I ANADROMOUSGAME FISH INVESTIGATIONS IN WASHINGTON

July 1, 1995- June30, 1996

PROGRESSREPORT NumberAF97-01

ProjectNo. F-75-R

SegmentNo.11

ContractNo.l4-16-0001-83-403

Submiuedto the U.S. Fish andWildlife Service

Under FederalAid in Fish RestorationProgram

Fish ManagementProgram Stateof Washington Departnentof Fish andWildlife

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*' TABLEOF CONTENTS

LISTOFTABLES ...... ii

LISTOFFIGURES ...... iii

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.. ..., iV

Study 1 - Job 1 EstimateSteelhead Spawning Escapement for Major Streamsin PugetSound, the WashingtonCoast and the Lower ColumbiaRiver 1

Study1 - Job2 Harvestor SpecializedSteelhead Management Planning J

Study I - Job3 SportHarvest of Steelhead 4 Determinesport harvest of steelheadon surveyedrivers in the Boldt CaseArea 4 Determinesport harvest of steelheadon riversnot surveyed,steelhead catch card returns, marked/unmarkedsport anglerharvest ) Steelheadlicense and catchrecord card changes . . . 7

Study I - Job4 Monitor TreatyIndian Fishing Regulations and Anadromous Game Fish Harvest. . . . 8

Study 1 - Job5 Long-TermAnadromous Game Fish Plans 8 PugetSound 8 Coast ...... 10 ColumbiaRiver ...... 1 0

Studyl-Job6 AnadromousGameFishSportFishingRegulations...... 1I

Study1-Job7 Sea-RunCutthroatPopulationMonitoring ...... I2

Studyl-Job8 GeneticStockldentification...... 16

APPENDICES...... 17

LITERATURECITED ...... 5 8

:, 'j *1 :FTp' :..r - LISTOF TABLES :.,.:}:.. Tablel., $teelheadspawningescapementestimates-lgg6 ..... l

Table2. Final estimateof winter steelheadsport angler harvest from WashingtonDepartruent of Fish andWildlifecreelsurveys,lggs-96 .....5

Table3. Final estimateof winter steelheadsport angler effort from WashingtonDepartment of Fish and Wildlifecreelsurveys,1995-96 ....6

Table4. Stillaguamishsea-run cutthroat based on lengthfrequency information from hookandlinesampling ....; 13

Table5. Skagitsea-nrn cutthroat based on lengthfrequency information from hook andlinesampling ..... l3

Table6. Countsof wild winter steelhead,wild summersteelhead and coastal cutthroat collectedat North Fork ToutleRiver CollectionFacility l6 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS a The informationprovided in this report is a summaryof efforts by the principal investigatorsand a numberof otherdedicated individuals who work in the WashingtonDepartuent of Fish andWildlife's FishManagement Program.

David Smithwas responsible torfor steelhead catch record cardcarr support and for monitoring tribal harvests ffiiiiffiT;ff#lonstble

Curt Kraemer,Steve Foley, Tom Cropp,and Thom Johnsonwere responsible for anadromousgame fish managementthroughout the PugetSound area.

JavHunter were responsible foranadromous same fish management forthe ilffi11"?tT::f,Washingtoncoast.

Dan Rawdingand,to Donna Hale were res.responsiblefor anadromousgame fish managementfor the columbia ilTH;::

JohnSneva and Larry Tsunodawere responsible for statewidesteelhead scale analysis.

Lilith swope-Lysistrata,LanvLaty rsunodaTsunoda and Peterpeter Hahn were responsible for generatingeeneratine the statewidestatewic iliTirffi".1t#:1Xa:a,

lv LlSTOF FIGURES

Figure1 StillaguamishRiversea-runcutthroatsampling1978and 1991 through 1995 ...... l4

Figure2 SkagitRiver sea-nmcutthroat sampling 1994and, tggs . . . . l5

iii Table I continued. Steelhead estimates- 1996 Ilatchery SH WiH SH Wild SH Escapement Stream or River System Escrpement Escapement Goal HammaHamma River g3 DosewallipsRiver 55 Strait ofJuan de Fuca Snow Creek 139 DungenessRiver I 533 27?l Gray Wolf River 1nRl 96: McDonaldCreek 8l Morse Creek 89 r20 Salt Creek 1t1l l37l Lyre River Rl 1,3 571 EastTwin River 55' g6l WestTwin River lt2l l03l DeepCreek 2031 PyshtRiver 284 200 Hoko River 667 400 Coast QuillayuteRiver System l5,l9l 5,900 Quillayute/Bogachiel 2,208 1,127 Sol Duc River 6.84s 2.910 CalawahRiver 5,559 1,740 Dickey River 580 123 HumptulipsRiver 1.454 1,600 HoquiamRiver 802 450 ChehalisRiver Systern 6,783 8.600 CedarRiver 0

North River/Smith Creek 248 2 Willapa River System 460

Palix System 8? 2 NemahRiver System 291 NaselleRiver 892 Bear River 255 Lower ColumbiaRiver Area KalamaRiver t,ori 1,000 EastFork Lewis River 2041 WashougalRiver 520' Grays River (trib estimatesonly) 2033 1,486 SkamokawaCreek rl2 227 ElochomanRiver (trib estimatesonly) 523 626 Abcrnathy Creek l6 306 GermanyCreek 40 CoweemanRiver (trib estimatesonly) U3 1.064'2 North Fork Toutle River 251 South Fork Toutle River (trib est. only) 150: 1,058 Wind River 1.55?D.1.00010 Study1 -Job 1 Estimatesteelhead spawning Escapementfor Major Streamsin PugetSound, the WashingtonCoast and the Lower ColumbiaRiver

Spawningescapement estimates and escapement goals for riverssurveyed in 1996are shown in Table l. Surveyswere conducted by WashingtonDepartment of Fish andWildlife regionaland headquarters personnel.some systems were surveyed in cooperationwith tribal biologicalstaffs. Estimates of total spawningescapement for otherstreams were calculated from the estimatednumber of reclds in the mainstems,the total numberof reddscounted in the tributaries,and the estimatednumber of reddsspawned in unsurveyedareas.

By multiplyingthe numberof reddsby the numberof femalesper redd,an estimateof spawninefemales can be derived. Thereis no informationavailable on femalesper reddfor the river systemssurieved. However,this figure hasbeen computed for fish spawningabove fish countingweirs on Snowani SalmonCreeks (.81 femalesper redd)

Oncethe numberof femaleshad been calculated, an estimateof maleswas computed usins the sexratio observedinthesportsfisheryoral:1 ratiowasused.

Weather dtlringthe 1996wild winter steelheadspawning period (March.through June) was generallvooor throughoutthe PugetSound, Washington Coast and Lower Columbiaareas. Abor" uro.runJor.cioiation f9a!ing to high river flows maderedd detection diffrcult andshortened redd life. poor *.itnLr rondition, limited the effectivenessof helicopterflights in collectinginformation. During the peakspawnine period of late April andearly May floodingwashed out reddsin westem washington.

Table 1. Steelheadspawning escapement estimates - lgg6. llatchery SH wild sH WiH SH Escrpement Stream or River System Escapement Escapcnent Goal Nonn Pugetsound NooksackRiver System 2 Mainstem/i.{orthFork 19.8Redds/mi 2 SouthFork 19.9Redds/mi 2 Middle Fork l-7 Redds/mi SamishRiver 792 700 SkagitRiver System 10,300 SkagitRiver Mainstem 33.0Redds/mi SaukRiver 31.4Redds/mi N.F. StillaguamishRiver 1,092. g30l SnohomishRiver System 6,500 PilchuckRiver 538 SnoqualmieRiver 19.4Redds/mi HoodCanal SkokomishRiver 1,400 TahuyaRiver 92 Bq Union River lg8 DewattoRiver 39 r38 developingthe 1996preseason runsize estimates for hatcheryand wild steelheadand made recommendationsfor the developmentof appropriatefishing seasonsbased on guidelinesestablished in the ColumbiaRiver Fish ManagementPlan.

During 1996TAC initiateda speciesreview for summerand winter steelhead.Dan wasresponsible for the "Winter SteelheadSpecies Revie#'and providedcomments regarding the "summer Steelhead SpeciesRevie#'. Final reportswere completed in DecemberI996.

Study 1 - Job 3 Sport Haruestof Steelhead o Determinesport hawest of steelheadon surveyedrivers in the Boldt CaseArca.

Creelsurveys for the 1995-96winter steelheadseason were conducted on threeriver systems,the Green,Quillayute, and Snohomish. Creel survey personnel collected data on anglereffort, successand time fished(trip length),as well as scalesfor ageanalysis, sex, length, weight, and fin marks.

Data on river and weatherconditions which influencedangler effort and successwere also recorded. Creelsurvey methodology was essentially the sameas that employedsince 1977 and is describedin paststeelhead program progress reports (June 30,1979 Quarterly Report, pages 10-56 and June 30, 1978Quarterly Report, pages 5-56).

Steelheadanglers on the surveyedrivers harvested an estimated9,951 winter steelheadduring the 1995-96season based on effort andcatch estimates calculated biweekly (Tables 2 and3). This wasa 23.5percent decrease in harvestover the 1994-95season, for the samethree surveyed rivers. During the creelsurvey time periodan estimated642winter steelheadwere taken from the GreenRiver, 4,275 from the QuillayuteRiver system,and 5,034 from the SnohomishRiver system.These estimates are consideredto be the total sportharvest of winter steelheadfor the time the rivers' were being surveyed. With the delay in completingthe statewidesport winter steelheadhawest sunmary (seenext section) for 1995-96,the tabledisplaying and comparing past sport winter steelheadharvests on creelsunreyed riverswill be includedin next year'sannual report. o Determinesport haruestof steelheadon rivers not surveyed,steelhead catch cerd returns, and marked/unmarkedsport angler hawest.

All personsfishing for steelheadin Washington,except treaty Indiens,are requiredto possessa valid steelheadcatch record card. Immediatelyupon taking and retaininga steelheadmore than 20 inchesin length,the holder of the card must enterin the correspondingspace the dateof the harvestand the code of the water wherethe fish was taken.

Cardsare valid from May lst of onecalendar year through April 30thof the following calendaryear. By statute,every person possessing a steelheadfishing catchrecord card must" by June1, following the time period for which it was issued,retum the cardto an authorizedlicensed dealer or the Departmentof Fish andWildlife.

