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Signature Redacted for Privacy. Abstract Approved: David Brauner A1' ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Jeffrey Max LaLande for the degree of Master of Arts in Interdisciplinary Studies in Archaeo1ogy/History/ArChi- tectural History presented on March 18, 1981 Title: Sojourners in the Oregon Siskiyous: Adaptation and Acculturation of the Chinese Miners in the Applegate Valley, Ca. 1855-1900. Signature redacted for privacy. Abstract approved: David Brauner The study examines the acculturation and environmental adaptation of nineteenth century Chinese miners in a por- tion of southwestern Oregon. The problem concerns the varieties of culture change whichresultedwhen this ethnic group found itself required to subsist in a newsocial and physical environment. The study focuses on the archaeo- logical data recovered from several Chinese sites in south- western Oregon as well as the records of Chinese purchases from a local Euro-American mercantile establishment. Through the use of ethnographic, archaeological and archival evidence, three Chinese behavioral patterns are investigated. The subsistence pattern includes dietary habits, wearing apparel, personal grooming and drug use. The settlement pattern includes characteristic locations of Chinese habitation sites as well as their architecture. The technological pattern involves the economic activities of the Chinese, in this case hy6raulic placer mining. The subsistence pattern of the Chinese sojourners exhibits little acculturation in food habits, personal grooming or drug use, but substantial adoption of Euro- American clothing and footwear. Environmental adaptations include the utilization of wild plants and animal foods on a limited basis. Generally, the day-to-day subsistence activities of the Chinese showed very little acculturative behavior. The settlement pattern shows a willingness to adapt some Euro-American construction techniques. However, traditional Chinese architectural practices persisted in both the urban and rural sojourner context. Environmental adaptation is displayed by the intelligent siting of camps relative to flooding, as well as the use of native materials for the erection of temporary shelters. Certain traditional Chinese practices of architectural arrangement and orienta- tion may have persisted in the sojourner community. The settlement pattern is a blend of flexible and conservative responses to the new environment. The technological pattern of Chinese mining activity shows a rapid appropriation of Euro-American methods and and equipment. Since the Chinese immigrants had no native mining tradition to inhibit this borrowing, the techno- logical pattern is the most acculturative and adaptive aspect of sojourner culture. Within an overall scheme of persistence of traditional Chinese lifeways, the sojourners exhibited selective accul- turation and successful environmental adaptation in several areas of material culture. The Chinese were able to function and thrive in an unfamiliar setting without forfeiting the bulk of their native culture. SOJOURNERS IN THE OREGON SISKIYOtJS: ADAPTATION AND ACCULTURATION OF THE CHINESE MINERS IN THE APPLEGATE VALLEY, CA. 1855-1900 by Jeffrey Max LaLande A THESIS submitted to Oregon State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Interdisciplinary Studies Commencement June 1981 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS - This project began over five years ago. At that time I worked on a road survey crew for the Rogue Fiver National Forest. While helping to make tape-and-clinometer cross- sections of the proposed Squaw Creek road I stumbled upon the remains of a small Chinese camp, evidently undisturbed since its abandonment. Fascinated by the find, this lucky accident eventually impelled me on to a career of cultural resource management in the Forest Service. The site re- mained unexcavated over the next few yearsand I remained intrigued with the thought of what story it might yield. Later, as part of an interdisciplinary program of graduate studies at Oregon State University, I settled on the thesis topic of Chinese site archaeology in southwestern Oregon and in the bargain was finally able to satisfy a long-standing curiosity about the Squaw Creek camp. During this time I often remembered what a friend once revealed to me, with simple eloquence, about his feelings towards the Chinese. This man had worked at many sorts of jobs in California, from logger and milihand to migrant fruit picker, and had even served several years in San Quentin Prison. As an American Indian who grew up in the barrios of east Los Angeles during the 1940s, he had experienced the sometimes bitter side of life in America as a member of an ethnic minority. His words went some- thing like this: "You know, I've worked withaZ-ikinds of people . black, white, brown, you name it. Some- times lived with them on my own . other timeshadto live with them. And basically, no matter what color, they're just people, you know, people like me and you . (pause) There's just one kind I never could figure, tho' and that's a Chinaman. I just can't figure them!" My friend's statement stayed with me, and it took on added mean- ing