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Preliminary Modelling and Mapping of Critical Loads for Cadmium and Lead in Europe

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Preliminary Modelling and Mapping of Critical Loads for Cadmium and Lead in Europe Working Group on Effects of the wge Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution RIVM reportno. 259101011/2002 Preliminary modelling and mapping of critical loads for cadmium and lead in Europe J.-P. Hettelingh, J. Slootweg, M. Posch (eds.) S. Dutchak, I. Ilyin (EMEP/MSC-E) Working Group on Effects of the wge Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution ICP M&M Coordination Center for Effects EMEP – Meteorological Synthesizing Centre - East page 2 Preliminary modelling and mapping of critical loads for cadmium and lead in Europe This investigation has been performed by order and for the account of the Directorate for Climate Change and Industry of the Dutch Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment within the framework of RIVM-project M259101, “UNECE-LRTAP”; and for the account of the Working Group on Effects within the trustfund for the partial funding of effect oriented activities under the Convention. RIVM, P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, telephone: 31 - 30 - 274 91 11; telefax: 31 - 30 - 274 29 71 Preliminary modelling and mapping of critical loads for cadmium and lead in Europe page 3 Table of Contents Acknowledgements 5 Preface 6 Summary 8 Samenvatting (Summary in Dutch) 9 PART I Modelling and Mapping of Critical Loads for Cadmium and Lead 10 1. Preliminary Modelling and Mapping of Critical Loads for Cadmium and Lead and their Exceedances – Executive Summary 11 1.1 Introduction 11 1.2 Preliminary critical load results 12 1.3 Preliminary exceedance computation results 14 1.4 Recommendations 16 References 16 2. Guidance for the Calculation of Critical Loads for Cadmium and Lead in Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecosystems 17 2.1 Background and aim 17 2.2 Terrestrial ecosystems 19 2.3 Aquatic ecosystems 28 2.4 Summary of the present approach 32 2.5 Limitations in the present approach and possible future refinements 33 References 33 Appendix 1: Relations between cadmium and lead contents in soils extractable by aqua regia and total contents determined by HF extraction or x-ray fluorescence analysis 35 3. Summary of National Data 37 3.1 Introduction 37 3.2 Requested critical loads and auxiliary parameters 37 3.3 Data submissions from the participating countries 38 3.4 Results 40 3.5 Concluding remarks 49 4. Modelling Deposition Fields of Lead and Cadmium for Critical Load Exceedance Estimates 51 4.1 Emission data 51 4.2 Brief description of the transport model 52 4.3 Modification of dry deposition scheme for the effect-oriented tasks 54 4.4 Fields of lead and cadmium depositions for 1990, 2000 and 2010 59 4.5 Future activities 63 References 63 PART II National Focal Centre Reports 65 AUSTRIA 66 BELARUS 67 BELGIUM 68 BULGARIA 69 CZECH REPUBLIC 76 FINLAND 81 page 4 Preliminary modelling and mapping of critical loads for cadmium and lead in Europe FRANCE 82 GERMANY 86 ITALY 92 NETHERLANDS 96 NORWAY 104 RUSSIAN FEDERATION 105 SLOVAKIA 108 SWEDEN 109 SWITZERLAND 110 UKRAINE 112 UNITED KINGDOM 113 Annex 1: Background Information on the Derivation of Critical Limits for Lead and Cadmium 119 Annex 2: Updated Assessment of Critical Loads of Lead and Cadmium for European Forest Soils 123 Preliminary modelling and mapping of critical loads for cadmium and lead in Europe page 5 Acknowledgements The methods and resulting maps contained in this report are the product of collaboration within the Effects Programme of the UNECE Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution, involving many institutions and individuals throughout Europe. National Focal Centres, whose reports regarding modelling and mapping activities appear in Part II are gratefully acknowledged for their contribution. • In addition the Coordination Center for Effects at the RIVM Department for Environmental Assessments thanks the following: • The Directorate for Climate Change and Industry of the Dutch Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment for its continued support, • The EMEP Steering Body for its collaboration, • The UNECE Working Group on Effects, the Task Force of the International Co-operative Programme on the Modelling and Mapping of Critical Levels and Loads and Air Pollution Effects, Risks and Trends and its Expert Groups on Transfer Functions and Critical Limits for their collaboration and assistance, • The UN/ECE secretariat for its valuable support, including the preparation of official documentations, and in particular Mr. R. Chrast for his important assistance to our work, • The RIVM graphics department for its assistance in producing this report. page 6 Preliminary modelling and mapping of critical loads for cadmium and lead in Europe Preface The Working Group on Effects (WGE) of the United Nations Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (UNECE-CLRTAP), at