4 Table I continued.Steelhead estimates- 1996

Streamor River I Escapementand goal for indexarea only. No escapementgoal established. Estimateshould be considereda minimumdue to poor visibility. 4 Preliminaryestimate subject to revision. Escapementgoal is underreview. 6 Escapementestimate could not be donedue to poor visibility. Combinedhatchery and wild escapements. 8 Minimum estimatesince only part of seasonsurveyed 9

lo

Study 1 - Job 2 Haruestor SpeciatizedSteelhead Manaqement Plannino

The WashingtonDepartment of Fish andWildlife andthe treatytribes in the Boldt CaseArea developed joint harvestmanagement plans for the 1995-96winter steelheadruns and for the 1996summo r*r in the following river systems:

Quillayute Puyallup Samish Hoh Green Nooksack Quinault Lake Washington Hood Canal sfieams Queets Snohomish Strait of Juan de Fuca streams Humptulips Stillaguamish Chehalis

Theplans for Hoh andQuillayute River Systemsare attached (Appendix A) to illustratethe type of agreementsreached during the reportingperiod. A 1995-96steelhead harvest management agreement wasnot reachedwith theNisqually Tribe, for the NisquallyRiver System.Hatchery run sizeforecasts werecalculated using the averagereturn rates from pastseasons. Wild run sizeswere estimated usine eitherthe averageof pastrun sizes,or by usingspawner/recruit models.

SteveFoley servedas part of the Lake Washingtonsystem Pinniped/Fishery Interaction Task Force. He supervisedthe CaliforniaSea Lion MonitoringProgram at the BallardLocks. Trernendousamounts of time were spentand technicalknowledge was offered to the task force concerningsteelhead and sea lion/steelheadinteractions in the Lake Washingtonestuary.

Stevegave support to both WDFW andNational Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) staffin the developmentof Californiasea lion controlmethods for the 1995-96steelhead return season. "Monitoring Theexecutive summary from Steve's of the lggS-gGCaliforniaSea Lion Predationin the Lake WashingtonEstuary" report to NMFS appearsin AppendixB.

Dan Rawdingrepresented WDFW at TechnicalAdvisory Committee(TAC) of the ColumbiaRiver meetingof the ColumbiaRiver Compactdealing with steelheadissues. Dan wasresponsible for Final estimateof winter steelheadsport angler effort from WashingtonDcpartment of Fishand Wildlife creel t995-96.

Snohomish 9,820 10,200 3,907 ?,277 3,116 r.435 35,755

Skykomish 4,412 17,580 8,826 13,564 5,576 ?.919 57,87?

Snoqualmie 5,426 16,41I 6,529 9,386 3,314 2,882 43,948 EgggTy{{.^' 9,198 14,371 6.9r6 r0.028 12.887 3,393 56,793 28,856 58,562 26,178 40,255 24,993 15,629

BogachieUQuillayute 3,994 9,131 3,655 4,568 4,207 6,992 6,399 8,858 47.694

SolDuc 423 3,575 3,159 5,308 4,408 8,802 8,259 5,885 39,818

Calawah 661 2,178 1,391 592 243 603 183 94 5.945

Dickey' 70 66 255 275 357 528 0 352 1.903

5,148 14,950 8,459 10,743 9.215 16J25 14.831 15.189 D b 2,473 15,201 5,273 7,531 3,361 2,756 36,5g5

Sport angler effort is estimatedfor unsurveyedareas using information from all of that system'ssurveyed areas: total biweekly hoursestimated from surveyedareaJestimatcd fish harvestedfrom surueyedareas = averagenumber of hours requiredto harvesteach fish. Averagenumber hours required to harvesteach fish x estimatedharvest in unsuweyed areas- estimatedangler effort.

No steelheadcreel survey conducted.

Despitethe mandatoryreporting requirement, a high percentageof anglersdo not return their cards,therefore catch for individual river systemsmust be exfiapolated.

In previousyears the relationshipbenueen the estimatedcatch on the Green,Snohomish, and Quillayute River systemand the numberof steelheadreported on catchrecord cards for the same time periodwas used to calculatea 'projectionfactor' for statewideuse, The "projectionfactor' methodologywas usedto estimatestatewide recreational steelhead catch for 1994-95.

With the needto developan alternativemethod for statewidesport steelheadcatch estimation. It was determinedthat a "random sample,mailed reminder"method would be testedfor the 1994-95 steelheadseason, but the statewidecatch estimates derived from the "projection factor" method would be usedfor publishedsport harvest estimates. For the 1995-96season catch estimates developedfrom the "randomsample, mailed reminder" methodology would be usedfor published harvestestimates. The creel surveybased "projection factor" methodwould assistin the validationof the "randomsample, mail out" method. Creelsurvey catch estimates would still be usedon the rivers surveved.

6 Table2. Final estimateof winter steelheadsport angler harvest from WashingtonDepartnent of Fishand Wildlife creel surveys,1995-96.

DEC DEC JAN JAN FEB FEB MAR MAR Cumulative RIVER l-15 l6-31 l-15 r6-31 1-15 t6-29 r-15 lG3l Total

Snohomish l5 57 69 r08 32 5 286

Skykomish ll6 618 380 307 220 r65 1,806

Snoqualmie l8l 546 239 279 149 39 1,433 b Est.Unsurveyed Areas 146 397 247 230 43t 58 r;s09 o I snohomisLSystem 4i8 1,618 935 gz4 ggz 267 s.034

BogachieVQuillayute 308 407 218 123 133 r66 2?3 268 l,gg6

Sol.Duc l8 105 lt? 277 268 278 4t3 200 1,679

Calawatl 44 r62 2r6 25 ll3 50 7 2 619 " Dickey 5 5 l7 1l 2t 16 0 ll 84 Quillayutesystem 37s 677 568 436 s3s sl0 693 481 4-27s d ' c Green ll 309 t37 150 l7 18 u2 No steelheadsurvey conducted Snohomishsystem estimates include an expansionto unsurveyedareas of the system.Harvest estimates for the unsurveyedareas are expanded as follows: December2.95, January 2.40, andFebruary4.04. Quillayutesystem estimates include an expansionto the Dickey River. The harvestestimate is expandedas follows: December2.57, January 3.46, February 4.l l andMarch 3.68. Wild relemeregulations were in effecton January16 the GreenRiver andFebruary l6 for the Snohomishsystem. GreenRiver was closed March I belowHighway 167. GreenRiver closedto fishingMarch 16. Strrdv 'l - -lah 5 Lono-Term Anadromous Gama Fish Plans

A. A petitionseeking protection for westcoast steelhead under the EndangeredSpecies Act wasfiled with the NMFS by severalpetitioners in February1994. All WDFW anadromousgame fish staffcontinuedto provideto the WestCoast Steelhead AdministrativeRecord, the best availablesteelhead data along with interpretationsand an understandingof steelheadstock status and steelhead management. Information was subminedin correspondence(letters, memos, computer databases, reports, etc.) and during meetingswith NMFS andother co-managers.

B. Anadromousgame fish areabiologists assisted the Fish ManagementProgram's Resotlrce AssessmentDivision andGenetics Unit in the collectionofjuvenile steelheadand juvenile coastalcutthroat for geneticstock identification (GSI) studies.In 1995,916 steelhead juvenileswere collected representing l5 strearns;objectives included reducing data gaps, repeatingcollections that were outliers in previousanalyses, summer vs. winter-run comparisons,and extending time seriesfor selectstocks. For coastalcutthroat in 1995, 937juveniles were collected representing 16 streamsand 3 hatcherystocks; these were to be analyzedfor allozymesby the WDFW GeneticUnit andfor DNA by the Universityof Washington.Another 540 coastal cutthroat representing 12 collectionsare being analyzed by OregonState University. In addition,WDFW collaboratedwith NMFS to identiff objectives,prioritize collections, and facilitated field effortsto collectan additional1,041 juvenilesfor anlaysisby NMFS. Resultsfrom all of thesestudies are pending.

C. Anadromousgame fish areabiologists prepared information for the WDFW Coastal CutthroatStock ComplexInventory. The inventory developeda list of coastalcutthroat stockcomplexes and a processfor ratingtheir status.It will follow a formatsimilar to the Salmonand Steelhead Stock Inventory (SASSI) completed in 1994. The inventorywill be completedinl997.

D. All staffattendedmeetings and reviewed and commented on reviseddrafts of the *Wild SalmonidPolicy."

E. The "steelheadAngler PreferenceSurvey" report referred to in the tgg4-gSreport will be completedin1997.

F. Involvementin other planningefforts not presentedelsewhere in this report are listed below by WashingtonDepar0nent of Fish and Wildlife AnadromousFish Management regions.

PugetSound

Curt Kraemer,North PugetSound Anadromous Game Fish Biologist It is hopedthat creel$rrveys will be continuedfor an adequatenumber of additionalseasons to validatethe "randomsample,'method.

A reportauthored by PeterHahn, PhD., Fish ManagementProgram Biometrician. Methodologtfor Ig95'96 Steelhead(Oncorhynchus mykiss) Sport Catch Estimatesin Washingtondocumenting the methodologyused to estimatethe 1995-96catch is currentlv beingdrafted. Dr. Hahn'spaper will be includedin the lgg6-g7report.

A computerprogramming error has delayed the final releaseand publishins of the *lggS-g6 SteelheadHarvest Summary". This publicationincludes both harchew -J*ila sportcaueht steelheadby monthfor eachriver in the state.The publication will be includedin."1996-i7 Annual Report".

o SteelheadLicense and CatchRecord Card Changes

With the mergerof the WashingtonState Department of Fisheriesancl Washineton State Ltepartmentof Wildlife in 1993,several licensing procedures changed. problerns from the changes P*S* duringthe 1994-95season, but becamevery apparentduring the 1995-96 steelheadseason. The changethat most affectedsteelhead was the separati,onof the steelhead l,censeand catch record card. The licensewas put on a calendaryear makins it valid from Januarythrough December while the catchrecord cad remainedvalid from ilrIavthroueh April, aswas the casein the old Departmentof Wildlife.

The changein licensingand catch record card procedures created the unanticipatedDroblem of morecatch cards being issued than licenses sold. With the catchcard no*iaroine no monetaryvalue license dealers will oftengive anglersmore than one catch card o.rI{uu throughApril season.Last year'sannual report touched on the public's confusionover returning1994-95 steelhead catch record cards for the $5.00rebate (Leland. "the 1996). Dr. Hahn'sreport will outlinehow morethan one catch record "*d p"r angler',was handled. - study 1 Job 4 MonitorTreaty lndian Fishing Regulations and AnadromousGame Fish Harvest

regulations JriUaJfi.shing weremonitored via WestemUnion's TWX systemand FAX machine. Kegulatlonswere transmitted within 24 hoursto washingtonDepartment of Fish andwildlife regionaloffi3eg using facsimile machines, and a 24-hourtelephone hotline describing tribal rlsnmgregulatlons was maintained during the winter season.

