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Competing Narratives in Cold War Thailand: Identity Politics and the Construction of Foreign Others

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Competing Narratives in Cold War Thailand: Identity Politics and the Construction of Foreign Others Competing Narratives in Cold War Thailand: Identity Politics and the Construction of Foreign Others Rungchai Yensabai Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Leeds School of Politics and International Studies July 2019 The candidate confirms that the work submitted is her own and that appropriate credit has been given where reference has been made to the work of others. This copy has been supplied on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. © 2019 The University of Leeds and Rungchai Yensabai Acknowledgements My deep gratitude goes first to Professor Duncan McCargo who expertly guided me through my PhD journey from the very first step. I would like to also express my sincere gratitude to Dr Adam Tyson and Dr Laura Considine, my co-supervisors, for their patience, motivation, and knowledge. I could not have imagined having a better supervisory team for my PhD study. My appreciation also extends to my beloved friends, Petra Desatova and Sarah Dorr, who always gave me support and courage to overcome difficult times during my study here. I would like to thank David and Tina Irving for taking a good care of me during my stay at Mountfields. Their kindness and understanding helped make my PhD study less stressful. I am deeply grateful to my parents, Amnaj and Nimanong Yensabai, and my precious sister, Torseang, who always believe in me and give me continuous support and unconditional love. Finally, I would like to thank Root Chumdermpadetsuk for his unfailing support, encouragement and the greatest understanding that always kept me going through the PhD journey. Abstract This thesis investigates political struggles between the Thai government and Thai leftist intellectuals and activists through narrative contestation of the Cold War in the late 1940s to the 1970s. The Thai government propagated a story of Thailand under communist threat from the outside, forced to ally with the United States to fend off a communist insurgency. This account of the Cold War, or the ‘official narrative of the Cold War’, was challenged by Thai leftist intellectuals and activists. Instead, they criticised the military government for collaborating with the United States, who for them was the country’s real enemy. By employing a radical ‘counter-narrative’ about the Cold War, they could assert their own identity as true saviours of the Thai nation. This research proposes that these Cold War narratives are stories of the ‘Thai Self’. As each narrator, including the government and Thai leftists, told stories of themselves defending the Thai nation, people, and values, they imposed an ‘un-Thai’ or ‘foreign Otherness’ on their opponents. In this way these narrators constructed a binary opposition of the Thai Self and foreign Otherness. This research focuses on three Others who were staple components in both official narratives and counter-narratives: the Americans, Northeastern villagers, and the Chinese. Each foreign Other was narrated as the opposite of the Central Thai-ness that was shaped under the Cold War contexts: Americanness versus Thai tradition and culture, Isan versus Bangkok, Chineseness versus Thai ethnicity. These sets of dichotomous identities often appeared and were referred to throughout narratives of the Cold War in relation to the narrator’s heroic struggles and devotion to the Thai nation. Their competition to assert the Thai Self led to the emergence of a dominant Central Thai-ness and to the restoration of the monarchy’s prestigious status in the Cold War period. This research examines materials and texts produced by the Thai government and Thai leftists by applying the technique of narrative inquiry. This approach not only provides an alternative way to understand the interrelations between Thai politics and the Cold War from a different angle, it also critiques some misrepresentations of Cold War Thailand generated by Benedict Anderson, Charles Keyes, and William Skinner. Abbreviations ARD Accelerated Rural Development CCP Chinese Communist Party CPT Communist Party of Thailand KMT Kuomintang MDU Mobile Development Unite MIT Mobile Information Team NIDA National Institute of Development Administration NEED Northeastern Economic Development Plan NETC North Eastern Technological College PAD People’s Alliance for Democracy PRC People’s Republic of China SEATO Southeast Asia Organisation Treaty TDS Thai-ness Deficiency Syndrome TIC Thailand Information Center UFAT United Front of Artists of Thailand UFIA United Front of Isan Artists USIS United States Information Service Table of Contents Acknowledgements .............................................................................................. ii Abstract .............................................................................................................. iii Abbreviations ...................................................................................................... iv Chapter 1 Introduction ......................................................................................... 1 Research Questions and Argument ...................................................................... 4 Literature Review: Approaches to Studying Thailand and the Cold War ............. 5 Research Methodology: Narrative Inquiry and the Cold War in Thailand ............ 7 Narrative and Story ......................................................................................... 8 Narrative Materials: Fiction and Nonfiction ................................................... 9 Narrative Contestation: Masterplot and Counter-narrative ......................... 10 Narrative Interpretation and Narrative Conflict ........................................... 12 Research Contributions ...................................................................................... 14 Research Method and Material Selection .......................................................... 15 Foreign Other and Thai Self /Thai-ness in the Cold War .................................... 19 Thai Leftists and Leftist Movements in the Cold War: Overview ....................... 24 Thesis Structure .................................................................................................. 30 Chapter 2 The American Other in Cold War Narratives ....................................... 32 Benedict Anderson and the ‘American Era’ ........................................................ 33 The American Other in Leftist Counter-narratives ............................................. 46 Thai Leftists and Anti-American Movement .................................................. 46 (Re)constructing Self: The American Otherness and Thai Leftists ................. 50 The Americans in Official Narratives .................................................................. 51 The ‘Thai-ised’ American Era: ‘Thai-Style’ Democracy and ‘Kanpatthana’ ... 53 The American Role in Construction of (Central) Thai-ness ................................. 61 Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 67 Chapter 3 Upcountry: Isan Villagers as Foreign Others (Part I) ............................ 70 Background: Isan and the Cold War ................................................................... 73 Isan Villagers in Official Narrative: Stories of the Victims .................................. 77 Empowering the Narrative: Knowledge and State Endorsement ....................... 85 The Influence of Official Narratives and the Isan Villagers in Popular Media .... 91 Isan as Bangkok’s Otherness in the Official Narrative ........................................ 97 A Child of the Northeast: the ‘Good’ Isan and Cold War Narratives ................ 103 Conclusion ........................................................................................................ 107 Chapter 4 Upcountry: Isan Villagers as Others (Part II) ...................................... 109 Isan in Counter-narratives in the First Intellectual Movement: the late 1940s to 1950s 111 Isan in Counter-narratives in the Second Intellectual Movement: the 1960s to 1970s 119 Isan in the Counter-narratives and (Re)construction of Identity of Leftists Narrators 137 Conclusion ........................................................................................................ 142 Chapter 5 The Chinese Other in Cold War Narratives ........................................ 145 Studies of the Chinese and Sino-Thais in Cold War Thailand ........................... 147 The Chinese and Sino-Thais in the Cold War .................................................... 151 The Chinese in Official Narratives of the Cold War: From the ‘Chinese Problem’ to the ‘Chinese who Love the Thai Nation’ ........................................................ 156 Empowering the Narrative: Skinner’s ‘the Chinese Problem’ and Knowledge Construction of the Chinese in Thailand ....................................... 158 Formation of the ‘Patriotic lookjin’ in Official Narratives ........................... 164 Lookjin in Thai Politics: The Sino-Thai Ethnic Identity Dilemma ....................... 170 Conclusion ........................................................................................................ 180 Chapter 6 Conclusion ........................................................................................ 183 Bibliography ....................................................................................................
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