DERBYSHIRE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY

NEWSLETTER Issue 75 January 2013

Dame Catherine Harpur c 1616 – 1640s ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY 2012 / 2013 President MR. JULIAN RICHARDS BA, FSA, MIFA Vice Presidents MR. A. DAVIES, MR. T.J. LARIMORE, MRS. B. HUTTON, MR. J. R. MARJORAM, DR. P. STRANGEMR. M.A.B. MALLENDER, MRS J. STEER

Chairman Mrs J. Heginbotham, 59 Hickton Rd., Swanwick, of Council Alfreton, DE55 1AG Tel 01773 609629 e-mail; [email protected]

Hon. Treasurer Mr P. Billson, 150 Blenheim Drive, Allestree, , DE22 2GN Tel 01332 550725 e-mail; [email protected]

Hon. Secretary Mrs B. A. Foster, 2, The Watermeadows, Swarkestone, Derbyshire, DE73 7FX Tel 01332 704148 e-mail; [email protected]

Programme Sec. Mrs M. McGuire, 16 Carron Close, Sinfin, &Publicity Officer Derby, DE24 9LH Tel 01332 771394 e-mail; [email protected]

Membership Mr K.A. Reedman, 107, Curzon St, Long Eaton, Secretary Derbyshire, NG10 4FH Tel 0115 9732150 e-mail; [email protected]

Hon. Editors Dr. D.V. Fowkes, 11 Sidings Way, Westhouses, (Journal) Alfreton, Derby DE55 5AS Tel 01773 546626 e-mail; [email protected]

Miss P. Beswick, 4, Chapel Row, Froggatt, Calver, Hope Valley, S32 3ZA Tel 01433 631256 e-mail; [email protected]

Newsletter Editor Mrs B. A. Foster, 2, The Watermeadows, Swarkestone, Derbyshire, DE73 7FX Tel 01332 704148 e-mail; [email protected]

Hon Assistant Mr. J.R. Marjoram, Southfield House, Portway, Librarian Coxbench, Derby, DE21 5BE Tel 01332 880600 e-mail; [email protected]

Publications Dr. D.V. Fowkes, Or (Addresses above) Mrs B.A. Fsoter Derbyshire Archaeological Society Newsletter # 75 (January 2013) 1 DERBYSHIRE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY NEWSLETTER 75 January 2013 Owing to circumstances beyond our control the 2012 Journal will not be published until Feb 2013. We apologise for any inconvenience or disappointment. Cover Story – Dame Catherine Household accounts show she managed the Harpur c 1616 – 1640s house and the brewery, went to Welbeck and Mansfield Park but that her husband left her Poor Cate – she does look so terribly sad behind when he went to London2. It is and down in the mouth. What was she uncertain when she died but she appears in listening out for – was she deaf or harking for her mother’s will made in November 16423. It the herald angels, or perhaps an absent family? was said to be was “an uncongenial Certainly in the stunning tableau of the Basset marriage”4 family in Blore Church, her mother Elizabeth The Bassett tomb at Blore is a tour de looks far more composed, her grand-mother, force of family pride. Commissioned by Judith, self satisfied and her husband and Judith, the widow of Sir William Bassett (d grandfather posh and portly. Catherine by 1601) to be made in the style of that of contrast is the very picture of misery – a short Elizabeth I by Jasper Hollemans, (died 1630s5 life and perhaps not a very happy one. the last three generations of Bassetts of Blore Catherine Howard was the first wife of Sir are gathered together with the addition of John Harpur of Swarkestone (1612 -1679). Henry Howard “the drunken and violent son The daughter of Elizabeth Bassett heiress of of the corrupt Duke of Suffolk”. Elizabeth, Blore and Henry Howard the 3rd son of the 1st her mother, is in fact buried in Bolsover Duke of Suffolk she became the step daughter despite her wishes to be buried in what of Sir William Cavendish, later the Duke of appears to be a family monument built in Newcastle after her mother was widowed. anticipation of a heavenly reunion.6 Katherine married Sir John in 1632 when she Barbara Foster was barely 16 and Bowl Alley House, that 1/2 DRO D2375M171/2/8 and 53/11 turreted confection visible from the main road 3/4 Lucy Worsley, “Cavalier” Faber 2007 p through Swarkestone, was built to mark what 153. was, no doubt, a sumptuous occasion. 5. D &M Swinscoe 1990, revised 1998 S They had a least two children one of whom Worthington “The Parish Church of St died in 1638 and a son and heir Henry who Bartholomew, Blore Ray”. predeceased his father by 9 years in 16701. 6. Op cit Worsley p 67

Contents Visit to East Anglia July 2013...... 2 Review of Emiac 84 ...... 19 2012 / 2013 Lecture and visit program ...... 2 New Members ...... 25 visit July 2012 ...... 3 Derbyshire Miscellany ...... 25 Library Notes ...... 7 Book Reviews ...... 25 Archaeological Research Group ...... 7 Small Ads ...... 27 Architectural Section ...... 11 Pilling Award ...... 27 Local History Section ...... 15 EMIAC 85 ...... 28 Industrial Archaeology ...... 19 Photographs/maps courtesy of the authors, members, The Ordnance Survey, The Magic Attic Archives or Wikipedia (Under Wikimedia Commons Licence) unless otherwise credited. 2 Derbyshire Archaeological Society Newsletter # 75 (January 2013) SOCIETY VISIT TO EAST in January 2013. Please state whether you ANGLIA require a single or double room and 18 - 22 JULY 2013 whether you have any dietary requirements. Forty five places have been booked at We would advise that applications be the Belsey Bridge Christian Conference made as soon as possible to avoid Trust, situated in an extended and disappointment and we would strongly modernised Victorian in its own recommend that you to take out personal grounds near Ditchingham, Bungay, Travel and Cancellation Insurance. Suffolk, for four nights: 18th - 22nd July To book please send cheques payable to 2013. The rooms are 31 single en-suite and Derbyshire Archaeological Society with 7 double en-suite. Most bedrooms will be the words ‘East Anglian Visit' on the in the modern wing and some ground floor back of the cheque to the value of £50.00 rooms are available. per person to Tea and coffee facilities are provided in Mr G. Marler the corridors/seating areas. We will have 10 Auckland Close use of a large conference room throughout Mickleover our stay. Derby David Carder will be our Tour Guide DE3 9LH with, we hope, additional guides from local A stamped addressed envelope would archaeologists. be very much appreciated to confirm your We shall again be hiring a coach which booking and receipt of booking fee. will depart from Derby and the cost of this Places will be allocated in the usual way is included in the price. We hope to make and only applications received by post will the usual interesting stops enroute and we be accepted; Please, do not hand deliver. anticipate the Visit will include Norwich, Any queries please contact Geoff on Bury St Edmunds and many other locations 01332 515659 (please leave your your in North Suffolk and South . details on voicemail if busy) The cost of the tour is likely to be £350, same as last year. The Centre's locally sourced food is the base of the evening PROGRAMME meal set dish although individuals with SECRETARY'S NOTES particular dietary requirements can be catered for. A bar will also be available, Winter Programme 2012 - 13 subject to licence application. There is also, for those who are more active, a small Dr. David Woolliscroft's lecture on outdoor swimming pool and tennis courts 'The Roman Gask Frontier Project' was in the grounds. well attended and the comment afterwards It will also include all entrance fees but was that this was the best lecture ever! We please also bring NT and EH membership learnt a lot about why it was there and how cards if you have them. long it had lasted all of which was very In order to book a place, an initial interesting. deposit of £50.00, but please note - this Rod Pearson's lecture on Lord year the deposit will not be refunded in the Willoughby's Railway was also well case of your cancellation owing to the attended. nature of the DAS contract with the venue. At the Society Social on 7 December The deposit is required as soon as possible there was a talk by Patrick Cooke on ‘The Derbyshire Archaeological Society Newsletter # 75 (January 2013) 3 Organ Grinder' and he brought along one of over the River Dee. Completed in them for demonstration. The tunes were 1805 it was first major engineering work very similar to each other, even those from of Thomas Telford (interestingly he the Continent, but many toes were seen excavated Wroxeter in 1788). The trough tapping away in the audience. We had the that carries the water is constructed of cast usual Christmassy nibbles and refresh- iron plates only ¾” thick, light enough to ments provided by the usual team of Marler make the aqueduct feasible, fittingly & Co, and the book stall was on display. Welsh flannel was used to caulk the The 1st March lecture on 'The Life and seams. Looking down on the Dee from the Works of Edward Saunders' by Maxwell towpath, 38m above, was an experience Craven will take place in Room OL1 at the never to be forgotten. University at the usual time. We lunched at the Cistercian Abbey of Valle Crucis, founded in 1201. Much of Summer Programme 2013 the East range remains having become a dwelling after the dissolution and the This is still being planned by Section impressive West front with a rose window Secretaries who are doing their usual best to ‘survives’, having been restored by Gilbert provide many interesting tours in and Scott. We were fascinated by the variety around Derbyshire and elsewhere. For of arches and startled by a life-sized reports on last summer’s programme please automaton of a scribe at work. see Section Secretaries’ reports. Our last call before Bangor was the Anglican Chapel of the Holy Trinity, Rug Malise McGuire built in 1637 by the Royalist Colonel ————————————————–— William Salisbury - a recusant. The NORTH WALES VISIT exterior is unpretentious but this belies the 12-16 JULY 2012 gloriously decorated interior, a riot of colour from the hammer beam ceiling with A fine day heralded the start of our trip painted angels to the much more recent to Bangor. As usual our committee had stained glass. In contrast was a sombre arranged for the journey to be part of the momento mori wall painting. The carvings “experience”. First was Pontcysyllte of animals on the pew ends were Aqueduct which carries the Llangollen delightful. It is a jewel that escaped Victorian gothicisation. Friday the 13th was fittingly damp but this did not deter our intrepid explorers. Segontium a Roman fort (the “Caer” in Caernarfon), the site of Mortimer Wheeler’s first major excavation in the 1920s is now under the guardianship of both Cadw and the National Trust, each of which provided us with a guide. From them we learned that it was the principal fort in North Wales and, from the finds, is thought to have housed a Cohors Equitata Quingenaria, a five Pontcysyllte Aqueduct -hundred strong mixed unit of 4 Derbyshire Archaeological Society Newsletter # 75 (January 2013) infantry and cavalry. We saw much of from 1787 until 1969. We watched a interest, the Principia had an apsidal demonstration of slate cutting, a pump addition with a hypocaust, presumably to behind removing the fine dust as it was keep the clerks warm, the strongroom in produced, a luxury the original slate front was very well preserved. workers did not have - silicosis was At Caernarfon we explored Edward I’s prevalent and few reached old age. We walled town and castle, guided by the admired the intricately cut fans made by excellent plans and information in the DAS apprentices and also learned that “lady” booklet. As the centre of administration for was a small slate, larger ones being North Wales. Caernarvon is probably the “princesses” and “empresses”. grandest of Edward’s Welsh castles, begun We saw the largest water wheel on the just after the defeat of the Welsh in 1283 British mainland, a very impressive 15.4m and overseen by Master James of St diameter, erected in 1870 and saved from George. Its polygonal towers and banded being burned as scrap when the quarry masonry show the influence of closed. It was replaced in 1926 by a Constantinople brought back by returning smaller more efficient Pelton wheel. The crusaders. As in all of the castles the water comes about 1km from the nearby information boards were excellent and hills through cast iron pipes and is now made one appreciate the enormous used to generate 50MW (15 wind turbines logistical problems overcome. Here we worth and hardly visible) Even when the first encountered the Caernarvon or water wheel was working nothing was shouldered arch, a horizontal lintel wasted, water from wheel continually supported on corbels. (a quick way of flushed a traditional “3 seater”. spanning a narrow space). That evening we had an inspiring talk After lunch we went to the National by Dr Jane Kenney of the Gwynedd Slate Museum housed in the old Dinorwic Archaeological Trust on “Prehistoric quarry at Llanberis, which was in operation Anglesey”.

