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Chapter 15: Cultural Geography of Russia

Chapter 15: Cultural Geography of Russia

CHAPTER CULTURAL OF

Why It Matters ’s population of more than Russia 100 ethnic groups includes Slavic, Turkic, and Caucasian peoples. A study of the cultural will explore the ethnic diversity of this and describe the ways in which the different populations influenced Russia’s throughout its long history.

Section 1: Population and Culture Culture influences people’s per- ceptions of places and . Europeans, Asians, and other peo- ples have shaped the cultural geog- raphy of Russia. Section 2: History and Government The characteristics and distribu- tion of influence human systems. Russia’s various ethnic groups and cultures influenced the country’s tumultuous history and changes in government over time.

Geography ONLINE Chapter Overview Visit the World Geography and Cultures Web site at glencoe.com and click on Chapter Overviews—Chapter 15 to preview infor- mation about the cultural geography of the region.

Women in traditional clothes dance to celebrate the coming of spring in .

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Section Preview and Culture Europeans, Asians, and other peoples have shaped the cultural Many of Russia’s cultural traditions date back centuries. geography of Russia. Maslenitsa began long ago as a folk holiday celebrating

Content Vocabulary the coming of spring. It has since been absorbed into the • • (p. 373) Eastern Orthodox . (p. 371) • pogrom (p. 373) • era • intelligentsia (p. 371) (p. 374 ) Voices Around the World • nationality • socialist realism (p. 371) (p. 375) “This . . . is the Russian version of Mardi Gras. All over the country people cele- • sovereignty brate the last period of merrymaking before the Great Fast preceding . (p. 372) The festival starts February 5, and for the next four days —many in traditional costumes — build bonfires, enjoy sled rides, try to avoid injury during Academic Vocabulary • ethnic (p. 371 ) mock fistfights, . . . and eat pancakes, which symbolize the sun. The best places • evident (p. 375) to take part in maslenitsa are . . . to the northwest in the Golden Ring, a region of old Russian cities offering fine examples of , traditions, and Places to Locate architecture dating back to the 12th century.” • • Moscow (p. 372) (p. 372) Cassandra Franklin-Barbajosa, • River • “Russia: Five Cultural Bests,” (p. 372) (p. 373) National Geographic, January 2004 Reading Strategy Organizing As you read about the population and culture of Russia, complete a graphic organizer simi- lar to the one below by filling in the different ethnic groups.

Major Ethnic Groups

Celebrating Maslenitsa in Red Square, Moscow

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3368-375_C15_S1_874529.indd68-375_C15_S1_874529.indd 337070 11/18/07/18/07 33:55:49:55:49 PPMM Population Patterns In 1991, after the fall of the , sev- eral of these larger , including Russia, became independent countries. Although Russia MMAINAIN IIdeadea Ethnic groups, migrations, and inva- is ethnically very diverse — 32 ethnic groups have sions have shaped population patterns in Russia. their own republics or administrative territories GEOGRAPHY AND YOU How has the ethnic diver- within Russia — about 80 percent of the popula- sity in your town or city changed over the years? tion is ethnic Russian. Read to learn about the factors that have shaped Russia’s population. The Ethnic Russians are part of a larger ethnic group known as Slavs, a linguistic and ethnic branch of Indo-European peoples that Russia today is home to one of the widest vari- also includes , , , and other eties of ethnic groups in the world — there are eastern Europeans. The Russian Slavs have dom- more than 70 distinct groups. An ethnic group inated the country’s politics and culture. shares a common ancestry, language, religion, customs, or a combination of these things. Caucasian Peoples Another large group of diverse peoples is classified as Caucasian The People (kaw•KAY•zhuhn) because they live in the Over the centuries Russia grew from a territory region of southwestern Russia. to a multiethnic empire that stretched from Caucasian groups include the , to the Pacific Ocean. In the process, many non- Dagestanis, and Ingushetians. Russian ethnic groups came under its control. During the Soviet era — the period between 1922 and 1991 when Russia was part of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) — regional politi- 1. Place Where in Russia do most of the Ukrainian cal boundaries often reflected the locations of peoples live? ? major ethnic groups, or nationalities. 2. Movement How have the settlement patterns of RUSSIA ethnic groups affected political boundaries?

