DOCSLIB.ORG

Ground-Water Resources of the Laura Area, Majuro Atoll, Marshall Islands

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Ground-Water Resources of the Laura Area, Majuro Atoll, Marshall Islands GROUND-WATER RESOURCES OF THE LAURA AREA, MAJURO ATOLL, MARSHALL ISLANDS By Scott N. Hamlin and Stephen S. Anthony U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Water-Resources Investigations Report 87-4047 Prepared in cooperation with the REPUBLIC OF THE MARSHALL ISLANDS Honolulu, Hawaii 1987 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR DONALD PAUL HODEL, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Dallas L. Peck, Director For additional information Copies of this report write to: can be purchased from: District Chief, Hawaii District U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Geological Survey, WRD Books and Open-File Reports Section 300 Ala Moana Blvd., Rm. 6110 Federal Center, Bldg. 41 Honolulu, Hawai 96850 Box 25425 Denver, Colorado 80225 CONTENTS Page Abstract ------------------------------------------------------------ 1 Introduction -------------------------------------------------------- 2 Purpose and scope ---------------------------------------------- 5 Setting -------------------------------------------------------- 5 Previous investigations ---------------------------------------- 6 Acknowledgments ------------------------------------------------ 8 Methods of study ---------------------------------------------------- 8 Surface geophysical survey ------------------------------------- 8 Installation of driven-well network ---------------------------- 8 Test holes and collection of lithologic samples ---------------- 11 Collection of water samples ------------------------------------ 11 Measurements of water levels ----------------------------------- 13 Geohydrologic framework --------------------------------------------- 13 General atoll features ----------------------------------------- 13 Geology of Laura ----------------------------------------------- 14 Hydraulic characteristics of lithologic units ------------------ 16 Water budget --------------------------------------------------- 19 Ground-water resources ---------------------------------------------- 21 Occurrence ----------------------------------------------------- 21 Storage -------------------------------------------------------- 27 Quality -------------------------------------------------------- 27 Sustainable yield ---------------------------------------------- 32 Development alternatives --------------------------------------- 34 Monitoring program --------------------------------------------- 37 Summary ------------------------------------------------------------- 39 References ---------------------------------------------------------- 41 Appendix A. Water-level and chloride data from dug wells ----------- 45 Appendix B. Specific conductance and chloride data from dug wells, April 1984 ----------------------------- 46 Appendix C. Supplement data from test holes and driven wells ------- 48 Appendix D. Chemical analyses of water from wells ------------------ 68 iii ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page 1. Map showing location of study area ------------------------ 3 2. Map showing Majuro atoll ---------------------------------- 4 3. Map of water-level and chloride contours, April 1973 ------ 7 4. Map showing locations of dug wells, well-point and test hole sites -------------------------------------- 9 5. Diagram of the hydrogeologic section of Laura showing lines of relative salinity ------------------- 12 6. Graphic lithologic logs of test holes and perforated intervals with tidal efficiencies -------------------- 15 7. Graph of tidal efficiency variation with depth in driven wells ----------------------------------------- 18 8. Graphs of rainfall and ground-water level change at Laura (well number 17) from October 1984 to September 1985 - 20 9. Diagram of the schematic section showing freshwater lens with transition zone --------------------------------- 22 10. Graphs of chloride and salinity profiles of the Laura freshwater lens at selected locations: a. Chloride-depth profile at F-test hole, June 1985 - 24 b. Comparison of test hole and driven-well salinity profiles, June 1985, F-site -------------------- 24 c. Comparison of test hole and driven-well salinity profiles, September 1985, E-site --------------- 24 d. Comparison of test hole and driven-well salinity profiles, September 1985, D-site --------------- 24 11. Diagrams of the hydrologic and geophysical sections and lens-thickness for the Laura freshwater lens: a. East-west hydrogeologic