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Extremism in Kazakhstan: Its Сurrent Сondition and Сounteraction Issues

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Extremism in Kazakhstan: Its Сurrent Сondition and Сounteraction Issues Extremism in Kazakhstan: its Сurrent Сondition and Сounteraction Issues “In the interests of the state’s anti-extremist activity transparency, it is necessary to establish a Public council to monitor the implementation of the State program on combating religious extremism and terrorism in the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2013–2017,” – Andrey Chebotarev, political scientist, analyses the current situation of extremism and the main counter-extremism methods in Kazakhstan, exclusively for cabar.asia. Follow us on LinkedIn! Within the last 5 years, an increase in religious extremism and terrorism manifestations became a worrying trend in Kazakhstan. It peaked in 2011-2012 when 14 extremist acts and armed clashes with law enforcement bodies occurred in different parts of the country. As a result, 51 extremists, 13 law enforcement officers and 6 civilians died [1]. How it all began Although religious extremism displays occurred in Kazakhstan in the past, they were mainly linked to: “Hizb-ut-Tahrir”, a radical religious and political organization’s activity, whose members were advocating the group’s ideas via spreading leaflets, books etc. predominantly in the southern parts of the Republic. In March 2005, the court of Astana declared “Hizb-ut-Tahrir” as an extremist organization and banned its activity in Kazakhstan; the presence of foreign extremist organizations’ members in Kazakhstan, caused mainly by a relatively mild immigration regime of the Republic, as well as by the shortcomings within the immigration police’s work. As a rule, those individuals had been taking a temporary refuge in Kazakhstan to avoid justice in their own countries, or had been undertaking subversive activities against the neighbouring countries (Uzbekistan, China, Russia) and recruiting potential supporters among the citizens of Extremism in Kazakhstan: its Сurrent Сondition and Сounteraction Issues Kazakhstan. In this respect, in November 2004, in an unprecedented case, the national security bodies eliminated a group of 9 people, who were part of “Jamaat mujahideen of Central Asia” Certain members of the group led by Ahmat Bekmirzayev were citizens of Uzbekistan and had taken part in terrorist attacks in Uzbekistan in spring and summer of the same year [2]. Until 2011, the only armed clash between extremists and law enforcement officials had occurred on the 28th of September in 2000 in Almaty, when Special Forces of the Ministry of Internal Affairs eliminated a group of four people. Those killed were ethnic Uighurs, citizens of Turkey and China. It was further established that they were members of “Organization for the liberation of Uighurstan” and had murdered two policemen in one of Almaty micro- districts shortly before their own death [3]. As one may see, this case was about a clash between the Kazakhstani security forces and foreign extremists. However, there had been also a gradual process of home-grown extremists’ formation within Kazakhstan. This process had a number of own specifics. Firstly, it was about the geographical expansion of the relevant groups’ activities with their actual spread across the Republic. Secondly, it was accompanied with emergence and activation of new radical organizations, including “Tabligi jamaat” and Salafist groups. Thirdly, the intra-confessional contradictions between the representatives of the Spiritual Board of Muslims of Kazakhstan (SBMK) and those non-supporting SBMK, arrived to the point where the latter started positioning themselves against the state. Fourthly, there was an increase in terrorism and other violent acts within the extremists’ activity. In 2008 and 2009, according to the Committee of National Security (CNS) of the Republic of Kazakhstan, 7 terrorist acts were prevented, and 46 people were sentenced due to involvement in terrorist and extremist activity [4]. The main trends The rise of the extremist activity in 2011-2012 received a rather harsh response from the state and its bodies. In October 2011, a “Law on religious activity and religious associations” with an aim to strengthen the government control of religion and inter- religious relations, was adopted. Prior to this, an Agency for the religious affairs was established. Since 2014 the Committee for the Religious Affairs of the Ministry of Culture and Sports of Kazakhstan has been carrying out the relevant functions. The Committee actively collaborates with experts, theologians, spiritual leaders and NGO representatives in Extremism in Kazakhstan: its Сurrent Сondition and Сounteraction Issues all matters aimed at prevention of the religious extremism. Simultaneously, the work of the law enforcement bodies against