1 aquarium and no filamentous algae is laboratory stocks have produced the I . It does NOT c present. The Rio Grande darter does beautiful bright yellow eggs found in proven by c not show as strong a preference for glass nature. As the embryo develops, yellow wool as the greenthroat darter and even spinach cause eggs fade and become nearly colorless. with only this spawning medium pres­ 2. It does NOT ent it frequently lays most of its eggs on The number of eggs produced varies mycin, becaw solid objects such as under and on top in different spawnings. For example, a of rocks and on the sides of the aqua­ laboratory te pair of greenthroat darters from the rium. The fountain darter usually de­ vent proper c West Frio River fed a combination posits eggs singly or in twos or threes. growth of fisl white worm and Daphnia magna diet, The Rio Grande and the greenthroat given constant light and kept in a five darters from the Nueces River System gallon tank at 62 to 68° F. laid on the Ask for quality labo glass wool of an open bottom filter 13 generally lay less than ten eggs to a mass batches of eggs during a 63-day period while greenthroat darters from the Gua­ numbering 47, 70, 100, 109, 84, 61, 86, dalupe and Colorado River Systems fre­ 87, 86, 96, 75, 106, and 108. Large fe­ quently lay 30 or more eggs in one spot. a. J. Rquarium. Inc. males from the Guadalupe and Colo­ 1500 W. Santa Barbara five. rado River Systems frequently lay two No care is taken of the eggs except Los Rngeles 62, Calif. that the dominant male greenthroat Rquarium Beautiful or even three times as many eggs at a 1029 C Street time while Rio Grande females lay darter chases other males from the fe­ San Rafael, Calif. somewhat fewer eggs. males' preferred spawning site. Fair Pet Supply Co. ~ 71 N. 9th Street T Salt Lake City, Utah 425 SI< Darters may bury their eggs (Winn, Few if any of the eggs laid on glass Windsor Heights .Rquarium 1953), lay them under a rock, a shell, wool or filamentous algae are eaten. 1213 - 48th Street Des Moines, Iowa etc. and guard them (Rainey and Lach­ Eggs laid on the sides of the tank fre­ ner, 1939 and Atz, 1940) or lay eggs here quently disappear and it is possible that JANUARY 1956 14 AQUARIUM JOURNAL ~ on vegetation (Fahy, 1954) · solid objects. The three dealt If you really care about the condition of your lish. every word in this ad will be of importance to you. tis paper are of the latter type.

ale courts the female on the : the tank. When the female is spawn she swims, followed by NOW ... a dry food up to an object upon which sits her adhesive eggs. These >' their eggs on the side of the made especially icularly the corners, on aqua­ ·s, or on plants. If filamentous ·esent in the aquarium, the eggs for uiublids and mtain and greenthroat darters ited almost exclusivelv on it white fluffy glass wodl is als~ TROPICAL other large fishes d spawning site. The fountain FISH FOOD s its eggs almost exclusively in half of the aquarium and will 1ss wool in the lower half of In contrast the greenthroat T-W has made and laboratory-tested this quality 1 spawn almost exclusively in pellet food, designed especially for larger fish half provided the glass wool for the last six years. 1 to the lower parts of the and no filamentous algae is [he Rio Grande darter does I. It does NOT contain spinach, because it has been s strong a preference for glass proven by controlled laboratory testing that e greenthroat darter and even spinach causes calcium deficiency in fish. this spawning medium pres­ iently lays most of its eggs on 2. It does NOT contain anti-biotics such as aureo­ :ts such as under and on top mycin, because it has been proven by controlled nd on the sides of the aqua- laboratory test that these "wonder drugs" pre­ fountain darter usually de­ vent proper assimilation of food and inhibit the ; singly or in twos or threes. growth of fish. Grande and the greenthroat 1m the Nueces River System • • • ay less than ten eggs to a mass Ask for quality laboratory-tested T-W fish foods at your dealer, nthroat darters from the Gua­ or write to T-W direct. l Colorado River Systems fre­ ' 30 or more eggs in one spot. ------Distributed By: .R. J. A.quarium, Inc. H. F. Nelson Wholesale Supply Co. Puget Sound Pet Supply is taken of the eggs except 1500 W. Santa Barbara Ave. 12336 E. Carson St. Third and Virginia St. Los Angeles 62, Calif. Artesia, Calif. Seattle I, Washington dominant male greenthroat .Rquarium Beautiful West Coast .Rquarium Supply Seattle Pet Supply 1029 C Street 1851 Powell Street 5701 Airport Way >es other males from the fe­ San Rafael, Calif. San Francisco II, Calif. Sealtle 8, Washington :erred spawning site. Fair Pet Supply Co. Manufactured By: Bay Cities Pet Supply Co. 71 N. 9th Street TROPIC Wfl.TERS MFG. CO. 808 fl.lice Street ny of the eggs laid on glass Salt Lake City, Utah 425 Stanford fl.ve., Redwood City, Calif. Oakland, California lamentous algae are eaten. Windsor Heights .Rquarium .Rimar Supply Co. R & R Company 1213 - 48th Street 2276 Washington Street 553 E. Sherman on the sides of the tank fre­ .. Des Moines, Iowa Newton Lower Falls, Mass. Hutchinson, Kansas appear and it is possible that