sections through lens based on geophysical data (April 1984) and salinity data (September 1984) ----------------- 25 b. North-south hydrogeologic sections through lens based on geophysical data (April 1984) and salinity data (September 1984) ----------------- 25 c. Contour of the depth of geoelectric interface ---- 26 12. Diagram showing hydrologic sections through the Laura lens for (500 milligram per liter isochlor) September 1984 and 1985 ------------------------------ 29 13. Map showing estimated depth to base of freshwater nucleus (500 milligram per liter chloride) ----------- 30 14. Graph showing relation between specific conductance and chloride concentration in ground water from Laura, Majuro atoll ----------------------------------------- 31 15. Schematic drawing of vertical dug well -------------------- 35 16. Schematic drawing showing plane view and vertical section of infiltration-type well -------------------- 36 iv TABLES Table Page 1. Well-construction information ----------------------------- 10 2. Characteristics of tidal fluctuation in ground water ------ 17 3. Lens storage and rainfall data at Laura village ----------- 28 4. Nitrate concentrations in water from dug wells on September 25, 1984 ----------------------------------- 33 5. Parameters and sampling frequency for Laura area monitoring CONVERSION FACTORS AND ABBREVIATIONS The following table may be used to convert the inch-pound units used in this report to metric units. Multiply inch-pound units To obtain metric units Temperature degree Fahrenheit (°F) °C = 5/9 x(°F-32) --- degree Celsius (°C) Length inch (in.) 25.4 ---------- millimeter (mm) foot (ft) 0.3048 ------- meter (m) mile (mi) 1.609 -------- kilometer (km) Area acre 4,047 ------ square meter (m 2) square foot (ft ) 0.09294 square meter (m 2) square mile (mi ) 2.590 -- square kilometer (km2) Volume acre-foot (acre-ft) -- 1,233 ------------ cubic meter (m3) gallon (gal) --------- 3.785 -------- liter (L) million gallons (Mgal) 3,785 ------------ cubic meter (m3) Volume Per Unit Time (includes Flow) gallon per minute ----------- 0.2070 ------- liter per second per foot [(gal/min)/ft] per meter [(L/s)/m] cubic foot per second (ft 3/s) 0.02832 ------ cubic meter per second (m 3/s) gallon per minute (gal/min) - 0.06308 ------ cubic decimeter per second (dm 3/s) million gallons per day 0.04381 ------ cubic meter per second (Mgal/d) (m 3/s) vi Ground-Water Resources of the Laura Area, Majuro Atoll, Marshall Islands By Scott N. Hamlin and Stephen S. Anthony ABSTRACT The present water system that supplies the heavily populated Dalap- Uliga-Darrit (DUD) area of Majuro atoll relies almost entirely upon airstrip catchment of rain water. Droughts cause severe water-supply problems and water rationing is required, even during periods of normal rainfall. The Laura area contains a substantial lens of fresh ground water that could be developed for export to the DUD area 30 miles to the east. Study of the ground-water resource at Laura involved a survey of existing wells, installation of monitoring wells and test holes, compilation of continuous records of rainfall and water-level fluctuations, and collection of water- quality data. Test hole data permitted the definition of three geohydrologic units, which correlate well with similar units in Bikini and Enewetak atolls. The units consist of two layers of unconsolidated reef and lagoon sediments resting, on a dense, highly permeable limestone. The potable water zone, or freshwater nucleus, of the lens is contained mostly within the unconsolidated layers, which are much less permeable than the basal limestone. Recharge to the Laura freshwater lens is estimated to be 1.8 million gallons per day, based on an average annual rainfall of 140 inches. Sustainable yield is estimated to be about 400,000 gallons per day. Shallow skimming wells or infiltration galleries similar to those used on Kwajalein atoll would be appropriate to develop the freshwater lens. The impact of development on the lens can be determined by monitoring the salinity in developed water and in a network of monitor wells. INTRODUCTION The demand for potable water on Majuro atoll in the Marshall Islands (fig. 1) is increasing as a result of a growing population and new commercial development. During extended dry periods water demand commonly exceeds supply. The water-supply problem on Majuro was accentuated during a drought in 1983 (Van der Brug, 1986). Rainfall was only 13 percent of normal for the period January through May 1983. The subnormal rainfall created a severe problem because nearly all of the water for the central water-supply system on Majuro comes from an airfield rainfall catchment system. Total storage of the catchment system is about 18 Mgal. The average daily demand in the area served by the system is about 450,000 gallons per day. The system cannot provide water continuously during extended dry periods. The volume of water in the system dropped to 7 Mgal on January 1 and 800,000 gallons by the end of May 1983. In addition to stricter rationing of the water supply, it was necessary to construct temporary shallow dug wells and install two saltwater conversion units to meet the water needs of the population. The return of