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3368-375_C15_S1_874529.indd68-375_C15_S1_874529.indd 337171 11/20/07/20/07 111:40:591:40:59 AAMM Turkic Peoples Turkic-speaking peoples live in 1990, urban population growth in many industri- southwestern Russia in the Caucasus area and in alized centers has leveled off or decreased. the middle area. The Turkic peoples of Population is more dispersed east of the Russia include the , Chuvash, , and . Only 25 percent of Russia’s popula- the . The most numerous of these groups tion lives in , an area that accounts for are the Tatars, about one-third of whom live in about two-thirds of the country’s land area. Tatarstan (ta•tuhr•STAN), a western . Frozen , mountains, and forests make most Russia has ruled Tatarstan since the mid-1550s. of this part of Russia unsuitable for farming. However, the republic, like other Russian repub- During the earlier years of the Soviet era, many lics, does have a limited amount of sovereignty ethnic Russians migrated to non-Russian repub- (SAH•vuh•ruhn•tee), or self-rule. lics of the Soviet Union. In the 1970s, however, The Sakha are a combination of local groups this trend began to reverse. Since the breakup of and Turkic peoples who originally settled along the Soviet Union in 1991, more ethnic Russians the middle Lena River. Formerly seminomadic, have returned to their homeland. Most have set- the Sakha in southern Siberia have expanded into tled in Moscow, St. Petersburg, and southwest- northeastern Russia. ern Russia. Because of this trend, the number of people moving into the country has been greater Density and Distribution than the number of Russians leaving the country. About 75 percent of all Russians live in western Human-Environment Interaction Russia. This is due in part to the rich soil, water- Why do most people live in western Russia? ways, and a milder climate than that in eastern Russia. Densely settled western Russia includes the country’s industrialized cities. The major industrial city is Moscow, Russia’s capital. Since 1. Human-Environment Interaction What factors have contributed to the sparse population of eastern Russia? Russia: Population Density 2. Location Where are many of Russia’s largest cities located? Why is this important?

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MMAINAIN IIdeadea The policies of the Soviet government +RPIFJä  have had lasting effects on Russia’s culture. .OLQBPQ>KQä  GEOGRAPHY AND YOU How has religion influ- ,LKOBIFDFLRPä -QEBOä    enced culture in the United States? Read to learn (BTFPEä  &FKARä  about the influence of religion in Russia. 0LJ>K RAAEFPQä  !>QELIF@ä  0RPPF>K Since the fall of the Soviet Union, millions of -OQELALUä   Russians are rediscovering their and tradi- tions and expressing themselves creatively. 1LRO@Bä#K@V@ILMBAF>ä OFQ>KKF@>ä IJ>K>@ä Language and Religion Although more than 100 languages are spo- ken in Russia today, Russian is the country’s 1. Place How does the number of Christians in Russia compare to the official language. Ethnic Russians generally number of ? speak only this language, while people belong- 2. Place Why do you think so many Russians classify themselves as ing to other ethnic groups are bilingual and nonreligious? speak their own language and Russian. The Altaic family of languages is spoken by the Turkic peoples of western Russia. The primary have been repaired and rebuilt. Other Christian languages spoken in eastern Russia are Russian groups, including Roman Catholics and and the spoken by the Sakha. Protestants, have also reemerged. The Soviet government strictly discouraged religious practices and discriminated against Islam is the second-largest religion in RUSSIA certain groups. It actively promoted atheism Russia and also enjoying a rebirth. The majority (AY•thee•ih•zuhm), or the belief that there is of people who practice live in the no God or other supreme being. In the late Caucasus region and between the Volga River 1980s, however, the government began to relax and the Urals. Most Russian Muslims follow the its restrictions on religion. Sunni branch, which is practiced in most Arab After the fall of the Soviet Union, the influx of countries as well as in Turkey and . many foreign missionaries from Western Christian People practicing Judaism in Russia denominations prompted lawmakers in 1997 to have long been persecuted. In czarist times, place restrictions on the activities of newly estab- could settle only in certain areas, could not own lished religious groups. Only Russian , land, and were often the targets of organized Islam, Judaism, and were allowed full persecution and massacres known as pogroms. liberty as traditional of Russia. Yet Jewish communities managed to thrive in The had many of Russia’s cities. been central to Russian culture for a thousand Events in the twentieth century took a tragic years before the in 1917. In toll on Russia’s Jews. As a result, many Jews 988 Prince Vladimir, leader of Kievan Rus, adopted migrated to Israel or the United States. Despite Eastern Orthodox Christianity as Russia’s official lingering prejudice, Jewish communities in religion. By 1453 the , the center Russia are restoring their religious practices. of the Eastern Orthodox Church, had fallen, and Buddhism The republics of , , and Russia asserted its claim as leader of the Orthodox (kal•MIH•kee•uh), near the Caspian Christian world. Sea, have a large number of Buddhists, giving the Today, most Russians who claim a religious religion traditional status in the country. A small affiliation belong to the Russian branch of the number of Buddhists live in the larger cities such Orthodox Church. Many of the churches that as St. Petersburg and Moscow, where they have were looted or destroyed during the Soviet era access to urban Buddhist centers and facilities.

