Lazarus in Contemporary Poems: Comparative Study

% #$ ( ) ¯ . /

( ( )

& !"# $% *

/// : & -. ()* :,/,/ & ' ()*

' () $*+,% -"# ./ 0 +' 012 3+ 4+ (65 7) . $*!)) "1A BC 0 89: ";<% =>? 7 @" 3+ 7 % $1 3) 4 K+H + "EFL *') "8+ = "EF G"2H 4+ I1 1J 8QR .S *" AH) "EFL O6 ¯ N H MI1 ) . <", '%! "EF MI1 VC 2) !>) . T"AU) C) 7" ( > -"# 0 )# 4"Z) .", WL ! L 1!A W "XW 4Y ) \ L !# L E I1 V A+ C . $1"[) Sylvia » 3Q "C") « Thomas Stearns Eliot » ="6 B6. .= L T"AU G 2) (5 1 -

. . .= ;' 2 ; < 6 78 9: 012 3) 4 5 : "#+C =k

[email protected] 0>-?-@ =A =B C DE F; G HI J 8= JK9L . [email protected] 7 ;M =B C DE F; G N;O P9B2 JQR S8 'T . 87

)( ¯ . / UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU UUUUUUUU UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU V TE 08 FL .( .( : ## )" T ! y~< Y= 0 6 y~ D Y8 P- 9 W 5 6 =; dX &=L g 9 w 6 =; I uO 7 ; < Y= Zv N@9 gv YqE d;L ¢1-* dX E . J;R-= Pe [O .);@F HqOLE 6 =; dX Y= M= V;x 7 f .2 _E[99 = X Q9.=E Q o ]vE W 5 y~< dX g * . ;' 2 ; < k `v E]92 Q] * £- O; =E WA J;' 2 Rn {n E 3) y2 Z`<9 4 5 y= z8 [* ¤ ¥vL J yF {; ; < z = ~9 ¢T k]vE | - d Os HQ= E 3) y` jvE ... E 0i9 E . . 0] ; < z7¦*E VM ; < : //$ ) 6 ") V; < y= Y= k ~ k y= " ) < ;8< F;9F Zy 9= V; < M=; jLs §E r; jD;. F .2 p9 ;OEn jqO $( ¢T JE Pe B9 ©c .1O k ' MG= 7Rn [¨ _*T yI E ( )N 2 y~R z1-'L _[=E S9T % ] 9 Y= d[9= Pe k 8 T E M= Y= ; VM=; N [9 k=cE ); < On Y= P k [e -? M=; -? " jns %0q g 9 . Y);' 2 7 ; < q8 6 M= jªOs X « (/ : $ Z8c )" JP=E TM 1`9* Ls 12 c ;m[ = [8 E" 4 - E £ WA Rn V 9 g 9 ( : / 9)6 ") 4 -: N f = & T Q[= P- § j 9)E «{; ; < \ E 8 E J 6 M= ;' 2 ; < 8 9 4 -: 6 = Y=E \ j _[8 | ~`9 )E «0] p n M9: 8E ` 6 ) EL « %/ » F;F Zc 7B ` Downloaded from aijh.modares.ac.ir at 12:55 IRST on Saturday September 25th 2021 ) F ) VX 2 9= Y= O;) `v ;y X Y= .2 p9q «) % » [T ) Zc 7B . =L =L . VM ; < j¬ H;)E 9F j VX E " _yi " = _ Z`tE ( /$ S o .O H. pKq ¢ - VL 0q g 9 jv E W;=E r;= _9L = [8 zF Y) 8 6 » J yI E p « F [ [) = » J yI =E 9GF 6 ;`O k P _9F c g9i ( )N 2 . . VET Z « / F HREL p;I ( )N 2 dTL )L FL FE dX g * &A Y= jE;' 2 7 ; < © .T )6 )F z- X 0 `O Q Y= 8E _*;L V )

)( ¯ . / UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU;' 2 ; < 6 dX g< EE 4 5 7Tc ;T J\< «4 5 Q9T;= Sc zQ9 S 9T 4 5 7T SEn :E F 8 ¯ o ) FEEn p ³F ; W\9 «6 [ ). .j: C P- 9 EL W 5 y~< g * VL JPn 8`9B: E E;m «4E 2F Ì-*: c .( ¶» EX¡F ¢-<9F =n j ²8 Î]9T: «j.] E ); g * J; * p ³ F 0W 5 Z' 9 0]O ^8 c ¯ . *E J;' 2 J ]B Y= pE; « = . Q8 `9 8 [.9 6;FL Y= W 5 y~< .( .( % : //$ ) 6 ) m;: J¦ ;L 6;FL Y= z1-'L S" 9T H >yI 7 ; < 6 y~R ]E Y)X Y);' 2 p; 7 ; < Y=E y~R J8 92 y~< dX Y= E .( Å )" .j: ;y 6¥) ¢T VET Z E p ;R F : ; < . 012 3) 4E 2 Z '\9* 6 7 ; < Y= dPe Y= ;vL p ; R 6 g * % Q ` bE O. p;. ) VX 0W 5 Z' 9 jKc VET _] E `[F _ >yI FL M=; X 9 O P-q 3] _F<9 £-F u EK T E g. zx % k TL . . ) ? J T E J yI A 9 E O2 F He 2 p ³ F B 2 ^ jcE J @n E M=; & k8 Fc p ©.Ts v5<= J; W 5 6 y~R 78 9 O ¦ z R W 5 6 =; jLs :c d >yI Z uXF © O ) 7 ; < F ;<9 IE VM E 0] E {; pn ^ _sL HeE . ); < _9G Y) * >; y2 Tc g 9 0E :L T;2 S8 `98 E Y);' 2 _s[ J @n E M=; g ) ;' = {;8 ;8R & EL Y) . 3] ( / : 1B )" d; R k = k M*;= `Q[= Z B " S8 0]¦* 6 =; d9~ O vK .);? p jcs ( : /# 08 )p @2 - ); < F;9 gq8 ¢T W 5 6 =;F ¢) {; ; < 9v J @n E M=; ¢) T {;8 ;8R Z` 9) ^ " : ZI T y2 Q ÇL ]9~2 dy§ HQWE = S8 7 ; < ;] B 0f ") `Q[= ;L .O p _` 9 `= 6 y~ .( / : 0 ¡ )j[- c Z.9 ¤ ) j * NfEn V;*E d F ); : uK c \¡ IE 7R. _-E 4 5 g * c L J ) 8 Z= 8 Í[E Y8 P- 9 E " 6 =; B O 8`9B: E Y=M ¥8 = Ì. ²IA9*E Z' 9* ]9¼ [O £ I © .19) jL kA=D dAF > f Y= _@~E d; =X* [] I@ 6 [F ;' 2 ;8< Tc : Q[=