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Case Study: Majuro Atoll, Republic of the Marshall Islands
    SPREP Reports and Studies Series no. 60 Vulnerability Assessment for Accelerated Sea Level Rise Case Study: Majuro Atoll, Republic of the Marshall Islands P. Holthus, M. Crawford C. Makroro and S. Sullivan South Pocific Regionol Environment Progromme Soufh Pocific Regionol Environment Progromme Vulnerability Assessment of Accelerated Sea Level Rise Case Study: Majuro Atoll, Marshall Islands Holthus, P. Crawford' M. Project Officer (Scientist), SPREP Republic of the Marshall Islands Envimnmental Protection Authority Makroro, C. Sullivan, S. Assistant Chief Planner Consultant Engineer Republic of the Marshall Islands Sea Engineering, Inc. Office of Planning and Statistics Waimanalo, Hawaii Fundedby United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Apia, Western Samoa December 1992 Foreword In the Pacific, where the sea meets the shore, the forces of nature have always challenged human activities. These activities often increase the vulnerability of coastal areas to changes in sea level. The majority of the coastal areas now face erosion, flooding, loss of wetlands and contamination of water through inundation by rising seas. Coral and sand mining, destruction of mangroves and construction of dams and causeways all disturb the natural equilibrium p"ocesses that could help reduce the erosion, flooding and other potential impacts caused by accelerated sea level rise. These environmental issues can be traced to high population densities and the continuing rapid rate of population growth in the atoll nations of the region. So, population problems are important and often associated with increased urbanisation and growth in the established population centres. Population growth and urbanisation will increase the number of people vulnerable to sea level rise. More stress on coastal resources, especially for the small islands,, woultl be due to human-induced climate change and changes in the sea levels.
    [Show full text]
  • Sustained Prehistoric Exploitation of a Marshall Islands Fishery
    Sustained prehistoric exploitation of a Marshall Islands fishery: ichthyoarchaeological approaches, marine resource use, and human- environment interactions on Ebon Atoll Ariana Blaney Joan Lambrides BA (Hons) A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at The University of Queensland in 2017 School of Social Science Abstract Atolls are often characterised in terms of the environmental constraints and challenges these landscapes impose on sustained habitation, including: nutrient-poor soils and salt laden winds that impede plant growth, lack of perennial surface fresh water, limited terrestrial biodiversity, and vulnerability to extreme weather events and inundation since most atolls are only 2-3 m above sea level. Yet, on Ebon Atoll, Republic of the Marshall Islands in eastern Micronesia, the oceanside and lagoonside intertidal marine environments are expansive, with the reef area four times larger than the land area, supporting a diverse range of taxa. Given the importance of finfish resources in the Pacific, and specifically Ebon, this provided an ideal context for evaluating methods and methodological approaches for conducting Pacific ichthyoarchaeological analyses, and based on this assessment, implement high resolution and globally recognised approaches to investigate the spatial and temporal variation in the Ebon marine fishery. Variability in landscape use, alterations in the range of taxa captured, archaeological proxies of past climate stability, and the comparability of archaeological and ecological datasets were considered. Utilising a historical ecology approach, this thesis provides an analysis of the exploitation of the Ebon marine fishery from initial settlement to the historic period—two millennia of continuous occupation. The thesis demonstrated the importance of implementing high resolution methods and methodologies when considering long-term human interactions with marine fisheries.