Statewidetribal commercialand ceremonial and subsistence steelhead harvests. dwine the *tggS-g6 reportingperiod are part of AppendixD, andwill be attachedto the dteeltrei'OHamest t*1y..' A comparisonof the 1995-96Boldt CaseArea tribal harvestwith pastseasons is shownin AppendixE. Coast

RandyCooper, North WashingtonCoast Anadromous Game Fish Biologist ' expandedspawner surveys and began the processto establishescapement goals on several North CoastsEeams (Goodman, Mosquito, and Kalaloch Creeks) which contained "Unknown" steelheadstocks listed as in the "WashingtonState Salmon and Steelhead StockInventory" (SASSI); . evaluatedstlrvival rates of steelheadsmolts from OlympicPeninsula Guide's Association Wild BroodstockProgram on SniderCreek, located on the Sol Duc River; . continuedmonitoring of steelheadand coho, adults and smolts, in SnowCreek.

JayHunter, Central and SouthWashington Coast Anadromous Game Fish Biologist ' participatedin severalmeetings to contributeideas for two researchprojects, a) an attempt to rear hatcherysteelhead juveniles in an environmentthat duplicatesnafirral rearing conditions,b) studyhatchery steelhead vs. wild steelheadinteractions, the studiesare on ForksCreek part of the WillapaRiver systemand Bingham Creek located on the Satsop River.

Sally Zeylmaker-Bruesewitz,Washington Coast Anadromous Game Fish Biologist ' beforeleaving the programin 1995,completed a researchproject and report conreming "Hook Placementin Steelhead"(Appendix F) duringsport fisheries.

ColumbiaRiver

Dan Rawding,Lower ColumbiaRiver AnadromousGame Fish Biologist ' electroshockedsections of the Toutle River and conducteda winter steelheadcreel survey on the SouthFork ToutleRiver with the help of the SouthSound Flyfishers; ' the reintoduction of anadromousfish into the upperWhite SalmonRiver was a part of the ConditDam relicensingprocess. Dan workedclosely mth WDFW majorprojects biologistsand co-managers to developthe White SalmonRiver Ecosystemgoals, plus an evaltrationof the risk andfeasibility of anadromousfish reintroduction; . coordinatedthe White SamonSteelhead fishing club to collectcoded-wire tags from winter steelheadreturning to the White SalmonRiver. The collection occurredfrom ConditDam downstrearnto the mouthof the ColumbiaRiver. The collectionwould assist in the evaluationof winter steelheadsmolt releasesinto the White SalmonRiver from the NorthwesternReservoir Net Pen; o servedon the Cowlitz FallsTechnical Advisory Commitee, the committee'sgoal is to reintroduceanadromous species, including steelhead, in the upperCowlitz andCispus Rivers. As part of the reinfioductionphase Dan coordinatedthe releaseof 400,000 steelheadfry. He designeda programto evaluatesteelhead firy to smolt and smolt to adult survival in the upper Cowlitz River;

l0 continuedwork on DeerCreek, a tributaryof the North Fork StillaguamishRiver (AppendixE); providedsteelhead run timing, presence,spawning requirements, life history,etc., informationfor the SkagitRiver basinto HabitatProgram biologists; considerableinvolvement with mitigationprojects in BakerLake and upper Skagit River reservoirs(Gorge, Diablo, and Ross); spenttime on SkagitRiver documenting,bald eagle- steelheadsport angler - bald eagle (river floater)watcher, interaction; attendedSkagit Bald Eaglemanagement meetings and supplied Wildlife Management Programbiologists with steelheadmanagement plan-and activity information; assistedInland division with nativechar (Dolly Vardenand bull trouQand warmwater fish speciesinformation. steveFoley, Lake washingtonBasin Area Anadromous Game Fish Biologist ' continueddiscussions conceming Lake Washingtonsystem winter steelhead supplementationwith WDFW staff,Indian tribes, and concerned sports groups; the supplementationprogram will beginin the winter of 1997; continuedcoordination efforts with the SeattleWater Department to maintainminimum flows in the CedarRiver duringwinter steelheadegg incubation period; assistedSeattle Water Departmentwith the placementand evaluationof steelheadfiry emergenttraps in the CedarRiver; wasadded to the BallardLocks Interagency Fish PassageWork Group,this groupof state, tribal andfederal scientists was formed by the Army Corpsof Engineersto recommend projectenhancements and operating procedure changes at the BallardLocks to improve fish passage.

Tom Cropp,South Puget Sound Anadromous Game Fish Biologist Conductedlow-flow habitatmeasurements for steelheadescapement determination on tributariesto the Green,Puyallup and Nisqualty River systems.

Thom Johnson,Hood Canaland Strait of Juande FucaArea Anadromous Game Fish Biologist provided information and commentsto the "Snow Creekand SalmonCreek Watershed Analysis"prepared for the U.S. ForestService Olympic National Forest and dated September1996; a participatedas a memberof the DungenessRiver RestorationWork Group; o participatedin a projecton SnowCreek with WDFW habitatbiologists, the Jefferson CountyConservation District, the Quilcene-SnowJobs for the Environmentcrew, and local landowners;objectives included flooding and constriction abatemenL removal of old dredgespoils, protection of privateproperty, stabilization of fish spawninghabitat, and fish habitatrestoration (large woody debrisinput); establishedwild steelheadspawner escapement goal for the Gray Wolf River, and recalculatedwild steelheadspawner escapement goal for indexarea in DungenessRiver.

9 The following streamshad non-buoyant lure and/or night closure rules enactedby emergencyfor the month of Julv 1995:

DungenessRiver Gray Wolf River

An extensionof the regulationclosing the areaaround the ReiterPond facility, on the Skykomish River, to sport fishing was requested.A very low numberof hatcheryswnmer-nur steelhead adultshad reached the facility by mid-July 1995. The regulationwould limit ttreharvest of fish neededfor broodstockpurposes, for the entirePuget Sound region. An emergencyextension to theclosure was granted from July 3I,1995 to September30, 1995. study 1 - Job 7 sea-RunGutthroat and Dottyvarden population Monitorino

Curt Kraemer,North PugetSound Anadromous Game Fish Biologist,continued sea-run cutthroatpopulation monitoring on the Stillaguamishand Skagit River basins.Cutthroat lengths werecollected for lengthfrequency distribution analysis from both river basins.The work entailedthe takingof lengthof sampledcutthroat, collected by hook andline from a consistent areaat the sametime of yearand in the samemarner. The goalhas been to sample150 or more cutthroateach year, fi,om late August to earlyOctober. It is hopedthat the methodwill allow for the trackingof changesin the population.By breakingcollected samples into oneinch groups and using the percentof matureand/or repeat spawners from scaleanalysis information for each group,a pictureof the populationstructure can be obtained.Scale information collected on the StillaguamishRiver hasbeen used for matwity andrepeat spawner break out (Johnston1979). Whenthe baseline informationis establishedit is hopedinterested sport anglers will assistwith dataneeds by keepingfishing diaries of their cutthroatcatch and effort overa wide area.

In additionto Johnston's1978 work, the StillaguamishRiver hasbeen hook andline sampled annuallysince 1991, from lateAugust to earlyOctober. Sampling has occurred between river mile 11.5 to 18. Dueto the earlyfall rainsand the resultingturbid conditionson the river only 53 fish weresampled in 1995(Table 4). While the 1995sample was limited thereis some concernin the apparentlack of the oldermature fish. For the firet time fish, 16 inchesor larger werenot sampled( Figure 1). This will be monitoredclosely in 1996. The concemis that with increasingangler interest (i.e., more fishing pressure) many older fish arebeing removed from the population.While recruitmentcontinues to be strong,that lack of largeradults (repeat spawners)may leadto a lessstable population. In addition,the overallquality of anglingmay be decliningwith fewerlarger fish anda lessdiverse catch. If this trendcontinues, more conservativefishing regulationsmay needto be considered.

l2 continuedserving as a memberof the Wind River RestorationCouncil. The Councilis composedof biologistsfrom WDFW,U.S. Forest Service, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, andthe YakamaIndian Nation. The goal of the Councilis to developand implement a wild steelheadrecovery plan for the Wind River; adult steelheadand cutthroatcontinued to be capturedat North Fork Toutle River Fish CollectionFacility (seeTable 7 pagel6).

Study 1 - Job 6 AnadromousGame Fish Sport FishingRegulations

Sigmficant(emergency) changes to permanentregulations between July 1, 1995and June 30, 1996include the following:

WDFW areabiologists and co-managers (tribal biologists) ualyzed,harvestand stock assessmentinformation and made recommendations for emergencysport fishing regulation changes.The emergencychanges helped protect low wild winter steelheadnrns on the following PugetSound and coastal streams for 1995-96season.

The Hoh River from the Highway 101Bridge to the OlympicNational Park was closed to all steelheadfishing March 16.

B. The Green,Puyallup, Carbon, White riverswere put on wild steelheadrelease regulations January16.

C. TheNisqually River wasclosed to all gamefish fishingJanuary 16.

D. The Skagit and StillaguamishRiver systemswere put on wild steelheadrelease regulations March 1.

E. The SnohomishRiver systemwas put on wild steelheadrelease February 16.

To protect depressedsalmon stocks from potentialimpacts due to swnmer steelheadsport angling,emergency closures or specialrestrictions were adopted by the Fish andWildlife Commissionin the springof 1995following the North of Falconprocess. The following streamswere either totally or partiallyclosed by emergencyregulation beginning June,August or September1995 and reopened during Septemberand October 1995:

CascadeRiver NooksackRiver ColumbiaRiver QuilceneRiver CoweemanRiver SaukRiver Cowlia River SkagitRiver GreenRiver (Cowlia County) SkokomishRiver KalamaRiver SuiattleRiver North Fork ToutleRiver WashougalRiver

1l Stillaguam ish - 1978 Stillaguamish - 1991 N=106 il-ll3 20 20

15 15

Eto Eto o o G B 5 5

0 0 9 1011121314 15161718192021 9 t0 11121311 15 16 t7 18192021 Length . Longth

Stillaguamish- 1992 Stillaguamish- 1993 N=157 N=310 25 25

20 20 Ets Ets o o e e 3to 310 5 5 0 0 9 101112131415161718192021 6 7 E 9 101112 13 14 1516 17 18 192021 Length Lcngth

Stillaguamish- 1994 Stillaguamish - 1995 il=138 N=53 20 30 25 15 -20 o o 10 Etu o o c Blo 'a 5 5 0 0 6 7 8 910111219111516171A$2021 '11 Longth 10 1213 14 1516 17 18 19 20 21 Longth

Figwe l. StillaguamishRiver sea-nmcutthroat sampling 1978 and 1991through 1995.

t4 Table4. Stillaguamishsea-run cutthroat based on lengthfrequency information from hook andline sampling.

