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Evolution of the Southern Caribbean Plate Boundary

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Evolution of the Southern Caribbean Plate Boundary See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236589755 Evolution of the Southern Caribbean Plate Boundary Article in Eos Transactions American Geophysical Union · January 2006 DOI: 10.1029/2006EO090001 CITATIONS READS 32 301 11 authors, including: Alan Levander Michael Schmitz Rice University Fundación Venezolana de Investigaciones Sismológicas 366 PUBLICATIONS 5,552 CITATIONS 196 PUBLICATIONS 1,282 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Dale S. Sawyer Marciane Magnani Rice University Universidade Federal da Paraíba 115 PUBLICATIONS 2,383 CITATIONS 121 PUBLICATIONS 987 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Seismic imaging of the lithospheric structure in intracratonic Illinois Basin area in central U.S. View project Zircon Caribbean Project, Part 2: Giant PERLA Gas Field Basement and Paraguaná Peninsula, NW Venezuela View project All content following this page was uploaded by Paul Mann on 28 May 2014. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. Eos, Vol. 87, No. 9, 28 February 2006 VOLUME 87 NUMBER 9 28 FEBRUARY 2006 EOS, TRANSACTIONS, AMERICAN GEOPHYSICAL UNION PAGES 97-104 tal landmass.The projects are designed to Evolution of the Southern investigate both the crust and upper mantle structure, as well as the evolution of the crust-mantle processes by which the Lee­ Caribbean Plate Boundary ward Antilles islands deform and accrete to South America (Figure 1). As part of the study of island arc accretion, the research PAGES 97,100 Lithospheric Investigation of Venezuela and the Antilles Arc Region; GEODINOS is the Vene­ will seek to determine how high-pressure/ It is generally accepted that the cores of zuelan project Recent Geodynamics Along the low-temperature (HP/LT) subduction-related the continents, called cratons, formed by the Northern Limit of South America. The two proj­ metamorphic rocks are exhumed.The proj­ accretion of island arcs into proto-conti- ects combined consist of a suite of geochemi- ect is also aiding earthquake hazard assess­ nents and then by proto-continental agglom­ cal, active and passive seismic, structural geol­ ment in the diffuse Southeast Caribbean eration to form the large continental masses. ogy sedimentary basin, and neotectonic plate boundary. Mantle-wedge processes, combined with studies involving about 60 scientists and stu­ higher melting temperatures during the dents from the United States and Venezuela. Tectonic Setting Archean (2.5-3.8 billion years ago) and pos­ One hypothesis that BOLIVAR and GEODI­ sibly thrust stacking of highly depleted NOS scientists are testing is that the Leeward The history of Caribbean tectonics and Archean oceanic lithosphere, produced a Antilles and related terrains are accreting to the Caribbean plate originates with the mis­ strong, buoyant, upper mantle chemical South America, contributing to the continen­ match in the opening of the North and boundary layer. This stabilizing mantle layer, known as the tectosphere, has shielded the BOLIVAR & GEODINOS Archean cratons from most subsequent tec­ tonic disruption and is highly depleted in 70 65 60 iron, providing the positive buoyancy that is 15 | 15 required to 'float' the continents more than four kilometers above the surrounding ocean basins. What is not clear is whether today the continental mass is growing, shrinking, or is at steady state. A number of continental growth curves have been proposed; the most widely accepted models call for rapid conti­ '% ky\Fa]c<>r> i J nental growth in the late Archean and Paleo- 10] 10 proterozoic (between 3.0 and -1.7 billion years ago), followed by slow growth to the present. Whether modern continental accre­ tion and something akin to tectosphere for­ mation are occurring today is an open ques­ tion. It is not clear how island arcs accrete to the continents, or if modern arcs contribute •UK Guyana Shield to continental growth. Seismic observations of arcs worldwide show that the crustal velocity structure is too fast, and hence the 5 chemical composition too silica-poor, to gen­ 70 60 erate an average continental crust without -6000 -1000 0 1000 8000 Bathymetrv \i\c\ a don (m) substantial chemical and/or mechanical refining during or subsequent to accretion. Fig. 1. Map of the southeastern Caribbean plate boundary, a diffuse plate boundary zone extend­ Two coordinated multi-disciplinary projects, ing from the southern Caribbean deformed belt in the north to the southern edge of the fore­ BOLIVAR and GEODINOS, are investigating land basin-fold and thrust belt system. The Leeward Antilles islands are A,Aruba; C, Curacao; continental growth and deformation processes B, Bonaire; and the Venezuelan archipelago is LA, Las Aves; LR, Los Roques; O, Orchilla; LB, La along the southeastern Caribbean-South Blanquilla; H, Los Hermanos; and T,Testigos. CAR UP is the Caribbean Large Igneous Province. American plate boundary (Figure 1). BOLIVAR Solid red lines on sea indicate BOUVAR marine reflection profiles; small white circles indicate is