Great Orme Copper Mine entrance Derbyshire Archaeological Society Newsletter # 75 (January 2013) 5 Saturday brought the much anticipated visited, Aberconwy house, the oldest in visit to Bronze Age copper with a magnificent A frame roof, mines. The journey to the mines in the the timbers dating between 1417 and 1420. original 1902 cars of the early 19C It was built in the Kentish style, probably funicular tramway brought out the ‘small by masons working on the castle. boy’ even in the female of the species. We We rounded off the day at put on our hard hats and entered the mine, Museum to look at some of the finds from exploited in the bronze age from around Canovium which was too overgrown to 2200 until 600BC when presumably iron visit, a tile with a footprint being the most supplanted bronze. Our respect for the unusual. It also housed the prehistoric early miners grew, our hard hats were finds from the nearby Kendrick’s cave. certainly necessary as we had to twist and First stop on Sunday was Penmon crouch through what were the wider Priory and a well associated with St Seriol, tunnels. All around us was the evidence of traditionally the brother of the 6th century the work of these early miners; the marks founder Cynias but no evidence has been of bone tools and stone hammers. In all it found for an early date for any of the was an unforgettable experience. buildings. The present church was built Our introduction to Conwy was our c1140 and enlarged when the community brilliant coach driver squeezing through the transformed into a body of Augustinian gateway in the city wall with barely an inch canons. It has a fine South doorway and to spare. We decided to walk along the city we were all amused by the very vulgar wall and found that our first view of the sheel-na-gig. The church gives shelter to Castle was a row of garde robes, the two high crosses c 1000 AD. Just across staining on the wall below still visible. the road from the church was a splendid Although contemporary with Caernarvon it 17C dovecote with around 930 nesting is more compact and its round towers give holes. it an air of great solidity. Memorable for In Beaumaris we chose to visit the the beautiful little Royal Chapel with its castle, the last of Edward’s castles to be lancet windows and stone vaulted roof and built. and said to be the most perfect. Its the magnificent view from the East curtain wall is still complete. As at Barbican of the bridges over the estuary, Caernarfon there were wall passages with Telford’s suspension bridge (road), Robert the characteristic Caernarvon arches and Stephenson’s tubular rail bridge and the unusually a gate leading to a dock. modern road bridge. Next the town gaol, designed by Next on our whistle stop tour, Plas Joseph Hansom (of Hansom cab fame), a Mawr, an Elizabethan town house, built for sad and evocative place with a condemned Robert Wynne, the first phase completed in cell (the door out to the gibbet barely 20 1577. It is most notable for its plaster work yards away), a treadmill for 6 prisoners in full Technicolor. Three grisly severed that pumped water for the gaol, useful, heads on the shield of his second wife unlike the Crank where sand was endlessly Dorothy, (a reminder that one of her ances- shifted and the warder could turn the tors had killed three Englishmen) were screw to make it more difficult (hence prominent as were the strange caryatid ”screw”). Then on to Bryn Celli Dhu a figures with brown ringlets, naked except passage grave. According to Jane Kenney for foliage belts. I particularly enjoyed the it originally resembled the passage graves fresh herbs strewn on the kitchen floor, the on the Boyne rather than being surrounded smell pervaded the whole house. We also by a henge as reported in the literature. 6 Derbyshire Archaeological Society Newsletter # 75 (January 2013) Our last visit of the day was Lynnon are, as always, due to Malise and Mike Windmill built in 1775, a stone tower mill, Maguire who had done their usual very with the sails that could be rotated into the thorough recce. Thanks are also due to our wind from the ground by pulling on an tour guide, David Carder. endless chain . Many of us came away with Ann Jones a sample of the stoneground wheat flour. ————————————————— Our parting view of the mill was a BUTTERLEY GANGROAD volunteer in safety harness struggling to PROJECT remove the sailcloth from a sail. On our way home there was much to The Butterley Gangroad, or see. First, St Winefrede’s Well at Holywell, Railway, as it was then known, was first this has been a site of pilgrimage since at used in 1793 to bring limestone down least the 12C. It advertises its efficacy with from quarries near Crich to the Cromford a case of discarded crutches, some from the Canal at Bull Bridge. From there the stone NHS! Nearby was the Greenfield Valley was either sold as burnt lime or Heritage Park, unfortunately we did not see transported by boat to the Butterley Works it at its best, it was very wet, suitably since near Ripley where it was used in making the park centres around the remains of an iron products. 18C water powered industrial complex, The engineer was , a with mills for copper and brass, and cotton famous pioneer railway engineer born in working. Also in the Park are the remains Alfreton. The line was the prototype for of Basingwerk Abbey, which became part many hundred miles of similar horse of the Cistercian order shortly after its worked railways later built all over the foundation (it was given the manor of country. It included a short tunnel under Glossop by Henry II). the road at , which is now , our last stop, was built in believed to have been the world’s very c1610 by John Roper, then descended first railway tunnel. It was also the scene through marriage to the Trevor-Ropers but in 1813 of one of the earliest uses of a after being requisitioned by the War Office and certainly the first it fell into disrepair. In 1986 when it was that operated in the . This bought by the present owner, it was experimental locomotive was built at the derelict. In January 2011 it featured in Butterley Works. “Country House Rescue”. We were guided The line was subsequently re-aligned, round by the diminutive and energetic extended, improved with massive stone figure of the owner and rescuer Cornelia embankments, re-laid as a conventional Bayley. She is an inveterate collector and narrow gauge mineral railway and worked the rooms contain a vast array of artefacts with small steam locomotives. It closed in from many periods, some restored, some 1933. Despite this many original features awaiting restoration. The walls are hung have survived including the 1793 tunnel, with copies of Old Masters and there are now buried under the road. bathrooms with antique baths but no The DAS has supported a group of local plumbing. It was definitely different and residents and people with an interest in the fascinating in its own way. Butterley Gangroad and its associated Back to Full Street, exhausted but we industrial environment to put together a had a great time. We must thank all those proposal to the Heritage Lottery Fund for who put so much effort into the planning, funding to carry out a project under the Joan, Mike, Jane, Geoff, and special thanks “Your Heritage” scheme. The project will Derbyshire Archaeological Society Newsletter # 75 (January 2013) 7 attempt to explore and record the tunnel your request. There is a nearly up to date and record all other surviving features. Oral catalogue there to look through. The book memories will be recorded, research catalogue is in author order and each entry undertaken and photographs collected. gives details of the item and its accession Special events and training are also number. Please put this on the slip. Also planned. It is hoped to organise more in the same folder is the periodical journal guided walks, lots of talks and publish a catalogue arranged, where possible, in the guided walk leaflet. In addition we would order of the first significant geographical like to erect interpretation boards close to fragment of the title and a shelf location of the old route in Crich, Fritchley and Bull the title (eg. H4). Bridge and create a permanent display However if you have any difficulties or showing how a wagon could operate on need any help please get in touch with me both the original L shaped plate rails and by email, phone or letter. Details on inside the later conventional rails. The end result cover. should be that many more people will Ray Marjoram appreciate these important historic features; their chances of long-term conservation ARCHAEOLOGICAL will be improved and they will give both a RESEARCH GROUP sense of pride to the community and add to the interest for casual visitors to the area. Atlow A grant of £17,900 has been awarded and the project will get under way in On the morning of August 4, some 30 January 2013. The project leader, Trevor members found their way to the village Griffin, will report on progress at the DAS hall at Atlow, a tiny village near Hulland. AGM on 7 May, and the project will also The village hall was built as the local feature in the Industrial Archaeology school, with pictures of past forms on the Section’s summer programme of visits. walls. After refreshments, we listened to a Any DAS members who would like to get talk by Clive Hart who had examined the involved as a volunteer for the project earthworks in the vicinity as part of his should contact Trevor on 01773 821920 or Derbyshire Villages Survey. After by email to introducing himself, Clive showed pictures [email protected] of the ‘humps and bumps’ in the Atlow ———————————————-- fields which we were to see during his tour in the afternoon. We also saw some of the LIBRARY NOTES more famous Derbyshire features to give the background. I have been encourages by our Secretary After lunch we ventured into the fields to write ‘just a few words’ so that is what I in the sunshine with wide views to had better do, ‘just a few’. Members can Harborough Rocks on the horizon. The go to the main desk in the Central Library first field opposite the village hall at The Wardwick, fill in a Library Slip and contained various unexplained hollows request to borrow an item from our Library including what appeared to be a short down in the basement. However you may holloway leading from nowhere