JANUARY 1956 15 AQUARIUM JOURNAL L the parents cat them. They de ncwlv hatched larvae. When and .filamentous algae are tl fountaiu darters will hatch PAQUA- VISTA to maturity in an aquariun "vith adults. Frequently a NOW Grande darters develop at 11 Beveled Plate as the free-swimming sta~ throat darters rarely survive Glass hatching when the eggs an the parents. If the aquarist • raise a batch of young, he s Hinged Dual Light Hood either the eggs or the pare with Glass Under the breeding tank. The easies Cover- to furnish the fish with glass s1xnvnin« medium and then Two Light Switches b the glass wool and eggs 1 • enamel dish pan. If preferre can be picked off the glass w1 Stainless Steel Stand and the glass wool discarde a dish pan to an aquarium I • eyed eggs and young are Sculptured Crystal observed against a white 1 Planter Once the fry are \Vell startt • be transferred to a rearing Eggs laid on plants and Reasonable Price ti the aquarium are easily re1 I' a medicine dropper or bett • a piece of glass h1bing insc filter starting bulb. Eggs 2 easily ruptured when firs I~IPROVED PRODUUTS should be given a few horn • Modern Aquarium Shapes, More Glass and Metal before they are knocked l • Exclusive Glass Insulated Hoods at No Price Increase moved. The breeder shoul • All Bottoms Plate or Crystal Glass until they are ready to hate moving them because an en: • Large Selection - Adequate Stock the egg shell prior to hatchi1 • Prompt Service on Special Orders of manv fish (Davis, 191 critical period in which th( • damaged by rough treatme Contact us if your dealer cannot supply you first dav or two salmon • TALENT TO ORIGINATE • SKILL TO PRODUCE • eggs mt;st be handled with until thev become eyed. D~ not see;. to be killed or handling during this period The hatching pan she clean, hard water. At 72-74 of the green-throat darter h 4 and 6 days after being li

16 AQUARIUM JOURNAL JANUARY 1956 the parents eat them. They definitely eat F. they hatch in 6 to 9 days, and at newly hatched larvae. When the plants lower temperatures they are much slower and filamentous algae are thick many to hatch. A few eggs turn white and be­ fountain darters will hatch and grow come fungused before the eyes of the ~AQUA -VISTA to maturity in an aquarium crowded developing embryos can be seen. These with adults. Frequently a few Rio eggs are probably defective before fun­ NOW Grande darters develop at least as far gus attacks them. Dead eggs should be Beveled Plate as the free-swimming stage. Green­ removed because fungus may spread Glass throat darters rarely survive much past to a good egg when it is in contact with hatching when the eggs are left with an infected one and also \vhen aeration • the parents. If the aquarist wishes to is not used dead eggs tend to foul the raise a batch of young, he should take water. Aeration insures good hatches, 1ged Dual Light Hood either the eggs or the parents out of particularly at high temperatures. Un­ with Glass Under the breeding tank. The easiest method is aerated eggs at 72-7 4 ° F. frequently die Cover- to furnish the fish with glass wool as a just prior to hatching and the larvae may f wo Light Switches spawning medium and then to remove prove less vigorous than those hatched the glass wool and eggs to a white with aeration. Good hatches can be ob­ • enamel dish pan. If preferred, the eggs tained without the use of dves, such as tainless Steel Stand can be picked off the glass wool by hand acriflavine and methylene blue. and the glass wool discarded. I prefer • a dish pan to an aquarium because the If the female spawns readily but none of the eggs become eyed the male may Sculptured Crystal eyed eggs and young are very easily observed against a white background. be infertile and a different male should Planter Once the fry are well started they can be used. If the eggs still fail to develop be transferred to a rearing tank. the fault may lie with the female. Fre­ • quently the last spawn before one of a Eggs laid on plants and the sides of Reasonable Price pair dies fails to hatch. Very few of the the aquarium are easily removed with eggs fathered by a one-eyed male Rio a medicine dropper or better yet with • Grande darter proved fertile. Perhaps a piece of glass tubing inserted into a he could not see well enough to suc­ n>~r starting bulb. Eggs are soft and DUCTS easily ruptured when first laid and cessfully follow the female during should be given a few hours to harden spawning. and Metal before they are knocked lose and re­ How soon after hatching the larvae >rice Increase moved. The breeder should not wait will accept their first food and at what until they are ready to hatch before re­ age they will be large enough to eat a moving them because an enzyme softens given size food is dependent on tempera­ the egg shell prior to hatching. The eggs ture. They develop more slowly at low of many fish (Davis, 1953) have a critical period in which they are easily temperatures and faster at higher tem­ peratures. Newly hatched fountain dart­ damaged by rough treatment. After the ers, at about 70° F., need infusoria for upply you first day or two salmon and trout about a week before they can take newly eggs must be handled with extreme care TO PRODUCE • hatched San Francisco Aquarium So­ until they become eyed. Darter eggs do ciety brine shrimp. Most hatches of Rio not seem to be killed or damaged by Grande and greenthroat darters can be handling during this period. successfully raised without using infu­ The hatching pan should contain soria and will feed on brine shrimp with­ clean, hard water. At 72-74° F. the eggs in two to four days after hatching. How­ of the green-throat darter hatch between ever, larvae from small eggs require in- 4 and 6 days after being laid. at 67-69° ( continued on page 31)