its 20th session, “noted the need to further develop and test the methodology for mapping critical loads for heavy metals (Pb, Cd) and, to this end, invited the International Co-operative Programme on the Modelling and Mapping of Critical Levels and Loads and Air Pollution Effects, Risks and Trends ICP Mapping (ICP-M&M) and the Coordination Center for Effects (CCE) to issue, by the end of 2001, a call for relevant data to be provided by the NFCs on a voluntary basis” (EB.AIR/WG.1/2001/2 para. 37f). In response to this invitation the CCE issued a call for data on critical loads for lead and cadmium on 18 December 2001 requesting its twenty four National Focal Centres (NFCs) to respond not later than 11 March 2002. This report summarises the results of this call to which 17 parties responded. Maps of critical loads for lead and cadmium presented in this report are tentative and preliminary. The report is produced in collaboration with EMEP/MSC-E to enable the preliminary comparison of critical load maps to maps of lead and cadmium deposition in 2000 and 2010. An executive summary including critical load and exceedance maps is provided in chapter 1. Maps of critical loads are a first illustration of the application of available data and methods. Eleven NFCs sent data while six NFCs indicated not to be able to respond to the call at this point in time. Detailed NFC reports are provided in Part II. The International Co-operative Programme on the Modelling and Mapping of Critical Levels and Loads and Air Pollution Effects, Risks and Trends agreed that the results should only be used for testing the currently available methodology and data. The results have been presented at the 12th CCE workshop (15-17 April 2002) and the 18th Task Force on Modelling and Mapping (18-19 April 2002) in Sorrento (Italy). The work performed by NFCs used results from preparatory work conducted under the Convention since 1995. In 1998, two manuals were published, presenting guidelines for calculation methods, critical limits and input data for the calculation of critical loads of heavy metals for terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. The development of those manuals started in 1994 and several drafts were discussed at CCE workshops in 1995, 1996 and 1997. Together with other background documents they were also discussed at the “International Workshop on Critical Limits and Effect-based Approaches for Heavy Metals and POPs” in November 1997 in Bad Harzburg, Germany. In those two manuals various possibilities are described to calculate critical loads for heavy metals in view of the use of: • Simple or (more) complex models, based on a mass balance approach for metals • Different types of critical limits • Different types of transfer functions between metals in the soil solid phase and soil solution Since the publication of the manuals a “Workshop on Effects-based Approaches for Heavy Metals” was held in Schwerin, Germany, 12–15 October 1999, focusing on the use of methods and transfer functions and on critical limits to calculate critical loads. Furthermore, an “Ad-hoc International Expert Group Meeting on Effect-based Critical Limits for Heavy Metals” was held 11–13 October Preliminary modelling and mapping of critical loads for cadmium and lead in Europe page 7 2000 in Bratislava, Slovak Republic focussing specifically on the derivation of critical limits for heavy metals. This work is not yet finalised and is continued into 2003 by two expert groups, i.e. on transfer functions and critical limits. Results of this historic work were boiled down to a “guidance” document summarising the state the methodology and the required data. This guidance document was provided to each of the NFCs and also made available through the CCE website www.rivm.nl/cce. This guidance document is included in this report as chapter 2. Chapter 3 provides a detailed overview of the national submissions regarding ecosystems, and background data including a tentative inter-country comparison of data statistics. Chapter 4 describes the methodology and data involved in the modelling of atmospheric dispersion of lead and cadmium, which have been used in this study to compute critical load exceedances. The report is finalised with two Annexes. Annex 1 provides an update of the guidance document (chapter 2) which have evolved since results of the call were presented at the 12th CCE workshop and 18th Task Force on Modelling and Mapping meeting in Italy (Sorrento, 15-19 April 2002). Annex 2 consists of the effect-based critical load maps for cadmium and lead using a uniform background database, as an update of what has been presented in the CCE Status Report 2001. page 8 Preliminary modelling and mapping of critical loads for cadmium and lead in Europe Summary At its 20th session the Working Group on Effects (WGE) of the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE- CLRTAP), noted the need to further develop and test the methodology for mapping critical loads for cadmium and lead.
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