to be asked to call back at a later date for the nowhere. Next we looked at some ridge item, alternatively phone the Central and furrow, with a well developed Library (01332 641702) in advance with headland. Some of the hedges still showed 8 Derbyshire Archaeological Society Newsletter # 75 (January 2013) their characteristic curved shape caused by covering a fifteen foot deep hole - was it a ox ploughing. well? Then finally we returned to the The church was visible over the hedge village hall after an interesting afternoon’s and this was our next port of call. It was walk, just as the thunder rumbled in the built in 1874 close to the site of an earlier distance. church and is a simple building of nave and John D’Arcy chancel, designed by Henry Stevens of ————————————————— Derby. The bell in an open turret is dated York Visit 1595. The interior walls have horizontal stripes of differing stone, decorated with On Saturday, 18th August, we had a very occasional Minton tiles. There are few successful coach trip to York. Members memorials; the wooden pulpit is well- visited various places including the made; there are heating pipes under every Minster, the Castle Museum, Fairfax pew. Just below the church, the overgrown House and the Yorkshire Museum where site of the earlier chapel was pointed out by there was an excellent exhibition Clive. It was demolished after the present celebrating the granting of the Royal church was built, but the site can be Charter in 1212 and telling the story of identified from old photographs. medieval York through people, places and We then walked down into the village events including some very special centre to admire some of the well- objects. maintained buildings there. A dove cote Some caught a glimpse of the York built into a gable end was visible at Bridge Mystery Plays being performed in the Farm in an interesting complex of farm Museum gardens and around the old buildings. The old vicarage is a neat streets and squares there was a bustling eighteenth century house; across the road atmosphere with markets, food stalls, is another farm of similar date but later street entertainers, musicians and a brass extended into a double pile with the date band. 1863 picked out in burnt headers on the gable wall. Next, after looking at another unidentified mound by the , we crossed several fields (including a family campsite) to look at the moated manor site. The house was demolished in the seventeenth century and nothing is left but one stone in the silted-up moat, possibly indicating a bridge. Adjacent marshy areas suggest fish-ponds. A little further down the Henmore Brook is the site of a watermill. There is an early building just traceable some distance above the stream, which was powered by a now silted -up spring. The crumbling remains of a later house stand beside the stream, showing various alterations including a brick toilet. One end had been converted for use for animals. A little distance away, Clive pointed out a couple of flagstones York Chapter House roof structure Derbyshire Archaeological Society Newsletter # 75 (January 2013) 9 The highlight of the visit to York for two Stone Age Nottinghamshire organised groups was the tour of the Masons’ Loft and Chapter House roof led Our winter lecture programme started by very knowledgeable and enthusiastic on 5th October. The talk was given by a guides. member of the Society, David Budge, and A climb up a spiral staircase led to the was based on the book he co-wrote with Masons’ Loft over the vestibule. Built in Chris Robinson ‘Stone Age Nottingham- the early 14th century with a scissor brace shire’ published in 2011. roof it still retains an original fireplace and He told us, by way of graphs, of the garderobe. The room has a rare gypsum climate changes, especially periods of plaster tracing floor where the shapes of glaciation, during the last one million large windows, arches and other details of years and described the landscape when the building were drawn life-size into the Britain was part of the land mass called plaster and templates made showing the Doggerland which stretched from the east profile of the mouldings. The masons coast of Britain across to the present coast could therefore carry on working through of the Netherlands and the western coasts the winter months. The templates were of Germany and Denmark. He described normally cut out of thin wooden boards or the emergence of stone age man during thin metal. The plaster could be re-laid and mild periods especially the Neanderthals smoothed down after each set of designs who lived in Northern Europe followed by was finished but faint incised drawing ‘modern’ man of the Upper Paleolithic lines can still be seen in the floor. period. David told their story mainly Continuity of use of the Masons’ loft in based on finds of tools especially flint the 18th and 19th centuries is evidenced by a hand axes. He showed many examples large collection of wooden, iron and zinc and described their various uses. The templates hanging from racks. A shorter people who stopped off at Cresswell Crags spiral staircase led to the outside and then in their animal hunting expeditions left into the13th century roof space over the hand axes, bone pins, decorated bones and Chapter House with its magnificent scrapers for preparing hides. They also complicated construction of massive oak left art on the walls of the caves, a horse, a beams. The king post was constructed from bird and an orox (type of cow) which it is three huge oak trees spllced together. Its thought may have been a way of weight is held by the whole structure communicating to others which animals primarily supported on 4 horizontal beams could be found in the area. crossing in the centre. Eight queen posts David described the large Palaeolithic and eight pendant posts terminate at their open air field site at Farndon, near base with the ring of the bosses that are Newark, where hundreds of flint tools visible in the Chapter House ceiling. have been found. They were in use about Almost every timber is numbered which 13,000 years ago for processing animal indicates that the roof was pre-made at carcases. He also showed us artifacts ground level then dismantled and found at Star Carr, Yorkshire, which reassembled in situ. A truly amazing sight. included stag head-dresses and harpoons made of bone.. Evidence of settlement has Anne Haywood also been found there by way of postholes, concentration of flints and burning. Further Nottinghamshire sites were described including Staythorpe where 10 Derbyshire Archaeological Society Newsletter # 75 (January 2013) waste flakes, blades and a skeleton of a in 2010 and is due to end in 2014. Dr. woman whose bones revealed, after Taylor explained that Burrough Hill had examination, that she ate only meat and no been partially excavated four times, the vegetable matter and was described as last time in the 1960s, but the findings had ‘eating like a wolf’. Another site was never been published. This is now a major Misterton Carr which is a big site on a sand student training and research excavation island near the river Trent and found there project with the University of Leicester were microliths with simple obliquely Archaeological Services and with the pointed blades, scrapers, cores, arrowheads permission of English Heritage, the and polished axes. landowners and Leicestershire County The Neolithic or New Stone Age saw Council. the introduction of settlement where the The initial survey in 2010 covered the forest was burnt down, the land worked interior of the extant hillfort earthworks and crops planted. People were still and an area of about 3.8 acres of flat open moving around until this time. Various ground to the east. Both areas lay under finds showed that tools, flints and polished pasture and the latter had prominent ridge axes, were being traded with other places and furrow earthworks. This extra mural as an axe that originated in the Lake area revealed a small settlement of round- District has been found in Nottingham- houses dating from the middle Iron Age of shire. The tools gradually became more a bigger size than normally found in this refined and decorated and would be seen as area and were considered to be status symbols by their owners. contemporary with the fort. The talk was a very useful and well The fort itself has a massive entrance, illustrated summary of the archaeology of being some 11 metres across, and being the East Midlands from the time of the similar to those found in the Welsh earliest human occupation through to the Marshes rather than those in Leicestershire Neolithic period. and Northamptonshire. An entrance Anne Heywood chamber, which was possibly a guard ————————————————— chamber, had been filled with rubble in Burrough Hill Excavations the Roman period but this chamber caused a puzzle because it was outside the Dr. Jeremy Taylor of Leicester entrance gate. During excavations of the University gave a very interesting and well entrance a human body, a young man, was illustrated talk, on the 2nd November, on found lying at the base of a large pit. The the ongoing excavations at the hillfort on skeleton was in a crouched position and Burrough Hill, 6 miles south of Melton lay within a stone cairn over which lay the Mowbray in Leicester. Burrough Hill is cobbled road surface of the main hill fort considered the finest example of a large entrance. No grave goods were found apart univallate (single banked) hillfort in the from a dead raven. Further burials may be county and has protected status as a revealed as the dig continues in the next Scheduled Monument. It stands on an iron- two years. stone promontory about 200 metres above Excavations of the interior of the sea level. The iron gives the limestone a hillfort, which measures about 5 acres, distinctive hue ranging from orange to light revealed four hundred large pits and brown. The ramparts are constructed from roundhouses around the edge of the fort. stone and earth and stand 3 metres above Not all the pits were for storage. Remains the interior of the fort. This project started of a furnace were found with quenching Derbyshire Archaeological Society Newsletter # 75 (January 2013) 11 pits providing evidence of ironworking. that, it isn’t every leader who has to ignore Some pits were very deep, over two metres, families rushing