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“Burmah”: the Role of the English Press in the Making of the British Empire in Burma

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“Burmah”: the Role of the English Press in the Making of the British Empire in Burma News from “Burmah”: The Role of the English Press in the Making of the British Empire in Burma A thesis submitted to The University of Manchester for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Humanities 2018 RACHATAPONG MALITHONG School of Arts, Languages and Cultures 2 Table of Contents List of Figures 6 List of Tables 7 List of Newspapers 8 Abstract 9 DECLARATION 10 COPYRIGHT STATEMENT 11 Acknowledgements 12 The Author 13 Map of Burma 14 Introduction 15–47 Chapter 1: An Institution of Opinion: The Press and the Second and Third Anglo-Burmese Wars 48–84 Tastes and Interests: The role of editors in the constitution of news and opinions 52 News as a Business: The role of the Englishman as a platform of news for British economic interests 58 The Burma’s News in the Hurkaru and the Statesman: A voice of the opponents 67 3 Networks and the Reporting of the Burma’s News in Metropolitan Newspapers: A case of The Times of London and the Manchester Guardian 74 Conclusion 83 Chapter 2: Imperial Partnership: The Press, the British mercantile community and the Anglo-Burmese Wars 85–124 Before the British Came: ‘Misgoverned Burma’ and the economic legitimacy of the Anglo-Burmese Wars 92 A Question of ‘Free Trade’?: Newspapers as the British imperial guardian 103 ‘The Country will soon Flourish’: The voice of Burma-based British merchants in the Calcutta press 108 From Private Correspondence to the ‘Latest Telegrams’: A change in the geopolitics of news during the Third Burmese War 116 Conclusion 123 Chapter 3: Oriental Burma and the Heroic British: A Mission against ‘Barbarians’ and ‘Despots’ 125–163 A Mission against Burmese ‘Despotism’: British commerce and ‘misgoverned Burma 131 ‘Our Barbarous Neighbour’: The Rangoon authorities and the Second Anglo-Burmese War 140 Thibaw as an ‘Oriental Despot’ 145 Dalhousie and the ‘Heroic’ British Mission against the ‘Barbarian’ Burmese 148 4 A March for Mandalay: British heroism and the dissolution of the Burmese monarch 153 Conclusion 162 Chapter 4: The Making of Burma’s News: Strategising Information during the Second Anglo-Burmese War 164–194 Advocacy as News: The press’s justification for the British intervention in Burma 166 News Selection and Presentation: The process behind the making of Burma’s news 173 Burmese Affairs from the Perspective of the British Authorities: A rather different story 180 Dividing Opinions: The Times of London, the Friend of India and the Second Burmese War 185 Conclusion 193 Chapter 5: Telegraphic War: Technology and the Third Anglo-Burmese War of 1885 195–225 ‘Latest Telegrams’ from Burma: Instant but same news in the time of telegraph 199 Bypassing Calcutta: Telegraph and the decline of the Calcutta press as a hub of intelligence coming out of Burma 210 Speed and Exclusion: The fracture in press-politics nexus in the age of the telegraph 212 5 Telegraph and the Direct Collaboration between the Metropole and Periphery in regard to the Making of the British Empire in Burma 218 Conclusion 224 Conclusion 226–232 Bibliography 233–245 Appendix 1: Minute of the Governor General of India in regard to the affair in Rangoon, dated 22nd January 1852 246 Appendix 2: Communication between Marquess of Dufferin, the Viceroy of India, and Lord Randolph Churchill, the Secretary of State for India, in regard to the ultimatum to the Burmese government in 1885 254 Appendix 3: A translation of the Burmese Court’s response to the British ultimatum in November 1885 256 Appendix 4: Extract from a letter from the Viceroy of India to the Queen dated 18th November 1885 258 Appendix 5: A telegram from a correspondent for The Times of London, including an interview with dethroned King Thibaw 261 Total word count: 79,626 6 List of Figures 1. Map of Burma (created in 1897) 14 2. Front page of the Friend of India dated 11th December 1851 36 3. Advertisements and commercial intelligence printed on the front page of the Englishman on 1st January 1852 62 4. An advertisement from the British India Steam Navigation Co. (BISN) in the Englishman (dated 1st December 1885) 63 5. Part of intelligence section in the Englishman (dated 1st January 1852) 64 6. An advertisement of the Englishman’s telegram service during the Third Anglo-Burmese War of 1885 (dated 1st December 1885) 66 7. Map of Lower Burma (created in 1893) 96 8. Map of Assam and Upper Burma (created in 1893) 136 9. A sketch ‘How I Saw One of the Enemy’ in the Graphic dated 27th February 1886 159 10. A sketch ‘The Burmah expedition: Deposition of King Theebaw – General Prendergast gives him ten minutes’ grace’ in the Illustrated London News dated 30th January 1886 160 11. A cover of Terence Blackburn’s An Ill-Conditioned Cad: Mr Moylan of The Times (2002) 161 12. A sketch in Thomas Turner Baker’s The Recent Operations of the British