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Power, Leadership and Morality: a Reading of Ken Arok’S Images in Indonesian Literature and Popular Culture

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Power, Leadership and Morality: a Reading of Ken Arok’S Images in Indonesian Literature and Popular Culture View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by ScholarBank@NUS POWER, LEADERSHIP AND MORALITY: A READING OF KEN AROK’S IMAGES IN INDONESIAN LITERATURE AND POPULAR CULTURE NOVITA DEWI NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE 2005 POWER, LEADERSHIP AND MORALITY: A READING OF KEN AROK’S IMAGES IN INDONESIAN LITERATURE AND POPULAR CULTURE NOVITA DEWI B. A. (Sanata Dharma University) M. S. (Gadjah Mada University) M. A. Hons. (New South Wales University) A THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY SOUTHEAST ASIAN STUDIES PROGRAMME NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE 2005 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This thesis would not have come to its completion without the assistance of numerous individuals to whom I, forever, owe a huge debt. It gives me a great pleasure to mention some of them. I am especially indebted to Dr. Goh Beng Lan for her commitment to supervise me and discuss my thesis topic right from the beginning of the project in order to help me think deeply about it, work on it and articulate it properly. Her constant guidance, constructive criticism and unrelenting support throughout the years have given me more than a valuable learning experience – it is a treasured encounter in my life that I will always cherish. Professor Reynaldo C. Ileto has been particularly helpful in shaping my ideas either through our discussions or by way of his enlightening lectures that I attended. I am grateful for his time spent reading and giving comments on the draft of the thesis as well as on helping me with the final editing. My gratitude goes also to Dr. Priyambudi Sulistyanto for his willingness to sit on the thesis committee. His advice and suggestions have been useful throughout the course of writing this thesis. I acknowledge my most sincere appreciation to a number of academic staff at the National University of Singapore for their insights and support: Prof. John Miksic, Dr. Titima Suthiwan, Dr. Jan Mrazek, Prof. Habibul Haque Khondker, Prof. Shapan Adnan, Dr. Ulrike Niklas, Prof. Chang Tuo Chuang, Dr. Carl Grundy-Warr, Dr. Jennifer Lindsay and Prof. Ryan Bishop. My thanks go to the administrative staff of the Southeast Asian Studies Programme, Ms. Lucy Tan, Ms. Rohani binti Sungib and Ms. Rohani binti Jantan. I also thank the Graduate Division of the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences for the Research Scholarship, Conference Travel Grant and Research Grant given to me. My gratitude also goes to the helpful and friendly librarians of the university. My fellow graduate students and alumnus of the Southeast Asian Studies Programme have been supportive and I would like to thank them: Widya Nayati, Maria Gloria Cano Garcia, Chua Bann, Vicente Chua Reyes, Ferdinand P. Uko, Suryakenchana bin Omar and Liu Yan; Dr. Mahendra K. Dattu, Dr. Budiawan Purwadi, Dang Ding Trung, Rungrawee Chalermsripinyorat, Alexandrovich Evgeny and from other departments Hendra Bachtiar and Pediarto Wibowo. Special thanks go to my best friend, the resilient, hardworking ‘Maritime Pirate’ graduate student Henry Xu Ke not only for the most vital help through his editing skill, but also his persistent encouragements during the crucial stages of my study. I owe thanks to the University of Sanata Dharma and to the Sanata Dharma Foundation for granting me extended study leave and to all my colleagues at the Faculty of Letters for their support and assistance in many ways during my absence. I shall never forget the many big-hearted individuals I met during my fieldwork and made friends thereafter without whom my thesis would have never been written and my living experience may have unfolded differently. In West Java: the late Harry Roesli, the Seno Harsonos, Pramoedya Ananta Toer, Tatiana Toer, R. A. Kosasih, the family of Julia Suparmi and Muhammad Rachmat, Eddy, Dedy Wibowo and George Rudy. In Central Java/Yogyakarta: Theresia Sumini, Joseph Sutrisno, Sr. Clare Hand, F. C. J, G. Moedjanto, Dr. Pranowo, Dr. Hartono Budi, S. J, Setya Tri Nugraha, B. Rahmanto, Hanggar Budi, Aris Wahyudi, Bondan Nusantara, Sunariadi, Dr. Sumandyo Hadi, Untung Mulyono, Ibu Singgih Hadi Mintardja, Probo Pangripto, Dhanu Priyo Prabowo, Harimurti Prawirohardjo and Cindy Claudia Muller. In East Java: the Suntoros, Aji, Ida, Elizabeth, Cecilia Sulastri, Susi Anugeraheni, Andreas Afrisal Oktavianus, Sumariyem, Abdul Rahman, Abdul Latief Nurhadiyanto, Solichah, Chandra, Suwondo, Giyono and Suwardono. Outside Indonesia: Haviel Perdana and Harry Aveling. Lastly, I would like to thank my family and friends in Indonesia and Singapore for their constant prayer and comforting reassurance without which my study away from