past him, likewise a small possibly used for grain storage and child dressed as a bumble bee trying thereafter as middens where iron brooches, desperately to get to the village green on metalwork, spears and agricultural tools time and a horse passing at a trot for the were found. Also found were a horse’s same reason. head, a human skull, rotary querns, more Adrian Earp gave a brief introduction to brooches and pins hinting at rituals or rites. the day and so we started a walk of Dr. Taylor considered that occupation of discovery, the topics being:- lead mining, the fort lasted until late 1st century A.D. rope making, farming, lorry enterprises, with a small settlement of fifteen church and chapels, textiles, geology, roundhouses but with many storage pits paper making, calamine, tanners, which may have been used as a central framework knitting, public houses, storage centre for outlying farmsteads. architecture, building materials, corn mills, Alternatively, it could have been an roads and road making, population, water, important site for ritual in the area manors, well dressings, workhouse, pack considering the imposing ramparts and horse routes, home guard and shops. entrance gate. A rich assemblage of Apply these topics to the meandering artefacts emerged including beehive querns road system and you will appreciate the imported from the Peak District, a bronze magnitude of Adrian’s task. To expand bucket,vessel fragments and many iron upon the headings would require more objects, evidence of craft production, space than is possible (see end of this feasting and ritual activities. report) but a few interesting items After a lively question and answer include : the guest house that had a six session, Dr. Taylor invited members of the seater privy, the steps in stepping lane Society to visit the site in the summer of renewed by German POW’s in the mid 2013 to find out what else this site has 1940’s, the former workhouse has crucks revealed. Anne Heywood supporting the roof, Horse Dale named as such because John Gell kept his cavalry ARCHITECTURAL horses there during the English Civil War, in 1884 the Rev Sim purchased the bull SECTION which was about to be used in bull baiting and the bull ring can be found to this day Bonsall – Morning 28 July 2012 in the church. During our walking we came upon both A few days before this visit, I received a a cyclist walking pushing his bike and a call telling me that the annual village hiker who both passed us twice in our tour carnival was being held on the same day. I of the village, this last commenting that he admit to having visions of the DAS group hadn’t been to the village before thought it becoming integrated with a band and being was a great place. A happy rewarding part of a phalanx of organisations walking morning was had by all. round the village. Further Reading on Bonsall. Five or six Fortunately, the timing of our visit was years ago the Bonsall History Project well before the start of the carnival published six booklets and one main book, (regrettably there was no band) and with the latter entitled “Bonsall and Village and the professionalism of our leader its History”, all suitable information for everything went smoothly. Having said the enthusiast. Malcolm Burrows 12 Derbyshire Archaeological Society Newsletter # 75 (January 2013) Bonsall – Afternoon 28 July 2012 most of the 115 field barns. Adrian pointed out that one of the objects of the The Bonsall Field Barn Project Project had to be to persuade farmers to keep barns rather than pull them down. He was indefatigable taking us up steep By the time of the afternoon walk hills and through very narrow stiles in the Bonsall’s Carnival was in full swing. beautiful dry stone walls encouraging us There were some beautiful well dressings, onward. in particular I would like to mention two, Looking down into the village the “Daniel in the Lion’s Den” which featured sounds of far off morris dancing came a lot of poppy heads and “Awakening the floating up enhancing the walk as we went Mystery of God”. through fields of cattle who appeared One advantage of the Carnival was plenty unmoved by our presence. There was a of choice of places to have lunch between superb view looking down from the hills the morning and the afternoon walks as down on the church and the village. well as a chance to see an extra depth into In the first field at the top of some steep the village. stone steps we met the owner of a restored Adrian continued his day’s tour of the field barn. She is still actively involved in village introducing the group to the Bonsall the project. We were then shown a variety Field Barn Project (“the Project”). This is of barns, some restored but others with a voluntary group dedicated to saving and clearly work much work to be done. This restoring the 115 limestone field barns gave us some idea of how hard the trustees within the parish of Bonsall. of the charity still need to carry on working. Some of the field barns were suffering neglect and theft of stonemasonry etc. Across the top of Bonsall there was a During the past two years the Project have portway i.e. a pack horse route where we restored 15 barns with the aid of funding were shown the remains of rope making from Derbyshire County Council and workshops. DEFRA through the Aggegates Levy We were told how Winster along Salters Scheme. The aim is to restore the barns Lane near Matlock Bridge had also seen bringing them back to being valued the restoration of several barns. Similarly agricultural buildings. The Project won in Swaledale, Yorkshire, a massive effort first prize for the Built Environment at ther had been made to get barns re-built. 2006 Green/Watch award. The £1,000 They have similar aims to the Bonsall prize money was spent on roadside farm Project. gates for Bonsall and Salters Lane. The To summarise the Bonsall Field Barn road into Bonsall has now restored field Project “These barns are unique to the barns, repaired dry stone walls, gates and White Peak in Derbyshire, they are part of gate points. the heritage of Bonsall mining and A map has been produced by the Project farming history”. which can be purchased for 50p to assist in It is possible to Sponsor a field barn or funding the barns as one of the Trust’s indeed items for the project e.g. a barn fundraising activities. Longer term they owl box, a barn door, payment towards dry plan a Bonsall Field Barn Walks Book stone wall repair. featuring twenty circular walks to feature Alsion Haslam Derbyshire Archaeological Society Newsletter # 75 (January 2013) 13 The Litchurch District of Derby Proceeding along the residual part of Hulland Street to London Road we passed The full complement of 20 members the site of St. Andrew’s Church. It had joined Jane James at Derby Railway been observed in 1850 by the vicar of St. Station, which lies on the eastern edge of Michael’s that an additional church that an the former Litchurch district, an original additional church would be needed to suburb of Derby. The district was bounded serve railway employees - thus St. by Bag Lane (now East Street), Deadman’s Andrew’s was consecrated in 1866. It was Lane and Osmaston Road. Much of the designed by Sir Gilbert Scott, whose area became Railway property, and were in brother was the vicar of Ockbrook. By the Derwent flood plain and low cost. They 1863, Oxford Street, High Bloomfield were owned by the Burrough family and Clifton and Barlow Streets were were raised above flood level for the developing. Clifton Street was named after railway developments. From the mid-1830s the owners of Clifton Hall, Nottingham. conditions of transport needs led to the The last remaining houses there facing consolidation of the railway companies to demolition in the 1970s had cast iron form the Midland Railway in 1844, which lintels and sills, possibly by Eastwood and was then the largest railway in . Swingler. Barlow Street was built on The Francis Thompson designed the original Field, land belonging to a large Regency Station in 1840; Charles Trubshaw added a villa on Osmaston Road; it was named covered frontage in 1893. The chronic after William Barlow (1812-1902), the failure of maintenance, together with civil engineer of the Midland Railway ignorance of architectural merit led to the from 1842-1857. demolition of most of the Victorian We then walked down Litchurch Lane; structure in 1985. Its Smith’s clock was Litchurch with Morleston was a post- saved and relocated to the eastern end of Viking Hundred. The last houses there Amber House. Of the extensive range of were demolished in 1959 to make way for workshop buildings, only the 1840 Railway development. On Osmaston Road workshops of the North Midland and north of the railway stands the Osmaston Midland Counties survive, the best known Works, built as William Fletchers lace being the Roundhouse, now part of Derby mill. Continuing northwards, n the east College. side were Dexter Street, once part of Castlefields House, near the present Dexter Close, a pinfold named after Traffic Street, featured in the 1725 William Dexter, and Horton Street called illustration of the Prospect of Derby. We after William Horton who acquired Dexter passed the Midland Hotel of C. 1840, Close. which was extended in 1874. Nelson Street Ivy Square was built in 1935 (on the site was built to join the Station to London of Ivy House of 1852 for Thomas Boam), Road. Its development was underway in a circle of some 20 semidetached houses 1852; by 1878 Peace Place, Johnsons with banding in black and white buildings (he was a shopkeeper of 2 Nelson brickwork. Permission was granted in Street), Proctor’s and Bennett’s buildings 1873 for Sir Abraham Woodings to build were built. In the 1980s most of the seven houses in Bateman Street, designed southwest end was built over by the GPO. by G.H. Sheffield. was named The substantial office building on the south after the Bateman family of Hartington side won the first Larkin Award for Hall. Litchurch Lodge, a handsome renovation in 1994. Regency building on the west side of 14 Derbyshire Archaeological Society Newsletter # 75 (January 2013) Osmaston Road is showing a serious Wright went to Europe with Mrs Mamah subsidence crack on its northeast corner. Borthwick Cheney leaving his wife with Other houses passed include Elm Villa, their 6 children. Back in the USA Wright