Voor Mijn Ouders En Grootouders Promotor Prof. Dr

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Voor Mijn Ouders En Grootouders Promotor Prof. Dr voor mijn ouders en grootouders Promotor Prof. dr. Frank Vermeulen Vakgroep Archeologie Decaan Prof. dr. Marc Boone Rector Prof. dr. Anne De Paepe Nederlandse vertaling: Publieke badhuizen en badgewoontes in de late oudheid Kaftinformatie: Grondplan van de baden in de Via della Foce in Ostia (Italië)(naar: Nielsen 1993b, 96, fig. 72) Alle rechten voorbehouden. Niets uit deze uitgave mag worden verveelvoudigd, opgeslagen in een geautomatiseerd gegevensbestand, of openbaar gemaakt, in enige vorm of op enige wijze, hetzij elektronisch, mechanisch, door fotokopieën, opnamen, of enige andere manier, zonder voorafgaande toestemming van de uitgever. Faculteit Letteren & Wijsbegeerte Sadi Maréchal Public baths and bathing habits in Late Antiquity A study of the archaeological and historical evidence from Roman Italy, North Africa and Palestine between AD 285 and AD 700 Volume 2: catalogue, maps and figures Proefschrift voorgelegd tot het behalen van de graad van Doctor in de Archeologie 2016 Table of Contents List of Maps ......................................................................................................................... ix List of Figures ...................................................................................................................... xiii Introduction to Volume 2 ......................................................................................................... 1 Key to the general plans ................................................................................................ 2 Part 1 – Maps ................................................................................................................................................. 5 Part 2 - Figures .............................................................................................................................................55 Part 3 - Catalogue ...................................................................................................................................... 185 Baths in the Italian Peninsula, Sicily and Sardinia............................................................. 187 C1. Aquileia (Regio X), Large Baths of Constantine II ......................................... 189 C2. Brixia (Brescia, Reg. X), Castello Baths ........................................................... 191 C3. Brundisium (Brindisi, Regio II), Baths of S. Pietro degli Schavioni .............. 193 C4. Curinga (Regio III) .............................................................................................. 195 C5. Galeata (Reg. VIII), Baths of the Palace of Theodoric .................................. 197 C6. Luna (Luni, Regio VII), Late Baths .................................................................... 199 C7. Mediolanum (Milan, Regio XI), Herculean Baths ............................................ 201 C8. Misterbianco (Sicily) ........................................................................................ 203 C9. Ostia (Regio I), Small Baths West of the Palazzo Imperiale ......................... 205 C10. Ostia (Regio I), Baths in the Horreum ............................................................. 207 C11. Ostia (Regio I), Baths of Musiciolus ............................................................... 209 C12. Ostia (Regio I), Baths along the Via della Marciana .................................... 211 C13. Ostia (Regio I), Small Baths on the Via Severiana ....................................... 213 C14. Ostia (Regio I), Baths of Perseus .................................................................... 215 C15. Ostia (Regio I), Byzantine Baths ..................................................................... 217 C16. Ostia (Regio I), baths on the Via Della Foce ................................................. 219 v C17. Piazza Armerina (Sicily), Baths of the Villa del Casale ............................. 221 C18. Piazza Armerina (Sicily) Small Baths south of the Villa del Casale ........ 223 C19. Ravenna (Regio VIII), Baths in Via d’Azeglio ............................................... 225 C20. Ravenna (Regio VIII), ‘bagni del clero’ ......................................................... 227 C21. Ravenna (Regio VIII), Baths in Via S. Alberto .............................................. 229 C22. Rome (Regio I), Baths of Diocletian ............................................................... 231 C23. Rome (Regio I), Baths of Constantine ........................................................... 233 C24. Rome (Regio I), Baths near the Scala Caci on the Palatine ........................ 235 C25. Rome (Regio I), Baths of Elagabalus .............................................................. 