106 4.6 9.3 N/A 148 3.9 t2.0 1.5 156 4.5 I1.9 2.n 316 2.8 '7.8 2.9 138 5.4 t4.7 1.8 53 2.1 6.5 1.8

lnl994 the sea-runcutthroat hook andline samplingeffort wasexpanded to the SkagitRiver system.Sampling occurred during the sametime frameas the StillaguamishRiver. The samplingarea was between river mile 6 and 15. It is felt that samplingthe samearea annually is importantto maintainthe yearto yearcomparability. The 1995Skagit sampling was also hampered,as in the Stillaguamish,by the unusuallyrainy fall (Table5). In additionto length fiequencyinformation, Skagit River cutthroatwere sampled for scales.The scaleswill be used in the developmentof SkagitRiver sea-runcutthroat life historyinformation. Whencompared to 1994,1995Skagit sampling showed a higherproportion of largerfish in the population(Figure 2). lt is unknownwhether this is dueto year-to-yearvariation or the limited samplecollected, mostlyearly in the samplingperiod. Anglershave long reportedthat larger(mature) fish enter the river earlierthan the smallerfish. Hopefully, 1996sampling will shedsome light on this.

Table5. Skagitsea-run cutthroat based on lengthfrequency information from hook andline sampting.

Plansfor 1996are,to continue sampling on the Stillaguamishand Skagit River systemsand possiblyexpand to the SnohomishRiver system.The initial Skagitscale collection will continue,with a goal of 150-200scale samples from a wide varietyof sizes. If the earlypotential of the ctlrrentlyusod monitoring method holds, then plans would be initiatedto ask sportanglers to collectscale and length information from caughtsea-nm cutthroat across a wider areain the two svstems:

l3 DanRawding, Lower ColumbiaAnadromous Game Fish Biologist,continued to collectcutthroat informationfrom the ToutleRiver CollectionFacility. Scaleswere collected but havenot beenanalyzed (Table6).

Table6. Countsof wild winter steelhead,wild summer steelhead,and coastal cutthroat collected atNorth Fork Toutle River FishCollection Faciliw.

1988-89 l3 0 10 1989-90 36 22 27 1990-91 107 84 4l l99l-92 32t 63 34 r992-93 107 l9 42 r993-94 63 l0 72 1994-95 175 l0 96 1995-96 232 1l 156

Study 1 - Job 8 GeneticStock ldentification

WDFW personnelanalyzed genetic variation andpopulation structure in Washingtoncoastal cutthroat trout populationsby proteinelectrophoresis. A total of 937 fish from 16 siteswere sampld. DJAfB fundssupported the analysisof sevenof thesesites. All collectionswere screened for variationat76loai. Due to difficultiesarising from poor enzymeresolution the numberof loci routinelyscreened was reduced to 75. Approximately43 of theseloci (587o)were found to be polymorphic(the frequoncy of the commonallele was < 0.95),13 loci (17%)were variable (the frequency ofthe conunonallele wuul > 0.95, but lessthen 1.00),15 loci (20o/o)were monomorphic (frequency of the commonallele was 1.00),three loci were usedto identiff coastalcutthroat - steelhead/rainbowtrout hybrids or steelhead/rainbowtrout. The final analysiswill probablyuse a lower numberof loci dueto incompletedata collection, scoring elrors,and dropping those loci that areonly ableto be usedas indicatorsof hybridization.WDFW geneticspersonnel met with colleaguesfrom theNatonal MarineFisheries Service and Oregon State Universityto standardizeallele mobilities and to insurescoring similarly. This wasnecessary to allow comprehensiveWashington and regionalanalyses because all threegroups are analyangpopulations in the region. Time was spentattempting to determineand quantiff steelhead/rainbowfiout introgression within these16 collections. Hybridization is an importantaspect because it appearsto be muchmdre commonwith coastalcutthroat trout than other Pacific salmonids. Young coastalcutthroat and steelhead/rainbowtrout aresometimes difficult to distinguishfrom oneanother. When conducting populationstructure analyses it is importantto be ableto eliminatehybrids or differentspecies from the dataset because they will leadto eroneousresults and conclusions.

l6 Skagit r 1994 N = 180 20

15 *Jc o P 1O o o- 5

0 9 1011121314151R17 1R {o ?n?.1 Length

Skagit r 1995 N=59 25

20

# E 15 (, L 3 10 5

0 9 101112131415161718192021 Length

Figure2. SkagitRiver sea-runcutthroat sampling 1994 and tggS.

15

Pampblet.

6. Soccid Conridcrrtions for the 1995-1996Scrson

6.1 Conrols and conditions for delay of the Tribal fishery due to a non-fishablestans shall be as follows:

6.1.1 The Tribe will inform WDW. withi$ one hour. of the decision to delay the scheduledstarting time of a weeklyfishery;

6.1.2Delays will be in nrenty four (24) hour increments:

6.1.3 Delayswill not rc$lt in th acnEl fishing time pcr statistical weck exceedingthe pre-seasonscheduled fishing time pcr statistical weelc or occurring beyond that statisticalweek.

6.2 An estimated 100 steelheadwiU be harvestedfor Cercmonial and Subsistcncefisheries during the 1995-96 season. If additional Ceremonial and SrSsiscnce fish are required. discussiorswill be held beturcenthe partiesas to the taking of additional fish.

6.3 The Tribe will conduct up to a 1.5 day spring chinook fishcry during statistical week l8 (April 28 through t"tay 4. 1996)with an estimatcdftancst of 32 wild winter stcGlbGad.

Datedthis dayof April. 1996

WashingtonDept. of Fish and Wildlife

J'I 2J_2O AJTIIruALAGREEMENT FOR TM I99$I996 EARVESTMANAGEMENT OF wINTERSTEEI.ITT'AIrIN Tm QUILIAYUTE RnmR SYSTEM

l. Prtht

This dooment is an agreedannual managementplan for the Quillayute River s-vstem.by and betweenthe WashingtonDepartment of Wildlife (\tDtiD and the QuileuteIndian Tribe.

2. Pumosc

WDW and thc Tribc enrcrcd into a five year Intcrim lvlanagemcntAgrecment for the Quillayute River systemdated October 17. 1991.in U.S.v. WashingtonNo. 9213.Subproceeding 83{, for the purposesof rcsolving for the duration of ths Interim AgrecmentdtEerences which had arisen bcnreen the panies with respoct to tlG rnanagementand harva* of Quillayute Rivcr winter steelhead. The provisions of this arurualag[acmcnt are intendcdto be consistentwith the Inrcrim lvlanagementAgrecment unless othenrise specifically statcd. This annual managementplan is for thc 1995-1996season only.

3. Mrnaecment Obicctivcr ud IrtepB

The managementobjectivcs for the Quillayurc Rivcr winEr stccltrcadfisheries are:

3.1 To condrrcta scason-longTribal fishcry on wintcr steclheadcntcring the Quillayurc River s-vstem.

3.2 To conduc a scason-longsport fishery on wintcr stcelbad enrcringthe Quillayurc River systcm.

3.3 To anrin a wild winrcr stcelhcadqpavrning escapement of a minimum of 5.900 adtdts.

3.4 To attain a harcherywintcr stcclheadrack return of 968 aduls

3.5 To conductfishories consistent with thc Interim Steclhcadlvlanagement Agrccment.

.0. Pre.Scrsm Rn Sizc Prcicctisnr

The nn size estimatcsforwinrcr srelhcad runs enteringthc Qrillayutc River s-vstemare:

Stock Rut SizeEstinatcs

Hachcry WintcrStelhcad 8.736

WiH \ryintc8Sadhcad I1.755

S. Erncl ilrrrremcat

The partiesagrcc that:

5. t Thc Tribal winrcr steelheadfishery shall bc conductcdpursuant to a fixcd schedulcas dercrminedby the Tribc. (sceanachment A)

5.2 The wintcr steclhcad sport fishcry shall bc conductcd pns$rant to WDW 1995-96 Regulation sH 95-96 JorilTHoH srEELl3il-Ma\AGEMET\ir PLAri 1995-96

This report reprcsentsthe combinedefforts of representativesof the Hoh Tribe and Washington Departmentof Fish andWildlife to achievea mutuallyagreeable MNTER STEELHEAD MANAGEMENT PLAN for the 1995-96season. This agreementis not consideredto be precedentsetting for futureyears since it setsaside remaining differences. However. this agreementdoes represent the joint commitmentof the partiesto cooperativelyaddress those differencesin futurediscussions.

THE WASHINGTON DEPARTMENT OF FISH AI!D WILDLIFE AND TITE HOH INDIAN TRIBE AGREE THAT THE HOH RIVER WINTER STEELIMAD WILL BE MAI\TAGEDAS FOLLOWS:

t. Both partiesagree to managethe 1995-96winter steelheadseason as per recommendationof the FAB advisor,FAB 94-2.

2. Thetribal fishing schedulewill be setas per Appendix A., andwill only be modifiedif the river is in freshetcondition status and non-fishable. Controls and conditions for a delayof a fishery due to non-fishablestatus conditions shall be as describedin Appendix B. This schedule setsthe harvestrate levels for the tribal fishery for both hatcheryand wild stocks,consequently the catchwill be a functionof respectiverun sizes.There will be no in-seasonupdates of the hatcheryor wild run sizes.

3. Non-treatysport steelhead fishery will be describedin the WashingtonDepartruent of Fish andWildlife's 1995-96fishing pamphlet, except that an emergencyregulation will be in effect on March27,1996. This regulationwill closethe entireriver, includingthe SouthFork Hoh River,to wintersteelhead fishing from March27,1996 through April 15,1996. Olympic National Park hasagreed to close the river to steelheadfishing within the National Park boundariesduring the sametime period

4. The tribe witl setaside a block of up to 30 winter steelheadwhich may betaken outside the regularfishing scheduleto be utilized for ceremonialand subsistencepurposes.

5. All othertribal regu[ationswill be listedin Tribal Regulation# 96-01-02and the Tribe's GeneralFishing Ordinance #78-09-01 with schedulechanges made by addendumsaccording to AppendixB.