designed by George Holme in the 1840s set up house with Mrs Cheney who met and Ladygrove House of 1878. The Union her death in 1914 when Wright’s butler set Workhouse of 1837 is now part of the the house on fire killing all in the house. Crown works. Fortunately, the architect was away from It is worthy of note that some 170 names home and subsequently re-built the house. recorded in the 1881 census in Litchurch Miriam Noel moved to Tokyo with Wright appear today as Derby street or place for five years (he was still married to his names. The social and architectural first wife), but subsequently married heritage of Litchurch merits more study Miriam in 1922. It is not clear what and civic acknowledgment than it receives. happened to his second wife but in 1928 Gwen Sandhu he married his third wife Olgivanna ————————————————— Hinzenberg. His lasting legacy to the The Life & Work of Frank Lloyd architectural world – apart from his Wright 1867-1959 remaining buildings – was the setting up of the Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation in Richard Stone was our lecturer on Frank 1940 which still exists to this day. It aims Lloyd Wright the architect, his life and to advance the principle of organic work, proving to an expert in his field. architecture and preserve Frank Lloyd There was a large selection of marvellous Wright’s archive. slides and great insight into the man The audience were treated to a large himself, his life being an adventure in selection of buildings and interiors itself. designed by Wright. As well as designing The architect’s parents emigrated from a given building, he designed the furniture, Wales to the USA. His father was an fixtures, window blinds and even in some Unitarian Minister and and Music Teacher, cases cutlery as well. The influence of the his mother also being a Music Teacher. Arts and Crafts Movement and also Frank was born in Wisconsin being given Rennie Mackintosh can be seen in some of the middle name of Lincoln. From early on the furniture and some is so forward his mother was keen that he should become looking it would not look out of place in a an architect, giving him books to foster the modern office. Some of the furniture interest. Wright then went to University originally in the buildings is on loan to studying engineering with the aim of museums, the furniture whilst echoing the becoming a draftsman. In 1885 his parents building is somewhat restricting on storage divorced and Frank dropped out of in a given room. Other buildings remain University. At the same time he changed true to the integrity and have kept the his middle name to Lloyd and started furniture. working for Joseph Silsbee. 1889 saw his Frank L Wright was very good in marriage to Catherine Lee Tobin and the obtaining patrons for grand designs and following year Frank moved to work for sympathetic to the landscape. However, Adler and (Louis) Sullivan. At 26 he left during the depression in the 1930’s the his job because he was designing houses on architect recognised the need to design and his own account in Oak Park. build inexpensive workers’ homes. In 1893 Frank L Wright set up his own Nowadays, all buildings designed by this practice which continued to prosper. famous architect can command a large fee Derbyshire Archaeological Society Newsletter # 75 (January 2013) 15 despite problems with leaking roofs and various lords of mankind? I think not. No, such, they are certainly very eye catching, I know that architecture is life, or at least it blending in with the landscape. is life itself taking form and therefore it is Just to highlight some of the buildings the truest record of life as it was lived in we were shown : the world yesterday, as it is lived today, or  Johnson Wax Headquarters, Racine, ever will be lived. So architecture I know Winconsin. Designed building and to be a great spirit. Architecture is that fittings. great living creative spirit which from  Wingspread, Racine, Wisconsin, was generation to generation, from age to age, originally the home for the head of proceeds, persists, creates, according to Johnson and it is now a Conference the nature of man and his circumstances as Centre. they change. That is really architecture.”  The famous iconic Gugenheim Building, Extract from In the Realm of Ideas, a a Museum, which has one continuous collection of essays by Frank Lloyd floor surface inside which goes up a Wright edited by B. B. Pfeiffer & G spiral. Nordland (1988).  The first worker’s home designed and Alison Haslam built was Herbert Jacobs’ House which even has under floor heating. LOCAL HISTORY  The most spectacular house is one SECTION designed for Edward Kanfaran round an existing waterfall. It is one hour’s drive from Pittsburgh right in the middle of a Langley Priory nature reserve. The house looks as if it th has always been there. On 29 July we visited Langley Priory  A house designed for his son which is the in NW Leicestershire. The present middle of a desert. owners, Tim & Teri-Lee Wagstaff, began During his life Frank Lloyd Wright by giving us a brief history of the house. designed approximately 1000 structures Quoting from the Leicestershire historian and completed 500 works. Sadly some Nichols: buildings no longer remain but those that do can fetch high prices just because he designed the same and the cachet attached to this. Our speaker said that he felt that Frank Lloyd Wright was understood by quoting the man’s own words. “What is architecture anyway? Is it a vast collection of the various buildings which have been built to please the varying taste of the 16 Derbyshire Archaeological Society Newsletter # 75 (January 2013) “William Pantulf and Burga his wife in the beginning of the reign of Henry II built a priory here for Benedictine nuns to the honour of the blessed Virgin Mary” Lands were also given to the nuns at this time and later. At the Dissolution the Priory and its lands were sold to Robert Grey and it remained with the Grey family until 1686 when it was bought by Richard Cheslyn of London. The Wagstaffs have a copy of the original deed of sale of Langley Priory Most notable was a seventeenth with Henry VIII’s seal. The Priory stayed century Flemish tapestry made to fit the with the Cheslyn family until 1847 when it walls of a room on the first floor. In a was bought by John Shakespeare. John window of this room and a window on the Shakespeare was the son of a local farmer floor below are pieces of medieval and whose intellectual abilities were brought to later stained glass, one piece has the arms the notice of Lord Rawdon of Castle of William Pantulf the original benefactor Donington. He sent John to school and of the priory another piece has the date then to London to learn Arabic and later he 1617. All of this glass is said to have been became a professor of Oriental Languages. found in the grounds and later inserted into He saved his money and when Langley windows of the house. A portrait of John Priory came up for sale was able to buy the Shakespeare still hangs in a downstairs house he had admired all his life. room. The present house has a recessed central Tim and Teri Lee Wagstaff are building and two projecting stone wings managing the upkeep of this large house with mullioned windows. The stone is said by successfully organising weddings and to have been brought from the ruins of the they are hoping to run a cookery school in Norman castle at Castle Donington. The the stables. They are also seeking funding gabled wings date from the sixteenth to restore and clean their valuable tapestry. century when Thomas Grey would have Joan Davies been altering the medieval priory into a family house. The north wing has very ——————————–—–————– thick walls and may incorporate some of the original priory. The Cheslyns made changes to the centre of the house possibly George Vernon and the building of replacing a timbered front in the 18C and Sudbury Hall, putting in the present doorway, the entrance to the house. This talk by Cherry Ann Knott was Although Langley Priory has passed most informative: she is a former property through successive ownership we were manager for the National Trust at Sudbury surprised that some of the possessions of and her knowledge and enthusiasm for her previous owners remained in the house. subject was clear from the start. Derbyshire Archaeological Society Newsletter # 75 (January 2013) 17 We were introduced to Sudbury Hall, parents. Henry barely had time to do situated by the river Dove and on the anything before he too died leaving county boundary and the question of why it George inheriting at the age of 22. George was built there; the fact that it looks as was left Sudbury, Haslington and though it might have been built in the Houndhill together with £5000 worth of 1620s-30s in the Jacobean period but this debts which he was to take on or forfeit does not match the inside which is 1670s the estate, not a good start. and later. George Vernon built the present George was well educated and married building and left a huge amount of Margaret Onley of Northamptonshire as documentation about it. his first wife. He began to build Sudbury The Vernon family came over at the shortly after as the accounts show. Cherry Conquest and and were well established by Ann showed us how she traced why he the 17th century with eight gentry families. built the hall in an earlier style. Less than They were a powerful family in the Middle two miles from where George had been Ages. There was a lot of intermarriage brought up was Crewe Hall, built 1615- between the different branches giving 1635 and which bears remarkable complex relationships and three of similarity to Sudbury Hall, particularly the George’s four grandparents were Vernons. front. The houses are set out the same He was directly descended from Sir Henry with string coures at the same height and Vernon of Haddon who had a huge amount the windows diminishing in height. Cherry of land in Derbyshire and who was Ann convinced us that this was a building Councillor to Prince Arthur, being present that George admired and copied in his at Arthur’s marriage to Catherine of building of Sudbury. Aragon and also accomp-anying Princess Margaret to Scotland to marry James IV. Sir Henry’s father had married Ellen Montgomery and brought Sudbury into the Vernon family. George was descended from two of Henry’s