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University Microfiims 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor INFORMATION TO USERS This dissertation was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, it is an indication that the photographer suspected that the copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image. You will find a good image of the page in the adjacent frame, 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., was part of the material being photographed the photographer followed a definite method in "sectioning" the material. It is customary to begin photoing at the upper left hand comer of a large sheet and to continue photoing from left to right in equal sections with a small overlap, if necessary, sectioning is continued again — beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. The majority oT users indicate that the textual content is of greatest value, however, a somewhat higher quality reproduction could be made from "photographs" if essential to the understanding of the dissertation. Silver prints of "photographs" may be ordered at additional charge by writing the Order Department, giving the catalog number, title, author and specific pages you wish reproduced. University Microfiims 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor. Michigan 48106 A Xerox Education Company 72- 26,989 CHAN, Ping-leimg, 1935- CH^U TZ-U AND aiAMANISM IN ANCIENT CHINA. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1972 Language and Literature, classical University Microfilms, A >(ERQ\ Company. Ann Arbor. Michigan Copyright by Ping-leung Chan 1972 t h t c nTCCrcTATTOM HiR PPPM MTrPnPTT.MPn F.VArTT.Y AS RKP.KTVED CH»Ü TZ»Ü AND SHAMANISM IN ANCIENT CHINA DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Ping-leung C h an s B.A» H ons.$ M.A.s D ip. Ed. ***** The Ohio State University 1972 RApprovea oy Department of East Asian Languages and Literatures PLEASE NOTE: Some p a g es may have indistinct print. Filmed as received. University Microfilms, A X erox Education Company ACKNOWLEDGMENTS At the completion of this dissertation, I wish to express my gratitude to my adviser. Professor Tien=yi Li, for his assiduous guidance, enlightening discussions, and critical suggestions. I also wish to thank the other faculty members, particularly Professor David Y. Ch’en and -Professor Yan-shuan Lao, who have read and corrected various parts of my dissertation. I am fortunate enough to receive some advices from other famous scholars through correspon­ dence. They are Professor Kwang-chih Chang of Yale Univer­ sity, Professor Yasushi Fukino of Kokugakuin University, Professor Tsung-i Jao of the University of Singapore, Pro­ fessor Yasutaro Mori of Kyoto Women's University, Professor Ts'un-yan Liu of The Australian National University, and Professor Shisuka Shirakawa of Pitsumeikan University. To them I am greatly indebted. I am also thankful to the staff of the libraries to which I have access for their indispen­ sable assistance. VITA September 12, 1955 . Born - Canton, China 195 9 .......................................... B.A. Hons. (1st Class), The Univer­ sity of Hong Kong 196 0 .......................................... Diploma in Education, The Univer­ sity of Hong Kong 1 9 6 2 .......................................... M .A ., The U n iv e rs ity o f Hong Kong 1960=1962 ............................. Assistant Education Officer, Edu­ cation Department, Hong Kong 1 9 6 9 .......................................... M.A., Yale University 1969-1 972 ............................. Graduate Research Associate, The Ohio State University PUBLICATIONS ”A New Interpretation of Two Ancient Chinese Myths," (in Chinese) The Tsing Hua Journal of Chinese Studies. n.s. Vol. VII, no. 2, ppV 'àOô-252, August, 1969 "Chinese Popular Water-god Legends and the Hsi yu chi," Essays in Chinese Studies Presented to Processor Lo Hsiang- TInrpp7-279^‘317, T970 ------------------------------------------------------------- "On the Location of the Ch'ung Mountain," (in Chinese) Ta-lu tsa-chih, Vol. XLI, no. 10, pp. 25-24, November, 1970 FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Chinese Literature Studies in Chinese Literature, Professors Tien-yi Li, David Y. Ch'en, and Yan-shuan Lao Minor Fields: Chinese Language and Chinese History Studies in Chinese Language. Professors Eugene Ching and Feng-sheng Hsueh Studies in Chinese History. Professor Tien-yi Li TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS............................................................................... i i VITA ...................................................................................................... i i i ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................... v C h ap ter I . INTRODUCTION................................................................... 