AQUARIUM JOURNAL JANUARY 1956 17

b which have no recorders at­ take brine shrimp. If they do not eat Here there is no chance of acci­ Silver Doi lars brine shrimp witltin a week, close in­ (continued from page 5) rasure of the recording by re­ spection usually reveals abnormally ~ on it. the market after an absence of more than shaped yolks, indicating blue sac dis­ for the most part, are flexible ten years - at least we hadn't seen any ease. Darter fry have to feed for several plastic with enough powdered since before World War II. days on San Francisco brine shrimp be­ naterial sprayed on to them to Another easily recognized silver dol­ fore they are big enough to eat the md, through magnetization, to lar is Mylossoma aureum. The shape of larger Great Salt Lake brine shrimp. nted upon them. These tapes its body and anal fin is quite different If a brine shrimp smaller than the from any of the other silver dollars im­ .uchased in a number of popu­ San Francisco one is available it would lis and are reusable over and ported, and the orange color of the anal prove an advantage in starting darters. n. An original recording, if it is also a distinguishing feature. The sooner they will eat brine shrimp, :essary to save it, can be erased Quite recently the New York the faster they will grow. Little darters tape re-recorded. All of this Aquarium obtained the first specimen require at least two brine shrimp feed­ lie same machine. Popular non­ we had ever seen of a close relative of ings a dav and three widelv spaced tal sizes range from 3 to 7 the silver dollars, which in appearance fe~dings ~re better than t~o. The 1is being the diameter of the and behavior seems to bridge the gap warmer the water thev are raised in, the In length this would be 300- between the more or less peaceful, vege­ more often they sh0t~ld be fed. ~et respectively. However, the tarian or snail-eating silver dollars and ~ require to be heard is strictly their savage carnivorous relatives, the The addition of a couple of strands speed at which the recording piranhas. This is Catoprion mento, from of Elodea or a pinch of Riccia or a the Guianas and the Amazon. Our fish similar plant, some pond snails, a few ~ed is measured in inches-per­ had grown up in one of the tanks of Mr. dozen daphnia and some limestone to itaying with the same afore- Sol Soberman, a local fancier of unusual the rearing pan are all valuable aids in non-professional usage, these tastes and abilities. Although it is a good raising the little fish. Aquarists cannot uld vary from rn inches-per­ five inches long (total length) and is seem to agree as to why plants are bene­ as much as 30. So you can see well equipped with sharp teeth, it will ficial, but most of us agree that vigor­ ously growing plants are desirable. The ~ 600 feet long that is made at not eat anything larger than a female snails clean up the dead uneaten food, per-second might take ~ hour guppy. Larger fish, like killies, are some­ the daphnia are excellent filters and tile this same length made at tn,:'.'S chased, but no attempt is made to keep the water clear, and the limestone ·per-second would take ap­ bite them in half or to take chunks out tends to keep the water hard. Pond y 7 minutes. Why the differ­ of them the way piranhas do. Instead snails are safe with living darter eggs night ask? Well, without at­ Catoprion swallows them whole, with and larvae and perform a useful func­ :o go far into the technicali­ a motion so fast that the eye cannot tion by eating dead eggs and larvae that nd recordings, let it suffice to follow. otherwise are sources of infection for ie faster the tape is moving One reason the silver dollars are hard viable eggs. Dead brine shrimp and ds, the better the quality of to identify and name properly is that mulm should occasionally be siphoned recorded. The voice alone some of them change quite a bit as they off the bottom of the pan and part of lequately recorded with ac- grow up. Small spotted ones usually lose the water replaced with fresh hard 1ality at the lower economical their spots, for example, and the shape water. About two weeks after hatching ~f or 3:14: inches-per-second. If of the body alters in important, but the fry settle to the bottom and are hard-to-describe ways. Males of some be recorded, with its great ready for dwarf white worms. The species develop falcate (sickle-shaped) · sound levels, good quality young fish grow faster and fewer die anal fins. But even if you can't name faster rate of speed for an when brine shrimp are continued as a them, you can keep them. y sound to be recorded on supplement. Young feeding on white f the voice is to be recorded worms have white bellies in contrast to ~d background music, the 3~ Texas Darters the orange bellies of those fed brine econd speed can be used. (continued from page 17) shrimp. Small Daphnia magna are eaten To be continued) fusoria to tide them over until they can somewhat later.