the U.S. project Broadband Onshore-Offshore coincident active source ocean-bottom seismographs (OBS); solid red lines on land indicate onshore-offshore and land refraction profiles, with red stars denoting land shots. Yellow triangles BY A. LEVANDER, M. SCHMITZ, H. G.AVE LALLEMANT, indicate the Venezuelan broadband seismograph network; white and blue trianges indicate the C. A. ZELT, D. S. SAWYER, M. B. MAGNANI, PMANN, broadband PASSCAL and Rice seismographs, respectively. White hexagons indicate broadband G. CHRISTESON, J.WRIGHT, G. PAVLIS, AND J. PINDELL OBSIP recorders. Original color image appears at the back of this volume. Eos, Vol. 87, No. 9, 28 February 2006 South Atlantic during the Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous, between -125 and 180 million years ago. Westward migration of South America followed that of North America by -55 million years, with the result that today the South American Pacific coast is due south of the North American Atlantic coast. The basement rocks of most of the Carib­ bean islands are part of an island arc built in the Cretaceous along the western periph­ ery of the Americas known as the 'Great Arc of the Caribbean,' which was formed by eastward subduction of the now largely subducted Farallon plate [e.g.,Pindell and Dewey, 1982;Burke, 1988].At about 110 Ma, subduction polarity along the Great Arc flipped from east-dipping to west-dipping, initiating the eastward migration of the Caribbean, with the trench consuming a proto-Caribbean plate that had formed by rifting and drifting between North and South America. The Caribbean plate, thought to be once part of Farallon, has moved little in the hotspot reference frame; the Americas began moving westward past Distance from 12° North Latitude (km) it during the mid-Cretaceous, creating the Fig. 2. First arrival and PmP reflection travel-time tomography model along profile TRIN. The tectonic configuration that is seen today. profile extends 550 kilometers from the Venezuela basin across the Aves Ridge, the Lesser Antil­ Prior to 80 Ma, the modern Caribbean plate les Arc passes between Trinidad and Tobago, and ends in the Atlantic. Crustal thickness varies became an oceanic plateau by poorly from -27-28 kilometers beneath the ridges to <20 kilometers beneath the Grenada and Tobago understood processes that have been attrib­ basins. The velocity structure under the Aves Ridge and Lesser Antilles Arc is similar to that uted to fixed hot spots, transient plumes, beneath the Leeward Antilles (see Figure 3). Figure from G. Christeson, University of Texas Insti­ and ridge subduction. tute for Geophysics. Original color image appears at the back of this volume. Modern Caribbean tectonics began with the collision of the Caribbean plate with beneath or being overthrust by South Amer­ DINOS. At present, data from the main tran­ South America and the Bahamas bank at ica in the southwest. The Atlantic subduction sects are still being analyzed. about 55 Ma. Because the proto-Caribbean zone is the site of an active volcanic arc, To investigate upper mantle structure, a plate has been completely subducted, and whereas the southern Caribbean archipelago broadband seismic experiment was fielded much of the current Caribbean plate has is largely avolcanic. consisting of 27 PASSCAL, 8 Rice land instru­ been overprinted during the formation of ments, and 15 long-term deployment OBS the large igneous province, the only reliable Project Experiments instruments. Complementing these 50 instru­ magnetic anomaly data are in the Cayman ments was the 35-element, permanent broad­ trough spreading center, which also began Active seismic transects were acquired band seismograph network installed by the at -55 Ma. As a consequence, the pre-55 Ma during an expedition of the research vessel Venezuelan Foundation for Seismological history has been pieced together from (R/V) Maurice Ewing in April to June 2004 Investigations (FUNVISIS) shortly after 2000, global plate reconstructions and tectonic, along much of the plate boundary (Figure resulting in a combined network of more petrologic, and sedimentological studies 1). Five transects approximately along the than 80 broadband stations. [e.g.,Pindell et al, 1988]. 70th, 67th, 65th, and 64th meridians, and In addition to the geophysical experi­ Starting at 55 Ma, the mountain belts of from the Venezuela basin past Trinidad and ments are structural geology studies and northern South America were built diachron- Tobago to the Atlantic were heavily instru­ geothermometry and geobarometry analyses ously from west to east as the southern periph­ mented. The seismic images along each of along some of the principle transects and in ery of the Caribbean plate, fronted by the these transects provide a structural picture the Leeward Antilles. Age-dating using sensi­ Great Arc, collided obliquely with the South of the crust and mantle at different evolu­ tive high-resolution ion microprobe-reverse American margin [Pindell et al., 1988].This tionary stages of the Caribbean-South Ameri­ geometry (SHRIMP-RG) instrumentation is resulted in the time-transgressive development can plate interaction.
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