6. Communications,monitoring of both fisheriesand the dataexchange wi[l occuras in past years.

7. The WashingtonDeparnnent of Fish and Wildlife hasagreed to havelaw enforcement officials patrolthe Hoh River nrice a weekduring the fishingsqNon with emphasiscoordinated with Tribal enforcement. QuillayureRiver Winter Steelheact Option B Fi:ta l-rrrrarrttaat.aata RunsizeProjections IGNHarvest Management Model Salcctodby Fish {atchery 8736 199$96 Option: 91-92to 94-95CCs Committccon 11/20/95 fuild 11755 Model runsizo 'rnadjustedwild runsizeprediction PercentExploitation of EstimatedRunslzes EstimatedCatch Per Stetisticel Per StatisticalWeek StatisticelWeek ileek Date(Sunday)Schedule Effort. Hetchery wild F{atchery wild Total 4E 20-Nov-95 3.3 60..0 0.039 0.002 339 1E 357 49 0iLDeo95 4.3 55.0 0.044 0.002 386 21 409 50 10-Dec95 .1.3 55.0 0.050 0.00.0 u1 44 481 51 17-Deo95 4.3 55.0 0.o07 0.00r 413 49 461 52 2'l-Deo,95 4.3 55.0 0.081 0.011 7OE 194 843 5U1 31-Dec,95 4.3 55.0 0.054 0.011 470 133 603 2 07dan-96 4.3 5s.0 0.030 0.01.1 264 188 432 3 14-Jerr96 1.3 s5.0 0.023 0,013 198 155 354 4 21-Jan-96 4.3 55.0 0.010 0.014 135 159 295 5 2E-Jan-96 .1.3 s2.5 0.011 0.021 93 249 330 0 O4-Feb96 3.3 42.0 0.005 0.014 47 164 211 7 11-FGbg6 2.3 31.5 0.002 0.010 l7 119 137 E 1&Feb96 2.3 31.5 0.002 0.021 19 2ta 265 9 2$Feb90 2.9 31.5 0.001 0_015 9 177 188 10 0&Mer-96 2.3 28.8 0.001 0.0e1 9 271 280 11 10-Mar-96 2.9 2E.E 0.001 0.012 E 111 149 12 17-Mar-96 2.9 28.8 0.001 0.018 6 211 217 13 2'l-Mar-00 2.9 2E.E 0.000 0.016 4 189 192 11 31-Mar-90 2.3 28.8 0.001 0.019 7 222 229 TOTALS 03.7 Egl..l 0.409 0.2u 3570 2863 6438 GN Catclr BeforeWK 4E 0 IGN CETChANOTWK 14 32 32 Spoil Exploitetion Iotal IGNCatctr 3576 2A9E 6,07C Het.SporF 0.53911 EploitationRatos 0.409 o.213 (hatcheryis aW. all yerr) SportCetdl 2783 2229 5006 ffild sport= 0.2500 Erapement 2377 0637 (mE is avg. of 92-9t1,9&O{,94-35) 3ftaros 388.1 2928 0812 Difrerunce 3OE 33 341 PsrcentOver/Uncter -7.0 .1.1 -5.0

Qumrub itettnd Rcooras Prtntccl71f20t"5 HOH STEELITEAD HARVEST MANAGEMENT PLAN 95.96

APPENDIX B.

CONTROLS AND CONDITIONS FOR A FISHERY DELAY DUE TO"NON-FISHABLE STATUS.

A) If a tribal fisheryopens at 12:00noon on the openingdate according to thetribal fishing schedulethen the Tribe would be obligatedto continuethrough one fishing day without being ableto reschedulethat daysfishery.

B) A decisionto delaywill be communicatedto WDFW by the Tribal Policy Representative(or Jim Jorgensen)by I l:00 AM on the affectedfishing day. At thattime WDFW will be informed of the delay. Eitherthen or laterin the weekat leastfour workinghours prior, thetribe will inform WDFW of the rescheduledtime of the tribal fishery. The Hoh Tribe will not?eviseor modiff that week'sschedule (depending on the severityof the weather)if the resultingwild harvestrate exceedsthe targetrate .

C) The delayschedule will not exceed3 days perweek through week 4 or 2 daysper weekfrom week5 throughweek 14.as long asthe resultingtotal estimatedcatch rate is equalto or lessthan the targetrate. (Accordingto thetable prediction of 1993-1995 commercial hawest rates used to determinethe originalschedule).

HOH TRIBAL REPRES

DEPT.OF FISHAND WILDLIFE REP. APPENDIX A. 1995-96Hoh Tribe Winter SteelheadFishing Schedule for Regulation No.96-01-02.Date: 0lll2l96

Week No. Week OpeningDate ClosingDate Days of: 493 Dec.04 Mon.,Dec. 04 Thurs,.Dec. 07

50 1 Dec.l4 Thur.,Dec. l4 Fri...Dec. l5

5l 3 Dec.18 Mon.,Dec. 18 Thur.,Dec. 2l

522 Dec.26 Tues..Dec.26 Thurs..Dec. 28

53/1 3 Jan.02 Tues.,Jan. 02 Fri.,Jan. 05

2 J Jan.08 Mon.,Jan.08 . Thur.,Jan. I I

J J Jan.15 Mon.,Jan. l5 Thur.,Jan. 18

4 J Jan.22 Mon.,Jan.22 Thur.,Jan.25

) I Jan.29 Mon.,Jan.29 Tues..Jan. 30

6 1 Feb.05 Mon.,Feb. 05 Wed.,Feb. 07

7 2 Feb.12 Mon.,Feb. 12 Tues.,Feb. l3

8 I Feb.l9 Mon.,Feb. l9 Tues.,Feb. 20

9 I Feb.26 Mon.,Feb. 26 Tues.,Feb.27

10 1 Mar.04 Mon.,Mar. 04 Tues.,Mar. 05

11 I Mr. 11 Mon.,Mar. I I Tues.,Mar. l2 l2 I Mar. l8 Mon.,Mar. 18 Tues..Mar. l9 l3 I Mar.25 Mon.,Mar.25 Tues.,Mar. 26

i- l4 I Apr.0l Mon.,Apr. 01 Tues.,Apr. 02

15 FISIIERY CLOSED Note: If the rivcr is unfishrble by the scheduledopening time, the openingmry be delayed and rescheduledto r later period by regulation addendumas long as tarEetwild rate is not expectedto be erceeded.

Table2. Hoursof markedand unmarked sea lion presencein the Inner SalmonBay by subareaand percent of the total season's (1214/95- 6l2l/96) sea lion presence(152.28 hours).

SeaLion #of o/oof ID# Days AI A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A? AE A9 AIO Total Total

Not marked 20 2.37 t.3? 7.97 7.t5 E.r5 10.62 0.00 r.33 0.53 7.87 47.35 31.09 Uncertain 49 t.42 0.45 r.93 1.22 3_52 2.75 0.27 4.88 0.67 2.97 20.07 13.18 Marked# ) 0.2s 0.13 0.07 0.43 0.r2 0.13 0.00 0.40 0.00 0.32 1.85 l.2r #98 I 0.15 0.00 0.08 0.07 0.t2 0.03 0.00 0.27 0.00 0.00 0.72 0.47 #66 I 0.00 0.00 0.82 0.15 0.15 0.32 0.00 0.08 0.00 2.42 3.93 2.58 #87 l0 9.32 2.55 0.85 0.25 0.05 0.78 0.00 0.13 0.02 2.63 16.58 10.89 #45 6 5.35 0.60 1.67 1.75 0.0s 0.63 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.08 10.17 6.68 #225 ll t.32 0.53 0.42 0.95 0.28 2.07 0.00 0.57 0.20 r.20 7.?3 5.08 #17 r3 12.33 5.78 1.00 2.33 0.33 2.70 0.00 0.28 1.22 n.9a 43.88 28.82 32.50 1t.52 r4.80 14.30 t2.77 20.03 0.27 8.08 2.63 35.38 rs2_28 r00.00

Therewere no observedsteelhead kills in t995-96. This comparesto an approximately8o/opredation rate the previoustwo yearsand is obviouslymuch lower thanthe 50-60%rates in the mid-1980s(Table 3 andFigure 1). The run size to the Lake Washingtonsystem has increased the pastthree years, but still remainsfar below the escapementgoal of 1600wild spawners(Figure 2). The 1996escapement estimate was 234. This comparesto 126in 1994'95and 70 in 1993-94.Since 1992 almost all spawningin the systemlras been in the mainstem CedarRiver.

Table3. Recenthistory of LakeWashington winter-run steelhead hanrests, predation and escapements.

Year Total Wild Catch Wild Predation Wild Escapement Total Run Size

983 82-83 2575 984 83-84 9r6 r250 2166 985 84-85 554 1500 474 2527 986 85-86 ll6 329 r816. 226t 987 86-87 571 1254 tl72 2997 988 87-88 238 I 178 858 22?4 989 88-89 0 1287 686 r973 990 89-90 27 1065 714 1806 991 90-91 0 899 621 t520 992 9l-92 0 al 599 al 993 92-93 0 al 184 aJ 994 93-94 0 6 70 76 995 94-95 0 ll r26 l3? 996 95-96 0 0 234 234

a/ Therewas no full seasonpredation monitoring in lggl-92 andlggZ-93.

28 ExecutiveSummary "Monitoring of the 1995-96California Sea Lion Predationin the LakeWashington Estuary" bv Steve Fo

Californiasea lion monitoringcontinued in 1995-96at the BallardLocks. The main emphasiswas to determinepredation rates on steelhead,identiff individuallymarked animals and assess the effectiveness of acousticdeterrence devices. This yearwas the ninth yearof the pasteleven that hasbeen intensively monitoredto determinethe predationlevel of Califomiasea lions on retumingadult steelheadto the Lake Washingtonsystem. This year,observations began in lateOctober 1995 and ended in mid-June1996. Fundingfor field observerswas provided by the NationalMarine Fisheries Service (NMFS).

Animalswere observed eating numerous coho saJmon in Octoberand November. A few latechum salmonwere taken in Decemberand sockeyewere takenin late May and early Junebefore the sealions migratedto California. Sealion presencewas higher in December1995 than in December1994. However,overall sea lion presencewas less in 1995-96than for t994-95(Table 1). Sealion presencein the innerbay at thb lockshas declined in eachofthe pastthree years.

Table l. Biweeklymean ssa lion abundance(from countsmade every half hour) of sealions in the Inner Bay of the Lake WashingtonShip Canal, 1987-1996. Whole-season monitoring did not occurin l99l-92 or 1992-93.

