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Cenozoic Tectonic Evolution of Southeastern Thailand Derived from Low-Temperature Thermochronology

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Cenozoic Tectonic Evolution of Southeastern Thailand Derived from Low-Temperature Thermochronology Downloaded from http://jgs.lyellcollection.org/ at Universiteit Gent on January 10, 2020 Research article Journal of the Geological Society Published Online First https://doi.org/10.1144/jgs2018-167 Cenozoic tectonic evolution of southeastern Thailand derived from low-temperature thermochronology Simon Nachtergaele1*, Stijn Glorie2, Christopher Morley3, Punya Charusiri4, Pitsanupong Kanjanapayont4, Pieter Vermeesch5, Andrew Carter5, Gerben Van Ranst1 & Johan De Grave1 1 Laboratory for Mineralogy and Petrology, Department of Geology, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium 2 Centre for Tectonics, Resources and Exploration (TRaX), Department of Earth Sciences, School of Physical Sciences, University of Adelaide, 5005 Adelaide, SA, Australia 3 Petroleum Geophysics Program, Department of Geological Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand 4 Basin Analysis and Structural Evolution Special Task force for Activating Research (BASE STAR), Department of Geology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand 5 Department of Earth & Planetary Sciences, University College London, WC1E 6BS London, UK SN, 0000-0002-5451-4627;CM,0000-0002-6075-9022;PC,0000-0002-1767-3936;PV,0000-0003-3404-1209; AC, 0000-0002-0090-5868;GV,0000-0002-0664-4777 * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Low-temperature thermochronological techniques, specifically apatite (U–Th)/He and apatite fission-track dating, were used to reconstruct the thermal history of southeastern Thailand. This area is intersected by vast and complex fault networks related to the Cenozoic Mae Ping and Three Pagodas Faults. These were identified from satellite imagery and confirmed by field observations. New apatite fission-track and apatite (U–Th)/He data were collected from crystalline basement blocks within these fault networks. Ages obtained range from 48 to 24 Ma, with most of the samples clustering between 36 and 24 Ma. Thermal history modelling indicates late Eocene–Oligocene exhumation of the exposed granitic and metamorphic basement rocks in southeastern Thailand. Exhumation was regional and was contemporaneous with sinistral fault activity during the late Eocene–early Oligocene along the Mae Ping Fault and Three Pagodas Fault. Moreover, this exhumation occurred coevally with a synrift phase of intracontinental offshore rift basin and half-graben basin development in the eastern Gulf of Thailand. The phase of exhumation ended in the early Miocene, as a result of the changing plate-tectonic forces along the complex plate boundaries of Sundaland. Supplementary material: AFT data, radial plots and the detailed procedure of thermal history modelling are available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.4633064 Received 5 September 2018; revised 15 July 2019; accepted 8 August 2019 Southeastern Thailand is one of the critical areas for understanding (AFT) data (supplementary material, Appendix 1). Upton (1999) the Indosinian Orogeny because it contains good exposures of all showed that most exhumation was of Cenozoic age, being generally three major tectonic terranes (Sibumasu, Sukhothai–Chantaburi, older in the east (Paleogene) and younger in the west (Neogene) Indochina) and their intervening suture zones (Inthanon Zone, Nan- (supplementary material, Appendix 1). However, southeastern Sa Kaew suture) (Figs 1 and 2). Post-collision extension of Thailand was very undersampled in his study (Fig. 3), hence the uncertain age has also affected the area. Late Cretaceous–Cenozoic exhumation history of this region is poorly constrained. The issues tectonics is particularly well expressed in this area along an concerning southeastern Thailand that require an understanding of extensive network of strike-slip faults. In western Thailand the Mae the exhumation history include the following. (1) What is the timing Ping and Three Pagodas Fault zones (Figs 2 and 3) are two major of the strike-slip faults and how does it compare with activity further NW–SE-trending, poorly dated strike-slip fault zones that have west and east? (2) What effect did Cenozoic rifting and post-rift undergone sinistral motion at least during the late Eocene, with subsidence in the Gulf of Thailand have on exhumation of the motion ending in the early Oligocene (Lacassin et al. 1997). These adjacent onshore areas? (3) What are the processes that contributed fault zones have possibly been affected by Late Cretaceous– to exhumation of the Indosinian suture zones to the surface? Paleogene transpressional deformation, and later movements related (4) What is the influence of the Indosinian Orogeny inherited to escape tectonics, which