237 C26. Rome (Regio I), Baths in Via Ariosto ............................................................. 239 C27. Rome (Regio I), Small Baths on the Forum Romanum .................................. 241 C28. San Giusto (Regio II), Church Baths .............................................................. 243 C29. Turris Libisonis (Porto Torres, Sardinia), ‘Terme Pallottino’ ..................... 245 C30. Valentia (Valesio, Regio II), mansio baths ..................................................... 247 C31. Volaterrae (Volterra, Regio VII), Vallebuona baths ..................................... 249 C32. Volaterrae (Volterra, Regio VII), Guarnacciane baths of San Felice ...... 251 Baths in North Africa ............................................................................................................253 C33. Ain En-Ngila (Libya) ....................................................................................... 255 C34. Althiburos (Henchir Medeina, Tunisia), Baths of the House of Asclepeia .......................................................................................................... 257 C35. Belalis Maior (Henchir el-Faouar, Tunisia), Baths of Theseus and the Minotaur .......................................................................................................... 259 C36. Bulla Regia (Hamam Daradji, Tunisia), Baths Northwest of the Theatre ............................................................................................................. 261 C37. Columnata (Toukria/Sidi Hosni, Algeria) ..................................................... 263 C38. Cuicul (Djemila, Algeria), East Baths ............................................................. 265 C39. Cuicul (Djemila, Algeria), Baths of the House of Europe............................ 267 C40. Cuicul (Djemila, Algeria), Baths of the House of the Donkey .................... 269 C41. Cuicul (Djemila, Algeria), Baths of the House of Castorius........................ 271 C42. Cuicul (Djemila, Algeria), Baths of the Baptistery ...................................... 273 C43. Karthago (Tunis, Tunisia), balnea privata ...................................................... 275 C44. Karthago (Tunis, Tunisia), Odeon Hill Baths ................................................ 277 C45. Karthago (Tunis, Tunisia), Okba Ibn Nefaa Baths ....................................... 279 C46. Karthago (Tunis, Tunisia), Byzantine Baths ................................................ 281 C47. Karthago (Tunis, Tunisia), Douar Chott Baths ............................................. 283 C48. Kerkouane (Tunisia) ....................................................................................... 285 C49. Lambaesis (Tazoult, Algeria), Baths of the Hunters .................................... 287 C50. Lambaesis (Tazoult, Algeria), Small Baths South of the Asclepius Temple ............................................................................................................. 289 C51. Mellaha (Libya) ............................................................................................... 291 C52. Oued Athmenia (Algeria), Baths of Pompeianus ........................................ 293 C53. Sitifis (Setif, Algeria), Baths of the tTriumph of Venus ............................. 295 C54. Sitifis (Sétif, Algeria), Baths of the 5th century ............................................ 297 C55. Sidi Ghrib (Tunisia), Baths of the Marine Thiasos ..................................... 299 C56. Sufetula (Sbeitla, Tunisia), Baths of Basilica 2 ............................................. 301 C57. Sufetula (Sbeitla, Tunisia), Baths nr. 26 ........................................................ 303 C58. Thamugadi (Timgad, Algeria), Small North Baths ...................................... 305 vi C59. Thamugadi (Timgad, Algeria), Small Northeast Baths ............................... 307 C60. Thamugadi (Timgad, Algeria), Baths North of the Capitolium ................... 309 C61. Thamugadi (Timgad, Algeria), Baths of the Donatist Cathedral ............... 311 C62. Thamugadi (Timgad, Algeria), Baths of the Byzantine Fortress ............... 313 C63. Thenae (Thyna, Tunisia), Baths of the Months ........................................... 315 C64. Thenae (Thyna, Tunisia), Small Southeast Baths ........................................ 317 C65. Theveste (Tébessa/Henchir Safia, Algeria) .................................................. 319 C66. Tipasa (Tipaza, Algeria), Baths of the basilica ............................................. 321 C67. Tubactis Municipium (Gasr Ahmed, Libya) .................................................... 323 C68. Uthina (Oudhna, Tunisia), Baths of the Laberii........................................... 325 Baths in Cyrenaica ...............................................................................................................
