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Policies and Priority Actions for Sustainable Mariculture Development in the Republic of the Marshall Islands

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Policies and Priority Actions for Sustainable Mariculture Development in the Republic of the Marshall Islands Policies and Priority Actions for Sustainable Mariculture Development in the Republic of the Marshall Islands June 2005 Approved in principle by the MIMRA Board on September 10, 2004 Table of Contents Page Preface List of Acronyms 1. Introduction 2. Status of Mariculture in the Marshall Islands 2.1. Site Availability and Species Feasibility 2.2. Operations and Facilities 2.2.1. Black-Lip Pearl Oysters 2.2.2. Giant Clams 2.2.3. Other Species 2.2.3.1. Trochus 2.2.3.2. Corals 2.2.3.3. Seaweed 2.2.3.4. Tuna 2.3. Education, Research and Extension 3. Legislation and Institutional Arrangements 3.1. Traditional and Customary Rights 3.2. National Government 3.2.1. Policy 3.2.2. Agencies and Enabling Legislation 3.2.3. Regulations 3.3. Local Government 3.4. Link to Community-based Fisheries Management and Ecosystem Management 3.4.1 Community-Based Fisheries Management Program 3.4.2 Strengthening Coastal Fisheries Legislation 3.4.3 Biodiversity Forum 3.4.3.1 National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan 3.4.3.2 National Biosafety Framework 3.4.4 Resource Inventory and Earthmoving/EIA Review Process 4. Developing an Export Industry 4.1. Transportation 4.2. Marketing 4.3. Financing 5. Priority Issues and Actions 6. Cited References ii 7. Other References iii Preface This profile provides a comprehensive review of the status of mariculture in the Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI), including current mariculture facilities, key issues, constraints, and opportunities. It further identifies actions to advance the sustainable development of mariculture in the RMI. The profile is the result of a collaborative process. The concept was developed from meetings of the collaborative alliance of the USDA/IFAFS project on 'Bridging Gaps to Insure Long-term Viability of Small Scale Mariculture in Hawaii and the US Affiliated Islands.' The first meeting of the collaborative alliance was held in Kolonia, Pohnpei in February 2002. Four additional meetings have been convened since then. At the third meeting in Majuro in February 2003, private and public sector participants from the RMI identified the need for mariculture planning and policy. In response to this need, a Mariculture Development and Management Planning (MDMP) process was initiated under the joint leadership of the Policy and Planning Division of the Marshall Islands Marine Resources Authority (MIMRA) and the Marine Science Program of College of the Marshall Islands (MSP/CMI). An intersectoral and multiagency Mariculture Steering Committee and Working Group were formed. At the first meeting of the working group in April 2003, the preparation of a profile of mariculture development in the RMI was selected as a first activity of the MDMP process. This draft has been prepared by the Mariculture Working Group. The Steering Committee and the MIMRA Board will be invited to review the profile and provide guidance for next steps. Steering Committee John Bungitak [email protected] General Manager Environmental Protection Agency Don Hess [email protected] Chair, Faculty of Liberal Arts and Sciences Mark Canney [email protected] College of the Marshall Islands Project Manager, ADB/Education Project Ministry of Education Lenest Lanki Secretary of the Ministry of Internal Affairs Simon Ellis [email protected] Marine Advisor Jessica Reimers [email protected] Conservation Society of Pohnpei President, Chamber of Commerce Quentin Fong [email protected] Jim Tobey [email protected] Seafood Marketing Specialist Coastal Resources Center University of Alaska University of Rhode Island, RI Maria Haws [email protected] Danny Wase [email protected] Director, Pearl and Research Training Director, MIMRA University of Hawaii, Hilo iv Working Group Virgil Alfred [email protected] Black Pearls of Micronesia Terry Keju [email protected] Chief of Policy and Planning Division Nicole Baker [email protected] MIMRA Environmental Protection Agency Hilton Kendall [email protected] Deborah Barker [email protected] Ministry of Internal Affairs Biodiversity Conservation Officer Environmental Protection Agency Harry Langrine [email protected] Mariculture Student Rod Bourke [email protected] College of Marshall Islands Manager, Giant Clam Hatchery/Farm Ocean Reef Aquariums Inc. Rebecca Lorennij [email protected] Deputy Secretary Carlos Dominic [email protected] Ministry of Resources and Development Trade and Investment Policy Officer Ministry of Resources and Development Brenda Alik Maddison [email protected] Assistant Secretary, Policy, Planning & Research Division Rand Dybdahl [email protected] Ministry of Education Hatchery