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3368-375_C15_S1_874529.indd68-375_C15_S1_874529.indd 337373 11/18/07/18/07 33:56:16:56:16 PPMM Education and Health Care Teen in During the Soviet era, education was free but Life Russia mandatory. The emphasis was on math, science, and engineering rather than on language, his- The fall of communism and the rise of democ- tory, and literature. This produced generations racy in Russia have lessened the differences of technology-focused government officials. between teens in Russia and the United States. They, along with prominent educators, writers, Teens in Russia enjoy American movies and music, and artists, made up the Soviet intelligentsia as well as watching TV with family and friends. (in•tel•luh•JEHN•see•uh), or intellectual elite. Unlike most American teens, however, most The curriculum changed dramatically after the Russian teens live with their extended family, collapse of the Soviet Union. Schools began to including grandparents and sometimes even emphasize a more balanced approach, including great-grandparents. language, history, and literature. Today, students have a choice of different types of schools, but Did you know . . . the country’s unstable economy has limited Students attend school Monday through school budgets. Teachers often abandon teach- Saturday. ing because of the low pay and low morale. In Some students attend special schools where addition, students focus on earning money rather than getting an education. they can perfect a talent such as music or ballet. Russia is experiencing a demographic decline Soccer is a favorite sport. Ice hockey and ice as the quality and availability of health care skating are also very popular due to the cold have worsened. Average life expectancy has climate in many parts of Russia. declined to 66 years, 12 years shorter than in the New Year’s Day is the most popular holiday in United States. The infant mortality rate, or the Russia. They celebrate it in much the same way number of deaths per 1,000 births, is 12 com- as many celebrate Christmas, with a pared to the U.S. rate of 6.6. Since 1992 the tree and presents. Russian death rate has exceeded the birthrate, Most people use public transportation such as resulting in negative population growth. the bus, subway, trolley, or train. Disease, lifestyle choices such as smoking The voting age is 18. tobacco and drinking alcoholic beverages, and inefficient health-care systems all threaten the well-being of Russia’s people. Additionally, an aging population, rising infertility, and increas- ing rates of infectious disease, including HIV and AIDS, have put a strain on an already strug- gling health-care system. The clinics and hospi- tals that are still run by the government are often inefficient and lose capable medical staff because of poor pay.

The Arts The arts in Russia were often inspired by reli- gion. For example, churches were crowned with onion-shaped domes that symbolized heaven in the Russian Orthodox tradition. Russian art changed its focus to nonreligious themes in the early 1700s when Peter the Great introduced European culture. By the early 1800s, Russia had entered an artistic golden age that lasted into the 1900s.

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What contributed to a What contributed to a

Leisure Consider the ways in which physical ONLINE To review this section, go to Study the map of ethnic groups on page 371.

and click on Study Central. Regions

Why do you think the Soviet government placed Why do you think the Soviet government placed Geography Study Central™ glencoe.com the Russian education system during the Soviet era with the bans and restrictions on religion and culture? bans and restrictions on religion and Which ethnic groups are the most spatially concentrated? system today. system explaining why you think this is so. explaining why you think this is country do most followers of Islam live? Write a paragraph geography influenced culture in Russia. In which part of the Comparing and Contrasting Analyzing Visuals Expository Writing day Russians observe May Day more as aday Russians observe May Day

5. 6. 7. 8. Writing About Geography Writing About Critical Thinking

Living conditions in Russia affect family life. life. affect family Russia in conditions Living and the theater all the ballet, Attending concerts, To resurgence of the arts in the 1980s? Family Life and and Life Family tional religious holidays have also reemerged. In reemerged. tional religious holidays have also celebrated by Eastern Orthodox Christmas, 1991, became an official holi- Christians on January 7, 1918. day in Russia for the first time since Due to a housing shortage, most families live in most families housing shortage, Due to a are usu- The apartments blocks. large apartment kitchen, living room, a bedroom, — small ally very Extended for a family of four. — and bathroom For example, often live together. family members couples have to live with many newly married they can afford a home of their parents until may or babushkas, Grandmothers, their own. children and grandchildren. live with their adult and tak- cleaning, cooking, Babushkas help with ing care of the children. both ama- Sports, provide popular entertainment. are popular with all age teur and professional, and ice track and field, tennis, Russia’s groups. success inhockey athletes have had remarkable have figure skaters and as international events, gymnasts. Tradi- holiday. spring festival than as a workers’ and Leisure Solzhenitsyn’s Solzhenitsyn’s countries. and click on socialist realism.

The Arts Family Life World Geography Aleksandr in Visit the glencoe.com

REVIEW Aspects of Russian Culture ONLINE Health Care Education and vident e Web site at

1 5 7 3

d d n i The Gulag Archipelago. The Gulag . Religion 9 2 5 4 try’s population patterns? tion patterns in Russia. in the key details for each aspect of Russian culture during the sovereignty, atheism, pogrom, intelligentsia, socialist realism. sovereignty, atheism, pogrom, intelligentsia, socialist Soviet era and today. How have the many shaped the coun- Describe an example in which migration has shaped popula- Create a graphic organizer like the one below, and use it to fill Explain the significance of: ethnic group, Soviet era, nationality, Explain the significance of: ethnic group, Soviet 7 Beginning in the mid-1980s, activity in the arts activity in mid-1980s, Beginning in the The Soviet government limited individual artisticThe Soviet government Russian arts are characterized by a list of well- by a list are characterized arts Russian Geography Student Web Activities—Chapter 15 for an activity on Student Web Activities—Chapter 15 for an literature. Russian Student Web Activity and Cultures