)( ¯ . / UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU V TE 08 FL gs ) VX ;' 2 - E y~< 0W 5 & 2 .( )" .j: ) B 4 - .( .( : //$ ) 6 )" _[8 P- 9 y~< kA'L ) ¡ E r . _) Q F .2 p9q Z qR " &En @.2 =L ?.= Ï Y= J y. j 9* ); < ( / : /# 08 )" p & 'L Y= k-y F§ J ©- VX 0 2 " Y8 _O 4 19O 6 =; Y`O « 4 -: J;qO S8 k`>I jv = ' ( : $ _? ;@)"AF 2 c ¯ < E H. E ]¡ ;@ VX 4 -: M= 7 ; < .- Q] * Y= ;L . . ;@2 78 9F J =I £ < k¦Q[9= Ð;yO j\Fs ; R V;] 92 ²8 E _sn «J .F d; R ²8 ²G?E yT Yt ^E QL ÆÉ*: J dX j\Fs \9 ) = [8E 6 ¤ 2 QB = ²8 _[ ) " VX d TE ¢ - Y= ~9 2 `9s ) p ¡ E Ñ1. Q = z¹ ZF % _] p Z= % ¯ ; -'L = [8 J I J;@ dX jL _ 9) 0 [ `9 ) ZF Hm E `F ` ]2 J -8 ") p ¡ F £y c B· [s = =6L : : ) B Y= ) Kc «6 y~R 4 -: 6 = 6;FL Y=E .( : [= [O / ) B Y= º Ó )/ B Y= [Ò Ó [) = " J yI : >yI FL J;R-= J yF Q] E Ô .( .( / : p )J 7ÖiÕ [* =E× /d-9 HÒ 8 ;F )Ä " J yI p " )L ;] " J yI "F [ £ < c C M=;)E 6 y~R ;8< g ) ¤ ." Am Fe " J yIE " / 8 «pK ¢ - & F 2 `9O _* =E N ]2 0I ; P- 9 _BEL Y= k [.= kQBE " M=; p ;) % £8; E Ê@ E ØE; E ¡ p X8 ¢ F ºc QO z B E;m _*\ _BE E J yF : : QO Z=L : ÙJT c J |OPO ;Q. E : # ;] B 0f )" [? d >yI M=;) ;8< Ø-y × ; /wZ) @ Ú dI Y= "6 " .)L× Y= ¢T " F [ [) = " _* yI ; ` $( $% J; tÛ EL N b 0 79< Ú E gy E× / Z'n EÚ z x 7AFE £8E = Y= ¯ ; F ZT = ;8< y) Ø µE / N ;Ú Õ E &.Õ ©>I £tE ; XtE× / y c 7 F uKE ( : //$ ) 6 )0. H J\?E .( .( . )! .j 7= u])E /N8; . @ Ê@F Y= kF; W 5 6 =; 7 E 0 ]~9 E 59 < E J ;2 E N ¡F < E Z E Q[ l * jcs ;Bd ;8< jLs E -) VX 6 M= 6 =; dX Y=E Downloaded from aijh.modares.ac.ir at 12:55 IRST on Saturday September 25th 2021 Y= L n ¤ Z. Y=M E;= m9 E 2 Y= F Fn _ `1O « 0.. 4 -: VL W 5 _9 : Y= u]E N8; © `9 E ¯][ 9= c V5 uK pK ¢ - k M= " _] O ); < _9F;9 J;' 2 z JT Y= ¯ ; B ) `8 H[) uK Z 7= k8 k] * _]sE VL ( $$ : //# VE¦ )" H. ZQO . m. E J ²8 2 Z¦Os ¢· 2 Y= 7 L y~< g * £L Y= 0 g 9 E X zI j ZE w6 J 8 ²8 2 ) p jv p n X ~9 Y= ;8< Q) " ¢T W 5 wj³ _ - £[= Pe F I]2F ©` T Y= N * c £G

g> M ¢ - E /_= ]> 6 J /¨ g> M 2 &EÉE Y) ) ¡ \- E m. = J 2 ;q9*s ) .j( _-I Y= g> M ` /-I8 ;L J;= _sn «7[] Sc _ Ý=E Sc dPy= j [ E "p )L;] " ) @ J y. p <L d ? VX ©);@ ] V @ E Z-I Y= S8 `= Y= = @.2 0]O . - _[?E c QO Yts j ¢T . 0f2 V; < M=; " jLs §E . 6 y~R 08 9) J y. dX zIE F Yt ^ _sn 6 Z¦OL I; j jc Q ) ) < F;9F Ì-*: Z Ñ-*;= J F G Hm): 0 « _* I ².-) jL Z¦OnO m. X p gE .O ( /# : $ Z8 )" ;8< J [B & 6=E F L -) ^ ~ 2O «Q[= E B: Y= _* = F;o VL * X _9F;o Y8 P- 9 0W 5 M=; uµ Y= `E Z=9 Z-I QB dPy= kyI JM = B; ) E j [ _9F;eE &¦ _f;= .] T ¥ =@ j 9O ²* 2 ¢ -) jL Z-I ¢ - [E J E 2 F ¡ Y= k8 yO )N( 2 « Y=MF ;8< H9Q) X (2 )J: E J d F Y= jL `9 ) ¢T ©- `8s g 9 A9: Y`q) . _¹ ¥q* j\F Z]v _ s n £) ; ¯;e jL F -@ _* ) 0v 6 j ) Zy. VX z[ Z=8 " E " p [~R " J;' = y~< Ô [8 p × u) / `Ú _[8 |. 6 Ò 39 Ê [ d ¹ ¤ 2F ;m9O 8j < d;B\9 £) ;× Y= /pEÉ) K Y= : p- × N;.): ÒZQ`9)Û /pE;G Ú kR= I ¤ I ` " &` Z9.) VXs " Ê¡F k PQ<* _)c /: &-Ic _9BE6 ;8< £?i s¤ /w Am ¥8 ` y) p j\Fs E -O ( / / ") .j Ê [ Ñ. T N;IL jL Z-I k]* /08 B Y= 0\*: &-Ic Y8 4 1 9) ¤ pK ¢ F _ -9) pK = J ' [ : : p )N = E ²B AF Y= 68ß 8/ :p- _-<9F 9) ¢T ;' 2 {; `9Þ 7 e .( .( / :" 6 p [~R " ; _] ¥9 ) Kc « k = 9 k ;=L d7]R ;) p jLs E -)E MO.9) k T ¢ F I 6 p [~R /Ê [ Y= I 6 Downloaded from aijh.modares.ac.ir at 12:55 IRST on Saturday September 25th 2021 j [ [) = Y= VL N = E ²B AF Y= ) VX 6 .( . ) .j 0<µ EL _9[) = cE 7¦ E [ c ;2 E ^n ²B Y= EL jQBE p [~RE pXq 6 pXv _ FE 6 . . _*;LE 6 ¢ F V6 ) N~2 p [~R `O J T E ` )L WAW FE ¡ ` z) c p ;O % Z9I `¯ Y= 8 < 0`1 2F ;m* _sn «g )M2 ; ]) k ; j `[F " Am Fe " [8 J yI <L ]' ¢ - E 2 Z`t = [ O C. Ê¡ 0=E &` ;8< jLs E -) . ²]<92 E [)M _9·E _f;§ )j: E9) `ªOs pXq