Specialist Cooperative Research & Extension, Land Grant Ryota Nakamura [email protected] and College of the Marshall Islands Overseas Fishery Cooperation Foundation Manabu Echigo [email protected] Dr. Manoj Nair [email protected] Overseas Fishery Cooperation Foundation Aquaculture Research Scientist Cooperative Research & Extension, Land Grant Florence Edwards [email protected] and College of the Marshall Islands Chief of Coastal Fisheries Division MIMRA Wallace Peter [email protected] Ministry of Transportation and Communication Karl Fellenius [email protected] Marine Science Instructor Angela DeBrum Tibon [email protected] College of the Marshall Islands Chief of Local Government Affairs Ministry of Internal Affairs Sebastian Horbusko [email protected] Giant Clam Hatchery/Farm Russell Uwaine Ocean Reef Aquariums Inc. Mariculture Student College of the Marshall Islands Albon Ishoda [email protected] Coastal Management Coordinator Matang Ueanimatang [email protected] Environmental Protection Agency Extension Agent Cooperative Research & Extension, Land Grant Clyde James and College of the Marshall Islands Aquaculture Specialist, MIMRA v Other Contributors Frederick Aitab [email protected] Dean Jacobson [email protected] Counterpoint Project Manager, ADB/Education Marine Science Instructor Ministry of Education College of the Marshall Islands Begonia Alik Souvenior Kabua Teacher, Jaluit High School Coastal Management Assistant Environmental Protection Agency James Capelle Mayor of Likiep Atoll Anir Lal [email protected] Science Instructor & Seaweed Specialist C.L. Cheshire [email protected] College of the Marshall Islands Senior Business Development Manager Pacific Business Center Program Len Lenja University of Hawaii, Hilo Mayor of Mili Atoll Junior DeBrum Ned Lobwij [email protected] Likiep Atoll Fish Base Manager, MIMRA MIMRA Intern & CMI Marine Science Student Tony DeBrum [email protected] Houston Lomae [email protected] Likiep Atoll MIMRA Intern & CMI Marine Science Student Larual Heine Amos McQuinn Teacher, Northern Islands High School Mayor of Namdrik Atoll Wotje Atoll Takinal Robert Teacher, Jaluit High School vi List of Acronyms ADB Asian Development Bank AMI Air Marshall Islands BPI Black Pearls Inc. BPOM Black Pearls of Micronesia, Inc. CARE Community Afterschool Recreation and Education CBFMP Community-Based Fisheries Management Planning CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species CRC/URI Coastal Resources Center/University of Rhode Island CTSA Center for Tropical and Subtropical Aquaculture DOI Department of Interior—United States EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EPA Environmental Protection Agency FAO Food and Agriculture Organization—United Nations IFAFS Innovative Future Agriculture and Food Systems JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency MDMP Mariculture Development and Management Planning M2EIC MIMRA, MIVA, EPA, Internal Affairs, and CMI MIMRA Marshall Islands Marine Resources Authority MIVA Marshall Islands Visitors Authority MOE Ministry of Education MPA Marine Protected Area MSP/CMI Marine Science Program/College of the Marshall Islands NMFS National Marine Fishery Service ORA Ocean Reefs and Aquariums, Inc. OFCF Overseas Fishery Cooperation Foundation RMI Republic of the Marshall Islands RRE Robert Reimers Enterprises, Inc. SPC Secretariat of the Pacific Community UHH University of Hawaii—Hilo UNDP United Nations Development Program USDA United States Department of Agriculture vii 1. INTRODUCTION The Marshall Islands consists of two parallel chains of 29 atolls and 5 low coral islands (Figure 1). The eastern (Ratak or 'sunrise') chain contains 14 atolls and 2 islands. The western (Ralik or 'sunset') chain contains 15 atolls and 5 islands. All together there are 1,225 islands and islets spreading across a sea area of almost 2 million km2 encompassing 181 km2 of land and 6,110 km2 of coral reefs (Spalding et al., 2001). In 1999, there were about 51,000 people in the RMI, with just under half of them residing in the capital, Majuro (Economic Policy, Planning and Statistics Office, 2002). The standard of living in the outer islands (all areas outside of Majuro) has been steadily declining over the past 20 years due to expanding population and the fall of copra as the primary source of cash income. Concern over future levels of external funding and the capacity of the RMI government to continue providing subsidies for copra, have intensified the search for supplemental and alternative sources of income. Living marine resources in both Majuro and the outer islands have long been exploited for subsistence purposes. Today both food security and the ability to derive local income from capture fisheries are at risk because pressures on marine resources appear to be accelerating as a result of increased local and foreign commercial fishing effort and a
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