Recommended publications
  • C a Se Stud Y
    This project is funded by the European Union November 2020 Culture in ruins The illegal trade in cultural property Case study: Algeria and Tunisia Julia Stanyard and Rim Dhaouadi Summary This case study forms part of a set of publications on the illegal trade in cultural property across North and West Africa, made up of a research paper and three case studies (on Mali, Nigeria and North Africa). This study is focused on Algeria and Tunisia, which share the same forms of material culture but very different antiquity markets. Attention is given to the development of online markets which have been identified as a key threat to this region’s heritage. Key findings • The large-scale extraction of cultural objects in both countries has its roots in the period of French colonial rule. • During the civil war in Algeria in the 1990s, trafficking in cultural heritage was allegedly linked to insurgent anti-government groups among others. • In Tunisia, the presidential family and the political elite reportedly dominated the country’s trade in archaeological objects and controlled the illegal markets. • The modern-day trade in North African cultural property is an interlinked regional criminal economy in which objects are smuggled between Tunisia and Algeria as well as internationally. • State officials and representatives of cultural institutions are implicated in the Algerian and Tunisian antiquities markets in a range of different capacities, both as passive facilitators and active participants. • There is evidence that some architects and real estate entrepreneurs are connected to CASE STUDY CASE trafficking networks. Introduction The region is a palimpsest of ancient material,7 much of which remains unexplored and unexcavated by Cultural heritage in North Africa has come under fire archaeologists.
    [Show full text]
  • Lexical Innovations Among Youngsters in Tipaza: a Sociolinguistic Investigation
    PEOPLE’S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ALGERIA Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research University of Tlemcen Faculty of Letters and Languages Department of English Lexical Innovations among Youngsters in Tipaza: A Sociolinguistic Investigation Dissertation submitted to the Department of English as a partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters in Sociolinguistics Presented by: Supervised by: Mr. Abdelhak Boukerdoun Dr. Negadi Mohammed Nassim BOARD OF EXAMINERS: Prof. Dendane Zoubir President Dr. Negadi Mohammed Nassim Supervisor Mrs.Bengedda Amina Examiner Academic year: 2016/2017 Dedication To my parents I Acknowledgements First and foremost, all praise is due to Almighty ALLAH who helped me and gave me power to finish this research work. It is with immense gratitude that I acknowledge the support and help of my supervisor Dr. Mohammed Nassim Negadi who was abundantly helpful and offered invaluable assistance, support and guidance. I consider it an honor to work with him. A special thank is addressed to the members of the jury who accepted to be among the reading committee. I also would like to thank all the teachers and students who helped me during my short journey at the University of Tlemcen. I am indebted to Dr. Noureddine Mouhadjer who gave the students an opportunity to attend a virtual class (GVC) and share that fantastic experience. I cannot find words to express my gratitude to my friends who encouraged me with their moral and financial support. I would like to thank Mr. Oussama Boukhelkhel for his assistance and valuable advises. I thank him for any sort of contribution he provided to complete this work.
    [Show full text]
  • ALGERIA – Floods
    U.S. AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT BUREAU FOR DEMOCRACY, CONFLICT, AND HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE (DCHA) OFFICE OF U.S. FOREIGN DISASTER ASSISTANCE (OFDA) ALGERIA – Floods Fact Sheet #1, Fiscal Year (FY) 2002 November 30, 2001 Overview/Numbers Affected · On November 10, 2001 violent gales and a deluge of rain lasting over 24 hours hit northern Algeria causing massive mudslides and flood damage. The Government of Algeria (GOA) declared the Algiers, Oran, and Tipaza regions disaster areas, with most of the damage occurring in the capital city of Algiers. Sixteen of the country's 48 provinces were affected. · On November 26, the GOA reported that the number of deaths attributed to the flooding had reached 751. Of this total, an estimated 700 were located in Algiers. Many of the victims were swept away by torrents of rainwater rushing down from the hills of the city. Unauthorized housing, built in dry riverbeds, collapsed as a result of the swelling, causing rubble and debris to inundate the lower parts of the city. The GOA reports that the floods left an estimated 40,000 to 50,000 individuals homeless. · According to U.N. Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA), seven communes of Algiers were seriously affected by the floods: Bab-El-Oued, Oued Koriche, Bouloghine, Raïs Hamidou, Hammamet, Aïn Bénian, Bouzaréah. The most severely affected of these communes was Bab el Oued, where 651 people were reported to have died. Another four communes were deemed partially affected: Dély Ibrahim, El-Biar, La Casbah, Alger-Centre. · On November 26, the GOA estimated that 2,700 buildings were severely damaged in the floods, 37 schools remained closed in the districts of Bab-El-Oued and Bouzareah, and an estimated 109 roads were damaged, although many have been reopened.