)( ¯ . / UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU V TE 08 FL 6 =; *s uX « $( / : /# VET )" ]@ ¡ § ;] T ¢ - = .O JPn _* [ d; R 6 =; HL Y=E . d; R * 9 E Q BE Fn dX <\O ( : -8 ) 2 | F ZqR E 0W 5 M=; XC 9 ¢T 6 M= :³ Y= _ ) j _y~9 «JM 2 ) ;m9[* ;' _]s O ( : //# VE¦ )); < _9) =A= Y= 6 ( )N 2 JM = zTL ` ][ E ) ¡ 0L M= E "/ 86 " j [ F ) @ _* yI 7B @.O J y. ²8 H à =Ä<9 )Ä; YE Z-I . . [ = OP J y. & ? ;<9[) : ;m9[2 d E F &y]: J\= Z J y. dX ;8< <L µLwj`x Z.TÙ V\F /] jF;* Am d[8 6 HF 5. 2 [ E ) E ;y= F J 8 J T w);¦ J ;I Y= pn J F /w;ÚQ××U ;= i9 =6n u* c Ø f F P<* " / " VL H :/" ;Ú× × ØMTM) jL F Y= / Ú 2 g9QO× zß s=L ) VET Í L ¢T ( $ : -8 )F; =n C p¦= 0 fL ¯;x /)E ²sm d[8 "w(/ 68 ) ;8 < O Z ¨ J y.O ©` F J\2 u* S[ = .( / : p )! ;Ú× ×G . . 4 -: © .x Y= _\)E {; I F _`TE dm9 & @ ); E £QF _[F [8 á9= . 2 ©< ) ZF 4 -:F £e;): VET Z 6 O Y8 2 ØMTM) 2 Z B HT p d E J F J c k9= ) uXE J Y= kF _F ¢ -<9) E kG-= < E \ _F âF IE . E B jE Y 6 Y= ²IL J 2O )N( 2 _ -) = [8 S8 H9i k>O k* = £@) ¹; '' Y= £@) y9 VL =AE H. = " _sc «_] 2 : _* = Ô Ô dX ;8< gsE . .( / : // 8 )" jG@ Z 7 E /J; -2 0L× -I F / L jL )L ; pK ¢ - k M= Q BE kF .= k ] * W 5 y~< .( / )! .j: _c ) ¹; '' /J¥.2 6 y~R &A Y= yOs . F; =n _[= * d <=s _L -I F ;F. 2 E 2 ;): T ; ã8 jL F ; 8< _F O VX EMQ2 {; ¢ - uK p [ . 2 '' b ¹; E . . ) B {;8 ¢ -F ; <-) _*T ~9) J* _= 8E ¢ - E J E 2 F B\9) Downloaded from aijh.modares.ac.ir at 12:55 IRST on Saturday September 25th 2021 = Y = Y)X n Y) & T J y. 1`9* _ FE _* 8 `9) J*E _ F t jL c dI `9)E 6 E 6 :J y. = 9* `Q8y* 2 7.- `9) ;LE Y);³ Ê ) 0 8 ;F yF J y. L -9O .( # : // VEAT )_9BE6 . _O ¹; Z ¹; jns J;] ©` )s jL _[= £@)E -. ]T £?i = [8 6 p9F k ;W\* 7 ; < ;L Y= VET Z ¥9 ) c Q8 Am HsiE `< QO p ;9): T ]T " ¢T _` *E _9O.W c uK ) §E .2 : : _T B ZqF 2 Z-.9) QO Fn X[= J 9 E Z Y= )³ E P= M2 | F

"ÍE;OE;F ;]D . h £T [eL " _* yI Q]sE VX ; z*= .O _ = Y= d L = He ©¦ ` «The Love song of J.AlfredPrufrock » `9Þ F 2 ¬ k ;Qm= 6 FE / "E 6: J " ¯ yI 4AF ] Q9]sE _ 8 zf;ÒO Y) I Y= ;19)s _] EL . ;) «. Lady Lazarus » ¯ .T k[9= ); E E Z` k ; ZF j 9 .O « Fn J 9=Es ¦=e G c G . );<- 1`9 E A`9 E 6 =; Y= ;LE 4 5 y= Y= *s ZF E & En JPyI J yI « V;'[ = » ZF {EEn 4 5 O5 S 8;y9.) ^ _sL ¢T W 5 j) = ì )0] pn 6b¬ J );] hK`[ Downloaded from aijh.modares.ac.ir at 12:55 IRST on Saturday September 25th 2021 z=M9 9TS 8 Zq. Z ¨ 7 ; < Y= c ¥98 (# : $ Ì< ©`8 ] ZI =R ; R jLs Sc £X jL YqµE 6 M= gsE E I ( # / : $ z) ))M=; =L & EÉ 2 _] ;) _sn «c J;qO Z`t S[ 2 ." ÍE;OE;F ;]D . h £Ts [eL " _* yI . ;q] ¯E6 N ;R OP ; < <[O `9Þ

( ( / ) .j/ c RL &ELs Y= J y. dX ¥9 * ¢T ;µs zI jcs _8. _*L;B Aq Y8 B ;* 2@ 4 19) Rn dX #( : Á=; )QsÇLE Sc Z'E _sL &T _[= k 9= ;) Y=M Ny) E Z`x ) ¡ ;y j & E6E J \) Y8 QO T dXE F _-· Ø;y)s Ê d;8<= -) Ê _9 ~R Y= *s ` ( / : # î)E ;* k ) s[<9= k 8.) Ec 6E :Æ X QB = 1¨ N ;y ²BT )Q8;FLE J;' 2 s)M Rn NEL Grow old,I grow old../I have heard the .( $ : ## ` mermaids singing,each to each../I do not I Think that they will sing s[.9)E 2 J Y= k k Bs J y. H;) 12 tome. ($ .j/ ) _[= )\2 ;' 2 j¬ k M= _ bE ÍE;OE¥F ;8< E; Y= _F ;= = ¢-8E ~< í _= .* jc s Pe J¦ k1f -'L VXs `9Þ Y8 &M [2 E j-¡ E _v 86 E JL; ¡ Y= d [= * K 8`9B 9=y J 9i VX j X « d [8 O \= jL :c _[= jv Ò _IÉ)s E _..) j v uK Zv . B 5 E =; );y X . : Y8 ¥ )s E J = EÉ2 7£8 O;) j\F dP`f £\*E _] NE Y= L Q) .( # : .I j q °8M)E L;9) jL _8 jv jL F _.*8 Y8 X ¯`8L G* ] `1= c J yI : : & .) J T E Y= s¤ k:ELs _ `9 Y= pE; &Et jc jv Zs19 am no prophet-and here’s no great matter” 13 9T Y`q) * K 8 ;' Zs¨ cs kW _] ”I .($ ) .j/ ¢T -T< -±q dÄ BLE `9Þ ÈLs 9)E 0vE ZM Y= = y = j q) 0v Ã[F _\F 5 ) k s s 0¦]* .. l E s`2 J Q2 N < E Am :E 6 F _sL `v Q¹ ©@): `m8 Z`t : : ]n -t & É Sc k kAI =n ^8 Y= 8 = [8 _F _] j.) jL _ ©ts “Let us go then, you and I, / When the : : 2 ;L _ = evening is spread out against the sky / Like a patient etherized upon a table, / Let us go, After the cups, the marmalade, the tea "And through certain half deserted streets… / would it have been worth it, after all

