Communication Challenges Associated with Voyageurs National Park: a Discourse Analysis Charlotte Lord Klesman
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University of North Dakota UND Scholarly Commons Theses and Dissertations Theses, Dissertations, and Senior Projects January 2012 Communication Challenges Associated With Voyageurs National Park: A Discourse Analysis Charlotte Lord Klesman Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.und.edu/theses Recommended Citation Klesman, Charlotte Lord, "Communication Challenges Associated With Voyageurs National Park: A Discourse Analysis" (2012). Theses and Dissertations. 1357. https://commons.und.edu/theses/1357 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, and Senior Projects at UND Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of UND Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. COMMUNICATION CHALLENGES ASSOCIATED WITH VOYAGEURS NATIONAL PARK: A DISCOURSE ANALYSIS by Charlotte Lord Klesman Bachelor of Arts in the School of Home Economics, University of Georgia, 1977 Master of Art in Communicating Arts, University of Wisconsin, 1999 A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the University of North Dakota in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Grand Forks, North Dakota December 2012 Copyright 2012 Charlotte Klesman ii This dissertation, submitted by Charlotte L. Klesman in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy from the University of North Dakota, has been read by the Faculty Advisory Committee under whom the work has been done and is hereby approved. This dissertation meets the standards for appearance, conforms to the style and format requirements of the Graduate School of the University of North Dakota, and is hereby approved. iii PERMISSION Title Communication Challenges Associated With Voyageurs National Park: A Discourse Analysis Department Communication Degree Doctor of Philosophy In presenting this dissertation in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a graduate degree from the University of North Dakota, I agree that the library of this University shall make it freely available for inspection. I further agree that permission for extensive copying for scholarly purposes may be granted by the professor who supervised my dissertation work or, in his absence, by the chairperson of the department or the dean of the Graduate School. It is understood that any copying or publication or other use of this dissertation or part thereof for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. It is also understood that due recognition shall be given to me and to the University of North Dakota in any scholarly use which may be made of any material in my dissertation. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES.................................................................................................. ix LIST OF TABLES.................................................................................................... xi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS....................................................................................... xii ABSTRACT............................................................................................................... xiii CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................ 1 Research Relevance ............................................................... 3 Research Participants ……………………………….……… 5 First Participant: Mainville ………………………… 7 Second Participant: Grim ………………………….. 8 Third Participant: Cole ……………….…………… 8 Department of the Interior …………….…………… 9 Brief History of Voyageurs National Park ………... 10 Voyageurs National Park Policy ….………………. 14 Related Research ................................................................... 19 Adding to the Existing Research .......................................... 24 II. METHOD …………………............................................................ 26 Choosing Key Participants ................................................... 26 Interview Questions .............................................................. 31 v Questions for the First Interview ............................ 32 Questions for the Second Interview ........................ 33 Questions for the Third Interview ........................... 38 Coding and Analyzing Data .................................... 40 Code Methods ......................................................... 43 Justification for the Method .................................... 45 III. IDA MAINVILLE............................................................................ 49 Introduction to Ida Mainville ............................................... 50 An Overview of Mainville’s Ojibwe Society ...................... 53 The Interview Process with Mainville ................................. 61 Data Analysis Chart ............................................................. 63 Categories ................................................................ 65 Themes .................................................................... 69 Assertions ................................................................ 72 Conclusion ........................................................................... 74 IV. LELAND GRIM……....................................................................... 77 Introduction to Leland Grim ............................................... 78 An Overview of Grim’s Connections to the Environment, Voyageurs National Park, and the Local Community .......................................................................... 81 Elements of Stewardship ..................................................... 84 The Interview Process with Grim ........................................ 86 Data Analysis Chart ............................................................. 88 Categories ................................................................ 90 vi Themes .................................................................... 93 Assertions ................................................................ 95 Conclusion ........................................................................... 99 V. GLADYS COLE............................................................................... 100 Introduction to Gladys Cole ................................................ 103 Personal Connection to the Environment ............................ 111 Cole’s Connection to Voyageurs National Park .................. 113 Definition of Public Steward ............................................... 114 Cole’s Relationship with the Local Community ................. 118 Cole’s Description of the Local Community ....................... 120 Local Communities and National Parks ………………...... 124 Recent Relationships ………………………....…... 126 Shared History: Cole and Voyageurs National Park ........... 131 Influence Created by Interpersonal Connections ................ 132 The Interview Process With Cole ....................................... 134 Data Analysis Chart ............................................................ 136 Categories ............................................................... 138 Themes ................................................................... 142 Assertions ............................................................... 143 Conclusion .......................................................................... 145 VI. CONCLUSION……........................................................................ 149 Assertion Summary for Mainville ...................................... 150 Assertion Summary for Grim ............................................. 151 vii Assertion Summary for Cole .............................................. 153 Overview of the Three Case Studies .................................. 155 Different Kinds of Attachments .......................................... 157 Patterns in the Research ...................................................... 159 Research Relevance Summary …………...………..……... 163 Describe Stewardship of the Land to Others …...... 164 Sharing Resources ……………………………..… 164 Define “Environmental Ethics” and “Stewardship …………………………………...… 165 Place Value on Wilderness Experiences …………. 165 Future Research .................................................................. 166 APPENDICES ……………………………………………………………...……. 171 Appendix A – U.S. Department of the Interior Organizational Chart …… 171 Appendix B – Legislative Chronology for Voyageurs National Park, 1891-2001 ……………………………………………………….…. 172 Appendix C – Interview Questions – Three Interview Process …….……. 177 REFERENCES......................................................................................................... 181 viii LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. General Coding Chart …………………………………………………... 41 2. Ida Mainville at Ojibwe Immersion Camp, studying Ojibwe language lesson sheets. Taken Sept. 2010 by Charlotte Klesman ............................ 49 3. Overview of Mainville Data Analysis Charts ………………….………… 64 4. Initial Coded Data for Mainville ................................................................ 65 5. Categories for Mainville ............................................................................. 66 6. Themes for Mainville ................................................................................. 71 7. Assertions for Mainville ............................................................................ 74 8. Eagle Banding. Leland Grim is first person from the left. Taken July