after I became involved in this project. I hope that this study will make some contribution to a better under- standing, of the Chinese in America, and why they were often mistakenly regarded as so essentially different from the rest of us. Many people have played a part in bringing this study to completion. I especially thank the members of my gradu- ate committee: Dr. David Brauner (archaeology), Dr. Thomas McClintock (history), Dr. Phillip Dole (architectural history) and Prof. Freya Hermann (graduate school representative). Dave Brauner, my major advisOr, was invariably patient, encouraging and helpfulfrom critiquing my research strategy to photographing many of the artifacts. Dr. Courtland Smith of the Oregon State University Department of Anthropology assisted me in formulating an initial research design with clarity. Several colleagues in the field of Chinese site archaeology generously shared their information and ideas with me. Various librarians (especially those working in the Inter-Library Loan Division and the Library Information Retrieval Service at the O.S.U. Kerr Memorial Library) and members of the Jacksonville Museum staff helped make my sometimes obscure research endeavors possible. Sam Tung Wong translated several Chinese characters and words. Chris Jenkins, of the O.S.U. Faunal Laboratory, identified the bones and teeth from sites 35JA5001 and 5003. Clayton LeBow prepared the initial copy of the topographic map for site 5001, Gary Handschug produced many of the graphic illustrations and Christine Jackson typed the inanu- script. Other people who aided the project in some fashion included Gail Evans, Mr. and Mrs. Ben Gerwick, Marshall Lango; and at the Rogue River National Forest: Ted Cobo, John Czymerys, Bob Lichlyter and Dick Mariega, Applegate District Ranger. I am particularly grateful to all the people who assisted with the archaeological excavations during the summer of 1980. They volunteered their time on weekends and contended with poison oak and/or intense heat without complaint: Eric Furchner, Mike Gallagher, Elaine Joines, Clayton LeBow, Judith Sanders, Mary Weber and especially Claudia Everett. Without their help I could never have completed the fieldwork phase of the project so rapidly. To my parents and to Elissa Brady, who gave me encourage- ment throughout the writing of this paperthank you. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS LIST OF FIGURES INTRODUCTION 1 Purpose and Scope The Sojourner Problem: Theoretical Context PART I. BACKGROUND: HISTORICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING 8 HISTORY OF CHINESE IMMIGRATION TO THE WESTERN U.S. 9 Roots of the Sojourner Phenomenon Diaspora to a New World The Chinese in Southwestern Oregon "JohnChinaman," Unwelcome Immigrant ENVIRONMENTS IN CONTRAST: HOMELAND AND THE APPLEGATE VALLEY 45 Kwangtung and the Sze Yap The. Applegate Valley and Siskiyou Mountains The Sojourner's Social Environment PART II. ARCHAEOLOGY OF CHINESE SITES IN THE S ISKIYOU MOUNTAINS 62 REVIEW OF PREVIOUS CHINESE SITE ARCHAEOLOGY IN THE U.S. 63 SITE 35JA5003: GIN LIN'S CAMP AT "LITTLE APPLEGATE DIGGINGS" 71 Physical Setting Site History Archaeological Field Methods Results Artifact Analysis Site Analysis: Conclusions Page SITE 35JA5031: SQUAW CREEK CHINESE CAMP 118 Physical Setting Site History Archaeological Field Methods Results Artifact Analysis Site Analysis: Conclusions OTHER CHINESE SITES IN THE SISKIYOU MOUNTAINS 182 Gin Lin's Camp at China Gulch Flumet Gulch Diggings Flumet Flat Diggings Lower Palmer Creek Diggings Upper Palmer Creek Diggings: "The Chinese Walls" Kanaka Gulch: "Grand Applegate Diggings" Site 35JA5002: China Gulch Terrace Features Jacksonville Chinese Quarter PART III. ANALYSIS: ADAPTATION AND ACCULTURATION OF THE CHINESE SOJOURNERS 224 THE SUBSISTENCE PATTERN: DIET, DRESS AND DRUGS 225 Dietary Habits Dress and Personal Grooming Drug Use and Recreational Activities THE SETTLEMENT PATTERN: SOJOURNER ARCHITECTURE 272 The Native Architectural Tradition Sojourner Architecture: The Urban Environment Sojourner Architecture: The Rural Environment Chinese Settlement Patterns and Construction in the Siskiyou Mountains: The Evidence THE TECHNOLOGICAL PATTERN: HYDRAULIC MINING 310 Development of Placer Mining Technology Tools and Methods of the Chinese Miners Chinese Hydraulic Mining Practices in the Siskiyou Mountains: The Evidence SUMMARY AND EPILOGUE 334 Summary and Discussion Epilogue Page REFERENCES CITED 344 APPENDIXES 367 Appendix I: Catalog of Artifacts Recovered from Sites 35JA500 and 35JA5001 Appendix II: Sample Chinese and Euro-american Accounts from Kubli Store Ledger LIST OF FIGURES Page 1-2-1 and 1-2-2. Chinese residents of Jacksonville 24 1-2-3. Chinese man watching Jacksonville parade 28 1-2-4. Gin Lin 32 1-3-1. Vicinity Map, Applegate Valley 51 1-3-2. View- upstream, Applegate River 54 11-5-1. Map, site 35JA5003 72 11-5-2 and 11-5-3. Panoramas, site 35JA5003 73 11-5-4. 1880 mining scene near site 35JA5003 76 11-5-5. Same scene in 1980 76 11-5-6. China Ditch runoff channel 78 11-5-7. Headwall of Gin Liii's mine 78 11-5-8. View from floor of mine 79 11-5-9. View of Area 1, Test Pit 1 79 11-5-10. Test Pit I 84 11-5-11.
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