Downloaded from aijh.modares.ac.ir at 12:55 IRST on Saturday September 25th 2021 Streets that follow like a tedious argument / Among the porcelain,among some talk of Of insidious intent / To lead you to an you and me.Would it have been worth while overwhelming question…” 10 (Baym To have bitten off the matter with a smile,To etall,1986, 1268/2). have squeezed the universe into a ball To roll it towards some overwhelming ZQO 0 s dP`f ¯É)Es ;8< ¦= °¦)s & É question To say:"I am Lazarus,come from the dead, wL -]vE wL -) ZE wµ . _* 8 Í;* S8 Ä;b how should I begin/To spit out all the butt- come back to tell you all,I shall tell you ends of my days and ways?AndThen 14 ” all (¶,ÅË j,/ ) . how should I presume?./And should I then 11 presume?/And how should I begin ? 98

0E "E 6: J " J y (v. j. )" .j ;`8 Y = VL k.T 2 í P) _sL gv [ y*s ); R J ' dX G .( : $$ T = )" RL 6;FL " Y= _ s ªO 'n _mI * = [8E _[= F:s VX Py2 í IE JPyI @ J;R-= ););.*E @F J y. jL jE Z]n Sc 5E Hm2 ;1- ¯;G . . ;@RL WAW K ?.= c z`. w ;L J;= J F H t ;8< jv ZQO . hE; @9) [)L ` 6 HF dX J y. J;8< z [8 J; £ °BÉ)s VX V6 ¢ - jv ZE W 5 sy~< zO;y* Q [ VET Z J yI m. _Ý= ¢T k FL ©.19)s Y HT _sc w_[?F = [ E k v\* J ` OfªF ¢É2 [B c Q9 TEs . Z) @ V Fn ¯;G ¤ Y=E ±B]2 JPy. ;B I 4 jLs Y= -[) j [ O Q9W LE Q[B S8 `v « B ;*E J Ø;= S8 dE ;8< 0 . J y. dX ZG9*s jL S * 0E ¢É2 Q[B £-F . E;m =L (fE _\RE d7)¥v E _9`m8 S[* _sL 7[ k) 0@ *E .92 ¯ c Ì Y= B H9 A &Et jL jE _9F9 ][ zF q E . . &B; r;q* M Y= ~9 ¥8 ;L J;= :c _] ð ) jL N@9 Ò . _* Q=E _* I <9v E p; Ø ;B Z¹ Y= JT Zs¨ jL J y. zET . ¯;G E pE;F 1f -'LE _TE EL _`B 7 2 - F d R &D IE 6 j q) jL _F b gq O : / ( / : ## d 6 ²8 ¥[I )d .*E `9Þ _f;O Q@f zI ¦*E J. Tc Sc ][ F;G E N¦ E ;' B9T ;yF Ø ;¡ E :³ dX Y8 ¥ 9Os y~R uK Zv ZsË JL;¡ 8E )5 E u< E .( .( # : $$ T = )J ] Y= 6 h; ` 2 .L ; RL " zv 4AF ] ¯ <L ;L J yI Y= 7 8n s:c ;* : ns « 7 8L £85 Q [ _ T I[ E £)n 6 D QO; )s ` =6 7 ; < Q f d O =E 2 p; 7 8L 7 T Q9R £- B;) §s E .( # : $$ T = ") VM Downloaded from aijh.modares.ac.ir at 12:55 IRST on Saturday September 25th 2021 IA E Q ¦. Y)X EL E d7.c );* = Z jF S8 ¯ I E RL GF ;1-* " c 0QO );] ¯ cE .92 Q9 ) Q[= -E .2 .( : # d 6 ²8 ¥[I )" sI F c Q O ) ¢ -F Z=n YE `9 )E ;*: Q9 9 c ) 4AF ; R `m ; jcs :_O N¥* k[O d ;* VX 2 ) @n Fn = ©>. ZË 6 =; E P?nF “ Peel off the napkin /O my enemy /Do I .( :# # ì ) terrify?” 15 (Baymetall ,1986,2737/3) . = [8 6 yI c J y. Y= 9 @. P<* JPn WA ;QRn RL ;WL " ] <L

:Q.< *E Qs-x J ) B J ';O ~ ';O _F ÌTL VX Y] E d _[= zTO [9[ 1> ; Out of the ash/I rise with my red hair/And I 18 Y=M X Ñ.O T E ) uK Zv 0Q9[ I;= eat men like air /»( ,Å»È j ) . VXs I 8 ²8 J;8< _8 M;*s VX Py. : : S) = °9[9 jL Yqµ .*s = Zv Y= : : Fn c _[]8 Y= h;i: k9s= j _O Ê ) I ] E F; )J;' 2 WA p ³ 7 ; R 6Eo The nose, theeyepits,the full set of teeth?/ Z* T;= W 5 6 y~R 78 9 ( )M E The sour bread/Will vanish ina day./Soon, Soon the flesh/The grave cave ate will be/At 16 dX g * 8 F I@F 9`9O «4 5 home on me “ (Baymetall, 1986, 2737/3) £9vO );y H¯BT E £[9) k] * y~< _c zf; *s 6 yI Y= ;D k Q<= J;8< y*s s ¤ 1`9) jL jE k-y k ) B k: = H >yI 6 H\Es C j I t [ jLs c P<* = [8 u K E 6 y~R p; 7 ; R ~9 IE . T E & = AF k B T FX= JL;= B ; * sT;= jE <) _= ~9 ZIE VM ; < 7B = ¯ ]) H· E µs jL jE jE X9)E _9)Ä;F j 9`9) JL;=F ©s 9) B ØE Z<] E =EMQ2 Z O J ; uKE 0] ; < 8 ¢T Z 7B = 8 E X . j ) _ . O. E 8`9B: E E;m k PL E l9 92 y9Os Y ] Y= _BE; S8 6 ( )N 2 yL Downloaded from aijh.modares.ac.ir at 12:55 IRST on Saturday September 25th 2021 . F; j - I VX 2O « z IE I );y[ I;]9 j\v s E Q<2 : S9R Y)E[ F H >yI 6 H 7 ; < g E S 9T Q[ ¡ 6 J cS z]9) : [ 6 7TªF ; < 6 L «{; ; < 6 E 68E 6 :Q8 g@ ) ^ ¢T m1 RLs “What a million filaments/ The peanut- H: X jLs :c VM ; < E 6:E «0] crunching crowd / Shoves in to see / 17 ;m QB F Yq p ³ k T E S[ = Z`t Z Them unwrap me hand in foot ($$ ) .j/ . . J 9= j E 7F;In _c ;m[) Kc =R ; R Q<2 X _-<) j [ ¢T [ 0>; Ø9]2 F§ j [ ¥9 ) 9q= ]IE ZF _* 8= B HQ[= VL Z`t jL 100