    [Show full text]
  • United States Army Garrison- Kwajalein Atoll Information Handbook
    United States Army Garrison- Kwajalein Atoll Information Handbook Produced by DYNCORP INTERNATIONAL LLC Last updated: 4 September 2019 U.S. ARMY GARRISON KWAJALEIN ATOLL/ REAGAN TEST SITE U.S. ARMY INSTALLATION MANAGEMENT COMMAND KWAJALEIN ATOLL, MARSHALL ISLANDS I. INSTALLATION DATA Name of Site: The installation is currently called “United States Army Garrison - Kwajalein Atoll/ Ronald Reagan Ballistic Missile Defense Test Site” (USAG-KA/RTS) effective 01 October 2013. The installation has undergone multiple name changes since its inception: U.S. Army Kwajalein Atoll/ Ronald Reagan Ballistic Missile Defense Test Site (USAKA/RTS) from 15 June 2001 to 01 October 2013; U.S. Army Kwajalein Atoll/ Kwajalein Missile Range (USAKA/KMR) from 01 March 1998 to 15 June 2001; U.S. Army Kwajalein Atoll (USAKA) from 14 November 1986 to 30 September 1997; Kwajalein Missile Range (KMR) from 15 April 1968 to 13 November 1986; Kwajalein Test Site from 1 July 1964 to 14 April 1968. Between 1945 and 30 June 1964, while under the command of the United States Navy, the installation was referred to at various times as the Navy Operating Base Kwajalein, Naval Air Station Kwajalein, Naval Station Kwajalein and Pacific Missile Range Facility (PMRF) Kwajalein. Site Number: NQ100 [for Military Real Property Inventory purposes, assigned by the U.S. Army Chief of Engineers per paragraph 2.2.1 (3) of AR 405-45] U.S. Mail Address: PSC 701-PO Box 26, APO AP 96555-0001 Status: USAG-KA/RTS is a Class II site (Active) of the United States Army and is designated a subordinate activity of the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Jabat Survey
    REPUBLIC OF THE MARSHALL ISLANDS MINISTRY OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS HISTORIC PRESERVATION OFFICE Archaeological and Anthropological Survey of Jabat Island Richard V. Williamson and Donna K. Stone HPO Report 2001/06 © Republic of the Marshall Islands Historic Preservation Office Majuro Atoll, 2001 © 2001, Republic of the Marshall Islands Historic Preservation Office. All rights reserved. The contents of this study are copyright in all countries subscribing to the Berne Convention. No parts of this report may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without the written permission of the Historic Preservation Office, except where permitted by law. The research and this publication have been financed entirely with Federal funds from the Historic Preservation Fund grant program in partnership with the National Park Service, Department of the Interior, United States of America. However, the contents and opinions expressed do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the National Park Service, the Department of the Interior, or the Government of the United States of America, nor does the mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation by the National Park Service, the Department of the Interior, Government of the United States of America, or the Government of the Republic of the Marshall Islands. This program received Federal financial assistance for identification and protection of historic properties. Under Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, and the Age Discrimination Act of 1975, as amended, the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • REPUBLIC of the MARSHALL ISLANDS NCD Risk Factors STEPS Report 2002
    REPUBLIC OF THE MARSHALL ISLANDS NCD Risk Factors STEPS Report 2002 Printed in Suva, Fiji December 2007 Survey sites: Majuro atoll Kwajalein atoll Wotje atoll Jaluit atoll Arno atoll Kili island 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The hard work of various people and organsations who took part in the design, field work, data entry, analysis and reporting of the NCD STEPS is hereby acknowledged: STEPS project committee, World Health Organization, Fiji School of Medicine, Menzies Center, AusAID and community of RMI at large. STEPS project committee: Ms. Justina R. Langidrik - Secretary of Health- MOH Ms. Julia M. Alfred (STEPS Project Manager - MOH) Dr. Kennar Briand (Director of Public Health- MOH) Mr. Arata Nathan (Director of Outer Islands Health Care System) Dr. Robyn McIntyre (Physician- 177 Health Care Program) Mr. Duncan Banda (Statistician- UNV) Ms. Florina Nathan (Supervisor of PH Nursing, MOH) Mr. Kam Wase (Director of Human Services & Health Promotion- MOH) Mr. Paul Lalita (Director of Laboratory Services- MOH) Ms. Sala Elbourne, (Microbiologist, MOH) Mr. Kumi Hanerg (Director of Vital Statistics- MOH) Dr. Kyaw Tut (Director of Dental Services, MOH) Mrs. Ione Debrum (NCD coordinator) World Health Organisation: Dr. Temo K Waqanivalu, WHO South Pacific Ms Leanne Riley, WHO HQ Mr. Shalvindra Raj, WHO South Pacific Fiji School of Medicine: Dr. Jan Pryor (Director Research) Ms. Monica Fong Ms. Shakila Naidu (NCD Research Assistant) Ms. Vizo Halavatau (NCD Research Assistant) Menzies Center: Dr. Leigh Blizzard - Senior Research Biostatistician Dr. Robert Granger Contributors: Dr Philayrath Phongsavan (reviewer), Mr. Russell Edwards (Assistant Secretary for Primary Health Care- MOH), Mr. Sandy Alfred (Assistant Secretary for Majuro Hospital Services- MOH), Mr.