I 31

__A_Q_U_A_R_I_u_M_Jo_u_R_N __ A_L_Cv 1906 WINN, HOWARD ELLIOTT. 1953.-"Breeding habits of A few of the small :fish will die trying the percid fish Hadropterus copelandi in Michi· to swallow too large a daphnia if in­ gan." In: Copeia, no. I, pages 26-30. sufficient small daphnia are available. Marine Aquarium The presence of white worms in the (continued from page 10) LBTTBJ tank prevents this type of loss. Darters little experimentation should provide .ll column of questions and c< continue to grow well on a brine shrimp, you with the best system to follow.] readers. Those questions which can find the answer in stand.ar daphnia and Houston white worm diet. It is quite possible and, in most cases, books will not be considered. On My first aquarium raised fountain and does no great harm, occasionally to leave interesting correspondence will b• No reply by mail to persons in tli greenthroat darters spawned by the age your specimens without food for several Jess a stamped, self-addressed of eight months. With improved feeding days. In fact, if occasion should arise enclosed. techniques I have gotten greenthroat when it might be necessary for you to darters to spawn by :five and one-half be absent for a few days, it is better to From: Mel Ho Chan months, Rio Grande darters by six leave them quite without food than to San Francisco, California months, and hybrids between green­ have some inexperienced neighbor come Here are some question~ throat and Rio Grande darters to spawn in to feed them. puzzled me for some t.ime. by seven months of age. [Which about concludes this session. REFERENCES predate it very much if you l'!TZ, JAMES W. 1940.-"Reproductive behavior in the Rollo! Any questions- What? No, Rollo, Eastern Johnny Darter, Boleosoma nigrum olm· some light on them. stedi (Storer).' In: Copeia, no. 2, pages 100-106. I do not think goldfish wafers would DAVIS, H. S. 1953.-Culture and Diseases of Game Fishes. University of California Press, Berkeley and make good food for marine :fishes, al­ ( 1) How is Innes pron01 Los Angeles, pages i-x, 1-332. l\EPLY: FAHY WILLIAM E. 1954.-"The life history of the though I have never tried it. Let us Innes is pronounc northern greenside darter, Etheostoma blennioides Rafinesque." In: Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Sci­ know when you do, will you? In the ( 2) In determining the a1 entific Society, vol. 70, no. 2, pages 139-205. GORDON· MYRON. 1955.-Guppies as pets, a guide to meantime you are all set except for the vou count from the time t the s~lection, care and breeding of guppies. "TFH Publications" 71 Jackson Ave., Jersey City 5, N.J. inhabitants of your aquarium. In the laid or when they hatch? RANEY, EDWARD C. and LACHNER, ERNEST A. 1939.­ "0bservations on the life history of the spotted next issue we will take up COLLECT­ darter, Poecilichthys maculatus (Kirtland)." In: Copeia, no. 3, pages 157-165. ING. l WITH H.llNDY SH.llKER TOPI ''SIEGFRIED'' PISTON AIR PUMP Truly the .. Best" Money Can Buy NOTHING ELSE LIKE IT $2475 No Belts • No Flywheels • No Washers • No Oiling LUBRIC.llTED FOR LIFE • Double-action Piston - Direct Drive. e Fully guaranteed for one year. Guarantee includes four-pole shaded motor. • Safe - completely enclosed to protect against children's fingers. e No adjustments - No replacements ever. • Built-in cooled motor - back-pressure release. O Built-in Air Filter. O Double stroke action assures even air flow of 200 cim. at I 0 lbs. pressure. e Precision Built 115 volts, 60 cycles A.C. e At Leading Pet Counters from Coast to Coast Made by R. A. Boehm Co., Merrick, N. Y. A TRULY FAMOUS Distributed by: OUTSTANDING THE WORLD PUMP OYER COLUMBIA AQUARIUM, Inc. AQUARIUM RESEARCH CORI 61 East 11 th Street New York 3, N. Y.

32 AQUARIUM JOURNAL JANUARY 1956