)( ¯ . / UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU;' 2 ; < 6 _ .) = F Æ K N ;' j _[8 ¥ ) = gi R [O Ì _1[µE d ts QO [ HQO HQ* g>E 6 Z@- E K à Y= d[`9) = ..T Y= _[q) = FE VET Z Y);8< `9F 6 `v zmT `v . . _ FE = 0.92 s .OL ¢T Ç >yI Y)E[8 4AF ]E 0E PG9 J I 0 v 5<= @. p ³ 0.9* 1]F J; s Y)E[ 9 BLE ) - X[= 6 =M Pe )P- * I? Sc xE W 5 6 =; Mv;= ò 0 6 : Ts .O «Y);8< [?- ; E ; < S8 Hq Yqµ:E . k 7t cE k:E k ;qO ;][* JE ( ¶½¾, ) 8 VET j;ILE . HQf ;eL i ¢) T 6 Sc ºcs ±- E G A9 ¢T k[O ;D S8 ; R ¦OL 8`9B: _ `9 NfEL -s 6 HF jL 0]q)E 6 =; ~9: `q E ]q k[)-* 0¦9.) z]sE `v ) E ;y= F J T £-F Q¦O Z' 9) VX ;q] E q Ä; kC<* ; Z) 19F u KE V [ . = j [ ] Y= kIA@ k T E k R O;* c W ;* B = ¥8 . 6 J Sc 6 . . jG@ E ¡ E Hm V 19 ¯` 8L |O;) _ b VX \ Sc {; ;8< Zy) I = ;q* _O ;): _sn «J 8AF 2 Z¦])Es ¢ - n* I EL kTL 2 VE) _sn EL g *E ;QI Y= _R8 7 ; R | F ; < Q9.=E =R ; R 12 % 6 E £ ) jL Ss[`9O * K J = Y= J _O ;) . . Y);' 2 p; . VETE p ; R q = XE ) B Y= 4 -2 {; ; < = jD;. 7- n yI [* % <]92 ][ ;=n M=; XC ;8< y)s I Y)E E S8 Mv5F 2 p; F : ;' 2 6 Z s Ò P`¦ = £-F `[* E `9Þ . . j[-E ) ; y= @O ¯ ; E; 7 ; < `v 0IAn ;. .9 E £t Y `8 0~9 E Z@F ;' 2 {; ; < F ` .= % » . =R ; R ( ( =R %EL )0] ; < E d;bs §E _9: Y= IL : M=; ;8< Z `t § 8s . B );I / [ p E % ] z O `v d B Y= _B F .. W 5 _A= Y= Downloaded from aijh.modares.ac.ir at 12:55 IRST on Saturday September 25th 2021 08 < pM c _>`9 £-F Yq ) k = 6 z Ts ¢T " E 6: J " ¯ yI 4AF pM Í;* jL ¢- = _ [ . _`8 Y= ZyÒO ¤ Z.98 0] E {; ; < Aê ¢É2 [B Sc 0 ;§ £'L I F j .F; = . í _o E 08 < .-? Sc J ) ¡ J 7@8c J <[2 Q9)e ©.19 ¯O . _I g f Y= q<) XL Kc _Qµ ^ . A.9 E ¯ c NB5 ¥8 .( .( F=E : 1B ) / [ J 6 _ v 19 q ) c ; R [8 I j . ) );I // [ VET Z E % Y= F uK Z vE 2 E :L 9 Py= í _F &EÉ9

101

)( ¯ . / UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU V TE 08 FL 0=)L )] Zv ©yFL jL / jKc L FL gqO ¶¶%" 8c F _s[ 0= . V pM k 6F k ¦8 Z JL;¡ 3* * ZQO / wjK c JL;¡ 3* * gvE / wÆ 8E [ . pM Í;*E _9 ] = g9 pM H86 .( .( ¶½À j )" . wL FL gvE Í/ X[T Y= [ ¯A? ªF EP-F _M[= VET ;19 . /# ;1- > ;8 z . /.. ;L cs .. ;L cÔ " ¶,% ²8 Z> ; 7 98 ²8 kB9T «_] ²8 ' _I [F j )" . l [G Ycs &L : / | - YQ¦ F 3G ) .( F=E $ : j ) . _fL *E _[?E .( .( ¶½È ã ë. [ ( =F %gL ) =R ¹L E % )" .j : )" .j Z¡ ;=nF X =E % k - z ªOs " ¶»% uXE ?<[ ¦ £- F YÒ . j ;Q? .( .( ¶½¾ ã ë. $/ [ *s . O1y [Q= c &=E Í;* p n F _/ uK F { Z`b j ZE ¶¿% .( % : #$ d 6;IF f ¹ E V9 £T' ) Y= ¢) | FE 3y M F /V< E _ ] ñ;=Es k /B;]92 s 7f f g' ¥8 /6 ;y Å%" N f 2 L FL jL / { Z`b jL / ÃBE u-B Y= /.? _TE LE 7 / c _) ) kFR / @i E _.);? XD & É í QB;TLE / J; j ;y98LE / =9FF jO :cEs X );) _][F j =L Ø/"% B YÚ)× KL Ins k*D / =n Y= k*D 6 cs " : & ILE / ¯[F ."! @9) %/ )" .j: 70R ZÛ H8 I\× 70R Z H8 T;` k -* k ;8R c M5 = * j % # .(" .(" /$ XL . ### 8 ) z[ E . k P- k .9[=E ." ." wL g¼ L / E 8)s / 0QBE Y8 Z) [2 VX " ¶À% 8 u W £X= Sc &=E @)¥ [¡ 1> ; / w. [2 j[n j ;]T g %"L .( : $$ ;[9 ). /$ VX H1 k- );I k-);I / ) Y= ZIL 1`9 / Q); . Y@ F / [ 4AF ] E /% ". ". ;L J;= y / 1 gQv d OL z ;* ¢T J = S8 ¼ |);= _s\ /v 7` 1]' :b ) E Z= F99* N < /J Q= gy N R ¦F &A : : " ( G Sc uF 0¦]* `v /8 S8 V @[) /Z & B : ;' 2 {; ; < ($ )Y) M8 Z8c ][ .( ¶½» %¶½, : ,ËË¶ );O ©]R ".) ¯[F XD & É