    [Show full text]
  • Roman Algeria, the Sahara & the M'zab Valley 2022
    Roman Algeria, the Sahara & the M’Zab Valley 2022 13 MAR – 2 APR 2022 Code: 22203 Tour Leaders Tony O’Connor Physical Ratings Explore Ottoman kasbahs, Roman Constantine, Timgad & Djemila, mud-brick trading towns of the Sahara, Moorish Tlemcen, & the secret world of the Berber M'Zab valley. Overview Join archaeologist Tony O'Connor on this fascinating tour which explores Roman Algeria, the Sahara & the M'Zab Valley. Explore the twisting streets, stairs, and alleys of the Ottoman Kasbah of Algiers and enjoy magnificent views across the city from the French colonial Cathedral of Notre-Dame d'Afrique. Wander perfectly preserved streets at the UNESCO World Heritage sites of Roman Djémila and Timgad, empty of visitors and complete with stunning mosaics, full-size temples, triumphal arches, market places, and theatres. At Sétif gaze upon one of the most exquisite mosaics in all of the Roman world – The Triumph of Dionysus. Engage with Numidian Kings at the extraordinary tombs of Medracen and the 'Tomb of the Christian' along with the ambitions of Cleopatra and Mark Antony at their daughter’s former capital of Caesarea/Cherchell. Explore the Roman 'City of Bridges', Constantine, encircled by the dramatic gorge of Wadi Rummel. Wander the atmospheric ruins of the Roman towns of Tipaza and Tiddis: Tipaza overlooks the Mediteranean, while Tiddis perches on a hillside, overlooking the fertile lands of Constantine. Walk the Algerian 'Grand Canyon' at El Ghoufi: a centre of Aures Berber culture, Algerian resistance to French colonial rule, inscriptions left behind by the engineers of Emperor Hadrian himself, and photogenic mud-brick villages clustering along vertiginous rocky ledges.
    [Show full text]
  • The Forming Process of Fiumicino Giuseppe Strappa, Marta Crognale Dipartimento Di Architettura E Progetto
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Archivio della ricerca- Università di Roma La Sapienza The Forming Process of Fiumicino Giuseppe Strappa, Marta Crognale Dipartimento di Architettura e Progetto. Università degli Studi “Sapienza” di Roma Facoltà di Architettura. Piazza Borghese n. 9. 00186 - Roma E-mail: gstrappa @yahoo.com, [email protected] Keywords: Fiumicino, Portuense, forming process Abstract This work, carried out within the Lettura e Progetto (Lpa) Laboratory of "Sapienza", University of Rome, and based on the “processual” method, proposes the regeneration, through the reading and interpretation of the forming process, of the urban settlement of Fiumicino, on the east coast of Rome. The area was formed by a set of fragmented interventions developed in different phases, with heterogeneous destinations and, apparently, no relation of necessity between them. The site appears mainly linked to the development of illegal buildings that date back to the second postwar period. However, a deeper analysis based on the reading and interpretation of the character of the building fabric, shows the existence of a clear relation of historical continuity between the today town and the territorial structures developed starting from the ancient city of Portus. Through this reading emerges the plan of a town connected to the activities of Porto Canale (Channel Port) in function since XVI Century. From the analysis of the historical cartography appears as a matrix route based on the continuation of the ancient via Portuense was formed in time and developed on the building routes that have resulted. We propose a hypothesis of regeneration in the existing fabric through the densification of routes at higher urban vocation.