8 _ Main Ideas Main 2. 3. 4. 1. Vocabulary

from Russia and printed in other from Russia and printed in other book controls renewed as loosening government unpublishedallowed the printing of previously During the height of works and new materials. works had been smuggled some Soviet repression, expression and believed that it was the artists’ dutyexpression and believed achievements in their to glorify the government’s an approach known as works, follow these guidelines wereArtists who did not as is punished, contributed to the richness of Russian culture. of Russian culture. to the richness contributed Boris Pushkin, Aleksandr of poets The works and Akhmatova, and Anna Pasternak, novelists made Dostoyevsky have and Fyodor Tolstoy Leo famous. known artists. Painters such as Vasnetsov Viktor as such Painters artists. known Tchaikovsky (Peter) such as Pyotr and composers 1 SECTION S _ 5 1 C _ 5 7 3 - 8 6 3368-375_C15_S1_874529.indd 375 WHY GEOGRAPHY MATTERS

Important Dates in Chechen History

1991 USSR collapses; declares independence December Russians invade; First Chechen War begins 1994 August Russia withdraws; First Chechen War ends 1996 October Russians invade; Second Chechen War begins 1999 2003 Referendum approves new constitution giving Chechnya more autonomy

Problem: ➤ ➤ Since the beginning Occupation Russian occupation is of Russian occupation, part of everyday life in Chechnya. the Chechens have These Russian soldiers talk as sought independence Chechen women travel through the Antiwar protesters in Moscow from foreign rule. rubble of , Chechnya’s capital. Protest Chechens long for autonomy and continue to protest Russian occupation.

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3376-377_C15_WGM_874529.indd76-377_C15_WGM_874529.indd 376376 11/11/07/11/07 99:52:03:52:03 AMAM Russia and the Republics ARCTIC OCEAN #PVOEBSZPGGPSNFS4PWJFU6OJPO N Bering 3VTTJB Sea W E /FXMZJOEFQFOEFOUDPVOUSJFT S History of Sea of Tensions Moscow Okhotsk RUSSIA Chechnya has historically been occupied by B la c k other powers. First controlled by the Turks and S e CHECHNYA a then by the Russians, Chechens have long 0 1,000 kilometers strived for independence. UZBEKISTAN Caspian Sea 0 1,000 miles What is the history of the conflict? Although TURKMENISTAN Two-Point Equidistant TAJIKISTAN projection Russia has long controlled Chechnya, the republic has maintained its . Chechens have their own language and are pre- dominately Sunni Muslim, and these differences have fueled the Chechens’ desire for indepen- dence. Whenever internal or external conflict has weakened the Russian government, Chechen reb- els have attempted to fight for autonomy, but their efforts have been unsuccessful. The Russian government has several reasons for maintaining Chechnya’s status as a republic of the Russian Federation. Several oil and gas pipelines vital to the Russian economy run through Chechen terri-

tory. Also, if Russia were to grant Chechnya inde- RUSSIA pendence, it would likely face uprisings by other ethnic groups and republics within the Russian Federation. What is the current political climate? In May 2000, Russian president established direct rule of Chechnya to try to stop the rebels. In 2003 a new constitution was passed in a referen- dum. Under this new constitution, Chechnya is still a republic within the Russian Federation, but it has been given a significant amount of auton- omy. The new Chechen government is now strug- gling to quell the violence waged by the Chechen rebels still fighting for independence and to bring stability and peace to Chechnya and its people.

THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY Solution: 1. Human Systems Research the conflict in Chechnya in more depth, and then write an Integrating Chechen essay detailing the diplomatic measures taken representation into the to try to bring stability to the republic. Russian government may be the only solution to 2. The World in Spatial Terms How might the ongoing animosity Putin (center) and Chechen Chechnya’s location contribute to Russia’s between the two groups. leaders meet in Moscow in unwillingness to grant the republic its an effort to ease tensions independence? between the two regions.

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Section Preview Government Russia’s various ethnic groups and cultures have influenced the coun- Since the fall of the Soviet Union, Russians have try’s tumultuous history and struggled to move beyond this dark period of their changes in government over time. past. Although difficult, the country is making steps Content Vocabulary toward and a market economy. • czar (p. 379) • communism • serf (p. 379) (p. 381) • Russification • satellite (p. 381) Voices Around the World (p. 380) • • socialism (p. 381) “A decade has passed since the U.S.S.R. ceased to exist, and (p. 380) • during that time the Russian people have been subjected to • Bolshevik (p. 382) nothing less than an economic and social revolution. (p. 381) • glasnost (p. 382) Three-quarters of state enterprises have been fully or Academic Vocabulary partly transferred to individual owners in a corrupt • acquire (p. 380) privatization drive. . . . [A]s a seven-week trip • policy (p. 380) around Russia earlier this year showed, shoots • aid (p. 381) of new life are springing up through- Places to Locate out the country.” • River (p. 379) — Fen Montaigne, • St. Petersburg (p. 380) “Russia Rising,” • Vladivostok (p. 380) National Geographic, November 2001 Reading Strategy Sequencing As you read about Russia’s history, complete a time line similar to the one below by recording major events in the country’s history.