include early sinistral motion and later structures on the basin formation history, both on- and offshore, and dextral motion (Morley et al. 2011; Morley 2012). Encountering how are they related? Understanding the exhumation history southeastern Thailand these strike-slip fault zones become broader, contributes a piece of information to the regional structural and exhibit a variety of geometries, including splays, horsetails and geological picture, which is necessary to gain deeper insights into duplexes (e.g. Morley 2002; Morley et al. 2011, 2007, 2004). The the complex evolution of driving forces and their tectonic intraplate region also borders the Gulf of Thailand, which has undergone a consequences and deformation history in the Sunda plate diachronous phase of rifting (Eocene–Miocene), followed by (Sundaland) during the Cenozoic (Fig. 1). Furthermore, the Sunda diachronous Miocene–Recent post-rift subsidence. Upton (1999) plate is a prime example of how rift basins and spreading centres identified regional uplift-induced denudation or basement exhum- develop diachronously and suddenly stop owing to a changing ation trends regionally across Thailand using apatite fission-track intraplate stress field. © 2019 The Author(s). This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License (http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by/4.0/). Published by The Geological Society of London. Publishing disclaimer: www.geolsoc.org.uk/pub_ethics Downloaded from http://jgs.lyellcollection.org/ at Universiteit Gent on January 10, 2020 S. Nachtergaele et al. Fig. 1. Overview of SE Asia in its plate- tectonic context. The major strike-slip faults, trenches and tectonic plates are indicated in black. The national borders of Thailand are indicated in white. The purple rectangle indicates the location of Fig. 3. Adapted from Simons et al. (2007) and Metcalfe (2013). This study combines observations from fieldwork with low- Assembly of the basement units of Thailand temperature thermochronology to reconstruct the thermal history of Our study area (Fig. 3) comprises three north–south-oriented southeastern Thailand with emphasis on documenting the cooling tectonic domains, which now form the basement of Thailand: of the basement rocks adjacent to the aforementioned faults in an Indochina in the east, Sibumasu (including the Inthanon Zone) to absolute time frame. Here, we date the cooling of mainly granitoid the west and the Sukhothai Arc in the centre (e.g. Metcalfe 2011) basement through the upper crustal isotherms as a result of (Fig. 2a). These terranes underwent several phases of granite denudation of the overlying rock column; this denudation was intrusion, as a result of their accretionary history into the Sundaland caused by erosion or tectonic exhumation. The cooling history of the collage; for example, during the Triassic–Early Jurassic Indosinian basement, and in particular the targeted deformed granitoids and Orogeny (Metcalfe 1996). These granite belts are traditionally metamorphosed rocks, places new constraints on the activity of the subdivided in north–south-oriented Eastern, Central and Western Mae Ping and Three Pagodas Faults as a response to regional or Granite Provinces and separated by suture zones (Hutchison 1975, local plate-tectonic forces. These long-lived strike-slip faults 1977, 2007; Mitchell 1977)(Fig. 2a). The Indochina terrane rifted functioned as the principal crustal strain accommodators during away from Gondwana during the Devonian and collided on its phases of compressional and extensional stresses in northwestern current northeastern side with South China in the Early Triassic Sundaland. (Lepvrier et al. 2004). Since the late Carboniferous–early Permian, Geological setting the Nan-Sa Kaeo back-arc basin lay on the western side of the Indochina terrane, separating the Cathaysian Sukhothai arc from Southeastern Thailand comprises many low-relief areas (100 m Indochina (Metcalfe 2013). The Nan-Sa Kaeo back-arc basin closed elevation or less) punctuated by NW–SE- to NNW–SSE-trending in the Early–Middle Triassic during the collision of the Sukhothai linear hills and ridges, where Cenozoic strike-slip faults have Arc with Indochina (Sone & Metcalfe 2008; Metcalfe 2013) as the influenced the trends, and more oval, high-relief areas that are Paleo-Tethys Ocean continued to close. The back-arc basin related to more erosion-resistant granitic plutons (Fig. 3). The preserved early Permian to early–middle Triassic pelagic chert highest relief is associated with the Khao Soi Dao Triassic pluton deposits, representative of deep-water environment (Sone et al. north of Chantaburi, where the highest peak exceeds 1600 m, but in 2012). In our study area, remnants of these sequences with general relief is less than 1000 m, and ridges in Paleozoic and ophiolitic mélange such as bedded cherts, limestones, serpentinites, Mesozoic
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