home would have been an unbearable ordeal. None of the wonderful people mentioned above are responsible for any inaccuracies and flaws in my work. Novita Dewi 22 January 2005 ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I TABLE OF CONTENTS III SUMMARY IV CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1 THE ATTRACTION OF HISTORY/MYTH AMBIGUITY..........................................................................4 Mythical Hero/Villain in History 5 Historical Hero in Myth 11 KEN AROK’S PORTRAIT IN LOCAL FRAME......................................................................................14 READING KEN AROK: A POTPOURRI...............................................................................................21 OVERVIEW OF THE THESIS ...............................................................................................................24 CHAPTER TWO: LEADERSHIP IN THEORY 28 THEORISING LEADERSHIP: A LITERATURE REVIEW......................................................................29 IMAGINING THE RULER ....................................................................................................................37 Ken Arok and Kris 39 CONCLUDING REMARKS: IN SEARCH OF THE MODEL LEADER .....................................................42 CHAPTER THREE: KING AND CHAMPION OF UNITY 50 THE BIRTH OF THE NATION AND SOME KEY PLAYERS...................................................................51 ALL FOR NATIONALISM ....................................................................................................................55 King of Old, Modern Mind 60 Death is a Victory 67 Woman of Wisdom 72 CONCLUSION .....................................................................................................................................76 CHAPTER FOUR: REBEL AND KING IN A TIME OF TRANSITION 80 TO REBEL, TO RALLY AND TO ROCK: KEN AROK ON STAGE.........................................................82 POPULAR FICTION AND PANCASILA: KEN AROK ON PAPER...........................................................94 CONCLUSION ...................................................................................................................................111 CHAPTER FIVE: THE MANY FACES OF THE KING 114 TALE OF POLITICAL SUCCESSION, SCHEME AND SPITE................................................................117 THE ENEMY STRIKES BACK? .........................................................................................................131 ROUGH OUTSIDE, REFINED INSIDE................................................................................................146 CONCLUSION ...................................................................................................................................156 CHAPTER SIX: LEADERSHIP REVISITED 159 KEN AROK AND KEN DEDES: DECONSTRUCTING DONGENG........................................................161 Arok the Architect 170 Women are Warriors; but the Survivors, the Sudras 176 THE RIGHT MESSAGE IN THE WRONG MEDIUM ...........................................................................184 CONCLUSION ...................................................................................................................................191 CHAPTER SEVEN: CONCLUSION 193 BIBLIOGRAPHY 203 PRINTED MEDIA..............................................................................................................................214 ON-LINE MEDIA ..............................................................................................................................215 iii SUMMARY The image of the Singasari king Ken Arok persists in the Indonesian imagination through novels, plays, comic books and television serials as well as in authoritative discourses such as history textbooks and political journalism. A king, rebel and hero rolled into one, Ken Arok is a symbol of particular pasts reflecting problems of power, leadership, morality and other political questions in today’s Indonesia. The oscillation of opposing values in Ken Arok’s dual status corresponds to the ordinary people’s predicament in the search for model leadership given the country’s history of repeatedly failed political transformations. This thesis will show that the ambiguous location of Ken Arok’s representations can be better grasped by contextualising the specific reasons and passions behind the different images within particular historical junctures in Indonesian society, economy and politics. The selected texts under discussusion form a sketch of Indonesia’s history of political leadership from the various eras since the rise of nationalism in the 1920s through to Suharto’s New Order and the current Reformation. In examining the varied cultural representations of this thirteenth century king this thesis hopes to contribute to the debate on statehood and leadership in contemporary Indonesia. iv CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION Apart from
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