    [Show full text]
  • Feasibility Study GREEN CLIMATE FUND FUNDING PROPOSAL I
    Annex II – Feasibility Study GREEN CLIMATE FUND FUNDING PROPOSAL I FEASIBILITY STUDY Addressing Climate Vulnerability In the Water Sector (ACWA) United Nations Development Programme UNDP On behalf of Government of the Republic of the Marshall Islands RMI March 2018 For Submission to the Green Climate Fund EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI) is a small island developing states (SIDS) consisting of 29 coral atolls and 5 single islands. The nation is a large-ocean state, with approximately 1,225 islands and islets with a total land area of only 182 km2, spread across over 2 million km2 of vast ocean space. Most of the 24 inhabited local government jurisdictions (atolls and islands) are remote and lie merely 2 meters above sea level on average, posing various challenges and risks to sustainable development in face of climate change. RMI’s population in 2017 is estimated as 55,5621, most of which is concentrated in urban atolls of Majuro and Kwajalein (Ebeye)2. Context Climate Change: It is predicted, that RMI will face increasing sea level rise, increasing rainfall variability with potential for extended drought periods and increasing storm surges with climate change3, further aggravating RMI’s vulnerability and more specifically sustainable water supply. These climate change impacts are likely to exacerbate the risks of water shortages in RMI, by further challenging the ability of the Marshallese people to have access to safe freshwater resources year-round. Droughts and storm waves are some of the key climate based events that impact RMI. Climate projections show that in the next twenty-five years, rainfall and drought scenarios in RMI will continue and may increase in the short term4.
    [Show full text]
  • Coastal Risk Assessment for Ebeye
    Coastal Risk Assesment for Ebeye Technical report | Coastal Risk Assessment for Ebeye Technical report Alessio Giardino Kees Nederhoff Matthijs Gawehn Ellen Quataert Alex Capel 1230829-001 © Deltares, 2017, B De tores Title Coastal Risk Assessment for Ebeye Client Project Reference Pages The World Bank 1230829-001 1230829-00 1-ZKS-OOO1 142 Keywords Coastal hazards, coastal risks, extreme waves, storm surges, coastal erosion, typhoons, tsunami's, engineering solutions, small islands, low-elevation islands, coral reefs Summary The Republic of the Marshall Islands consists of an atoll archipelago located in the central Pacific, stretching approximately 1,130 km north to south and 1,300 km east to west. The archipelago consists of 29 atolls and 5 reef platforms arranged in a double chain of islands. The atolls and reef platforms are host to approximately 1,225 reef islands, which are characterised as low-lying with a mean elevation of 2 m above mean sea leveL Many of the islands are inhabited, though over 74% of the 53,000 population (2011 census) is concentrated on the atolls of Majuro and Kwajalein The limited land size of these islands and the low-lying topographic elevation makes these islands prone to natural hazards and climate change. As generally observed, small islands have low adaptive capacity, and the adaptation costs are high relative to the gross domestic product (GDP). The focus of this study is on the two islands of Ebeye and Majuro, respectively located on the Ralik Island Chain and the Ratak Island Chain, which host the two largest population centres of the archipelago.
