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Introduced and Indigenous Fungi of the Ross Island Historic Huts and Pristine Areas of Antarctica

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Introduced and Indigenous Fungi of the Ross Island Historic Huts and Pristine Areas of Antarctica Polar Biol DOI 10.1007/s00300-011-1060-8 ORIGINAL PAPER Introduced and indigenous fungi of the Ross Island historic huts and pristine areas of Antarctica R. L. Farrell • B. E. Arenz • S. M. Duncan • B. W. Held • J. A. Jurgens • R. A. Blanchette Received: 12 February 2011 / Revised: 20 June 2011 / Accepted: 29 June 2011 Ó Springer-Verlag 2011 Abstract This review summarizes research concerning historic sites, and one historic site showed noticeably higher Antarctic fungi at the century-old historic huts of the Heroic diversity, which led to the conclusion that this is a variable Period of exploration in the Ross Dependency 1898–1917 that should not be generalized. Cultured fungi were cold and fungi in pristine terrestrial locations. The motivation of active, and the broader scientific significance of this finding the research was initially to identify potential fungal causes was that climate change (warming) may not adversely affect of degradation of the historic huts and artifacts. The these fungal species unless they were out-competed by new research was extended to study fungal presence at pristine arrivals or unfavorable changes in ecosystem domination sites for comparison purposes and to consider the role of occur. fungi in the respective ecosystems. We employed classical microbiology for isolation of viable organisms, and culture- Keywords Terrestrial Á Climate change Á Biodiversity Á independent DNA analyses. The research provided baseline Adaptation data on microbial biodiversity. Principal findings were that there is significant overlap of the yeasts and filamentous fungi isolated from the historic sites, soil, and historic- Introduction introduced materials (i.e., wood, foodstuffs) and isolated from environmental samples in pristine locations. Aerial Fungi have been isolated from a wide variety of locations spore monitoring confirmed that winter spore counts were in Antarctica (Vishniac 1996). Onofri et al. (2004) reported high and, in some cases, similar to those found in summer. that in Antarctica, 0.6% of the known fungal species were Microbial diversity varied between the three Ross Island water molds (kingdom Chromista) and 99.4% were com- posed of true fungi including yeasts (unicellular organisms) and filamentous fungi from the phyla Chytidiomycota, This article is an invited contribution on Global Tipping Points Zygomycota, Ascomycota, and Basidiomycota. Paleobio- (Global Change and Antarctic Terrestrial Biodiversity) and part of the logical and paleoecological investigations have demon- SCAR EBA program. I. Hogg and D. Wall (Guest Editors). strated the presence of Antarctic fossil fungal biota (Taylor and White 1989). Diversity of fungi in the fossil record of R. L. Farrell (&) Á S. M. Duncan Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Waikato, the Triassic and Jurassic Periods, as well as the potential Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand relationships that existed among the major groups of fungi, e-mail: [email protected] was described by Taylor and White (1989) and included ancestors of endogonaceous mycorrhizal associations, B. E. Arenz Á B. W. Held Á J. A. Jurgens Á R. A. Blanchette Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, which are widespread today. However, the presence of St Paul, MN 55108, USA fungi in extensively degraded organic material (e.g., peat) suggested that they were primarily saprophytic and func- Present Address: tioned as major decomposers (Kidston and Lang 1921; S. M. Duncan Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, Stubblefield and Taylor 1983; White and Taylor 1988). University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA Taylor and White (1989) introduced the hypothesis that the 123 Polar Biol fungi in the fossil record were terrestrial saprophytes, decades of human activities have affected these areas. As degrading organic materials, and evolved on shorelines and Discovery Hut is in close proximity (\500 m) of McMurdo in swamps, where organic materials accumulated prior to Station, possible inputs to this site unique from the other the evolution of land plants. historic sites included windblown debris and foot traffic. Non-Antarctic organic materials were introduced, along Early work on the fungi found in association with the with new exotic micro-organisms, so-called aliens that Heroic Era historic huts focused on the long-term survival either resided on or had colonized the organic materials, of organisms in the food supplies and the horse-associated with the establishment of the base sites of the Heroic Era of materials (Meyer et al. 1962, 1963; Nedwell et al. 1994). exploration. The first confirmed and