Period 1987-88 1988-89 1989-90 1990-91 1993-94 r994-95 r995-96 Dec.I-15 ND ND 1.76 2.50 ND 0.03 0.40 Dec.l6-31 I _90 3.80 2.42 3.12 3.50 0.22 0.06 Jan.1-15 r.80 4.3s 2.94 2.78 0.97-0.29 0.r5 0.04 Jan.16-31 3.00 5.05 3.38 2.37 0.21 0.20 0.46 Feb.l-14 3.00 5.03 3.02 3.14 0.31 0.16 0.11 Feb.l5-28 2.30 4.25 3.11 3.60 0.18 0.04 0.06 Mar.l-15 2.r0 3.35 2.82 J.JJ 0.26 0.06 0.04 Mar.l6-31 2.57 2.87 2.62 3.35 0.23 0.1I 0.05 Apr.l-15 1.35 4.05 2.47 3.29 0.10 0.03 0.03 Apr. l6-30 0.50 2.10 2.r9 2.64 0.07 0.07 0.02 May l-15 ND ND ND 1.57 0.32 0.08 0.02 May 16-31 ND ND ND ND ND 0.24 0.00 Juu l-21 ND ND ND ND ND 0.06 0.07 ND = No observations

More than300 animalshave been marked with permanentbrands in the marinewaters of ShilsholeBay, yet only six markedanimals were observed near the locksduring the 1995-96observation period. These animalswere present for morethan 83 hoursor nearly55% of the total sealion presenceof 152hours (Table2). Four markedanimals made up95Yo of the markedanimal total time.

Threeof the four (number45, 17, and,225)sea lions werecaptured and transferred to permanentholding facilitiesat SeaWorld, Orlando,Florida. Animal number87 is still presentand was sightedthroughout the 1995-96observation period.

27

Wild SteelheadSpawning Escapement LakeWashington System 3000 2500 2000

1500

1000

500

0 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 Year

Figure l. Wild SteelheadSpawning Escapement - Lake WastringtonSystem.

Lake WashingtonWinter Steethead RunBreakouts

3000

E 2500 o o g 2ooo o o 6 looo o 1000 zo 500

0

8&84 8$86 87-88 89-90 91-92 9&94 RETURNYEAR ! ===:- Predation escaoement-u- Runsize !

Figure 2. Lake Washingtonwinter steelheadrun breakouts.

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-c lCD ct @ o o (\lot@ o o o crt ct) = t") @ 3 cn g s o B) E C\I (a o o oooo o o CD e. s o G') E = o o = o (o o o ooloo c o o o o = o oe - l'- o o o OD\OO o o o lo o cto TE GO -o = L -, o o ro dl E E ? o o E o o o o -=. ll o- 3: o E 9e o o o E:E = -cl =:E=9e o &e.9e o IE;tr E gE cE es Es Ea gEiEF fr-E,EE E) o=3.s Ftr E' EE o .E =o gf; rZO-6.Y OCL CD .E Ei o go EE EF o h:3 e5 TL ?d FE fiE FEFH$EE3'A ol- FE Winterand Summer Steelhead Smolt Plants - 1995

ADULT RETURNSFROi[ THE FOLLOWTNGSTATE AND TRTBALSTT,IOLT PT.ANTS iIAY BE EXPECTEDDURTNG THE UPCOMTNG 1996.97 WINTER AND THE1997 SUilIIIER SEASONS. S]TIOLTSARE DEFTNEDAS HATCHERYREARED STEELHEAD AT LEAST1O PER POUND IN STZE, RELEASEDBETWEEN i,IARCH 1 ANDJUNE 15.

1996-97 1997 1996-97 1997 NAME OF RIVER WINTER sumitER NAi'IE OF RIVER U'INTER suilli,lER ABERNATHYCREEK 5,000 PILCHUCKRIVER 25,000 ASOTINCREEK PUYALLUPRIVER 152.300 BOGACHIELRIVER 58,100 PYSHTRIVER 15.200 CALAWAHRIVER 95,200 32,300 QUINAULTRIVER 494,500 CANYONCREEK 5,000 5,300 RAGINGRIVER 10,100 CARBONRlVER 44,300 ROCKCREEK (Skamania Go.) 7,000 CASCADERIVER 84.700 :: SAILRlVER 12,000 CLALLAMRIVER 5,400 SALMONCREEK (Clark Co.) 15,500 MID-COLUMBIAR. (MAlNSTEM) 26,600 SALMONRIVER 158_800 :::, COWEEMANRIVER 29,300 SAMISHRIVER 32,100 COWLITZRIVER 706,500 4o1,1oO SATSOPRlVER 32,400 DOSEWALLlPSRIVER 5,000 SAUKRlVER 30,200 DUCKABUSHRIVER 5,000 SEKIURlVER 10100 DUNGENESSRIVER 9,900 _: SIMILKAMEENRIVER 50,400 ELKRlVER 5,000 SKAGlTRIVER 239,200 25,200 ELOCHOMANRIVER :199,300 78,000 SKAMOKAWACREEK 5.100 ELWHARIVER 94,000 ?5 {no SKOKOMlSHRIVER 39,300 ENTIATRIVER 46.700 SKOOKUMCHUCKRIVER 75,(X)0 GERMANYCREEK 5,000 SKYKOMlSHRlVER 111,300 120,000 GOBARCREEK 50,900 SKYKOMISHRIVER, N. FORK 6,700 GOODMANCREEK 206; SNAKERTVER 102,800 GRANDERONDE RIVER 206,200 SNOQUALMIERIVER 100,300 48,7@ GRAYSRIVER 28,400 SOLDUC RIVER 10,900 26,500 GREENRIVER (CowliE County) --:-- 12,2W SOOESRIVER 175,300 GREENRIVER (King County) 237,700 t"y STlLLAGUAMISHR., N. FORK 113,000 .18.6O0 HAMILTONCREEK 8,000 STlLI-AGUAMISHR.. S. FORK 0 20,100 HOHRIVER 1000no SULTANRIVER 12 40[l 5,500 HOKORIVER 20,900 TOLT RIVER 17,4W HOQUIAMRIVER 10,600 TOUCHETRIVER 120,700 HUMPTULIPSRIVER 120.600 30,u)0 TOUTLERIVER, SOUTH FORK 24,000 ICICLECREEK 31,400 TUCANNONRIVER 146,100 JOHNSRlVER 10,000 vAN WINKLEC. (CHEHALISR.) 22,800 16,000 KALAMARIVER 80,200 29,200 WAATCHRIVER 25.fi)O KLICKITATRIVER 80,800 WALLAWALI-A RlVER :-- 171,100 LEWISRIVER, EAST FORK 135,200 29,900 WALI-ACERIVER 12,100 LEWS RIVER 122,600 117,000 WASHOUGALRlVER 17.800 33,100 LYRERIVER 25,200 21,400 WASHOUGALR., N. FORK ts2,4m 72,100 METHOWRIVER 359,200 WENATCHEERlVER 323,100 MORSECREEK 15.000 WHATCOMCREEK 5.100 NASELLERIVER 50,000 WHITE(Stuck) RIVER 24,9(X) NORTHNEMAH RlVER 10_300 WHITESALMON RIVER, BIG 40,200 NEWAUKUMRIVER 9,000 WILLAPARlVER 62,000 :: NOOKSACKRIVER 55,500 : WLI.APARIVER, SOUTH FORK 5,(X)0 NOOKSACKR., NORTHFORK 20,4U WND RIVER 26,300 OKANOGANRIVER 40,900 WSHKAHRlVER 18,400 PILCHUCKCREEK 4,900 WYNOOCHEERIVER 176.200 tt,ooo

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U' o .= it:

updateon DeerGreek sumn!er-Run Steelhead by GurtKraemer

The 1995work was a contihuationof severalyears efforts. In early Septemberthe annualpopulation estimate ofjuvenile salmonidswas made in six index tueas. This work hasbeen done in the sameareas annually, since 1984. The tablebelow summariesthe resultsfor age 1+ steelhead.This agegroup gives the bestestimate of fieshwaterhabitat production

Fish/squaremeter Brood one Brood two Brood three Brood four year density vear density year density year density r984 0.rll 1985 0.606 1986 0.r6s r987 0.073 1988 0.150 1989 0.102 1990 0_059 l99l 0.047 r992 0.071 1993 0.095 1994 0.094 r995 0.067

The abovetable showsthe averagedensity of age l+ steelheadin DeerCreek declining quite sharplyfrom 1984 to 1992. Eachgeneration is significantlyless than it's parentyear. The 1993estimate was aboutthe sameas its parentyear (1989)while in both 1994and 1995there was significantimprovement from the previousbrood year.

Othermonitoring attempted in the DeerCreek basin was a fall count of adult steelheadholding in the upper creek. The intent was to count adults in early October after the first fall rains had moved fish into the upper watershed. Unfortunately early and prolongedfall rains preventedthese counts from being done. During the Septemberjuvenile work, slightly over 100adults were seenholding downstreamof one of the tributary streams.This observationwas the most Curt or other surveyorshad seenin this reachof the creekduring the late summeror early fall time period sincethe late 1950'sand 1960's

40

Hook Placementin Steethead

Preparedby

SallyL. Bruesewitz AnadromousFish Division Fish ManagementProgram TechnicalReport ACKNOWLBDGEMBNTS

I would like to thank MariannaAlexandersdottir for her excellenthelp in the statisticalmodelling of the data"providing model tablesand for reviewingthe document.I would also like to thank WashingtonDeparfinent of Fish and Wildlife creelcrews for collectingthe dataand thoseof you who took the time to peerreview and commenton the results.

:J

o

lll la HOOKPLACEMENTIN STEELHEAD l1

Preparedby SallyL. Bruesewitz AnadromousFish Division Fish ManagementProgram May 1995

I

Thispublication is matlable in allernatelornnts upon reqres!. Pleasecontact (360) 902-2700or TDD (360) 902-2700

TABLB OF CONTENTS

Acknowledgements .....111 lntroduction

Methods

Results

Discussion r0

Conclusion 1l

Literature Cited l2

LIST OF TABLES

Table1. WinterSteelheadHookPlacement-lgg2-94 ...... 4

Table2. SummerSteelheadHookPlacement-tgg3-g4 ...... 5

Tabte3. Resultof fining loglinearmodel to steelheadhook placement data . . . . . 6

Table4. Distributionof critical vs. non-criticalhook locationsby runtype,hooktype and geartype ...... 7

Table5. Obseruedandmodeloddsratiosforsteelheadhookplacementstudy...... 9

lv hooking in the upper/lowermouth and/orjaw that was identified in the $unmer steelheadfishery. Field observationsindicated little or no bleedingwith this multiple hook site and did not seemto involve critical sitessuch as the esophagusor tongue,therefore this hooking areawas considered non-critical

Hook placementdata were collectedfor plug, bait and lure (artificial lures) categoriesof terminal gear. Flies,spoons and spinners, wing bobbersand jigs, corkiesand yarn, etc. were all consideredlures and clusteredtogether. Any lure 6rpethat additionallyhad beenbaited was consideredto be bait.

Categoricaldata analysis methods were used to analyze 4-waycontingencytable, to test the hypothesisthat 1) there is no dependentrelationship between being critically hookedand run- type, hook-typeor gear-tlTe and2) thereis no dependentrelationship betweEn run-type, hook- type andgear-type . To interpretgear-type (e.g.bait, lure, plug), hook-qrpe (single and treble) and run-t5pe(summer and winter steelhead)interactions, a loglinearmodel was fit to the data uSinga stepwiseapproach (Agresti 1984).