    [Show full text]
  • Statistical Yearbook, 2017
    REPUBLIC OF THE MARSHALL ISLANDS STATISTICAL YEAR BOOK 2017 Economic Policy, Planning and Statistics Office (EPPSO) Office of the President Republic of the Marshall Islands RMI Statistical Yearbook, 2017 Statistical Yearbook 2017 Published by: Economic Policy, Planning and Statistics Office (EPPSO), Office of the President, Republic of the Marshall Islands Publication Year: June, 2018 Technical support was provided by Inclusive Growth Thematic cluster, UNDP, Pacific Office, Suva, Fiji Disclaimer The opinions expressed herein are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the UNDP or EPPSO. The pictures used in this publication are mostly taken from the Google search and some from the respective organization’s websites. EPPSO is not responsible if there is any violation of “copy right” issue related with any of them. 1 RMI Statistical Yearbook, 2017 TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE ...................................................................................................................................... 5 FOREWORD .................................................................................................................................. 6 LIST OF ACRONYMS ...................................................................................................................... 7 SUGGESTED NOTES PRIOR TO READING THIS PUBLICATION .......................................................... 10 BRIEF HISTORY OF REPUBLIC OF THE MARSHALL ISLANDS ............................................................. 12 REPUBLIC
    [Show full text]
  • Atoll Research Bulletin No. 503 the Vascular Plants Of
    ATOLL RESEARCH BULLETIN NO. 503 THE VASCULAR PLANTS OF MAJURO ATOLL, REPUBLIC OF THE MARSHALL ISLANDS BY NANCY VANDER VELDE ISSUED BY NATIONAL MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION WASHINGTON, D.C., U.S.A. AUGUST 2003 Uliga Figure 1. Majuro Atoll THE VASCULAR PLANTS OF MAJURO ATOLL, REPUBLIC OF THE MARSHALL ISLANDS ABSTRACT Majuro Atoll has been a center of activity for the Marshall Islands since 1944 and is now the major population center and port of entry for the country. Previous to the accompanying study, no thorough documentation has been made of the vascular plants of Majuro Atoll. There were only reports that were either part of much larger discussions on the entire Micronesian region or the Marshall Islands as a whole, and were of a very limited scope. Previous reports by Fosberg, Sachet & Oliver (1979, 1982, 1987) presented only 115 vascular plants on Majuro Atoll. In this study, 563 vascular plants have been recorded on Majuro. INTRODUCTION The accompanying report presents a complete flora of Majuro Atoll, which has never been done before. It includes a listing of all species, notation as to origin (i.e. indigenous, aboriginal introduction, recent introduction), as well as the original range of each. The major synonyms are also listed. For almost all, English common names are presented. Marshallese names are given, where these were found, and spelled according to the current spelling system, aside from limitations in diacritic markings. A brief notation of location is given for many of the species. The entire list of 563 plants is provided to give the people a means of gaining a better understanding of the nature of the plants of Majuro Atoll.
    [Show full text]
  • ATOLL RESEARCH BULLETIN No. Xi the Land Vegetation of Arno Atoll
    ATOLL RESEARCH BULLETIN No. xi The Land Vegetation of Arno Atoll, Marshall Islands by William H. Hatheway Issued by THE PACIFIC SCIENCE EOARD National Academy of Sciences--National Research Council Washington, D.C. April 30, 1951 . he Land Vegetation of &no A$&,, ~arsh&l~slanda ' '' .. SCIENTIFIC DJVESTIGATIONS IN MICRONESIA Pacific Science Board National Research Council . Wi.llbm :I. Hatheway Haj:vw'd University Caibc:.c!&, ~lassachusetts~ . Jariuwy. 1953 ... , This report presents the results of botanical field uork done in the summer of 1.952 under the Coral ,!toll Project of the Pacis'ic Science Board of the Natj.onal Research Council. The work was supported by funds granted to the National Academy of Sclences by the Office of Naval Research. The fieldwork was carried out with the active assista.nce of the U. S. Navy Department, the Nilitary Air Transport Service, and the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands. The miter wishes to express his thanks for help received from Harold Ja Coolidge, :Piis, Lenore Smi.th, and Miss Ernestine Akers. Mr. D. W, Gilfillan, District Ad:n*k&?ator of the Trust Terrctoiy at Xajuro, and Mro J, E. Tobin, staff ant:2sopolpgistj took especial in- terest in this stxdy and assisteci greatly. The help of Lt. Cmdr, CI IC, Brust, who arranged to have put a't the disposal of the author certain re- sources of the Ua S. Navy, is grateful!_y ackno~dledged, Special thanks are due the people of Arno, especially Kihej L., Felix J., Tobu, Lajibili., Jemeliic, Jibloic J., Abijai, Lakarim, jonag Nemot L*, Jajin F,, Bingel, Jakalu, Saburo, Jon, Lauken, Overton, and Likotalc* At Na.juro Raymond QeBrw., Konto S., and Bright 3eine helped me in many ways.