sons, Humphrey and Sir John Vernon. George was born in 1636, his younger brother Henry in 1637, their parents were Henry Vernon and Merall Vernon of Haslingdon in Cheshire where he was bought up. His grandfather Walter Vernon had married Mary Littleton and when Walter died she married his second cousin John Vernon . It was Mary Littleton and her second husband John Vernon who died in 1600 who had built the first at Sudbury. Until then there hadn’t been one. An estate map of 1659 showed the position of this manor house built in the early 1600s. When George’s grandfather Sir Edward died in 1656 he left his the inheritance for his son Henry strictly tied up to the marriage settlement of his 18 Derbyshire Archaeological Society Newsletter # 75 (January 2013) We were given a great deal of detail The Mumford family moved to about the actual building work, links with Lincolnshire in the 1830s and a few years Derby craftsmen, masons, brickmakers, later to Brixton in London. When she was plasterers and so on, all from the fifteen Catherine became ill with meticulous accounts kept by George and tuberculosis and she suffered ill health for his wife. An overmantal for the Drawing most of her life. In London she and her room is an early piece by Grinling mother joined the Wesleyan Reform Gibbons. Movement looking for more democracy in The present hall was shown to be the church. Here she met the Methodist intimately related to the axis of the former minister, William Booth. She and William formal garden, the front of the house is married in 1858, their first child Bramwell symetrical, with the rooms on one side for was born in 1856 and they went on to have formal entertaining and the smaller family seven more children. rooms on the other. A long gallery and a In 1860 Catherine began to preach, little cross gallery were on the first floor. despite the prejudice against women After George’s wife Margaret died in preachers, a view held at first by her 1675. Shortly after in 1676 he married husband. In 1864 The Christian Mission Dorothea Shirley who died in 1680. Finally was founded in the East End and this in 1681 he married his third wife Catherine developed into the Salvation Army where Vernon the eldest daughter of Sir Thomas women had equal rights with men. Vernon a successful merchant who had William Booth was known as the General money and because of this was able to and Catherine became the Mother of the exert considerable control over George’s Salvation army. She designed the flag and finances and making him unable to leave the female uniforms and contributed much Sudbury to his brother Henry with whom to the beliefs and ideas of the movement. he had previously be very close. Their hymns had popular appeal as they There was a vast amount of information were sung to well-known tunes of the day to absorb and it was well told. An enjoy- and their services were in the open air or able lecture from a very knowledgeable in any hall they could hire. The Salvation and enthusiastic speaker. Army worked with the poorest and most Sue Brown disadvantaged in the East End of London ————————————–————— and helped alcoholics, morphine addicts, Catherine Booth prostitutes and campaigned for better working conditions and pay for women On 16th November Danny Wells gave working long hours in factories. They his talk on Catherine Booth, the Mother of particularly campaigned to stop the use of the Salvation Army. Catherine was born in harmful yellow phosphorus in factories Ashbourne in 1829 Her parents, John and where women were making matches. Sarah Mumford were active Methodists Catherine died in 1890 in Clacton on and members of the Temperance Society; Sea and was buried in Abney Park local Temperance meetings were often held Cemetery in Stoke Newington, London. in their home. Their children were mostly Her campaigns were continued by her educated at home; they were not allowed to husband and children; the Salvation Army read any fiction or to learn French. By the grew internationally. She is commem- age of twelve Catherine had read the Bible orated in her birthplace by a statue in The eight times. Memorial Gardens in Ashbourne. Joan Davies Derbyshire Archaeological Society Newsletter # 75 (January 2013) 19 INDUSTRIAL owned mostly in the early days by the Trinity Hospital, the buildings of which ARCHAEOLOGY are still in existence as an almshouses SECTION trust. The second lecturer was Derbyshire’s own Philip Riden, who has had a lifelong interest in the economic history and EMIAC 84 REPORT - “Transport industrial archaeology of the east and and Trade in the Trent Valley” - north Midlands. Philip’s first talk was Retford, October 13, 2012 entitled ‘Stage Waggons, Barges & Narrow Boats in the East Midlands.’ This took us from road transport in the East The Autumn EMIAC of 2012, was a bit Midlands both with the north-south and of a first because the hosts were this the east-west traffic and how it evolved society’s Industrial Archaeology Section from heavy wagons to today’s carriers. but the venue was in Nottinghamshire. Philip then went on to the improvements Readers may remember that the in rivers after 1660, including the Trent, Nottinghamshire Industrial Archaeology Don, and Idle, and then the leap into the Society unfortunately folded so that canal era with the routes to London being Derbyshire were not really muscling in completed by 1814. He compared the onto “foreign” territory. costings of transport by road and canal, An attendance of about 60 made the and came to the conclusion that the Trent journey to St. Joseph’s Church Hall which Navigation was never really successful. proved to be an excellent venue. They There was much integration between road heard firstly from Malcolm Dolby, of and water, but costs were always fairly Retford, an introduction to the history and high for any sort of freight transhipment. development of the town. The town has Therefore as soon as the railways came always been split into East and West, with long distance road transport died out fairly amalgamation of the two parts not coming rapidly, that is, until the modern era. governmentally until 1878. East Retford is Philip Riden’s second talk was entitled a medieval foundation with charters from ‘The Coasting Trade of Gainsborough & 1276. It had many water-mills with a the Industrial Revolution in the East bridge over the un-navigable River Idle in Midlands’. He explained that the 13th century. A Moot Hall was built in Gainsborough was always a transfer point 1388, but the town always remained small. from sea-going vessels to either road or In 1755 a Town Hall was built, replaced in onward water transport. Coastal shipping 1868. In the 18th C. it had a worsted mill was still in the ascendancy until the with a short-lived Boulton & Watt steam railway age, there being no real engine, but the town did not thrive until the competition from the inland over coming of the Chesterfield Canal alongside the trades and cargoes that were imported which a number of maltings were built. or exported through Gainsborough. From The first railway into the town was the work done on records from the late 18th C. Manchester, Sheffield & Lincolnshire in the imports and exports were 1849, followed by the Great Northern’s predominantly agricultural or industrial ‘Towns Line’ in 1852. raw materials. Barley and rye, or West Retford was a traditional small Derbyshire lead, flint, clay and sand, and settlement, with its own parish church, to a lesser degree many ‘shop’-goods, 20 Derbyshire Archaeological Society Newsletter # 75 (January 2013) iron, nails, earthenware and cheese were Moors Railway, which runs from the products which went backwards and Pickering northwards through the National forwards over the quays of the port. All Park to Grosmont. A unique feature of this these goods were making Gainsborough a railway’s operation is that some of their real entrepot for a greater part of the East steam trains continue beyond Grosmont to Midlands and further afield, and Philip Whitby over Network Rail tracks. made the point that he was here On arrival we were given a tour of concentrating his talk just on coastal Pickering station, admiring the new shipping coming from London, east Anglia overall roof, which is a brand new replica and the North-east, omitting all the foreign of the original, which was removed in trade that was also coming into the Rivers 1952. We also visited the railway’s new Humber and Trent at the same time period. archive and education building, cleverly After a good lunch delegates were taken located on spare land between the railway by coach to three venues which had and the river, and clad in stone to match to relevance to the morning’s lectures. original buildings. Mark had arranged a Stopping points were at West Stockwith, an small display of original maps and ancient inland port at the junction of the documents that illustrated how much more tidal River Trent with the Chesterfield railway there was in Pickering until the Canal. Then it was on to Gringley-on-the- 1960s when the routes south from the Hill to look out at the stupendous view station were closed. from the Beacon Hill there over the Trent Valley and Hatfield Chase, where the work We then boarded a 1960-style diesel of Cornelius Vermuyden in the draining of hauled train to travel up the line to the levels was apparent. We then had what Levisham station. Mark had provided a was thought to be another first for EMIAC useful crib sheet for what we should look when we journeyed into the West Riding to out for along the way – there were once the town of Bawtry to view its position on several branch lines connecting limestone the Great North Road and to try to find quarries. Levisham is a remote spot – the evidence of its place as the head of village it serves is 1½ miles away and 440 navigation on the River Idle, again from feet up – but the station has been restored West Stockwith on the Trent. to represent North Eastern Railway Conference delegates had been blessed practice of 1912, including some with autumn sunshine for the day and the impressive slotted post lower quadrant small group of organisers from the I.A. semaphore signals. There is a very neat Section are to be thanked heartily for combined signalbox and ticket office, and providing an excellent day. David Mellors ———————————————————- North York Moors Railway