Oddsratios (ibid) a methodof meastningthe differencesbetween the variablesand the degreeof associationthey havewith the measurableoutcome, were also calculated.Here ruu-type, hook- type and gear-$pe arethe variablesand critical hookedsites are the measurableoutcome. Odds ratios arepredicted based on the loglinea modelthat bestfits the dataand are also calculated fiom observeddata as; n./n "o-A _ C.l' nc)t 4/ o*,

where, Oij - oddsratio comparingprobability of beinghooked in a critical site betweencategories i andj, e.g.winter vs sunmeror treblevs singlehook

rL,i - numberof fish critically hookedin categoryi

n*,i - numberof fish not critically hookedin categoryi

Approximate95% confidenceintervals for the observedodds ratios are estimatedusing; log0!,zo,ro(Iog0)

where,

Hook Placemcntin Steelhead INTRODUCTION

To provide sport angtingopportunity on limited numbersof wild salmonidstocks, "catch and "wild release"and release"regulations have become a managementstrategy. Releaseregulations increasefishing opportunityby allowing the fish to be caughtagain. However,there are known hookingmortality ratesassociated with releasedfish. Previousstudies on salmonidspecies have shownthat the anatomicalsite of hooking determinedthe degreeof mortality sustainedby angled fish (Warner1978). If a relationshipexists between specific terminal gear and the anatomical hooking site, fisheriesmanagers could lower the hooking mortality rate throughterminal gear restrictionsin a catchand releasefishery. This paperexplores the relationshipbetween the hookedanatomical site and terminal geartype usedin a steelheadfishery.

To determineif specific sear*0", or"o: -"::-e of hooking in a criticat anatomical site, datawere collectedduring the 1992193and t993194winter steelhead(in western Washington)and 1993194swnmer steelhead (in eastemWashington) sport fisheries. WashingtonDepartnrent of Fish and Wildlife creel checkerscollected hook placementdata on three river systemsin westernWashington and on two river systemsin easternWashington. Winter steelheadcreel sunreysare conductedDecember through March. The summersteelhead datawas collectedfrom Septemberthrough April, with peakharvest occurring in Octoberand November. During the anglerinteroiews, creel clerkswere askedto determineand note hook placementlocation of harvestedfish. Creel clerkswere instructedto only include hook placementlocation information whenthe anglerand clerk could pasitiysly identiff the hooking location on the steelhead.

Nine hooking anatomicallocations were identified in both the winter and summerfishery. The locationswere the upperjaw (upjaw),lowerjaw (lojaw), roof of the mouth(rflmouth), floor of the mouth (fUmouth),tongue, esophagus, gills and eye. After the first field season,observations identified the cornerof mouth (cor/mouth)as a hooking location thereforein 1993/94this location was added. The hooking locationsidentified for winter steelheadwere also usedfor suillmer steelheadwith the addedlocation of the upperand lower jaw and/orthe upperand lower mouth (up/lo-jailmo); thesemultiple hooking locationscause the mouth to be hookedshut. This hook site was identified with teble hook gearuse in the summersteelhead fishery only.

For statisticalcomparisons samples were divided into non-critical and critical areas. Of the ten locationsthe tongue,esophagus, gills andeye are considered critical hookingsites. Fish hooked in thesecritical areENare approximatelyfour times more likely to die than thosehooked in the mouthor jaw (Mongillo 1984). Theseareas (critical vs. non-criticalsites) are consistent with Mongillo's (1984)salmonid hooking mortality sunmary with the exceptionof the multiple

Hook Placcrnentin Steelhead fish critically hookedwas dependenton thosethree factors: Therewere no significant 3-way interactions(a - 0.05) involving locationhooked, indicating that the threevariables were independentof eachothcr. However,in a secondmodel which includeda 3-way interaction betweenhook-type and run-type with locationwas significant (c - 0.10;Table 3), indicatingthat the effectsof hook-6ryeand run-t5peon locationhooked were dependent.

Terminalgear type wasrelated to hookplacement (G-test, P<< .001,using a log linearmodel p value- .0011). In comparingterminal gear types, one of the mostsignificant differences found was in the winter fishery betweensingle/hook bait and single/hookhue with respectto critical site contact. When used,a single/hookbait contacteda critical site t4.9Yoof the time while single/hooklure madecritical sitecontact 6.4Yo of thetime(Tables 1, 2 and3).

Resultsfrom the loglinear model suggestthat therewas a significantdifiference among gear- types,hook-types and run-types;l) winter steelheadwere more likely to be critically hooked than the sunmer steelhead,2) fish caughton bait were more likely to be critically hooked comparedto thosecaught on luresand plugs, 3) fish caughton fieble hookswere more likely to be critically hookedthan fish caughton singlehooks and 4) the differencebetween hook-types is not constantbetw'een the two run-types(Table 3 and4).

Confidenceintervals (for the oddsratios estimatedfrom observeddaa) that include 1.00,are indicating no differencebetween the valuesbeing compared(Table 5). For example,single hooldlrne is not significantly different than singlehoolc/plug for both run-types. The stongest relationshipcomparisons the modelpredicts are: 1) winterrwr fish are3.t4 timesmore likely to be critically hookedthan a suntmerrun fish, where3.5% of the swnmerrun fish were critically hookedversus tl.9% of the winter run, 2) sunmer run steelheadwere critically hookedmore often with treble hook gearthan with singlehook gear,where 6.2%oteble gear and 2.4Yosingle hooks contactedcritical areasand 3) singlehoolc/bait in winter fishery contactedcritical areas more often than any other $pe of gear/tlookcombination, where 14.9%of the fish taken on single hooUbait were critically hookedvereus 6.4Yo of thefish takenon singlehooL/lure (Tables 4 and5). Therefore,a fish caughtwith teble hoolcsor with bait is more likely to be hookedin a critical location, but the overall probabitity of hooking in a critioal location on atreble hook is higher for a summersteelhead and will be greaterfor winter steelheadusing singlehoolc/bait.

Hook Placementin Steelhead llll -J-l-!_ Da,t n.,t Dnc,l Dn.,t

RESULTS

The winter and summersteelhead fishery datawere analyzndseparately. For winter steelheada total samplesize of 1,404(1992193 - 821,1993194= 577)individual hook placement anatomical siteswere noted (Table 1). The samplesize for sunmersteelhead was 758 individualhook placementsites (Table 2).

More anglersused single hooks (86.?%)in the winter fisheriesthan in the summerfishery (s7.1%).

Mostwinter steelhead anglers (81.8%, p<<.001) used single hook/bait (52.g%)or single hooMure Q8.9o/o)compared to othertypes of terminalgear used, such as single hoolc/plugs and treblehooMwes, bait and plugs (t8.2%,combined; Table 1).

Treble hook gearuse in the winter steelheadfishery accountedfor t3.3Yoofall geartypes sampledand when usedcontacted critical areasl2.9Yo of the time. Winter steelheadanglers usingtebel hookswere predominantly using plugs (61.3%) which only accountedfor 8.1%of total sample.

All typesof treblehook gearuse accounted for in the summersteelhead fishery, was 38.5%of the total sample,of which 6.2Yomadecontactin critical sites. TreblehooMures were the second largestsample group, 52.1%of all treblegroupings (Table 2).

In the $rnmer steelheadfishery most anglers used either single hoolc/bait (48.7yo,p<<.001) or treblehooldlures (20.1%) (Table 2).

Overall,88.1% of the winter steelheadwere hooked in non-criticalhook sitesand ll.9o/owere hookedin critical hook sites. Summersteelhead were hooked96.2% of the time in non-critical hook locationsand 3.87o were hooked in critical hooklocations.

The loglinear modelsthat were found to bestfit the dat4 analyzedinteraction levels for run-type, hook-typeand gear-typewith location and also betweenrun-t1rye and hook-type, nrn-type and gear-typeand hook-typeand gear-6pe(Table 3). All threevariables, run-type, hook-type and gear-typehad signifigantinteraction with locationhooked, which indicatesthat the proportion of

Hook Placementin Steelhead Table2. SummerSteelhead Hook Placement-t993-94

NON-CRITICAL AREA CRITICALAREA

%IN OZ IN SAMPLE o/oOF TOTAL NON-CRITICAL TOTAL CRITICAL TOTAL SAMPLE SINGLEHOOKS: -l

LURES: 98 99.0 I 1.0 99 l3.r FLTES 24 0 WING BOBBER 0 0 SPOONS& SPINNERS 2 0 YARNFL[ES, 72 I ETC.

BAIT 35s 97.3 l0 2.7 36s 48.2 PLUGS 2 r00.0 0 0.0 2 0.3

TOTALSINGLB 455 97.6 l1 2.4 466 61.5 TREBLEHOOKS:

LI.JRES 142 93.4 l0 6.6 t52 20.1

BAIT 90 92.8 7 7.2 97 12.8

PLUGS 42 97.? I 2.3 43 5.7 OTHER 0 0 0 0 0 0 TOTALTREBLE 274 93.8 1E 6.2 292 38.s TOTAL SAMPLE 729 96.2 29 3.8 758

t

a t

Hook Placementin Steelhead WinterSteelhead Hook Placement- t992-94

NON-CRITICAL AREA CRITICALAREA

o/. IN %IN SAMPLE %OF TOTAL NON.CRITICAL TOTAL CRITICAL TOTAL SAMPLE SINGLEHOOKS:

LURES: 380 93.6 26 6.4 406 28.9 FLIES 1 0 WING BOBBER l7 2 SPOONS& SPINNERS 34 I YARN FLIES, 328 23 ETC.

BAIT 632 85.1 lll 14.9 743 s2.9

PLUGS 63 91.3 6 8.7 69 4.9

TOTALSINGLE 1075 88.3 14t tt.7 1218 86.8 TREBLEHOOKS:

LI,JRES 23 85.2 4 14.8 27 1.9

BAIT 37 82.2 8 r7.8 45 3.2

PLUGS t02 89.5 t2 10.5 tt4 8.1

OTHER 0 0 0 0 0 0

TOTALTREBLE t62 87.1 24 12.9 186 13.2

TOTAL SAMPLE r237 88.1 t67 rt.9 1404

Hook Placementin Steelhead Table4. Distribution of critical vs. non-critical hook locationsby run-$pe, hook-typeand gear-$pe.