    [Show full text]
  • An Assessment of the Impact of Climate Change on Agriculture and Food Security in the Pacific
    SUB-REGIONAL OFFICE FOR THE PACIFIC ISLANDS An Assessment of the Impact of Climate Change on Agriculture and Food Security in the Pacific A Case Study in the Republic of the Marshall Islands Prepared by: Muliagatele Joe Reti FAO Consultant February 2008 FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS AN ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SECURITY IN THE PACIFIC A CASE STUDY IN THE REPUBLIC OF THE MARSHALL ISLANDS Prepared for FAO SAPA By Muliagatele Joe Reti Pacific Environment Consultants Limited (PECL) Apia, Samoa February 2008 1 Table of content Acronyms and Abbreviations 3 Executive Summary 4 Summary of Recommendations 6 Map of the Marshall Islands 7 Introduction 8 Physical and natural environment of the Marshall Islands 8 Social and cultural setting 12 Economy 15 The Agriculture Sector in the Marshall Islands 18 Climate change – its significance to the Pacific islands 22 Climate change scenario in the Marshall Islands 24 The likely impact of climate change on agriculture in the Marshall Islands 26 Typology of likely impacts 28 Other factors contributing to the vulnerability of the agriculture sector 30 Climate change related activities of other Organizations in the Marshall Islands 32 Existing Institutional Mechanisms and Policies 35 National Strategy to mitigate and adapt to climate change 40 Success stories and lessons 43 Recommendations – General 45 Conclusions 47 Annexes 49 Bibliography 56 2 Acronyms and Abbreviations EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone NEMS National Environment Management Strategy
    [Show full text]
  • KW 15, 1955 Northern Marshall Islands Lkpedition, 1951-1952
    ATOLL RLSZiRCkI BULLSTIN Northern Marshall Islands Expedition, 1951-1952. Land biota: Vascular plants. by F, R. F'osberg Issued by THE PACIFIC SCILiVCE BOliHD National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council :lashington, D. C. KW 15, 1955 Northern Marshall Islands lkpedition, 1951-1952. Land biota: Vascular plants .ly2 by F. 8. Fosberg 3 1/ Publication authorized by the Di.rector, U. S. Geological Survey Preli!ninary results of the lkpedition to the Northern Elarshall Islands, 1951-1352, 110.2. Botanist, U. S, Geological Survey . Northern Narshall Islands Zxpedition; 1951-1952. Land biota: Vascular plants. by F. 3. Fosberg , . Following the nhrrative of the expedi-tion to the northern Karshalls made in 1951 and 1952, it seems north whi1.e to present the raw dsta collected in a series of: prel3minary papers, to make them available for general use and reference xitilout waiting urlbil tLey are cc:npletely studied and interpreted. Formal pubiicri.tion of a more parmanent charactsr is planned as detailed .studies are co;u$eted. This paper presents distribu- tional and ecological records, as aell as r~iitiverimes, of the vascular plants coliected on the expedition.. TQ these have beer1 added recorus from the author% 1946 and. 1950 coLlections, a few Wake &lad collections made in 1953, a~cja few miscell.acileo;ls collections by others. Other signi- ficant collections fromthe nort,%ern Marsilr:lis, not included here, are those of NU. Randolph Taylor, pubiished by hiin iri his MI'lants of Bikini," ttiose , made by Adelbert de . Ct~aniissowkii,.e on the Zotzebue ikpeditionJ and those made on several [email protected] .
    [Show full text]