Endringer I Norsk Marin Bunnfauna 1997-2010 Endringer I Norsk Marin Bunnfauna 1997-2010

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Endringer I Norsk Marin Bunnfauna 1997-2010 Endringer I Norsk Marin Bunnfauna 1997-2010 UTREDNING DN-utredning 8-2011 Endringer i norsk marin bunnfauna 1997-2010 Endringer i norsk marin bunnfauna 1997-2010 DN-utredning 8-2011 EKSTRAKT: ABSTRACT: I denne utredningen viser Torleiv Bratte- In this report Torleiv Brattegard shows that Utgiver: gard at av de vel 1600 bunnlevende marine of the about 1600 benthic marine species Direktoratet for naturforvaltning artene som tidligere ble definert som syd- that were defined as southern species in lige arter for Norge, det vil si at de hadde Norway in 1997, having their northern Dato: Juni 2011 sin nordgrense ved norskekysten, har 565 distribution limit somewhere on the Nor- arter forflyttet seg lenger nord i tidsperio- wegian coast, 565 species have moved Antall sider: 112 den 1997 - 2010. I gjennomsnitt har disse further north along the coast, on average artene forflyttet seg 75-100 mil på de siste 750-1000 kilometers during the period from Emneord: Marine bunnlevende 13 årene og hele 300 av disse artene er fun- 1997 - 2010. About 300 of these southern organismer, benthos, kartlegging, net så langt nord som den vestlige delen av species have been found in the western part klimaendringer, nye arter, utbredelse Barentshavet og/eller ved Svalbard. of the Barents Sea and/or at Svalbard. Keywords: Marine benthic organisms, Godt over 100 nye arter har kommet fra More than 100 new species from more mapping, distribution, climatic change, mer tempererte områder og har etablert temperate waters have been established new species seg i norske farvann fra 1997 og fram til i in Norwegian waters from 1997 until today. dag. Minst to tredeler av disse artene har At least two thirds of these have entered Bestilling: sannsynligvis kommet via nordvestkysten our seas from Scotland and Shetland, and Direktoratet for naturforvaltning, av Skottland eller Shetland. Den resterende the rest have arrived from the coasts of postboks 5672 Sluppen, 7485 Trondheim tredelen har kommet via svenske og danske Sweden and Denmark. Telefon: 73 58 05 00 farvann. Telefaks: 73 58 05 01 www.dirnat.no/publikasjoner Refereres som: Brattegard, T. 2011.06.21 Endringer i norsk marin bunnfauna 1997 – 2010. Utredning for DN 2011 – 8. Direktoratet for naturforvaltning ISBN (Trykt): 978-82-7072-927-2 ISBN (PDF): 978-82-7072-928-9 ISSN (Trykt): 0804-1504 ISSN (PDF): 1891-4616 Layout: Guri Jermstad AS Forside: Saltstraumen mellom Saltfjorden og Skjerstadfjorden i Nordland. Foto: Erling Svensen, Egersund 2 Forfatterens forord Så vidt jeg vet har det ikke vært gjennomført planlagte undersøkelser av den marine bunnfauna langs norskekysten med det primære mål å beskrive mulige effekter av den øking i sjøvannstemperatur som har blitt påvist i de senere år. Dette arbeidet bygger derfor i stor grad på funn av arter nevnt i rapporter fra overvåkingsundersøkelser i forbindelse med menneskelige aktiviteter. Det gjelder effekter av avløpsvann fra byer og tettsteder og utslipp fra jordbruk og forskjellige typer landbasert industri, samt forurensning fra aktiviteter knyttet til sjøen og havet som for eksempel fiske, oppdrettsanlegg og olje- og gassutvinning. Slike undersøkelser er hovedsaklig utført på bløte bunner hvor man kan bruke prøvetakingsutstyr som tar kvantitative prøver, dvs. grabb, boks-corer eller multi-corer. Det betyr at man har lite informasjon om virvelløse dyr som lever på andre bunntyper, om dyr som beveger seg så raskt at de unngår redskapet, og om store eller sjeldne dyr. Informasjonen om forekomst av bunndyr er derfor ikke så god som man kunne ønske, og er ikke egnet til å gi presise svar på spørsmålene som stilles. Likevel kan kanskje den eksisterende informasjon brukes slik at man enten kan peke på at det ikke er noen sammenheng mellom øking av sjøtemperatur og sammensetning av bunndyrsfaunaen, eller at det er en slik sammenheng. Trondheim, juni 2011 Torleiv Brattegard 3 Forord Klimaet er blitt varmere i Norge, men vi har ikke kunnet dokumentere hvordan klimaendringene virker på planter og dyrs utbredelse i stor skala. På oppdrag fra DN har førsteamanuensis emeritus Torleiv