    [Show full text]
  • Algeria Photograph Album, 1923-1924
    http://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/kt038nc3hf No online items Algeria Photograph Album Processed by D. Tambo Department of Special Collections Davidson Library University of California, Santa Barbara Santa Barbara, CA 93106 Phone: (805) 893-3062 Fax: (805) 893-5749 Email: [email protected] URL: http://www.library.ucsb.edu/speccoll/speccoll.html © 2003 Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. Algeria Photograph Album SC 848 1 Algeria Photograph Album, 1923-1924 Collection number: SC 848 Department of Special Collections, Davidson Library, University of California, Santa Barbara Contact Information: Department of Special Collections Davidson Library University of California, Santa Barbara Santa Barbara, CA 93106 Phone: (805) 893-3062 Fax: (805) 893-5749 Email: [email protected] URL: http://www.library.ucsb.edu/speccoll/speccoll.html Processed by: D. Tambo Date Completed: 27 April 2004 Encoded by: David C. Gartrell © 2003 Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. Descriptive Summary Title: Algeria Photograph Album, Date (inclusive): 1923-1924 Collection Number: SC 848 Extent: .05 linear feet (1 folder) Repository: University of California, Santa Barbara. Library. Department of Special Collections Santa Barbara, California 93106-9010 Physical Location: Vault Language: English. Access Restrictions None. Publication Rights Copyright has not been assigned to the Department of Special Collections, UCSB. All requests for permission to publish or quote from manuscripts must be submitted in writing to the Head of Special Collections. Permission for publication is given on behalf of the Department of Special Collections as the owner of the physical items and is not intended to include or imply permission of the copyright holder, which also must be obtained.
    [Show full text]
  • Communes Vertes » Gestion Énergétique Durable Des Communes
    Ph : © GIZ Mis en oeuvre par: Ministère de l’Intérieur, des Collectivités Locales et de l'Aménagement du Territoire Projet « Communes Vertes » Gestion énergétique durable des communes Contexte Nom du projet Communes Vertes De par ses engagements internationaux dans le cadre des né- gociations sur le climat, et répondant aux défis climatiques lo- Sur mandat du Ministère fédéral de la Coopération Econo- mique et du Développement (Bundesminis- caux, l’Algérie s’est engagée dans un programme ambitieux terium für wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit pour contribuer à la réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de und Entwicklung - BMZ) serre (GES) visant 7 à 20% à l’horizon 2030 en comparaison Partenaire politique Le Ministère de l'Intérieur, des Collectivités avec un scénario de consommation classique. locales et de l'Aménagement du territoire (MICLAT) Le développement des énergies renouvelables (EnR) et la pro- motion de l’efficacité énergétique (EE) est un axe principal de Organe d’exécution Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zu- la stratégie du gouvernement algérien pour atteindre ses ob- sammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH jectifs de réduction des émissions GES. Cela passe à travers Zones d’intervention Adrar, Bechar, Djelfa, Jijel, Mascara, Msila, l’optimisation de la consommation d'énergie, et en assurant Relizane, Souk Ahras une transition énergétique basée sur la production d’énergie Durée 04/2020 – 03/2023 propre et durable à partir de sources d'EnR. Une attention particulière est mise sur l'électricité provenant de l'énergie Dans ce contexte, le présent projet financé par le Ministère solaire. fédéral Allemand de la Coopération Économique et du Déve- Les collectivités locales jouent un rôle important dans la vi- loppement (BMZ) vient pour soutenir les efforts engagés par sion du gouvernement algérien pour assurer la transition le MICLAT pour la promotion de l’utilisation des EnR et de l’EE énergétique.
    [Show full text]
  • 80808459.Pdf
    Etude de la mise à 2x2 voies de la route RR27 entre Nabeul et Kélibia Etude d'Impact sur l’Environnement CHAPITRE 1. INTRODUCTION Le présent dossier constitue l'étude d'impact sur l'environnement du projet de la mise en 2x2 voies de la route de la RR27 entre Nabeul et Kélibia et la réalisation des déviations de Korba et Menzel Témime dans le gouvernorat de Nabeul. Les études techniques et d’EIE ont été confiées au bureau d'études B.T.E. (Bureau Tunisien des Etudes) par la Direction des Etudes du Ministère de l'Equipement. Ce projet est soumis aux dispositions de la loi n°88-91 du 2 août 1988 et notamment son article 5, ainsi qu'au décret n°91-362 de mars 1991 et au décret n°2005-1991 du 11 juillet 2005, qui précisent que la réalisation d'une étude d'impact sur l'environnement et son agrément par l'ANPE sont un préalable à toute autorisation de création d'activités nouvelles susceptibles d'engendrer des nuisances pour l'environnement. 1.1 CADRE GENERALE Le Cap Bon est un cap qui constitue la pointe nord-est de la Tunisie situé sur la mer méditerranée, il ouvre le canal de Sicile et ferme le golfe de Tunis. Appelé parfois « beau promontoire », les habitants connaissent cette péninsule sous le nom de Rass Eddar. À l'époque de la puissance de la civilisation carthaginoise, il constituerait la limite méridionale au-delà de laquelle ne peuvent plus circuler les navires romains. Le Cap Bon donne également son nom à toute la péninsule s'étendant jusqu'aux villes d'Hammamet (au sud) et de Soliman (à l'ouest).