1533 1700 1861 1945

1633 1921 1985

Signs of modern technology at an Internet café

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3378-383_C15_S2_874529.indd78-383_C15_S2_874529.indd 378378 11/11/07/11/07 110:03:320:03:32 AMAM Early History Muscovy’s princes kept peace with the for about two centuries, but the peace did not last. MMAINAIN IIdeadea Russia’s historical roots go back thou- sands of years and include many ethnic groups. Muscovy’s Prince Ivan III then brought many Slav territories under his control, thus earning the nick- GEOGRAPHY AND YOU What do you know about name “the Great.” Ivan’s expanded realm eventu- the early history of the United States? Read to learn ally became known as Russia. In Moscow, Ivan about the people involved in the rise of Russia. built a huge fortress called the Kremlin and filled the city with churches and palaces. Russia’s gov- Russia’s historical roots go back to the a.d. ernment today, the Russian Federation, uses the 600s, when Slav farmers, hunters, and fishers Kremlin as its executive headquarters. settled near the waterways of the Northern In 1533 Ivan the Great’s grandson, Ivan IV, European . became Russia’s first crowned czar (ZAHR), or supreme ruler. He crushed all opposition to his rule Kievan Rus and expanded his realm’s into non-Slav During the 800s, Scandinavian warriors called territories, earning the name . the Varangians settled among the Slavs living After Ivan’s reign, the country faced foreign inva- near the and Volga Rivers. Within a sion, economic decline, and social upheaval. When century the Varangians had adopted the Slav the Romanov dynasty came to power in 1613, the language and many Slav customs. The Slav com- government gradually tightened its grip on the munities were eventually organized into a loose people. By 1650 many peasants had become serfs, union of city-states known as Kievan Rus. Ruled a virtually enslaved workforce bound to the land by princes, the leading city-state, Kiev, con- and under the control of nobility. trolled a prosperous trading route, using Russia’s western rivers to link the Baltic and Mongol Invasions into Russia Black Seas.

60°N 20°E Eventually, fighting among 40°E Route of Mongols 60°E 120°E to Russia the city-states weakened EUROPE 80°E 100°E D , 1294 Ba a ltic a Kievan Rus. In the early n Se u Vassal states

b 1200s, Mongols invaded Kiev e 1 2 140°E 4 CLE 1 ARCTIC CIR Sea of and many of the Slav territo- R RUSSIAN . Okhotsk PRINCIPALITIES R. ries from their foothold in Kiev 1 O 40°N 2 b’ Y Moscow 37 Kazan‘ R. e a 1 D n n . 2 o i e R . Although the 4 s L 2 n e r B R la y u c . a k lg R o m Mongols allowed the Slavs . S V . I A e R r a t Lake M y e Sarai s Baikal self-rule, they continued to d h

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r a . a C Balkhash t e ASIA s e R H ) . g . Yellow The Rise of Russia n R a Sea Persian Gulf u w H o (Arabian Gulf) R. ll East Many Slavs fled the Mongol s Ye u ( d R.) n e Sea invasions and later settled I gtz Yan g ( ian along the Moskva River. One J ER g ANC an F C h PIC O 20°N of their settlements grew into C TRO the city of Moscow, the cen- South China ter of a territory called N Sea Muscovy (muh•SKOH•vee), 1. Movement From which direction W E 0 800 kilometers did the Mongols invade Russia? which was linked by rivers to S 0 800 miles Two-Point Equidistant major trade routes and sur- 2. Location Near which bodies of projection rounded by lands good for water were vassal states located? farming and fur trapping.

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3378-383_C15_S2_874529.indd78-383_C15_S2_874529.indd 379379 11/11/07/11/07 110:03:490:03:49 AMAM Romanov Czars and the Empire Revolution While Russia struggled, western Europe moved forward and left Russia behind. Then in the and Change late 1600s, Czar Peter I — known as Peter the Great — came to power, determined to modernize MMAINAIN IIdeadea Discontent with inequality in Russian Russia. Under Peter I, Russia enlarged its terri- society led to revolution and freedom from genera- tory, built a strong military, and developed trade tions of czarist rule. with western Europe. To acquire seaports, Peter I GEOGRAPHY AND YOU What led to the American gained land along the Baltic Sea from Sweden. Revolution? Read to learn about the factors that A new capital — St. Petersburg — was carved out led to the and the rise of the of the wilderness along the Gulf of , pro- Soviet Union. viding access to the Baltic Sea and giving Russia “a window on the West.” Since most of Russia’s A long cycle of halfhearted reforms, govern- other ports were icebound for almost half the ment repression, and the American and French year, St. Petersburg became a major port. Revolutions encouraged the desire among edu- During the late 1700s, Empress Catherine the cated Russians to open up Russian society. Great continued to expand Russia’s empire and gained a long-sought-after warm-water port on the . The Romanov expansion also The Russian Revolution brought many non-Russians under its rule. As the Czar Alexander II’s limited reforms, such as was adopting western European freeing the serfs in 1861 without providing for ways, a cultural gap developed between the nobil- their education, caused many former serfs to move ity and the serfs. The serfs followed traditional to cities. There they faced the poor conditions and Russian ways and faced poverty. meager wages of factory work. Non-Russian peo- Beginning in 1891, under Czar Alexander III, ples also faced prejudice when the government Russia expanded into Siberia with the construc- introduced the policy of Russification, which tion of the Trans-Siberian Railroad. Nearly 6,000 encouraged people to speak Russian and follow miles (9,700 km) long, it connects Moscow to Eastern Orthodox Christianity. Those who refused Vladivostok. Once completed in 1916, the rail- were harshly persecuted, especially the Jews, who road opened Russia’s interior to settlement. were often blamed for Russia’s problems. This frustration and discontent led many Russian Location How was St. Petersburg workers and thinkers to turn to socialism, a belief important to the expansion of the ? that calls for greater economic equality in society.