Forces at Rangoon and Martaban (1852) 180 13. Telegraphic intelligence on the Burmese affairs in 1885 published by The Englishman on 24 September 1885 203 14. A lengthy telegram supplied by the Englishman’s special correspondent in Burma dated 4th December 1885 204 7 List of Tables 1. Logged Teak from the Ataran Forest, 1829–1858 95 2. Analysis of Timber Account, produced by the Bombay-Burmah Trading Corporation at Rangoon (1891) 100 3. Telegrams related to affairs in Burma published in the Englishman (of Calcutta) and The Times of London in 1885 118 4. News reports of the Burmese events in the early 1850s in Calcutta, Bombay and London newspapers 188 8 List of Newspapers Bengal-based newspapers, collected in a form of microfilm at The British Library 1. Englishman 2. Friend of India 3. Hurkaru (Full title: The Bengal Hurkaru and India Gazette) 4. Statesman (Full title: The Statesman and The Friend of India) Digitalised Britain and India-based newspapers 1. The Times of London (often referred to as The Times) 2. Illustrated London News 3. Manchester Guardian 4. Graphic 5. The Times of India (formerly Bombay Times and Journal of Commerce, or Bombay Times) 9 Abstract This thesis studies the reportage in the English language press, primarily in Calcutta (but also covering Burma and Britain) of the Second and Third Anglo- Burmese Wars of 1852 and 1885, respectively. The wars were overwhelmingly the result of a combination of aggressive mercantilism and imperial territorial ambitions. Following frequent commercial disputes with the Burmese government, which customarily imposed a strict monopoly on trade, local British mercantile communities in Burma looked to wider audiences, including the British authorities, with a hope that it would result in political interference. This circumstance opened the way for the English newspapers, principally in Calcutta, to make crucial contributions to the British imperial expansion in Burma through news reporting. As this thesis demonstrates, the press made use of news to produce a political thrust for the Anglo-Burmese Wars in the early 1850s and 1885 – the scope of study which has little been explored. This thesis presents three complexities in the press news reporting on British imperial expansion in Burma. First, the dynamics of news making is taken into examination. This approach explores an internal structure of the press, in particular, political and cultural roots of each newspaper and how they contributed to the construction of news. Run by and closely associated with people who had vested interests in the British Empire, such as the mercantile classes and missionaries, the newspapers became a political platform for these interest groups. They seized commercial disputes between British mercantile classes in Burma and the Burmese authorities in the early 1850s and 1885 as an opportunity to advocate for intervention – and, later, the annexation of Burma. Secondly, the production of Burma’s news throws light on the cross- border collaboration between diverse imperial actors in various locations. This is important for revising histories of Empire that inadvertently continue to reproduce metropolitan-periphery dichotomies. The thesis shows how, in addition to the people working in the newsrooms in Calcutta and London, news and information from local British residents in Burma – in particular, merchants and missionaries – significantly enabled newspapers to push for British intervention. Newspaper editors, policy makers, merchants and informants worked together as part of a complex imperial web, furthering both their own interests and positions as well as the overall interest of Empire. Thus, this approach will broaden our understanding of the complexity of British imperialism in Burma, where diverse imperial actors were working in close collaboration to make the conquest of Burma possible. Finally, the thesis also offers an important footnote to the history of the press in the nineteenth century. While the advent of the telegraph has been hailed as a revolution in news-making of the time, the thesis shows how the elaborate claims for telegraph revolutionising news need moderation in the Burmese context for two reasons. One, telegrams made for speedier messages but did not change the content and perspective of the news produced. Two, telegraphy opened up direct channels of communication for officials, thereby leading to a relative decline in the importance of the printed press as the sole supplier of news. 10 DECLARATION No portion of the work referred to in the thesis has been submitted in support of an application for another degree or qualification of this or any other university or other institute of learning. 11 COPYRIGHT STATEMENT i. The author of this thesis (including any appendices and/or schedules to this thesis) owns certain copyright or related rights in it (the “Copyright”) and he has given The University of Manchester certain rights to use such Copyright, including for administrative purposes.
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