Carlos Roberto Ludwig Mimesis of Inwardness in Shakespeare's Drama

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Carlos Roberto Ludwig Mimesis of Inwardness in Shakespeare's Drama CARLOS ROBERTO LUDWIG MIMESIS OF INWARDNESS IN SHAKESPEARE’S DRAMA: THE MERCHANT OF VENICE PORTO ALEGRE 2013 2 UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM LETRAS ÁREA: ESTUDOS DE LITERATURA ESPECIALIDADE: LITERATURAS ESTRANGEIRAS MODERNAS ÊNFASE: LITERATURAS DE LÍNGUA INGLESA LINHA DE PESQUISA: TEORIAS LITERÁRIAS E INTERDISCIPLINARIDADE MIMESIS OF INWARDNESS IN SHAKESPEARE’S DRAMA: THE MERCHANT OF VENICE CARLOS ROBERTO LUDWIG ORIENTADORA: PROFA. DRA. KATHRIN HOLZERMAYR ROSENFIELD Tese de Doutorado em Literaturas Estrangeiras Modernas, Ênfase em Literaturas de Língua Inglesa, apresentada como requisito parcial para a obtenção do título de Doutor em Letras pelo Programa de Pós-Graduação em Letras da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. PORTO ALEGRE 2013 3 4 AGRADECIMENTOS À minha orientadora Kathrin Rosenfield, pelas iluminadoras aulas e orientações e pela oportunidade e liberdade de sempre desenvolver um trabalho criativo e autêntico; À minha família que sempre me apoiou em meus estudos e esteve presente nos momentos difíceis dessa trajetória; Ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Letras que incentivou o desenvolvimento dessa pesquisa; Ao Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, pela bolsa de doutoramento que possibilitou o desenvolvimento dessa pesquisa; Ao Professor Lawrence Flores Pereira, que sempre me incentivou à pesquisa de Shakespeare e da Renascença; Às professoras Rejane Pivetta de Oliveira e Sandra Maggio, que participaram da qualificação da tese e a Sandra que aceitou representar a Kathrin no dia da defesa de tese; À Banca Examinadora, Rosalía Neumann Garcia, Claudio Vescia Zanini e Rejane Pivetta de Oliveira, pela leitura atenta da minha tese de doutorado; Ao Angelo Constantino, que sempre me apoiou a buscar meus objetivos e sonhos nesse doutorado; Às minhas amigas Lúcia Maia, Janaína de Azevedo Baladão e Aline Castaman que sempre partilharam os momentos decisivos do meu doutorado; E, the last, but not the least, a Deus que me deu a vida, e a meus espíritos protetores que me guiaram na conquista do meu doutorado. 5 CONTENTS AGRADECIMENTOS ……….………………………………………….………………………. 04 CONTENTS ………………………………………………………….………………..…….… 05 RESUMO ……………………….………………………………….………………………..... 07 ABSTRACT ……………….………………………….…………….…………..………….….. 08 INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………..……………………….….…… 09 CHAPTER 1 – Inwardness from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance ................................ 30 1. 1. The Emergence of Self from the Middle Ages onwards ………....…………….…...…. 32 1. 2. Inwardness and Occluded Desires in Dante‘s Work: The body of Beatrice …………... 35 1. 3. Montaigne and the Self-Investigation of an Inward Space ............................................. 42 1. 4. Problems of Representation and Shakespearean mimesis of Inwardness …….…….…. 48 CHAPTER 2 – Sadness and Discontent in Antonio’s Inwardness ....................................... 60 2. 1. Antonio‘s Sadness, Weariness, Discontent ..................................................................... 60 2. 2. Homoerotic and Fiscal Fantasies in Antonio‘s Inwardness: Fear and Desire of Castration ................................................................................................. 74 2. 3. The Homoerotic Relationship and the Renaissance Opposing Views on it ................... 80 2. 4. Jason, Medea, the Golden Fleece and Bassanio‘s Inwardness ....................................... 85 CHAPTER 3 – Facing the Paternal Figure: Conscience, Shame and Inwardness ........... 91 4. 1. Jacob‘s and Laban's sheep: Usury and the Bond ………………………………….….. 91 4. 2. Sealing the Bond: Affective and Fiscal Relations ......................................................... 113 4. 3. Antonio‘s Inward Sinister Dimensions and Foreclosure ……………...…….…..……. 117 6 4. 4. Launcelot and Shylock: Conscience and Anxieties regarding the Paternal Figure ....... 122 4. 5. Fathers and Daughters: Jessica‘s Elopement and Denial of the Paternal Figure .......... 130 4. 6. Jessica‘s Elopement: Mimesis of her Inwardness and Shame ...................................... 138 CHAPTER 4 – Mimesis of Shylock’s Inwardness ………….……………………….…..... 146 4. 1. Anti-Semitism and Anxieties in the Criticism on Shylock ........................................... 146 4. 2. Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries‘ Criticism: Shylock as a Tragic Hero ................ 150 4. 3. Twentieth Century‘s Criticism: Shylock as a Comic Villain ........................................ 153 4. 4. Shylock‘s and Antonio‘s Losses and the Mimesis of Shylock‘s Inwardness ............... 159 4. 5. I am a Jew: Shylock‘s Inwardness and Pathos ............................................................. 