    [Show full text]
  • S.No Governorate Cities 1 L'ariana Ariana 2 L'ariana Ettadhamen-Mnihla 3 L'ariana Kalâat El-Andalous 4 L'ariana Raoued 5 L'aria
    S.No Governorate Cities 1 l'Ariana Ariana 2 l'Ariana Ettadhamen-Mnihla 3 l'Ariana Kalâat el-Andalous 4 l'Ariana Raoued 5 l'Ariana Sidi Thabet 6 l'Ariana La Soukra 7 Béja Béja 8 Béja El Maâgoula 9 Béja Goubellat 10 Béja Medjez el-Bab 11 Béja Nefza 12 Béja Téboursouk 13 Béja Testour 14 Béja Zahret Mediou 15 Ben Arous Ben Arous 16 Ben Arous Bou Mhel el-Bassatine 17 Ben Arous El Mourouj 18 Ben Arous Ezzahra 19 Ben Arous Hammam Chott 20 Ben Arous Hammam Lif 21 Ben Arous Khalidia 22 Ben Arous Mégrine 23 Ben Arous Mohamedia-Fouchana 24 Ben Arous Mornag 25 Ben Arous Radès 26 Bizerte Aousja 27 Bizerte Bizerte 28 Bizerte El Alia 29 Bizerte Ghar El Melh 30 Bizerte Mateur 31 Bizerte Menzel Bourguiba 32 Bizerte Menzel Jemil 33 Bizerte Menzel Abderrahmane 34 Bizerte Metline 35 Bizerte Raf Raf 36 Bizerte Ras Jebel 37 Bizerte Sejenane 38 Bizerte Tinja 39 Bizerte Saounin 40 Bizerte Cap Zebib 41 Bizerte Beni Ata 42 Gabès Chenini Nahal 43 Gabès El Hamma 44 Gabès Gabès 45 Gabès Ghannouch 46 Gabès Mareth www.downloadexcelfiles.com 47 Gabès Matmata 48 Gabès Métouia 49 Gabès Nouvelle Matmata 50 Gabès Oudhref 51 Gabès Zarat 52 Gafsa El Guettar 53 Gafsa El Ksar 54 Gafsa Gafsa 55 Gafsa Mdhila 56 Gafsa Métlaoui 57 Gafsa Moularès 58 Gafsa Redeyef 59 Gafsa Sened 60 Jendouba Aïn Draham 61 Jendouba Beni M'Tir 62 Jendouba Bou Salem 63 Jendouba Fernana 64 Jendouba Ghardimaou 65 Jendouba Jendouba 66 Jendouba Oued Melliz 67 Jendouba Tabarka 68 Kairouan Aïn Djeloula 69 Kairouan Alaâ 70 Kairouan Bou Hajla 71 Kairouan Chebika 72 Kairouan Echrarda 73 Kairouan Oueslatia 74 Kairouan
    [Show full text]
  • Phoenician Bathing in the Hellenistic East: Ashkelon and Beyond
    Phoenician Bathing in the Hellenistic East: Ashkelon and Beyond Kathleen Birney Excavations of a Hellenistic neighborhood at Ashkelon revealed a suite of heavily plastered rooms, one with a mosaic foor, decorated in Greek Masonry Style. Tese rooms resemble the bathing suite identifed in an elite 2nd-century residence at Tel Anafa and likely refect a Phoe- nician style of “cleansing bathing” documented at Phoenician sites from the 4th through 2nd cen- turies b.c. Such suites difer in character, bathing type, and placement from Greek public and private baths in the Mediterranean and Levant, as well as from ritual baths in the Judaean tradi- tion. Te bathing suites appear at Phoenician and Phoenician-infuenced sites in Israel during the Persian and Hellenistic periods but are presently under-recognized. Tis article presents a set of criteria by which to understand and identify Phoenician bathing suites and argues that the prefer- ence for this bathing style may, in part, explain why immersion bathing—popular in the western Mediterranean—failed to catch on in the Hellenistic East until the era of Roman control. Keywords: Ashkelon; Hellenistic; Phoenician; Punic; bathing; baths; Hellenization; Persian Levant; Anafa n 1989, during excavations of a 2nd-century Helle- their immediate archaeological and architectural context, nistic neighborhood, the Leon Levy Expedition un- and then presents parallels within and beyond Israel that covered an unusual set of stuccoed rooms built into speak to the establishment of a lasting cultural trend. Ithe northwestern corner of an insula (Building 65). Te smallest and most intact of these was originally identi- Grid 38: Te Hellenistic Neighborhood fed as a private cistern (Stager, Schloen, and Master 2008: 287–91), an unsatisfying explanation given the fact that Grid 38, an area situated on the northern slope of Ash- coastal aquifers supplied the city’s numerous wells so re- kelon’s southern tell, was one of four Hellenistic neigh- liably that such cisterns were unnecessary in any period borhoods excavated at the site (Fig.
