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Reconceptualizing the Gentrification Process: the Case of Cihangir, Istanbul

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Reconceptualizing the Gentrification Process: the Case of Cihangir, Istanbul RECONCEPTUALIZING THE GENTRIFICATION PROCESS: THE CASE OF CİHANGİR, İSTANBUL A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY ŞULE DEMİREL IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN URBAN DESIGN IN CITY AND REGIONAL PLANNING SEPTEMBER 2015 Approval of the thesis: RECONCEPTUALIZING THE GENTRIFICATION PROCESS: THE CASE OF CİHANGİR, İSTANBUL submitted by ŞULE DEMİREL in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Urban Design in City and Regional Planning Department, Middle East Technical University by, Prof. Dr. Gülbin Dural Ünver Dean, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences Prof. Dr. Çağatay Keskinok Head of Department, City and Regional Planning Assoc. Prof. Dr. Emine Yetişkul Şenbil Supervisor, City and Regional Planning Dept., METU Examining Committee Members: Prof. Dr. Nil Uzun City and Regional Planning Dept., METU Assoc. Prof. Dr. Emine Yetişkul Şenbil City and Regional Planning Dept., METU Assoc. Prof. Serap Kayasü City and Regional Planning Dept., METU Assoc. Prof. Dr. Fahriye Nihan Özdemir Sönmez City and Regional Planning Dept., Gazi University Asst. Prof. Dr. Suna Senem Özdemir City and Regional Planning Dept., Çankaya University Date: 11/09/2015 I hereby declare that all information in this thesis document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last name: Şule Demirel Signature: iv ABSTRACT RECONCEPTUALIZING THE GENTRIFICATION PROCESS: THE CASE OF CİHANGİR, İSTANBUL Demirel, Şule M.S., in Urban Design, Department of City and Regional Planning Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Emine Yetişkul Şenbil September 2015, 180 pages Gentrification in the most general sense is the invasion of the working class quarters by the middle classes. Since the gentrification debate has revealed in 1964 by Ruth Glass, the term has been discussed too much. There have appeared various approaches by different scholars. Gentrification has not only become widespread but also integrated into wider urban and global processes after the 1980s. After more than 50 years in the gentrification literature, there have appeared new debates on the term. Since the beginning of 2000s, new forms of gentrification have emerged and taken place in the gentrification debates. Gentrification has moved away from its classical form. Therefore it is not possible to explain gentrification via the factors of classical gentrification anymore. While gentrification processes in the neighborhood transformation have been explained with physical and socio-demographic factors; recent literature and publications are explaining gentrification processes with different factors and variables. This thesis study aims to explore the socio-demographic and spatial shifts in the already gentrified neighborhood Cihangir and investigate the changes in the socio- demographic structure. As the neighborhood has already gentrified, it actually provides a basis for discussing the new debates of gentrification. In terms of new gentrification debates Cihangir will be examined with qualitative research methods. Selected new concepts namely diversity, tolerance, and personal network and meeting places will be used as factors to find out new residential groups and the relations between the new and old groups. Keywords: Gentrification, Diversity, Tolerance, Personal Network, Cihangir v ÖZ SOYLULAŞTIRMA SÜRECİNİN YENİDEN KAVRAMSALLAŞTIRILMASI: İSTANBUL, CİHANGİR ÖRNEĞİ Demirel, Şule Yüksek Lisans, Kentsel Tasarım, Şehir ve Bölge Planlama Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi: Doç. Dr. Emine Yetişkul Şenbil Eylül 2015, 180 sayfa Soylulaştırma en genel anlamıyla, çalışan sınıfın yaşam alanlarının orta sınıf tarafından işgal edilmesidir. Soylulaştırma tartışması 1964 yılında Ruth Glass tarafından tanımlanmasından bu yana, kavram çok fazla tartışılmıştır. Farklı araştırmacılar tarafından çeşitli yaklaşımlar ortaya çıkmıştır. 1980’lerden sonra soylulaştırma yalnızca daha da yaygınlaşmamış, aynı zamanda daha geniş kentsel ve küresel süreçlerle bütünleşmiştir. Soylulaştırma literatüründe 50 yıldan fazla geçen bir sürenin arkasından, kavram üzerinde yeni tartışmalar ortaya çıkmıştır. 