The Industrial Archaeology Section summer coach tour on Sunday 8 July 2012 was to Pickering in Yorkshire. Our guide for the day was, Mark Sissons, a long standing member of the Section who has retired to live in Pickering, and the main part of the visit was to the North Yorkshire Derbyshire Archaeological Society Newsletter # 75 (January 2013) 21

The Party in Pickering we were made very welcome by the landscape feature in the grounds of signalman – even allowed to pull the Howksham Hall, as well as a functional levers. We also availed ourselves of corn mill. A local trust has been set up to facilities the station wouldn’t have had in restore the building for use as an former days, a refreshment kiosk and art educational and community centre. The gallery, before returning to Pickering on first stage of the project, completed a few the next train, this time steam hauled. years ago, restored the water wheel and Mark then switched mode from railway installed a modern Archimedean screw, to town guide, and took us on a short walk both generating electricity. The second through the town. We admired the streets stage, just recently started, is the of 18th and 19th century buildings with very restoration of the building. little 20th century encroachment, and We were remarkably lucky with the marvelled at the number of , cafes and weather, only a few spots of rain, but there local shops that seem to be thriving – no was evidence of the recent downpours major supermarket here. The highlight of when we visited the mill – the water level the tour was the medieval wall paintings in in the river was so high that there was the parish church. insufficient drop across the weir to operate On the way home, the “surprise extra” the hydro-electric generators. stop was at Howsham Mill, on the (Yorkshire) River Derwent. This is a Ian Mitchell unique gothic revival style building, designed by John Carr of York to serve as a 22 Derbyshire Archaeological Society Newsletter # 75 (January 2013) Wingerworth Stone Sawing Mills interpret: more machine mountings, which presumably include those for the saw On the fine evening of 9 August 2012, frames, and various pits, cisterns and some 13 members assembled at the drains of uncertain function. There was a rendezvous specified by NEDIAS for our hint that the water-wheel might have been visit to their excavation of the replaced at some time by a water turbine. Wingerworth Stone Sawing Mills. We The two buildings seem to be closely were welcomed by David Palmer on behalf contemporary in date and are certainly of of the North East Derbyshire Industrial similar construction, both making use (at Archaeology Society and then passed to his this level) of very large blocks of stone. A colleague Les Mather to set the scene. A scattering of iron slag fragments is found sequence of maps shows that the mill pond on site, possibly hinting at the pre-1757 and artificial water courses were already in purpose of the water system. It is hoped existence by 1757 – but for what purpose is that continuing excavation – and further unclear as no buildings are shown. The documentary search – will answer some of two saw-mill buildings which are the the outstanding questions. subject of the excavation first appear on an In all, the visit proved both inter- 1843 map. Their non-appearance on esting and intriguing, and NEDIAS were Sanderson’s 1830s map is another puzzle, thanked warmly for their arrangements. as they are believed to have been working by 1829. They had ceased operation by Alastair Gilchrist 1920. Finally Les showed a very helpful ————————————————— early photograph of the two mill buildings Sir ’s Doveleys complete and apparently in use. Estate Railways We then moved to the excavation site accessed via a well-hidden path The IA Section visit on 1 September through forest scrub, the site itself sheltered was to Doveleys on the Derbyshire/Staffs within a sizeable copse of sycamore trees. Presumably self-seeded after the site was stripped and abandoned in the 1960s, the trees are now grown very straight and tall and are heavily covered with ivy. (The stripping of the site included removal of the adjacent mill dam.) The NEDIAS volunteers, in Friday sessions over some 15 months, have exposed much of the surviving immediate sub-surface stonework of the two mill buildings. This confirms documentary and photographic evidence that both steam and water power were in use, steam in the larger upper building, water in the smaller building below. Some features were clear: a crane mounting, the chimney base, the water-wheel pit; also probably the mounting for a rather small horizontal steam engine with a rather large flywheel. Other details were not easy to The Stone Bridge Derbyshire Archaeological Society Newsletter # 75 (January 2013) 23 border, one of the homes of Sir Arthur ’s School Heywood (1849-1916), who was an of Engineers enthusiastic advocate of miniature railways as a means of transport for country estates. Chris Lewis’ talk to the Industrial The best known of his railways was at Section on 19 October 2012 was on Duffield Bank north of Derby, but “James Brindley’s School of Engineers”. Doveleys was the site of his first (9 inch His aim was to credit the group of younger gauge) and last (15 inch gauge) projects. engineers who were trained by Brindley Doveleys Hall is now empty awaiting and who were later responsible for redevelopment, but there is a garden centre bringing his schemes (and other early in the grounds, so the programme devised canal schemes) to completion. Little by Trevor Griffin included an illustrated known individually, their achievements talk in the garden centre café, as well as an would secure Brindley’s reputation. exploration of the grounds searching out Brindley himself was born in 1716. evidence of the railways. A lot of what we With little formal education, he mastered saw required the eye of faith to discern a the trades of millwright and water-course railway connection, but it was a very designer and was able to put these skills to pleasant afternoon walking in fields and triumphant effect in forming the Duke of woodland by the Rover Dove. The two Bridgewater’s two canals. This led to most tangible remains are a stone bridge, numerous commiss-ions as Engineer, and prefabricated wooden building of a notably for the major Trent & Mersey (or style used extensively by Sir Arthur on his “Grand Trunk”) canal scheme. In the other projects. process, he gathered about him the team of engineers that assisted him until his death David Mellors in 1772 and perpetuated his methods thereafter. Chris had time to outline the lives and careers of four of these “pupils”. was born in North in 1734, a (younger) school- fellow of Josiah Wedgwood. Better educated than Brindley, he trained as a surveyor, joining Brindley for the survey of the second Bridgewater canal. He drew the Parliamen- tary plans for the Trent & Mersey Canal and was appointed that Company’s Clerk of Works. As Brindley’s The Wooden Building “heir”, it fell to Henshall to complete 24 Derbyshire Archaeological Society Newsletter # 75 (January 2013) many unfinished schemes, including the appointed its Resident Engineer. Its difficult northern section of the Trent & completion in 5½ years, in spite of serious Mersey with its long Harecastle Tunnel. difficulties with the Sapperton tunnel, He later added canal carrying and pottery secured his reputation and led to a flurry manufacture to his activities and died, in of work, often associated with tunnelling, 1816, a wealthy man. in the last 6 years of his life (to 1794). Samuel Simcock was born in 1727. As well as illustrating canal scenes A fellow millwright, he was well known to old and new, Chris included detail of Brindley and indeed married the latter’s baptisms, marriages, relationships, younger sister in 1749. Thoroughly residences at birth and in later prosperity, reliable, he was brought into the canal deaths, wills and places of burial. His talk business from the outset, working on both generated much interest – and brisk sales Bridgewater canals and on early of his recent book “The Canal Pioneers – exploratory work for the Trent & Mersey. Brindley’s School of Engineers”. From 1766, he was successively Alastair Gilchrist responsible for setting out the Staffordshire ————————————————— & Worcestershire Canal, was Resident Industrial Archaeology in the Engineer for the more difficult Birmingham Canal and Assistant Engineer American Midwest for the Oxford Canal. He succeeded as Engineer of the latter on Brindley’s death, With Dudley Fowkes unfortunately finally settling in Oxfordshire. unwell, his place for talk on 23 November , like his 2012 was taken by Ian Mitchell. Ian chose contemporary Henshall, was a skilled to describe, with very generous illust- surveyor. He