Entangled Histories of the Balkans Balkan Studies Library Editor-in-Chief Zoran Milutinović, University College London Editorial Board Gordon N. Bardos, Columbia University Alex Drace-Francis, University of Amsterdam Jasna Dragović-Soso, Goldsmiths, University of London Christian Voss, Humboldt University, Berlin Advisory Board Marie-Janine Calic, University of Munich Lenard J. Cohen, Simon Fraser University Radmila Gorup, Columbia University Robert M. Hayden, University of Pittsburgh Robert Hodel, Hamburg University Anna Krasteva, New Bulgarian University Galin Tihanov, Queen Mary, University of London Maria Todorova, University of Illinois Andrew Wachtel, Northwestern University VOLUME 12 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/bsl Entangled Histories of the Balkans Volume Two: Transfers of Political Ideologies and Institutions Edited by Roumen Daskalov and Diana Mishkova LEIDEN • BOSTON 2014 Cover Illustrations: 1 May manifestation in Sofia, 1905; A swearing in ceremony after the assumption of power by General Antonescu and Iron Guard leader Horea Sima. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Entangled histories of the Balkans / edited by Roumen Daskalov and Tchavdar Marinov. pages cm — (Balkan studies library ; Volume 9) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-90-04-25075-8 (v. 1 : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-90-04-25076-5 (v. 1 : e-book) 1. Balkan Peninsula—History. I. Daskalov, Rumen, editor. II. Marinov, Tchavdar, editor. DR36.E67 2013 949.6—dc23 2013015320 This publication has been typeset in the multilingual “Brill” typeface. With over 5,100 characters covering Latin, IPA, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the humanities. For more information, please see www.brill.com/brill-typeface. ISSN 1877-6272 ISBN 978-90-04-26190-7 (hardback) ISBN 978-90-04-26191-4 (e-book) Copyright 2014 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Global Oriental, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers and Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. 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CONTENTS Notes on Contributors .................................................................................... vii Notes on Transliteration ................................................................................ ix Foreword ............................................................................................................ xi 1. “Forms without Substance”: Debates on the Transfer of Western Models to the Balkans ............................................................. 1 Diana Mishkova and Roumen Daskalov 2. Balkan Liberalisms: Historical Routes of a Modern Ideology ....... 99 Diana Mishkova 3. Early Socialism in the Balkans. Ideas and Practices in Serbia, Romania and Bulgaria ............................................................................... 199 Blagovest Njagulov 4. Agrarian Ideologies and Peasant Movements in the Balkans ...... 281 Roumen Daskalov 5. Fascism in Southeastern Europe: A Comparison between Romania’s Legion of the Archangel Michael and Croatia’s Ustaša ............................................................................................................. 355 Constantin Iordachi 6. Communism and Nationalism in the Balkans: Marriage of Convenience or Mutual Attraction? ..................................................... 469 Tchavdar Marinov and Alexander Vezenkov Index .................................................................................................................... 557 NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS Roumen Daskalov is professor of modern history at the New Bulgarian University in Sofia and recurrent visiting professor at the Central Euro- pean University in Budapest. He earned his MA and PhD from St. Kliment Ohridski University of Sofia. His research interests include Bulgarian and Balkan historiography, social history and, more recently, the entangled and connected history of the region. He is the author of nine books, most recently Debating the Past: Modern Bulgarian History from Stambolov to Zhivkov (Budapest: CEU Press, 2011); The Making of a Balkan Nation (Buda- pest: CEU Press, 2004); Bulgarian Society, 1878–1939, vols. 1–2 (Sofia: Guten- berg, 2005) [in Bulgarian] and a number of articles. Constantin Iordachi is associate professor of history at Central Euro- pean University, Budapest; co-director of Pasts, Center for Historical Stud- ies; and associate editor of the journal East Central Europe (Leiden: Brill). His publications include Charisma, Politics and Violence: The Legion of the “Archangel Michael” in Inter-war Romania (Trondheim: 2004) and Citi- zenship, Nation and State-Building: The Integration of Northern Dobrogea into Romania, 1878–1913 (Pittsburgh: 2002). He is the editor of Reacquiring Romanian Citizenship: Historical, Comparative and Applied Perspectives (Bucharest: Curtea Veche, 2012) [in Romanian and English] and Com- parative Fascist Studies: New Perspectives (London: Routledge, 2009, 2010). He is co-editor of Transforming People, Property and Power: The Process of Land Collectivization in Romania, 1949–1962 (Budapest and New York: CEU Press, 2009; Romanian edition, Iași: Polirom, 2004) and Romania and Transnistria: The Problem of the Holocaust. Historical and Comparative Per- spectives (Bucharest: Curtea Veche, 2004) [in Romanian]. Tchavdar Marinov received his PhD in history and civilizations from Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales in 2006. Since 2010 he has been a fellow of the French School at Athens. He is the author of the book The Macedonian Question from 1944 to the Present: Communism and Nationalism in the Balkans (Paris: L’Harmattan, 2010) [in French]. He has written several articles, most notably on the history and historiography of the Macedonian question, as well as on the construction of cultural heri- tage and the invention of national architecture in Bulgaria. viii notes on contributors Diana Mishkova is associate professor in modern and contemporary Bal- kan history. Between 1988 and 2005 she taught at Sofia University. Since 2000 she has been the director of the Centre for Advanced Study Sofia. She has published extensively on comparative nineteenth-century Bal- kan history, the history of nationalism, the comparative modernization of Balkan societies in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, intellectual history and the methodology of comparative (historical) research. She is the author and scientific coordinator of many international interdis- ciplinary projects in the field of comparative European studies. Among others, she has written Domestication of Freedom: Modernity-Legitimacy in Serbia and Romania in the Nineteenth Century (Sofia: Paradigma, 2001) [in Bulgarian]; edited We, the People: Politics of National Peculiarity in Southeastern Europe (Budapest and New York: CEU Press, 2009); co-edited “Regimes of Historicity” in Southeastern and Northern Europe: Discourses of Identity and Temporality, 1890–1945 (Palgrave-Macmillan, 2014; forth- coming); and penned numerous articles. Blagovest Njagulov is associate professor at the Institute for Histori- cal Studies, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, and honorary professor at Sofia University and New Bulgarian University, Sofia. He is member of the еditorial boards of the Valahian Journal of Historical Studies (Târgovişte, Romania) and Cahiers Balkaniques (Paris). His research interests include the modern and contemporary history of Bulgaria, Romania and the Balkans; historiography; еthnic politics; and protection of minorities. He is the author of Banat Bulgarians (Sofia, 1999) [in Bulgarian] and co- author of Historical Science in Bulgaria: State and Prospects (Sofia, 2005) [in Bulgarian], History of Dobrudja, vol. 4, 1878–1944 (Veliko Tărnovo, 2007) [in Bulgarian] and History of Bulgaria, vol. 9, 1918–1944 (Sofia, 2012) [in Bulgarian], among others. Alexander Vezenkov is a freelance scholar based in Sofia. His research interests include nineteenth- and twentieth-century urban history and the institutional history of the communist regimes, as well as various aspects of the Tanzimat period in the Ottoman Empire. He is the author of the book The Power Structures of the Bulgarian Communist Party, 1944–1989 (Sofia: Ciela, 2008) [in Bulgarian]. NOTE ON TRANSLITERATION In this collective volume, we use several different systems to transliterate Cyrillic scripts. For Macedonian and Serbian, we follow the commonly accepted Latin transliteration of these languages, which involves the usage of special characters with diacritics (such as č, š and ž for the Cyrillic letters ч, ш and ж respectively). In Serbian, which is