    [Show full text]
  • The Shops and Shopkeepers of Ancient Rome
    CHARM 2015 Proceedings Marketing an Urban Identity: The Shops and Shopkeepers of Ancient Rome 135 Rhodora G. Vennarucci Lecturer of Classics, Department of World Languages, Literatures, and Cultures, University of Arkansas, U.S.A. Abstract Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the development of fixed-point retailing in the city of ancient Rome between the 2nd c BCE and the 2nd/3rd c CE. Changes in the socio-economic environment during the 2nd c BCE caused the structure of Rome’s urban retail system to shift from one chiefly reliant on temporary markets and fairs to one typified by permanent shops. As shops came to dominate the architectural experience of Rome’s streetscapes, shopkeepers took advantage of the increased visibility by focusing their marketing strategies on their shop designs. Through this process, the shopkeeper and his shop actively contributed to urban placemaking and the distribution of an urban identity at Rome. Design/methodology/approach – This paper employs an interdisciplinary approach in its analysis, combining textual, archaeological, and art historical materials with comparative history and modern marketing theory. Research limitation/implications – Retailing in ancient Rome remains a neglected area of study on account of the traditional view among economic historians that the retail trades of pre-industrial societies were primitive and unsophisticated. This paper challenges traditional models of marketing history by establishing the shop as both the dominant method of urban distribution and the chief means for advertising at Rome. Keywords – Ancient Rome, Ostia, Shop Design, Advertising, Retail Change, Urban Identity Paper Type – Research Paper Introduction The permanent Roman shop was a locus for both commercial and social exchanges, and the shopkeeper acted as the mediator of these exchanges.
    [Show full text]
  • MPLS VPN Service
    MPLS VPN Service PCCW Global’s MPLS VPN Service provides reliable and secure access to your network from anywhere in the world. This technology-independent solution enables you to handle a multitude of tasks ranging from mission-critical Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), Customer Relationship Management (CRM), quality videoconferencing and Voice-over-IP (VoIP) to convenient email and web-based applications while addressing traditional network problems relating to speed, scalability, Quality of Service (QoS) management and traffic engineering. MPLS VPN enables routers to tag and forward incoming packets based on their class of service specification and allows you to run voice communications, video, and IT applications separately via a single connection and create faster and smoother pathways by simplifying traffic flow. Independent of other VPNs, your network enjoys a level of security equivalent to that provided by frame relay and ATM. Network diagram Database Customer Portal 24/7 online customer portal CE Router Voice Voice Regional LAN Headquarters Headquarters Data LAN Data LAN Country A LAN Country B PE CE Customer Router Service Portal PE Router Router • Router report IPSec • Traffic report Backup • QoS report PCCW Global • Application report MPLS Core Network Internet IPSec MPLS Gateway Partner Network PE Router CE Remote Router Site Access PE Router Voice CE Voice LAN Router Branch Office CE Data Branch Router Office LAN Country D Data LAN Country C Key benefits to your business n A fully-scalable solution requiring minimal investment
    [Show full text]