undisputed human Long-term survival of any fungi in Antarctica required landing in Antarctica was 1895 when a Norwegian whaling capability to exist and proliferate in Antarctic conditions, expedition landed at Cape Adare. One of the Norwegians, temperature being a major but not the only consideration. Carston Borchgrevink, returned to lead the Southern Cross Cold tolerant organisms were capable of regeneration at Expedition (1898–1900), and its remnant prefabricated cold temperatures and were defined by Gerday et al. (1997) huts, named after Borchgrevink’s mother ‘‘Camp Ridley,’’ as psychrophiles or psychrotrophs. A psychrophile was make Antarctica the only continent with its original defined as an organism capable of growth at or below 0°C dwellings still extant. The British National Antarctic but unable to grow above 20°C, whereas a psychrotroph (Discovery) Expedition (1901–1904) led by Robert F. Scott was capable of growth at around 0°C and also grew well assembled a prefabricated wooden building of timber that above 20°C (Gerday et al. 1997). Many fungi isolated in originated from Australia, commonly referred to as Dis- Antarctica were cold tolerant strains of mesophiles adapted covery Hut, at Hut Point on Ross Island to shelter and store to grow at temperatures as low as 1°C (Kerry 1990; Azmi supplies for 48 men for 3 years. Discovery Hut was used and Seppelt 1998). Thomas-Hall et al. (2010) described extensively by the latter expeditions in the Heroic Era as a three novel cold-adapted yeasts found in Antarctica, which key stepping-stone to the southern latitudes and a shelter were also found in the Italian Alps, and psychrophilic for those who returned from the South. The British Ant- yeasts were isolated from Antarctica as described by di arctic (Nimrod) Expedition (1907–1909), led by Ernest Menna (1960). Recently, Xiao et al. (2010) reported the Shackleton, followed in 1908 with a prefabricated building psychrophilic ascomycete species, Antarctomyces psych- from East London, England, the Nimrod Hut, which was rotrophicus, isolated from the soils of the maritime and assembled at Cape Royds to house a shore party of 15 men. continental areas of Antarctica, suggesting a wide distri- Scott returned in 1911 on the ill-fated British Antarctic bution of this fungal species in Antarctica. (Terra Nova) Expedition (1910–1913). This 25-person This review summarizes our understanding of cold expedition erected a large prefabricated building, Terra adaptation, diversity, proliferation and impact of Antarctic Nova Hut, which originated from London, England, at fungi, from studies of pristine terrestrial locations and at the Cape Evans to provide accommodation and an additional century-old historic huts of the Heroic Period of exploration smaller structure that was framed in wood and lined with in the Ross Dependency. Much of the review is taken from asbestos sheeting for taking magnetic observations. the results of research conducted between 1999 and 2011, The Heroic Era expeditions had the primary goals to which focused on the deterioration and conservation of the discover new land and to be the first to reach the Geo- historic sites and environs. The research additionally graphic South Pole, the South Magnetic Pole as well as addressed understanding the diversity and mechanisms of address scientific objectives. When the expeditions ended cold adaptation and proliferation of Antarctic fungi, using a and the relief ships arrived, a rapid exodus allowed only multidisciplinary approach including microbiology, bio- essential items to be returned to England. The huts and chemistry, genetics, molecular biology, geochemistry, thousands of items including food stores and fuel depots geomorphology, and bio-geography, and using molecular with unused containers of petroleum products, asbestos techniques to compare the identified fungi of pristine sites materials, and diverse chemicals were left behind and introduced historic huts/artifacts, characterizing their (Blanchette et al. 2004a). The three Ross Island historic activities and main roles in these environments. huts were subsequently occupied by Shackleton’s Ross Sea party (under Aeneas Mackintosh) in 1915–1917. The huts were abandoned when the last expeditions left in 1917 and Results and discussion were not revisited until 1947. After establishment of the United States (later named) McMurdo Station in 1955, the Study locations and methodology ‘‘Heroic Era’’ huts were visited periodically until the early 1960’s. Since then, conservators, tourists, base staff, and Samples were taken from the environment (soils, scoria, scientists have visited the huts regularly. Accordingly, sandstone, quartz, moss, air, feathers, fecal material, and 123 Polar Biol melt water) and Heroic Era-introduced non-Antarctic bags or tubes and stored at below 0°C until processed in materials (wood, straw, paper, boxes, rope, burlap, textiles,
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