Brattegard samlet egne og kollegers data på bunnlevende organismer fra norskekysten og Svalbard, og han har sammenlignet dem med data han publiserte for 13 år siden. Han har videre sett på endringen i utbredelse av bunndyrene i løpet av disse 13 årene. Resultatene er viktig informasjon som Direktoratet for naturforvaltning vil benytte i forvaltningen av våre marine områder. Trondheim 15. juni 2011 Yngve Svarte, direktør, artsforvaltningsavdelingen i DN St. Petersfisk (Zeus faber). I varme år kan den komme som gjest til våre farvann og er observert nord til Nord-Troms. I de siste år har man av og til sett den til salgs på fisketorget i Bergen. Foto: Erling Svensen, Egersund 4 Innhold Sammendrag ................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 6 1 Bakgrunn .................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 7 1.1 Sjøtemperatur langs norskekysten og i norke havområder ......................................................................................... 7 1.2 Bunndyr og sjøvannstemperatur ................................................................................................................................................ 10 1.3 Hva vet vi fra før om den marine bunnfauna langs norskekysten? ..................................................................... 12 2 Materiale og metoder ................................................................................................................................................................................... 16 3 Resultater og drøfting .................................................................................................................................................................................. 18 3.1 Har den biogeografiske sammensetning av bunnfaunaen endret seg langs kysten? ............................. 23 3.2 Hvor mange sørlige arter er nå påvist nordenfor nordgrensene slik de var kjent tidligere, og hvor store avstander er det mellom tidligere nordligste funn og de nye nordligste funn? .......... 26 3.3 Hvor mange arter har blitt omklassifisert fra utbredelseskategori gitt i Brattegard & Holthe (1997) til annen kategori i 2010? ............................................................................................. 30 3.4 Hvor kommer de fleste av de nye sørlige artene fra? .................................................................................................. 30 3.5 Er det noen strekninger av kysten som kan fortjene betegnelsen ”innfallsport” for dyr som kommer sørfra til norskekysten? .................................................................................... 33 3.6 Er alle arter som ikke er nevnt i Brattegard & Holthe (1997) nye for norskekysten og kontinentalhyllen, eller finnes det andre forklaringer?.......................................................... 36 3.7 Er det arter av bunnlevende virvelløse dyr i norske kystfarvann og norsk kontinentalhylle som ikke er nevnt i Brattegard & Holthe (1997)? ..................................................................... 38 3.8 Hvilke marine grupper av bunnlevende virvelløse dyr langs norskekysten er best kartlagt fram til og med år 2010? og for hvilke dyregrupper har man få eller ingen nye data for år etter 1996? ................................................................................................................................................................................ 39 3.9 Hva nå? ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 39 4 Konklusjoner ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 40 5 Etterskrift.............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 41 6 Kilder ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 42 6.1 Takk ............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 42 6.2 Nettsider .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 42 7 Litteratur ............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 43 7.1 Sitert litteratur ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 43 7.2 Annen anbefalt lesing .......................................................................................................................................................................
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