History of the Soviet Union

1939 The Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact gives 1917 Revolution forces Czar the Soviet Union control of Estonia, Latvia, Nicholas II to abdicate the throne. Lithuania, and eastern . Germany and the Lenin becomes leader of Russia. Soviet Union promise not to attack each other.

1910 1920 1930 1940

1922 The Union of Soviet 1924 dies. Joseph 1941 Germany attacks the Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) is Stalin emerges as the new leader. Union, drawing it into World War II. established.

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3378-383_C15_S2_874529.indd78-383_C15_S2_874529.indd 380380 11/11/07/11/07 110:03:590:03:59 AMAM One of its biggest proponents, the German philos- The won the civil war in 1922, and opher Karl Marx, advocated public ownership of established the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics all land and a classless society with an equal shar- (USSR), or the Soviet Union. The Soviets gradu- ing of wealth. This would occur after a revolution, ally regained Ukraine, Belarus, and large parts of led by the working classes, against the wealthy. the Caucasus region and Central Asia. Increasing discontent caused strikes and dem- After Lenin’s death in 1924, onstrations to break out in the early 1900s. Then became the leader of the Communist Party. Stalin in 1917, the hardships of brought took control of farms and factories as he made even larger numbers of workers and now sol- the USSR an industrial giant. He eliminated those diers into the streets, demanding “bread and who disagreed with him, and millions were either freedom.” These actions forced Nicholas II to killed or died from hunger, physical hardships, or abdicate his throne, bringing czarist rule to an brutal conditions in labor camps. end. The following year, Czar Nicholas and his family were killed. Their murders signaled the A Superpower demise of Europe’s last absolute rulers and the The Soviet Union attained superpower status emergence of communism in Russia. after World War II. The USSR controlled most of at the war’s end. By 1949 most The Soviet Era of the region’s countries had become satellites, The weak representative government established countries controlled by the Soviet Union. in 1917 made it easy for the Bolsheviks, a revolu- The next four decades saw the Soviet Union tionary group led by Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, to seize and the United States engaged in the Cold War, control. The Bolsheviks believed in communism, a the struggle between two competing sys- philosophy based on Karl Marx’s ideas that called tems — communist and capitalist — for world for the violent overthrow of government and the influence and power. Although both countries creation of a society led by workers. built destructive nuclear weapons, the “weap- Promising the people “Peace, Land, and Bread!”, ons” used for this war were propaganda, the the Bolsheviks withdrew Russia from World threat of force, and aid to developing countries. RUSSIA War I, surrendering much territory to Germany. Regions How did the size of They used their complete political control to take Russia change after the Soviets gained control? over industry, direct food distribution, and estab- lish an eight-hour workday. Civil war eventually erupted between the Bolshevik and the anti-Bolshevik . 1. Regions What did the Soviet Union gain from the Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact? 2. Place What countries might the Soviet Union have had influence over after World War II?

1945 Germany is defeated in WWII. Postwar agreements give 1961 Soviet astronaut the USSR influence over eastern Yury Gagarin becomes the and southeastern Europe. first human to orbit the . 1991 The USSR is dissolved.

1950 1960 1990

1953 Joseph Stalin dies. 1985 becomes comes to power and pro- the Communist Party leader. poses perestroika, a restruc- turing of the economy.

