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Benthic Diatom Composition in Coastal Zone of Black Sea, Sasyk Reservoir (Ukraine)

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Benthic Diatom Composition in Coastal Zone of Black Sea, Sasyk Reservoir (Ukraine) diversity Article Benthic Diatom Composition in Coastal Zone of Black Sea, Sasyk Reservoir (Ukraine) Olena P. Bilous 1 , Agata Z. Wojtal 2,*, Natalia O. Ivanova 1 , Petro M. Tsarenko 3, Olga V. Burova 3 and Sophia Barinova 4 1 Institute of Hydrobiology, NAS of Ukraine, Geroiv Stalingrada 12, 04210 Kyiv, Ukraine; [email protected] (O.P.B.); [email protected] (N.O.I.) 2 Institute of Nature Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences, A. Mickiewicza Ave. 33, 31-120 Kraków, Poland 3 M.G. Kholodny Institute of Botany, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Tereschenkivska Str. 2, 01004 Kyiv, Ukraine; [email protected] (P.M.T.); [email protected] (O.V.B.) 4 Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Mount Carmel, Abba Khoushi Ave. 199, Haifa 3498838, Israel; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 17 October 2020; Accepted: 27 November 2020; Published: 1 December 2020 Abstract: The Sasyk Reservoir is one of the largest seaside reservoirs in Ukraine, artificially maintained as a freshwater area including various floodplain areas. The Reservoir originated from an estuary to now being an almost freshwater reservoir. The diatoms (Bacillariophyta) in benthos were investigated for analyzing the coastal zone diversity of the Black Sea inside the borders of Ukraine. The indicated diatom composition was formed by 97 species (100 infraspecies taxa). Some rare marine and freshwater taxa were noted, as well as three species reported in Ukrainian territory for the first time (Navicula vandamii Schoeman et R.E.M. Archibald, Sellaphora difficillima (Hustedt) C.E. Wetzel, L. Ector et D.G. Mann, and Mastogloia laterostrata Hustedt). The bioindicative characteristics of the diatom composition testified to the freshwater condition of the reservoir. Changes to the salinity level of the Sasyk Reservoir were exposed due to the composition of benthic diatoms. The presence of mesohalobous species (7 taxa) acknowledges conditions that are typical for estuaries and mouths of rivers and reveals the salinity changes in the Sasyk Reservoir. Likewise, the prevailing number of oligohalobous diatoms (61 taxa) reveal presence of freshwater in the reservoir. The implementation of the Polish phytobenthos lake assessment method for the nearby Ukrainian Reservoir was conducted for the first time. The multimetric Diatom Index for lake values varied from 0.39 to 0.76, and revealed alterations in the status over the Sasyk sites, ranging from good, moderate, to poor. Thus, it may be concluded that the current ecological status relating to the composition of benthic diatoms of the reservoir located in the coastal zone of the Black Sea is evaluated as having a moderate status class with some exceptions. Keywords: phytobenthos; diatoms; new and rare taxa in Ukraine; salinity; coastal zone; Sasyk Reservoir 1. Introduction Phytobenthos is widely recognized as a sensitive indicator to many environmental variables in rivers, streams, and lakes [1–7]. In this matter, a composition of diatom algae is considered as the most important component of benthic flora. Diatoms are sensitive to many environmental factors, including light, temperature, current velocity, salinity, pH, oxygen, as well as to the degree and nature of pollution of the waterbody [8–10]. Beyond that, diatoms are used in neo- and paleolimnological studies for characterizing climatic changes, along with characteristics of eutrophication and trophic Diversity 2020, 12, 0458; doi:10.3390/d12120458 www.mdpi.com/journal/diversity Diversity 2020, 12, 0458 2 of 15 state conditions [11,12]. Thus, studying benthic diatom species composition has been a major issue regarding water quality management worldwide for many years [13,14]. The study of diatoms of coastal ecosystems is relevant for the Ukraine and many countries of the world covering different continents [15–20]. This is one of the most important issues in establishing natural and anthropogenic changes in transitional waters of the discussed ecosystems and their possible transformations following monitoring studies [16,21,22]. The Sasyk Reservoir, located in Ukraine, could serve as an illustrative example on how diatoms affect salinity changes over the long-term. The Sasyk Reservoir is a unique example of the desalination of a waterbody in Ukraine. In its original natural state, it was a shallow brackish-water lake (estuary) with periodic connection to the sea. In the 1980s, it had an influence of anthropogenic transformation created by an artificial channel, which connected the area with the waters of the Danube River. During the last 40 years (1979–1980 till now) there were fundamental changes to the functioning of this ecosystem, as almost twice the entire volume of the reservoir was