162 4. 6. Shylock‘s Fantasies and Anxieties regarding the Female Figures Jessica and Leah ... 176 CHAPTER 5 – Portia, Judgement and Inwardness ............................................................ 190 5. 1. Mimesis of Portia‘s Inwardness: her Weariness and Concealed Desires ...................... 190 5. 2. Portia‘s suitors: from Inwardness to Judgement ........................................................... 195 5. 3. The Casket Scene: Inwardness and false Appearances ................................................. 198 5. 4. Suing the merchant: Shylock‘s revenge …………….…….………………………...... 206 5. 5. The Trial Scene: Judgement, Conscience and Inwardness ….……………………...... 210 5. 6. Undoing Shylock‘s bond: Judgement and Conscience ………….………………….... 221 5. 7. Is The Merchant of Venice, a Comedy or a Tragicomedy? ……….…………….….. 248 CONCLUSION …………………………………………………...…………….…………..... 253 REFERENCES ......................................................................................................................... 262 7 RESUMO Esta Tese de Doutorado tem por objetivo discutir a questão da mimesis da interioridade no Mercador de Veneza, de William Shakespeare. A pesquisa está embasada na obra Inwardness and Theater in the English Renaissance, de Maus (1995), e na obra Shakespeare Philosophy, de McGinn (2007), na crítica literária da peça. Maus apresenta a interioridade como um constructo social e cultural da Renascença Inglesa. Ela analisa a interioridade tomando como base a oposição entre aparências, consideradas falsas e enganosas na época, e interioridade, que era tida como manifestações sinceras e verdadeiras das dimensões interiores do indivíduo. Contudo, McGinn vai além da discussão de Maus sobre interioridade, ao perceber que Shakespeare representou as dimensões obscuras incontroláveis do indivíduo. Ele apresenta as forças misteriosas que controlam os pendores interiores das personagens. Além disso, a tese busca analisar a constelação de motivos e a retórica da interioridade que representam sentimentos interiores na peça de Shakespeare. Parte da hipótese de que a mimesis shakespeariana da interioridade é representada em sinais, sutis tais como os silêncios, os não-ditos, as rupturas de linguagem, gestos corporais, pathos, contradições de ideias e pensamentos, a consciência, vergonha e atos falhos. Ademais, a mimesis shakespeariana da interioridade é construída através do artifício do espelhamento que é a representação das dimensões interiores e os pendores da mente nos sentimentos, ideias, gestos, pensamentos, comportamento e atitude de outras personagens. Na verdade, Shakespeare não inventou a interioridade, mas aprofundou a representação da interioridade introduzindo traços inovadores na linguagem do drama. Este trabalho também discute o estranho desenvolvimento da crítica sobre a peça, apresentando que a crítica dos séculos XVIII e XIX lia Shylock como um herói trágico, ao passo que a crítica do século XX lia Shylock como um vilão cômico, provavelmente influenciada pelo antissemitismo da primeira metade do século. Essa pesquisa foca sobre a estranha relação entre Antonio e Bassanio, assim como sua relação com Shylock. Sua relação é representada como homoerótica e o desejo de um frívolo sacrifício de Antonio por Bassanio sugere a interioridade de Antonio. Shylock é também representado como o pai primordial da peça e esse detalhe sugere a causa da tristeza de Antonio no começo da peça. Analisa também o teste dos escrínios de Portia e demonstra seu desejo de defraudar o testamento de seu pai, tão logo ela pede que se toque uma canção que sugere em suas rimas o verdadeiro escrínio. Discute os problemas da consciência de Launcelot e da interioridade de Jessica. Analisa também a relação distante entre Jessica e Shylock, como também sua partida da casa de seu pai e roubo de seu dinheiro, como uma forma de afrontar o poder patriarcal. Centra-se também na cegueira de Shylock para com as intenções reais de sua filha. Interpreta a cena do julgamento de Shylock e como Portia forja um julgamento fraudulento, anulando o contrato de Shylock a tomando sua propriedade. Apresenta uma discussão sobre a mimesis shakespeariana de interioridade, com base nas considerações de Auerbach e Dubois, assim como discute o problema do gênero da peça, sugerindo que a peça não é uma mera comédia, mas uma tragicomédia. Palavras-Chave: O Mercador de Veneza de Shakespeare; Mimesis da Interioridade; Artifício de Espelhamento; Retórica da Interioridade; Consciência; Rupturas na linguagem; Silêncios; Pathos. 8 ABSTRACT This Doctorate thesis aims at discussing the issue of mimesis of inwardness in The Merchant of Venice, by William Shakespeare. This survey is based on Maus‘ Inwardness and Theater in the English Renaissance (1995), McGinn‘s work Shakespeare Philosophy (2007) and the literary criticism on the play. Maus presents inwardness
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