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3378-383_C15_S2_874529.indd78-383_C15_S2_874529.indd 381381 11/11/07/11/07 110:04:020:04:02 AMAM year’s end. Twelve of the fifteen new countries Movements for became members of the Commonwealth of Change Independent States (CIS). The three Baltic coun- tries did not. Boris Yeltsin was elected the first president of the and became MMAINAIN IIdeadea New ideas about political and eco- the leader of a devastated Russia. nomic systems led to changes in Russia. GEOGRAPHY AND YOU Do you believe that there A New Russia is enough political openness in the United States? The new Russia began moving from a com- Read to learn how political openness helped Russia mand economy to a market economy, closing transition from its Communist past. outdated factories and restructuring . Such actions resulted in massive unemployment. The breakup of the Soviet Union required - By 2000, however, the economy was on the ers to change their ideas about governing a super- mend. After inflation reached 1,500 percent in power in an increasingly interconnected world. 1992, it fell to below 20 percent by 1997. Separatist movements and ethnic conflict also The Fall of the Soviet Union threatened the stability of Russia. Beginning in the The Soviet Union’s weakening economy, along 1990s, Tatarstan, , and other ethnic terri- with great discrepancies between workers’ wages tories demanded greater self-rule. Some demands and the privileges their leaders enjoyed, led to the have erupted into war. Boris Yeltsin’s successor, breakup of the Soviet Union. In 1985 Mikhail Vladimir Putin, inherited those conflicts when he Gorbachev, a reform-minded official, assumed became president in 1999. Putin helped stabilize power in the Soviet Union. He instituted a policy the economy by instituting reforms in labor, bank- of economic restructuring called perestroika ing, and private property. He also helped Russia (pehr•uh•STROY•kuh) and a policy of greater get involved with NATO through the NATO- political openness called glasnost (GLAZ•nohst). Russia Council. After winning reelection in 2004, Many of the satellites had overthrown their Putin instituted changes that were seen by many as Communist rulers in 1989. A failed coup in taking a step away from democracy. 1991 to overthrow Gorbachev collapsed, but all Regions Which Soviet republics the republics had declared independence by formed the Commonwealth of Independent States?

SECTION 2 REVIEW Vocabulary Critical Thinking 1. Explain the significance of: czar, serf, Russification, socialism, 5. How did the migration of the Slavs and their inter- Bolshevik, communism, satellite, Cold War, perestroika, glasnost. actions with other groups influence the ? 6. Determining Cause and Effect What led to the breakup of Main Ideas the Soviet Union? Write a paragraph explaining your answer. 2. How did the Bolsheviks use their complete power to create 7. Analyzing Visuals Study the map of Mongol invasions on the Soviet Union? page 379. How many miles separate Karakorum and Moscow? 3. How did Mikhail Gorbachev help the transition away from communism? Writing About Geography 4. Using a graphic organizer like the one below, list the key events 8. Expository Writing Write a paragraph explaining why you in Russia or in the Soviet Union during each of the following time agree or disagree with the following statement: “The Soviet periods: Kievan Rus, Russian Empire, Soviet Union, and Russia. Union was a 74-year-long experiment that failed.”

Era Dates and Key Events Geography ONLINE Study Central™ To review this section, go to glencoe.com and click on Study Central.

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RUSSIA 6 4 : 3

7 0 / 8 . 1 / 11/18/07 3:46:37 PM 383  glencoe.com  Chapter 15 by downloading quizzes by downloading your to and flashcards PDA from Study anywhere, anytime anywhere, Study 1I>SF@ä  7B>O OVERNMENT 0RPPF>Kä#QEKF@ä%OLRMP G #K@V@ILM>BAF>ä OFQ>KKF@>ä IJ>K>@ä ä AND 1LRO@B

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3 8 groups demanding greater self-rule or independence. or demanding greater self-rule groups terrorism. as to violent methods, such EOPLE 3

• Russia is ethnically diverse. • is ethnically Russia origin. • Russians are Slavic in Most • ethnic diversity of people in Russia has led to many The • resorted places, like Chechnya, the groups have In some P d d HANGING to stabilize the economy. to stabilize the was used. was Soviet Union in 1991. instability in the marketplace, with high inflation and unemployment. to nobles. to n i . C • by Vladimir Putin have helped Reforms put into place • to Russia after the fall of the Capitalism was introduced • When Russia switched economic models, it caused • economy was run by serfs bound Under the czars, the • a command economic system During the Soviet era, 9 (bkgd)Robert Laberge/Getty Images, (l)Gleb Garanich/Reuters/CORBIS 2 5 4 7 CHAPTER 8 _ Nenets women cast their in the presidential election. 2 S _ 5 1 C _ 3 8 3 - 8 7 3378-383_C15_S2_874529.indd 383 CHAPTER 15 STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE

TEST-TAKING TIP

After you eliminate the choice that has nothing to do with Russia or the topic of the question, see if you can eliminate one other choice and thus narrow the possibilities down to two.

Reviewing V ocabulary Reviewing Main Ideas Directions: Choose the word or words that best complete the Directions: Choose the best answers to the following questions. sentence. Section 1 (pp. 370–375) 1. A people who share a common ancestry, language, religion, 5. Where do most Russians live? customs, or some combination is . A western Russia A a soviet B eastern Russia B a nation C the C an ethnic group D the D a race

6. After the fall of the Soviet Union, what happened to religious life in Russia? 2. is a belief that there is no God or other supreme A The government continued to insist that everyone follow being. atheism. A Soviet B The Roman became the predominant B Atheism religion. C Ethnicity C Most people became Protestant. D Turkic D Most people who claim a religious affi liation have returned to the .