102

Q9)M=E J @n Q]= (/ )VÉ 9)6 [ ] J EPF ) [ 2 E [] d; E d)¦I -@ ;<[ E 4·á ;q] EPF Fn . En -@

. . En _*T : p ;R F ($ )²8 ?AF ][

); < &`8n ( );R F p [ ] ;<[ E F; É2 EPF d; RE .Ì. .Ì. : J EPF = . En -@

k ;8R c .. ( );= );O ©]R [ ] {; ; < A8L ( )Z &<= 1B ][ . . .Ì : O. S8n Þ kT;= k-*vE k IE EPF Ê)E ` c 0I R ¹L Y= ¢)

E ; R 4 5 (//# )O;8 ¹L VE¦ [ ] . -@ J

. . En -@ EPF ) . : ¢) ; < o: ( 7 ;¦) ²` 0 ¡ ][

{; ; < o ( )jTc -8 [ ] T -8 : ;* ¢) {; ; < ; E . . -@ ¯E;< j`8 ;' 2 -@ F; J T M;= EPF JÉÉ

; R J @n ( /# )f; -8 08 [ ] . En

. . -@ {; > ; EPF p Y= @ VET Z (/# ))c VET ][

J 9 ( /$ )h¥` .2 p9 $[ ] . En -@ O. EPF d; RE _*P

:.Ì. :.Ì. -[Bn E @)¥ EPF ; R j ) (// )Z VET ][

G p D ()* (/ ) ;Q? m #[ ] .Ì. : J

hQ[2 ;< j ;Q? ¢) ;y F; ; < J @n ( // )g ) VEAT ]$[ . . En -@ . En -@ EPF ;' 2 {;

4 5F Z' 9 ($ )²8 ¯' ¦ ]#[ : : " C ( . VE: j`8 J;'[2 Y) M8 ; R F = d;Qç (/ );`I j)D /[ ] . En -@ Downloaded from aijh.modares.ac.ir at 12:55 IRST on Saturday September 25th 2021 . . &E ôç = <9 j ;¯ SO ; < Q]= (# )r; -8 ;] B 0f ]/[ A8L Â[;O ( ¶»¾Å )Y) &AB P=L H8L [ ] = O. jEÉ< GF p [8 Sæ< <9 Mv;= j ;¯ .= p9v . En -@

. . &E ôç y~< 78 9 (//$ )V;<8 08 ) 6 [ ] SFv ; SI T ;*: ( ¶»È¿ )F;F Zc [ ] ;] J;. ;' 2 {; ; < W 5 . . ôç Ê) <9 j ;¯ .Ì. : {;

103

j ;¯ WD _8 ` (¶»ÈÀ ) ¹L =R »¶[ ] ;IF f ¹ E 9 £T' 6E;C [ ] . . H9] ôç dæ <9 _-R ;8R : =R ¹L ( ¶»ÈÅ d 6)

* 6eD 6 SO ; R ( ¶»ÅË )Y)E;ì -qR »,[ ] . E ôç j ;¯ _.R8E

. . &E ôç [=P <9 j ;¯ 6E;= S =\* _=: ;] ( ¶»Å¿ )S.* j) = ì [ ]

: : 1`* Â[;O ( ¶»Å» )EP ä »»[ ] ôç j9=6 <9 j ;¯ =R ¹L ; R S-X= Si* S9 P?L R . &E

. Qç ôç E;O ;< j ;¯ SO F ;*: ( ¶»È» )jQB FL ()* ;[vF î)E ;* [ ]

j ;¯ Ê*D è;= E; (## )_I d 6 S8¥[I [ ] ôç j 6;O ÊEõì E ;< j ;¯ S>f S F;8 . . E ôç Y)KD Zå <9 .

c c. S*. ( ¶»¾¾ )d 6; S=;v »À[ ] ) : z) E _F [I ( ¶»È¶ )6E;C SAB ,À[ ] QB <9 j ;¯ S-X=E m[= _=[<) ºE ;< j ;¯ =R R _[)MåE z[R . . &E ôç Sæ< . &E ôç å6E

c * P÷qR 6 ( ¶»ÅÅ )ö) ;[9 v »¾[ ] : c c. S*. ( ¶»ÈÈ )6E;C ` SBT ,¾[ ] . . &E ôç _*D;< j ;¯ ì ;*: [.I <9 j ;¯ _= m[ = 9 .

1`* Â[;O ( ¶»Å¿ )T ` ` »Å[ ] . &E ôç

. . &E ôç 5= <9 j ;¯ ;' = ; R ( ¶»È¶ ) P`f S-9 E d M8 T ,Å[ ]

( ( ¶»Å¿ )Ì< E ` (RID r;= »È[ ] Ê. <9 j ;¯ =F F _ ;8R S) æ9]å %¶½Ë¶ ) F ZF dM)B jå ;F _=[å 6 . &E ôç æ E . . &E ôç ;) v <9 j ;¯ (¶½½¿ ; R P?L Ê[F ( ¶»ÅË ) MC j) R ,È[ ]

j ;¯ z[R E ; R ( ¶»ÅÅ )7f T = »½[ ] Q= =R ¹L °R ) ` : SO ;' = . . &E ôç ) E;= <9 èE;O S[v v S ]R f ` ¢W j L Downloaded from aijh.modares.ac.ir at 12:55 IRST on Saturday September 25th 2021 .= p9v =I (¶»ÅÅ )5= v ¿Ë[ ] . &E ôç d5å ;< j ;¯ M;O

. . &E ôç P?L <9 j ;¯ j ;¯ d= v (# ) ì ,½[ ]

z[ E F ( ¶»Å¾ )¥å z) ¿¶[ ] . E ôç ) E;= <9

: ;* p;e F ;F EE j ) PW\* : îAv P=L : ;' =; R . ( ¶»È¿ )Y)E;ì _.BA »Ë[ ] <9 j ;¯ < Q= E S-v ` <9 j ;¯ =R ¹L SRv d 6 . . &E ôç _åD .&E ôç ) E;=

104

Downloaded from aijh.modares.ac.ir at 12:55 IRST on Saturday September 25th 2021

105

[1] Ismail, Ezzedine(2007), Contemporary Communicate with heritage in arabic poetry: its issues and technical Ezzeddine Manasrahs poetry, Oman, moral phonemena, Beirut, Daralodat, Daralmajdalawi, First edition.

First edition. [9] Radijafar, Abdul Karim(2008), The [2] Balata , Isa(2007), Badr Shakir concept of poetry with Sayyab, Alsayyab: His life and poetry, Beirut, Baghdad, Daralshorouk, First edition.