terrorism and extremism has increased. In turn, this had an impact on an increase in numbers of citizens accused in committing these crimes and sentenced to various terms of imprisonment. According to the SBMK, there are around 400 people currently held in the penitentiary system of the country. In addition, about 150 of them continue to adhere to their radical views [5]. Moreover, the official statistics point at an increase in the overall number and forms of the threats analysed. In 2013, according to the General Prosecutor Office of the Republic of Kazakhstan, 65 crimes related to extremism and terrorism were committed; in 2014, 52 respective crimes were registered [6]. During January and February of 2015, Kazakhstan’s Unified Register of Pre-Trial Investigations had 165 crimes listed. These included 72 cases of terrorism propaganda and/or public call for committing terrorist acts; 62 cases of organization, direction and participation in a terrorist group and its activities; 12 cases of recruitment, training and arming for the purpose of terrorist acts and/or extremist activity; and 6 cases of undergoing of a specific training [7]. The analysed situation fully reflects the ambiguous processes taking place in the Kazakhstan’s society. First of all, the growth of religious consciousness among the population, especially amongst the Muslims, overlaps with deterioration within the economy and the social sphere. It was the case in 2008-2009 during the global financial and economic crisis, and the situation may be aggravated by the current crisis within the global economy and by the August 2015 devaluation of tenge – the national currency of Kazakhstan. Both time periods show a decrease in income and the living standards of certain parts of the population, rising unemployment, limited social mobility, growing prices for food and utilities, internal migration and the lack of normal living conditions in the context of a demographic growth. All of this is exacerbated by a high level of corruption and a low quality of the public services provided to citizens. In these circumstances, population’s social well-being deteriorates and transforms into all possible forms of protest. Following and immersing oneself into a particular religion becomes an alternative to protests. According to 2009 national census results, the followers of Islam in Kazakhstan equalled to 11 millions and 237.9 thousand people, or a 70.2% of the total population [8]. Since then the growth trend among the Muslims is mainly seen in an increasing numbers of men attending mosques and women wearing hijab. In addition, hijab is also worn by some high school students. Despite being officially banned for the purpose of maintaining a secular order within the education system, this subject is an ongoing matter for debates within the society. Extremism in Kazakhstan: its Сurrent Сondition and Сounteraction Issues Simultaneously, these processes also include the extreme, which can be seen precisely as protests against the existing reality. This refers to the spread of the so-called “pure Islam”, seen in opposition to the traditional Islam given the openly conformist position of the official clergy towards the state and its policies. Given the economic crisis, ideological vacuum and an actual “purge” of the secular opposition undertaken by the authorities, respective religious movements and groups are actively positioning themselves as an alternative social and spiritual system. This approach is particularly effective with the young people who are vulnerable in social- economic and spiritual respect, and who look for answers to their questions in the ideas offered. Young Kazakhstanis who got educated in Islamic theology institutions abroad are amongst the most influenced. Remarkably, according to the estimates of scientific-research centre “Youth”, above 55% of the extremists are young people in the age between 17 and 29 [9]. Another worrisome trend is the convergence and merging of the extremism and organised crime. On one hand, the criminal methods are often used by the radical religious organizations to do their activities. This is particularly true when it comes to funding. On another hand, the ideas of “pure Islam” are actively disseminated amongst the criminal elements, most commonly in prisons. Besides, the religion is used by representatives of some organized crime groups to justify their crimes. For example, in June 2015, special operation in Almaty aimed at detaining two people suspected of committing a series of robberies. The suspects showed armed resistance to the police officers. As a result, one of the criminals was shot and died and the second one was disarmed and arrested. During the investigation, it was established that these people wanted to go to Syria and planned to get the money by robbing an entrepreneur [10]. The case demonstrates yet another critical
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