3. The supreme rulers of Russia were known as . Section 2 (pp. 378–382) A czars 7. What development opened Russia’s interior to settlement? B Muscovites A the Trans-Siberian Railroad C kings B global warming D emperors C the conquest of a warm-water port D the defeat of the Mongols

4. Gorbachev’s economic restructuring plan was known as 8. Which group eventually gained power in Russia after the . Russian Revolution? A glasnost A White Russians B communism B Socialists C perestroika C Communists D Russifi cation D Republicans

GO ON

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Critical Thinking Document-Based Questions Directions: Choose the best answers to the following questions. Directions: Analyze the document and answer the short-answer questions that follow the document. 9. Years of frustration led up to the Russian Revolution, but the event that fi nally brought it about was In the 1980s, Mikhail Gorbachev proposed perestroika, or A a major famine in the countryside. restructuring, of the Soviet economic system. Here is his descrip- tion of the reasons for the reforms from a book he wrote about B loss of freedom of the Russian Orthodox Church to the new system. practice its religion. C the killing of the czar and his family. In effect, we have here a new investment and structural policy. The emphasis has been shifted from new construction to the D the suffering during World War I. technical retooling of enterprises, to saving the resources, and sharply raising the quality of output. We will still pay much Base your answer to question 10 on the map and on your knowledge attention to the development of the mining industries, but in of Chapter 15. providing the economy with raw materials, fuel and power, the emphasis will now be on the adoption of resource-saving Growth of Moscow technologies, on the rational utilization of resources. . . . Moscow, 1300 The economy has, of course, been and remains our main Acquisitions: concern. But at the same time we have set about changing To 1340 White N Sea the moral and psychological situation in society. . . .

To 1389 N W E . To 1425 We have come to the conclusion that unless we activate the D S v human factor, that is, unless we take into consideration the To 1462 in a diverse interests of people, work collectives, public bodies, R Lake . Gulf of Onega and various social groups, unless we rely on them, and draw Finland them into active, constructive endeavor, it will be impossible Lake for us to accomplish any of the tasks set, or to change the Ladoga situation in the country. —Mikhail Gorbachev, Perestroika: New Thinking for Our Country and the World Volga Moscow 11. What does Gorbachev name as the major concern of the R . Soviet Union? 12. According to Gorbachev, what is essential to making pere- 0 500 kilometers stroika successful? 0 500 miles Two-Point Equidistant projection Extended Response 10. What direction from Moscow were most of the newly 13. Describe the changes in Russia since the fall acquired lands? of communism. How has the economy changed? A north B south STOP C east D west Geography ONLINE For additional test practice, use Self-Check Quizzes— Chapter 15 on glencoe.com.

Need Extra Help? If you missed questions. . . 12345678910111213 Go to page. . . 371 373 379 363 372 373 380 381 381 385 385 385 382

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A production of The Nutcracker

A Russian Orthodox church in San Francisco, California

Just the Facts: • The fall of communism in the Soviet Union led to Russian involvement in the International Space Station beginning in 1998. • In 1794, the first Russian Orthodox Church in America was established in . Today the Orthodox Church in America has approximately 1 million mem- bers and 731 churches countrywide. • According to the 2000 U.S. Census, 706,242 Americans listed Russian as their spoken language. • The Russian American population is estimated to be U.S. astronauts and a Russian cosmonaut aboard approximately 3 million people. the International Space Station

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3386-387_C15_WGC_874529.indd86-387_C15_WGC_874529.indd 386386 11/23/07/23/07 99:00:11:00:11 AMAM Making the Connection Russian culture has influenced American cul- ture through the arts, sports, religion, and space exploration. Russian influences, while not always obvious, have been significant. Cold War Influences Russian cultural influ- ence in the United States has in large part been based on the competition between the two nations as the result of the Cold War. Although never directly engaged in armed con- Russian-born tennis player Maria Sharapova flict, the United States and the Soviet Union were continually at odds and in competition with each other. This competition was exhib- ited through sporting events and the space race, each country striving to top the other. Influencing the Arts Although ballet itself did not originate in Russia, the Russian ballet community made lasting changes to the art form and helped to popularize it throughout the world. Tchaikovsky (chy•KAWF•skee), a RUSSIA Russian composer who lived during the late 1800s, wrote several ballets that remain pop- Nobel prize-winning Russian author ular today. Most notable is The Nutcracker, a Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn Christmas holiday favorite in the United States and around the world. Sports Heroes — Russian Heritage Since the fall of communism, many Russian athletes have become popular American sports heroes. Russian influence is most notable in ice hockey and tennis. Some of the most recognizable of these Russian-born athletes are hockey players Sergei Fedorov and Alexander Ovechkin, and tennis player Maria Sharapova.

Russian Literature THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY Title Author Leo Tolstoy (tawl•STOY) 1. Human Systems Research one of the Russian-born athletes mentioned above or Anna Karenina Leo Tolstoy one of your choosing. Describe the contribu- Crime and Fyodor Dostoyevsky tions that person has made to their sport. Punishment (DAHS•tuh•YEHF•skee) 2. Environment and Society Investigate Russian Doctor Zhivago Boris Pasternak (PAS•tuhr•NAK) and American cooperative involvement with A Day in the Life Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn the International Space Station. What have of Ivan Denisovich (SOL•zhuh•NEET•suhn) both countries contributed to this project?

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