Arabic Foundation for Studies and [10] Zayed, Ali Ashari(1997), Recall of Publishing, First edition. inherited characters in contemporary [3] Juha, Michael Khalil(2004), The Arabic poetry, Cairo, Daralfikr notables of modern Arabic poetry Alarabi.

from Ahmad Shawgi to Mahmoud [11] Zytuny, Louay(2009), The concept of Darwish, Beirut, Daralodat, Second myth and its symbolism literary, edition. Beirut, Daralfikr, First edition.

[4] Jayyusi, Salma Khadra(2001), Trends [12] Alsayyab, Badrshakir(2005), The and movements in modern Arabic Complete poetical works, Beirut, poetry, Tr: Abdul Wahid Lala, Beirut, Daralodat.

Center for Arab Unity Studies, First [13] Farid, Mahershafig(2001), T.S.Eliot: edition. poet, critic and theatrical writer, [5] Hawi, Elia(1984), Khalil Hawi in lines Almajlesalala Lesaqafa.

of his biography and poetry, Beirut, [14] Aldawi, Ahmad Arafat(1998), The

Downloaded from aijh.modares.ac.ir at 12:55 IRST on Saturday September 25th 2021 Daralsagafat, First edition. heritage in the pioneering [6] Hawai, Khalil(1993), The Poesy, contemporary Arab poets: Critical Beirut, Daralodat. study, Beirut, First edition.

[7] Halawi, Joseph(1994), The myth in [15] Ali, Abdolreza(1984), The myth in contemporary Arabic poetry, Beirut, Sayyabs poetry, Beirut, Daralraed First edition. Alarabi, Second edition.

106

)( ¯ . / UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU;' 2 ; < 6 [16] Abbas, Ehsan(2001), Trends of world literature, Tr. Arabali Rezai, contemporary Arabic poetry, Oman, Farzan Publications, Third edition. Daralshorouk, Third edition. [25] Jalali, Behrouz(2002), Canary in the [17] Bible(1937), Cambridge, British and third narration: Memory cognition and Foreign Torah Assemblage. Shamlou’s Poetry,Tehran, Roozegar [18] Tehrani, Nader Nezam(2009),Date of Publications, Third edition. Arabic literature in the modern age, [26] Hossein Alizadeh and Seyyad Mojtaba Tehran: Almenhaj publications, First Zameri(2002), Poetic dialogue with edition. the Dawn, Tehran, Naghsh-Negar [19] Arian, Gamar(1990), Christ’s image: Publications, First edition. in Persian literature,Tehran,moeen [27] Haji Mohammadi, Behrouz(2009), publications,first edition. T.S,Eliot: structural criticism on [20] Alam, Amir Jalaluddin(1988), verses, Tehran, Gognoos Publications, Dictionary of the Bible, Tehran, First edition. Center of University Publications, [28] Rashidian, Behzad(1991), First edition. Mythological vision in contemporary [21] Gospel of Barnabas(2005),Tr. Haider Persian poetry: Nima Yooshij, Ahmad Guli Sardar Kaboly, Tehran, Niayesh Shamlou, Mehdi Akhavan Saales, publications, Third edition. Mohammadreza Shafiei Kadkani, [22] Behrooz Saheb ekhtiari and Forough Farrokhzad, Gostardeh Hamidreza Bagerzadeh(2008), Ahmad Publications, First edition.

Downloaded from aijh.modares.ac.ir at 12:55 IRST on Saturday September 25th 2021 Shamlou: Poet of Nights and [29] Saeedpour, Saeed(2005), In the… of romantics,Tehran, Second edition. Moon, Tehran, Morvarid Publications, [23] Purnamdaryan, Taghi(1995), Travel in Second edition. may: Reflections on Ahmad [30] Salajegheh, Parvin(2005), Critigue on Shamlou’s poetry, Tehran, Zemestan contemporary poetry: Prince of tiles, Publications, First edition. Ahmad Shamlou, Tehran, Morvarid [24] Travic, Bakner(2004), History of the Publications, First edition.

107

)( ¯ . / UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU V TE 08 FL [31] Shamlou, Ahmad(2006), Collection of hossein(1995), Lexicon of hints in works, Tehran: Negah Publications, contemporary poetry, Tehran: Mitra Seventh edition. Publications, First edition. [32] Shakiba, Parvin(1991), Persian poetry [38] Maryam Agha Sheikh Mohammad and from the beginning until today, saeed noori Neshat(1995), Biography Tehran: Hermend Publications, First of noble laureates in literature(1901- edition. 1994), Tehran: Kavir Publications, [33] Shamisa, Sirus(1994), Lexicon of First edition. hints: Mythological, story, historical [39] Movahhed, Zia(1998), Poetry and and religious references in Persian cognition,Tehran: Mmorvarid literature, Ferdows Publications, Publications, First edition. Fourth edition. [40] Hawks, Master(1998), Dictionary of [34] Ghanbar Alizadeh, Roghayeh(2009), the Bible, Tehran: Asater Publications, Song’s of Fire chicken,Tehran: First edition. Golazin Publications, Second edition. [41] Gilbert, Hayt(1997), The literature and [35] Kermani, Nazerzadeh(1987), T.S. classical traditions: the influence of Eliot and versified and religious play, Greek and Roman on western Tehran: Jahad Daneshgahi literature,Tr. Mohammad Kalbasi and Publications, First edition. Mahin Daneshvar, Tehran: Agah [36] Koestner, Richard(1998), From Publications, First edition. Shakespeare to Eliot,Tr. Saeed [42] Baym Etall, Nina(1986), The Norton

Downloaded from aijh.modares.ac.ir at 12:55 IRST on Saturday September 25th 2021 saeedpour, Tehran: atih Publications, anthology of American literature,vol. First edition. 2, New York, W.W. Norton and [37] Mohammadi, Mohammad company, Fourth edition.