1 I I . SHAMANISM IN ANCIENT CHINA.................................. 36 I I I . WAS CH'tJ YÜAN A SHAMAN........................................... 10? IV . SHAMANISM SEEN IN THE CH'U T Z 'P .................... 157 V. CONCLUSION........................................................................ 211 BIBLIOGRAPHY.................................................................................... 219 IV ABBREVIATIONS m Asia Major â 2 Archiv Orieatalnl BMFSA Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities CHEF Ch'ine-hua hsueh-nao W M HJAS Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies Journal Asiatique JAFL Journal of American Folklore JAGS Journal of the American Oriental Society JNCBRAS Journal of the North China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society JOS Journal of Oriental Studies JRAI Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute JRAS Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society MTHCK Chung-yang yen-chiu-yuan min-tsu-hsueh yen-chiu-so RHR Revue de l'histoire des religions TLTC Ta-lu tsa-chih WHNP Wên-hsüeh nien-pao SPFY Ssu pu pei yao ^ SPTK Ssu pu ts'ung k'an WSCHP Wen shih che hsueh-pao -3r ^ g— # # % u . V — Ji2»i X A YCHP len-ching hsueh-pao CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Students of Chinese literature can hardly fail to notice that there are shamanlstlc elements In some of the Sh'u ts'ù poems* Nevertheless» until recently, there had not been any In-depth study on this topic* Schol­ ars in this field merely echoed the statement of Wang I 5. ( f l* A*D* 125- 144) Of the Later Han Dynasty that the ’■Chiu ko A , " ("Nine Songs") are closely related to sha­ manism*^ Their afe Intra evidence is naturally far from satisfactory, to say nothing of convincing* In 1951 a mon­ umental work, fujino Iwatomo's A. Fukel bunaaku Z2XL ^ (On Ü1Ê. jjLteratVU:? O l Shamanistlc Tradition) was published, in which the author confirms the shamanistlc elements in the Ch’u tz ’u by comparing it with P the shamanlstlc literature of Japan* This book has exerted great influence on Ch'u tz'u studies in Japan* In 1955 Arthur Waley published his book. The Nine Songs: a Study of ShawflTi-ftfeH in. Ancient China *^ Despite his impressive title , Waley’s "study" is not very profound, though David Hawkes h ^ ls this work as a "landmark," which is "invaluable for its correlation of tbs relevant anthropological informa­ 1 tion»"^ Yet, Waley’s book at least gives its readers some idea of shamanism in ncient Chinese society* For the more advanced students of Chinese literature, a book is s till needed which can shed new light on the relationship between the Ch'u tz*u and shamanism, inasmuch as the Japanese schol­ ars have used only Chinese and Japanese m aterials in their works = This dissertation, therefore, aims to broaden our knowledge of this subject and deepen our understanding of the Ch'u tz'u itself through a comparative study of shaman­ ism in China and other non-Chinese societies* It would be platitudinous to say that the materials for the study of ancient Chinese shamanism are insufficient* One can s till, however, study the legends and myths which reflect the religious beliefs and rituals of ancient times* Admittedly, for more than two m illenia Chinese mythology has been submerged in a sea of incomprehension* Some myths have been rationally and expediently expia:' ,d, resulting in distortion of the true picture * One example of the rationalization of ancient myths is the explanation, allegedly given by Confucius (551-479 B*C*), of the legend of the "one-legged" musician, K'uei (K'uei i ifiji ^ /< ) * According to this explanation, i. tsu means "one would be enough," which is obviously too superficial and simplistic*^ The hidden meaning of such a myth, which is vital to our understanding of Chinese antiquity, has not been seriously 3 searched for* Many myths have likewise been considered as fables or, at most, allegories* During recent decades, as a result of the impact of the West, Chinese scholars, such as Shen Yen-ping : better known as Mao-tun ,° Cheng Chen-to ^'p and Wen I-to f^j ^ have endeavored to study Chinese mythology* Unfortunately,
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