Critical location Non-eritical locrtion

Observed Obscrued Predicted Observcd Observed Run Hooktype Gear Number Percent Percent Number Pereent Total Summer

Single Bait l0 2.? 4.2 355 97.3 36s Lure 1 1.0 2.t 98 99.0 99 Plug 0.0 1.8 2 100.0 2 j _ SingleTotal 11 2.4 3.s 455 97.6 466

Treble Bait 7 7.2 ?.7 90 92.8 97 Lure l0 6.6 4.0 t42 93.4 t52 plue I 2.3 3.6 42 97.7 43 Treble Total l8 6.2 5.1 274 93.8 292

SummerTotal 29 3.5 4.2 787 96.5 816 Winter

Single Bait 111 14.9| VJ3 85.r ':J Lure sOUO 26 6.4 | JOU , J.1t Plug 6 T'J 7!.J --;18.7 | Oz SingtefoU ruiS EE.3 r2lE

Treore Bau U 17.8 2.t.J JT a.2 .TJ -v.0 LU9 t r I4.0 ZJ 85.2 JLT Flug ta 10.5 r3. t to2 o7.J r l.t

Treble Toal 2e rz.9 r5.E IO2 O"T I Or'

Winter Toral r67 ll.9 l2.t 1237 8E.r 1404 Grano Touar 196 9.t 9.1 19ffi 90.9 2t62

Hook Placementin Steelhead Table3. Resultof model to steelheadhook lacementdata. Source Model I Model2 Commenus

ul tll L r tt ?

R.un-uype I UU. ' (0.000r uu.o (0.0001 Thereare differences in samplesizes Hook-type I 2.8 0.09 r.t2 0.29 betweenrun-types, hook-types and gear- tz t)rpes Gear-type 2 r37.9 (0.000r 2 r35.6 (0.000r

Ho: There is no assocations among run-type, gear-type and hook-type

Run-typex Gear-type 2 47.3 (0.000r 2 46.6 (0.0001 Significantdifference between run-tlTes in gearused Run-typex Hook-type 1 101.4 (o.oool I 79.2 (0.0001 Significantdifference between run-types in hook-typeused Hook-type x Gear-type 2 148.1 (0.000r 2 t47.5 (0.000r Sigrrficiantdifference betwem hook-type in gear-tlpesused Run-typexHook-$pexGear- 2 28.01 (0.0001 2 29.4 (0.0001 Differencebetween gear-types in hook-type rJDE usedis differencehfireen run-types

Ho: Location hookedindepenfunt of run-type,hook-type and gear-type

Run-typex Location hooked I 4l_0 (0.0001 1 3t.4 (0.0001 Thereis a significant differencein Hook-type x Location hooked I 9.9 0.0017 12.2 0.0005 proportioncritically hookedbetween run- types,gear-types and hook-types. Gear-tjpe x Location hooked 2 l8.l 0.0001 2 r8.2 0.0001

Run-typexHook-$rpex[,ocation 1 3.s3 0.06 The differencebetween hook-types is not constantbetween summer and winrer Likelihood Ratio 7 8.89 0.26 6 3.27 0.51

t-

a

Hook Placementin Steelhead Significantly low critical site contactsfor singlehookllures (winter and summerfishcy) and low critical site contactfor singlehook/bait in the swnmerfishery complement MonBtllo's (1984) hooking mortality conclusions.Mongillo summarizedthat therewas not a significant difference

a in hooking mortality betweenany artificial lure (plugswere not includedin analysis),but that t- therewas a significant differencebetween all artificial lures and bait which causodhigher mortality rates,except in steelhead.Mongillo (ibid) did not frnd significantly high mortality t! ratesin steelheadwhen using single/trookbaited terminal gear. However,data from this study showsthat a significant level of critical hookingdoes occur when using a single hook/bait in a winter steelheadfishery.

Mongillo felt mortatity associatedwith bait was lower for steelheadbccause the majority of anglersuse eggs for bait andthis resultsin lessthan 10%hooking mortality. Singlehoolc/bait usein the winter fishery and summerfishery was the most prevalentgear choice. The difference betweenthe two critical areahooking rates(summer vs. winter steelheadfishery) could partially be explainedby the type of bait usedin eachfishery. Eggsand sandshrirrrp are usedin the winter fishery while mainly eggsare used in the summer.

Therehave been hooking mortality studiesconducted where treble hook and singlehook data havebeen anaJyzed for salmonidspecies. Klein (1965)reported no differencebetween teble and single hook gearmortality ratesfor rainbow trout (Oncorlrynchusmykiss) in cool water temperatures(6.5 C), but found the mortality rate for singlehooks was doublethat for teble hooksin warmer watertemperatures (14.5C). Stinger (t967) recordedhigher hooking mortality ratesfor rainbow trout with worm-baitedsingle hooks than when caughtwith flies or treblehooks. Mongillo (1984)concluded that a satisticallysignificant difference occuued betweensingle/lure and tebldlure hookingmortality rateswith rainbowtrout.

Interpretationof the hook placementdatq throughthe loglinearmodels suggests that teble hook geardid significantly contactcritical areasmore often than singlehook gearin the summer fishery but not in the winter fishery (at c=0.05).

tr

t o

Hook Placementin Steelhead r0 Table5. obscrvedand model odds ratios for steelheadhook placement study.

Observed Model Odds Ratio Lower Upper Odds Ratio Summer SingleHook bait vs. lure t.94 0.35 10.89 I _99 t, bait vs. plug 0.15 0.01 3.2? 2.23 lure vs. plug 0.08 0.00 2.37 t.t2 TrebleHook bait vs. lure l.r2 0.42 2.98 1.99 baitvs. plug. 2.35 0.39 14.07 2.23 lure vs. plug 2.09 0.36 I 1.95 l.l2 Winter SingleHook bait vs. lure 2.53 1.63 3.94 1.99 bait vs. plug t.72 0.?5 3.96 2.23 lure vs. plug 0.68 0.28 1.6? t.t2 Treble Hook bait vs. lure 1.18 0.34 4.15 r.99 bait vs. plug r.86 0.72 4.80 2.23 lurcvs:plug 1.57 0.49 5.04 t.l2 SUMMER Trcble vs. Single 2.58 1.25 s.34 t.4s lVINTER Treblevs. Single r.l6 0.74 r.83 t.45 Winter vs. Summer 3.14 2.13 4.63 3.14 This table comparesthc oddsof being hookedin a critical areabetween the different hook ffies and hook-geartype combinations. For example:

I A fish caughtwith treble/baitis 1.99times more likely to be critically hookcdthan a fish taken with a treble/lure. 2 A winter caughtfish is 3.14times more likely to be hookedcritically than a summerfish.

If the confidenceintervals include 1.00, there is no differencebetween the valuesbeing compared.

DISCUSSION

In a summeror winter steelheadfishery, specificterminal geartypes have predictable hooking locations.For example,considering all geartypes used in a winter steelheadfishery. sinsle hooldbait significantly contactedcritical sitesmore often than any other geartype, while sinele hooMure significantly contactedcritical sitesthe least. In the summersteelhead fisherv sinsle hook/bait also contactedcritical sitesmore often than singlehooMure, but neitherweri at a- significantlevel. l'

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Hook Placementin Steelhead LITERATTJRBCITED

Agresti,A. 1984.Analysis of ordinalcategorical data JohnWiley andSons, N.Y. p287. a Klein, W.D. 1965.Mortality of rainbowtout caughton singleand treble hooks and released. PROcR.FISH-CULT.27(3):t7r-172. r!

Mongillo, Paul. 1984.A Summaryof SalmonidHooking Mortality, WashingtonDeparfinent of Game.

Stringer,C.E . 1967.Comparative hooking mortality using threetSpes of terminal gearon rainbowfrout from PennaskLake, British Columbia.CAI. FISH. CULT., 39:t7-21.

Wamer,K. 1978.Hooking mortality of lake-dwellinglarrdlocked atlantic salmon, Salmo salar. TRANIS.AM. FISH.SOC. r07(4):5t8-522.

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Hook Placementin Steelhead t2 CONCLUSION

Winter steelheadwere more likely to be hookedcritically than summersteelhead, and treble hooks and bait are more likely to contactcritical sitesthan singlehooks and lures. D

Thesefindings seem to be relatedto the type of anglingmethod used in a steelheadfishery. It is ?. apparentthat in other studiesdifferent speciescaught in different watertemperatures by different angling methodsproduce different hooking mortality otrtcomes.

Possibleproblems that could haveaffected the randomlydistributed population from which the sampleswere takenfrom would be: tbat becausehook placementdata were collectedon harvestedfish only, (releasedfish were not in the sample)anglers might havebeen making a consciouschoice of somekind aboutwhich fish they werereleasing.

To clear up limitations with the currentdata" further information shouldbe collectedon bait types(e.g. eggs, shrimp) and gear location by anglerbTe (e.g.drifter, plunker). Until this information is collectedand analyzed,if survivatof releasedsteelhead needs to be maximized exclusionof bait andtreble hooks should be considered.

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Hook Placernentin Steclhead ll

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o3

The Washin6on Departnent of Fish and Wildlife will provide equal employmentoppornnities to all potcntialand existing employees without regardto race,creed, color, sex, sexualorientation, religion, age, marital status, national origin, disability, or Vietnam Era Veteran'sStatus. The Departnentis subjectto Title VI of the Civil RightsAct of 1964and Section 504 of theRehabiliation Act of 1973, which prohibits discriminationon the basisof race, color, nationalorigin or handicap.If you believeyou havebeen discriminated against in any Departnent r- pnogram,activity, or facility, or if you want fiirther information aboutTitle VI or Section504, write to: Office of Equal Oppormnity,U.S. Deparrnentof lnterior, WashingtonD.C. 20240,or WashingonDepartnent of Fish and Wildlife, 600 CapitolWayN., Olympia,WA 98501-1091. -_t

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o o LITERATURECITED

Campton,D. 8., Jr., 1981. GeneticStructure of sea-runcutthroat trout (.Salzoclarki clarki) populationsin the PugetSound area. Master'sthesis. Universityof Washington,Seattle, WA. 180p.

Johnston,J.M. tg7g. Sea-runcutthroat: Stillaguaruish River creelcensus (1978) and harvest limit recommendation.Washington State Departnrent of Game,Olympia, WA. 15p.

Leland,R. F. 1996. Anadromousgame fish investigationsin Waghington,Progress Report, July 1, 1995-June30,1996. WashingtonDepartment of Fish andWildlife, Fish Management ' Program.Olympia, WA. 87 p.

WashingtonDepartment of Game,1978. All citizensport hanrest. Treaty Indian Program. QuarterlyReport, March-June, 1978. WashingtonState Department of Game,Olympia, WA. pp 5-56.

WashingtonDepartruent of Game, !979. All citizensport haruest. Treaty Indian Program. QuarterlyReport, March-June,1979. Washington State Departrnent of Game,Olympia, WA. pp 10-56.

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