108

L " " O"XNH O

ra !"# $% q O*

¶»½» ¶Ë/ :¶/ zO) ()* / // : ã;)Xì ()*

ارﺗﺒﺎط ﺑﺎ ﻣﻴﺮاث ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ، ﭘﺪﻳﺪه اي راﻳﺞ در ادﺑﻴﺎت ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮري ﻛﻪ ﺷﺎﻋﺮان ﻣﻌﺎﺻﺮ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻧﻤﺎدﻫﺎي ﺷﻌﺮي ﺧﻮد را از اﻳﻦ ﻣﻴﺮاث اﻟﻬﺎم ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ؛ ﭼﺮا ﻛﻪ در ﻣﻴﺮاث ﺗﻮاﻧﺎﻳﻲ وﻫﺎ ﻗﺪرت ﻫﺎي ا ﺛﺮﺑﺨﺸﻲ در وﺟﺪان ﻣﺮدم وﺟﻮد دارد . از ﺟﻠﻮه ﻫﺎي اﻳﻦ ا رﺗﺒﺎط، ﺑ ﻪ ﻛﺎرﮔﻴﺮي ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺖ ﻫﺎي ﻛﻬﻦ از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻟﻌﺎزر ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ رﻳﺸﻪ در ﻣﻴﺮاث دﻳﻨﻲ ﻣﺴﻴﺤﻲ دارد . اﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺖ ﻟﻌﺎزر و ﻧﻤﻮد آن در ادﺑﻴﺎت ﺳﻪ ﮔﺎﻧﻪ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ از ﺷﻌﺮ ﻋﺮﺑﻲ و ﻓﺎرﺳﻲ و اﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ ﻣﻲ ﭘﺮدازد . اﻳﻦ ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺖ در ﺷﻌﺮ ﻋﺮﺑﻲ ﻣﻌﺎﺻﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻓﺮاوان ﺑ ﻪ ﻛﺎر ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه، ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮر ﻛﻪ در اﺷﻌﺎر ﺑﺪر ﺷﺎﻛﺮ ﺳﻴﺎب و ﺧﻠﻴﻞ ﺣﺎوي و ﺷﺎﻋﺮان دﻳﮕﺮ ﻲﻣ ﻳﺎﺑﻴﻢ؛ اﻣﺎ در ﻓﺎرﺳﻲ ﻓﻘﻂ درﺷﻌﺮ ا ﺣﻤﺪ ﺷﺎﻣﻠﻮ ﺗﺠﻠﻲ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ؛ و در اﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ در اﺷﻌﺎر .ت اس. اﻟﻴﻮت و ﺳﻠﻮﻳﺎ ﭘﻼت ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺎن ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ . ازﻣﻬﻢ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺠﻲ ﻛﻪ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺑﻪ آن دﺳﺖ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ اﻳﻦ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺷﺎﻋﺮ ﻣﻌﺎﺻﺮ ﻧﻤﺎدﻫﺎي ﭘﻴﺸﻴﻦ را زﻣﺎﻧﻲ در ﺷﻌﺮﺧﻮد ﺑ ﻪ ﻛﺎرﻣﻲ ﺑﻨﺪد ﻛﻪ ﺑﺘﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﻌﺪ ي روﺣﻲ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ زﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﺧﻮد ازآن ﻛﺸﻒ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ، ﻫﻤﺎن ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ در ادﺑﻴﺎت ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ اﻳﻦ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺖ ﻟﻌﺎزر ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻠﻲ ﺷﻌﺮي ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ، ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻠﻲ درﭼﻬﺎرﭼﻮب ﻧﻤﺎد . ﺷﺎﻋﺮ ﻣﻌﺎﺻﺮ دﻻﻟﺖ ﻫﺎي ﺟﺪﻳﺪي ﺑﺮ ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺖ ﻟﻌﺎزر اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻧﻤﻮده، دﻻﻟﺖ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻴﺎﻧ ﮕﺮ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﺷﺎﻋﺮ اﺳﺖ ؛ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ رﻧﺞ ﻫﺎي دروﻧﻲ و ﻳﺎ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﮕﺮ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻠﺖ ﺷﺎﻋﺮ اﺳﺖ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ و اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ و ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﻲ ﻧﺎ ﺑ ﺴﺎﻣﺎن . از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ اﻳﻦ دﻻﻟﺖ ﻫﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮان ﺑﻪ زﻧﺪﮔﻲ دوﺑﺎره، ر ﺳﺘﺎﺧﻴ ﺰ دروﻏﻴﻦ، ﻧﻴﺮﻧﮓ و ﻧﺎاﻣﻴﺪي در ﺷﻌﺮﻋﺮﺑﻲ؛ ﻣﺮگ اﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺖ و ﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﺘﻲ درﺷﻌﺮ ﻓﺎرﺳﻲ اﺷﺎره ﻛﺮد ؛ ﻧﺎاﻣﻴﺪي

از ﻋﺼﺮ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ و ﻣﺮﮔ ﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ دﻧﺒﺎل آن ﺑﺎزﮔﺸﺖ و دﺳﺘﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻮﻳﺘﻲ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ و ﺟﺎوداﻧﮕﻲ اﺳﺖ ، اﺷﺎره ﻛﺮد . Downloaded from aijh.modares.ac.ir at 12:55 IRST on Saturday September 25th 2021 ﻣﻨﻬﺞ اﻳﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺑﻪ روش ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻔﻲ - ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ ﺳﻌﻲ دارد ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎرﮔﻴﺮي ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺘﻲ ﻣﺴﻴﺤﻲ را در ادﺑﻴﺎت ﺳﻪ ﮔﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ . .

واژﮔﺎن ﻛﻠﻴﺪي: ﻣﻴﺮاث دﻳﻨﻲ ﻣﺴﻴﺤﻲ ، ﻓﺮاﺧﻮاﻧﻲ، ﻟﻌﺎزر، ﺷﻌﺮﻣﻌﺎﺻﺮ ، ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ . .

[email protected] S>-?-? _=A8 dæ< SF;8 F E jF6 dE;å )9 . [email protected] 7 ;M dæ< SF;8 F E jF6 _9R R S[Rv @.= Zy19 èO . 109

Lazarus in contemporary poems: comparative study

Raja Abu-Ali 1, Maryam Heydari 2

Accepted: 5/5/2013 Received: 22/12/2014

Connecting with the past heritage is a common phenomenon in the literature of the world. in a way that contemporary poets are inspired by it because there are affective abilities in people's conscience. One of the effects obtained from this connection is the use of traditional characters like Lazarus that is rooted in the old Christian heritage. " Lazarus in contemporary poems: comparative study " is the title of an article, which tends to study and analyze Lazarus' character and its effect in the trinity literature. Hence, some examples are chosen from Persian, English and Arabic poems. This character repeatedly emerged in Arabic poetry as in the poems of Badroshakere Sayab and Khalil Havi; however in Persian, it only could be seen once in Shamloo’s poems, and examples of it appeared in the English poetry as in Thomas Stearns Eliot’s and Sylvia Plath's poems. One of the most important results achieved from this paper is that contemporary poets have applied old symbols in their poetry in order to explore a spiritual dimension consistent with their life experience; as in the world’s literature, this experience had a poetical interaction with Lazarus’ character in the frame of symbols. Contemporary poets have added some new implications to this character, indicating their personal life experiences or social experiences of their nation in the severe political, social or cultural crises. Implications include new life, false resurrection, deceit and despair in Arabic poetry; death of humanity and irresponsibility in Persian poetry; and

Downloaded from aijh.modares.ac.ir at 12:55 IRST on Saturday September 25th 2021 disappointment and liking death because it is a sort of reunion and eternality in English poetry. This study has been done according to descriptive- analytical approach, and attempt to compare Lazarus in the Thrinity literature.

Keywords : Christian heritage, Recall, Lazarus, Contemporary poetry, Comparison.

1. Assistant Professor, department of Arabic Language and Literature, Allamah Tabatabaei University, Email: [email protected] 2.Master in Arabic Language and Literature, alZahra University, Email: [email protected] 110