pumped out and replaced with water from the Danube (for more details, see [23,24]). The history of this waterbody shows that sometimes it was described as a “lake”, although that does not allow one to distinguish the period covering its transformation. Thus, by calling Sasyk a Reservoir, it becomes clear that this relates to the modern period of the waterbody. If the meaning used in the earlier times (before its transformation), then it should be called a “lake” or “reservoir-lake” [24]. This has created enormous interest in the Sasyk Reservoir, shown by the many disputes regarding its ability to try to reconnect with the Black Sea and its relevance for the growing tourist development in the region [25–29]. The diatoms composition can also be used to describe the characteristics of the ecological status of the Sasyk Reservoir. This is of high importance as the degradation of its status may indirectly affect the coastal and transitional waters of the Black Sea basin region countries, as well as for the Black Sea as a whole. The reason for this is relevant when looking at the much-debated matter of demolishing the dam and reuniting it with the sea for restoring the existing hydromorphology [30,31]. Moreover, the northern part of the Sasyk Reservoir is a national nature park. The Reservoir represents the Ramsar site no. 762, which is a wetland, famous for emergent and submergent plants, including salt meadows, which support nationally rare and relic species, as well as for migratory and breeding (25,000 pairs) water birds [32]. Thus, the ecology of this region and its hydromorphological changes are vital, and attention is needed in order to attract the attention of, not only the scientists, but also the international community. To try and describe the current situation with this waterbody, macrophytes, phytoplankton, macrozoobenthos, zooplankton, and ichthyofauna were investigated [18,25,26,33]. However, no detailed phytobenthic studies have been conducted since 1987. In accordance with the current ideas about the ecological significance of transitional waters and its biodiversity, the aim of our research concerns the features of the differentiation of the benthic diatom assemblages of the Sasyk Reservoir, and the process of changing its salinity during anthropogenic changes to the ecosystem. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Study Area The Sasyk Reservoir occupies an area of 206 km2, with a maximum length of 31,000 m, and a 3 maximum width of 12,000 m located 45◦40’N 29◦41’E. Its volume equals 479 km , with an average depth of 2.1 m, with a maximum depth of 3.2 m (original morphometric characteristics). It has influenced the waters from the Sarata and Kogylnik Rivers, as well as the Danube–Sasyk Canal. The range of totally dissolved solids (TDS) over a year had a wide range of values from 0.3 to 2.7 g L 1 whereas before the · − reservoir creation, it varied between 2.4 and 20.3 g L 1 [24]. · − A sampling campaign was undertaken in the late summer (16.08 and 19.08) of 2018. To cover the total length of the waterbody, 7 sites were located evenly along the banks of the reservoir (Table1, Diversity 2020, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 15 Diversity 2020, 12, 0458 3 of 15 depth at all sites, which equaled a depth to 0.15 m. The relative transparency was higher as the bottom was visible. The substrate from which the samples were taken, at almost all stations, were from the Figure1). Diatom assemblages were sampled in the benthos of the Sasyk Reservoir from the same stones of an artificial dam. However, site 7 was from clay and sand from the reed thickets, but depth at all sites, which equaled a depth to 0.15 m. The relative transparency was higher as the bottom nowhere were samples taken from the reed stems themselves. The amplitude of daily fluctuations in was visible. The substrate from which the samples were taken, at almost all stations, were from the the water levels varied from 3 to 16 cm, while the average annual amplitude of water level stones of an artificial dam. However, site 7 was from clay and sand from the reed thickets, but nowhere fluctuations was approximately 38–76 cm. The change in water level in most cases was influenced by were samples taken from the reed stems themselves. The amplitude of daily fluctuations in the water the artificial regulation of water exchange (sluices on the Danube–Sasyk Canal and a sluice for levels varied from 3 to 16 cm, while the average annual amplitude of water level fluctuations was discharging water into the sea), as well as the active reaction of the reservoir to the wind. The duration approximately 38–76 cm. The change in water level in most cases was influenced by the artificial of squeeze on the reservoir was 1–2 days. When the level of about 10 cm is displaced, its mark almost regulation of water exchange (sluices on the Danube–Sasyk Canal and a sluice for discharging water returns to its previous value the following day.
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