2000’lerin başından itibaren yeni soylulaştırma biçimleri belirmiş ve bu biçimler soylulaştırma tartışmalarında yerlerini almıştır. Soylulaştırma klasik biçiminden uzaklaşmıştır. Buna bağlı olarak soylulaştırmayı klasik soylulaştırma faktörleri ile açıklamak olanaksızlaşmıştır. Mahalle dönüşümündeki soylulaştırma süreçleri fiziksel ve sosyo- demografik faktörler ile açıklanırken; son literatür ve yayınlar, soylulaştırma süreçlerini farklı faktörler ve değişkenler ile açıklamaktadırlar. Bu tez çalışması, soylulaşmış bir mahalle olan Cihangir’deki sosyo-demografik ve mekânsal değişimleri araştırmayı ve Cihangir’in sosyo-demografik yapısındaki değişimleri incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Mahalle hâlihazırda soylulaşmış olduğu için, yeni soylulaştırma tartışmalarını ele almak için uygun bir zemin sağlamaktadır. Cihangir, yeni soylulaştırma tartışmaları bağlamında, niteliksel araştırma metodu ile incelenecektir. Çeşitlilik, tolerans ve kişisel ağ ve buluşma mekânları olarak seçilen yeni kavramlar, mahalle içindeki yeni grupları ve buna ek olarak eski ve yeni gruplar arasındaki ilişkileri ortaya çıkarmak üzere kullanılacaktır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Soylulaştırma, Çeşitlilik, Tolerans, Kişisel Ağ, Cihangir vi To my little miss sunshine Venüs vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor Assoc. Prof. Dr. Emine Yetişkul Şenbil for offering intellectual guidance and criticism during my thesis studies by spending her valuable time. Her insightful comments and suggestions enlightened my mind. It would not have been possible to complete this thesis without her support and encouragement. I also would like to thank to my examining committee, Prof. Dr. Nil Uzun, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Serap Kayasü, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Fahriye Nihan Özdemir Sönmez, and Asst. Prof. Dr. Suna Senem Özdemir for their valuable discussions, comments, and suggestions. This thesis study is based on early findings of the research project, “Practices and Policies for Neighborhood Improvement: Towards ‘Gentrification 2.0’” funded by TUBİTAK JPI Urban Europe (113K026) in which I took part as a research assistant. I would like to express special thanks to the project team; Assoc. Prof. Dr. Serap Kayasü, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Emine Yetişkul Şenbil, and Asst Prof. Dr. Suna Senem Özdemir, and my colleagues in the research project. I am always grateful to my parents, Ayla and Turan Demirel, and my brother Cihad Egemen Demirel for supporting me in everything since the beginning with their endless love, support, and understanding. I am indebted to them forever. I am also indebted to my friends who supported me with their positive energies in rough times. Last but not least, I would like to gratefully thank to Hakan Şanlı for his priceless support, encouragement, friendship, and love. Whenever I felt down, he was always there to motivate and cheer me up. This thesis would not have been completed without his support. viii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................. V ÖZ ............................................................................................................................... Vİ ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................................................................... Vİİİ TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................ İX LIST OF TABLES ..................................................................................................... Xİİ LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................... Xİİİ CHAPTERS 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Problem Definition ........................................................................................ 1 1.2 Aim of the Thesis .......................................................................................... 2 1.3 Methodology of the Thesis ............................................................................ 3 1.4 Trajectory of the Thesis ................................................................................. 4 2. THEORIES OF GENTRIFICATION ....................................................................... 7 2.1 Terms and Key Concepts of Gentrification ................................................... 7 2.1.1 The Birth of Term Gentrification............................................................... 9 2.1.2 The Other Definitions of Gentrification .................................................. 11 2.2 Causes of Gentrification: “Production Side and Consumption Side Explanations” ......................................................................................................... 18 2.3 Where Gentrification Occurs? ..................................................................... 24 2.4 Who are the Gentrifiers? ............................................................................. 25 2.5 The Consequences of Gentrification ..........................................................
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