came to Brindley’s notice in ration, the many items of interest seen on 1765 when he (Brindley) was called to the his recent visit to the mid-western states of Calder and Hebble Navigation in the USA that border the Great Lakes Whitworth’s native Yorkshire. Successful (Illinois, Indiana, Ohio and Michigan). His collaboration soon led to Whitworth visit, with Mary, comprised a week in moving south to join Brindley full-time, Chicago, independently arranged, becoming in effect his chief draughtsman. followed by transfer (by bus) to Cincinnati He produced numerous canal survey to join the AIA party, itself guests at the documents, first for Brindley and later on annual conference of the American his own account. As Engineer, his major Society for Industrial Archaeology. The achievements were the completion of two complete tour thus gave him opportunity stalled canal schemes: the Firth & Clyde to describe sites in the neighbourhood of and the Leeds & Liverpool. Chicago, Cincinnati, Dayton (Ohio) and Josiah Clowes, another North Detroit. Staffordshire man, was born in 1735. His Highlights of industrial relevance in the early connections are unclear, but he Chicago area included the elevated railway certainly worked for Brindley and was in the city centre, and the Pullman suburb close to Henshall, both as brother-in-law where, although little remains of the coach and partner in the canal carrying business. -building factory, the earliest US workers However, his individual contribution to housing has been preserved and is canal construction came later. In 1783, becoming fashionable. At Lockport, we having joined Whitworth in the survey of glimpsed the Illinois & Michigan canal, the Thames & Severn Canal, he was and at Aurora saw a very magnificent Derbyshire Archaeological Society Newsletter # 75 (January 2013) 25 railway roundhouse with open-air centre in Menlo Park laboratory. the US style. Two railway museums Ian included among his industrial items featured: the Fox River Trolley Museum, numerous subjects of more general which introduced to us the concept of the interest, such as city planning (and inter-urban tramcar; and the large Illinois decline), architecture in a wide range of Railway Museum with replica “wild-west” styles and uses, public art – and the steam locomotive and original and ambience of a period ice-cream parlour! It evocative streamlined Zephyr of 1936. made for a very satisfying evening. The move to Cincinnati brought to our Alastair Gilchrist notice the importance of the Ohio River as ————————————————— a navigable waterway. An impressive NEW MEMBERS modern lock (1959) was shown completely filled by a 3×5 array of coal barges. New members since Newsletter 74 Bridges provided a theme, which included  Mr R. Leach of two very efficient Pratt-truss designs from  Mr M & Mrs B Lake of Sutton on the 1878 and 1887, a covered wooden “burr Hill arch truss” bridge of 1875, and the  Mr O. Jessop of Millhouses, Sheffield impressive suspension bridge in Cincinnati  Mrs E.J. McCulloch of Tutbury itself, the earliest of the four (1867) and by  Dr R. Annable of Allestree John Roebling, the later designer of the  Miss M. Winfield of Derby Brooklyn Bridge in New York. Visits  Mr J. Boucher of Westwood, Notts included two factories from this general period, one preserved and one still in Deaths notified operation – the first making Mr D. Lewis of Littleover “saddletrees” (the wooden frame inside ———————————————–--— saddles), the other metal hand tools. Dayton, Ohio, the home of the Wright Derbyshire Miscellany brothers, is also home to the Wright Volume 19, Part 6 Autumn 2012 Brothers Collection located in the Carillion Park open air museum. From there Ian  Shardlow Manor and Manor House by selected for us, not a Wright Flyer, but the Miriam Wood oldest surviving US-built railway  The 1682 Inventory of William Mundy locomotive, a B&O “grasshopper” of 1835. of Darley by Jane Steer Dayton is also host to the huge USAF ______aircraft museum, where we saw a BOOK REVIEWS Beaufighter Mark 1, British-built but in USAF colours. “The Peak Forest Canal and Railway: Detroit brought us to Henry Ford. We an engineering and business history” were shown his 1904 Piquette Avenue by Grahame Boyes and Brian Lamb. The plant where the Model T was conceived, Railway and Canal Historical Society, and his 1913 Highland Park plant where 2012. ISBN 9780901461599. 220pp, 126 the moving assembly line was first figs, 9 appendices. £30 post free from introduced; also the Greenfield Village RCHS Books, 4 Broadway, Lincoln open air museum with its historic (or LN21SH replica) Ford transport. The Greenfield Museum includes Henry Ford’s homage to This is a substantial work in every Thomas Edison: a recreation of the latter’s sense. It results from the reworking and 26 Derbyshire Archaeological Society Newsletter # 75 (January 2013) extension of the late second author’s Three more copiously illustrated original text. (Brian Lamb died in 2007 additions to the series of trips down having made a life-time study of the Memory Lane. These cover the villages subject.) around Hope and Glossop and places in As now presented, the book covers and around Matlock that I didn’t know every conceivable aspect of the title existed. company’s activity – its origins, company Once again one is surprised how little structure, physical design and engineering has changed in some places and how features, management, operation, hideous some of the changes that were maintenance, traffic flows, finances – made in the 1960s in particular are. Quite finally commenting on its measure of interesting and the minimal text does turn success as a business. It also covers its up some little gems. I found myself (and its successors’) entire life: from curious as to why Bradwell had a inception (in 1794), through prosperity, Constitutional Club. decline and dereliction to providential A furtle round the internet gave a rescue (but only of the canal component), probable answer which makes me all the completed by 1974. (The tramway element more curious…….! You never know of the route was dismantled in 1927.) where these books may lead! The book is very nicely produced and is Barbara Foster generously illustrated with historic photographs (many by Brian Lamb -——————————————— himself), excellent maps and useful short biographies of key individuals in buff- STAUNTON HAROLD: Houses and coloured panels. The references show a people in a Leicestershire Parish, by wonderful survival of source material. The Barbara Hutton and Irene Brightmer, authors make the case for the canal-cum- Ashby de la Zouche Museum 2012. ISBN railway’s national significance. It has also, 0 -9547799-6-7. 58pp 37 coloured plates of course, much local interest: for example and b &w illustrations. £10 + p&p from in its prime objective of accessing Ashby Museum. Derbyshire limestone, its employment as Engineer of Benjamin Outram (of Alfreton This lavishly illustrated and useful and Butterley, then at the height of his book outlines the history of the Parish of powers), and its rescue from financial Staunton Harold both ancient and modern disaster (in 1805) by . before tackling a variety of vernacular Although the authors speak at one point of housing within its bounds. Most of these further work, this text will surely take its are 17th century in origin. Beyond the place as the definitive word on its subject. immediate confines of the Hall and its Alastair Gilchrist grounds lay a pre industrial landscape of -———————————————– coal mining, pot making and the “GLOSSOPDALE THROUGH TIME” manufacture of brick. by Mike Brown and Sue Hickinson The historical development of such “HOPE VALLEY THROUGHT TIME” houses is briefly discussed as are the by Dr Liam Clarke materials including early local bricks. “MATLOCK AND MATLOCK BATH Many of the houses surveyed were built by THROUGH TIME” colliers for colliers although over the by Alan Roberts intervening centuries they have been Amberley Books £14.99 Derbyshire Archaeological Society Newsletter # 75 (January 2013) 27 enlarged and altered considerably with one PILLING AWARD such 17th century small house cunningly disguised behind an 1840s Gothick façade. Applications are invited from members Larger farmhouses are discussed, Hearth of the Society who are involved in Tax returns examined and the minefield of research projects relating to the history, inventories explored to produce an archaeology, architecture or industrial excellent introduction to Vernacular Archaeology of Derbyshire. Architecture for the novice and a Grants of up to £1000 can be awarded. thoughtful description of these buildings Full details of the conditions and for the more well versed. Throughout there application forms can be obtained from are excellent and instructive house plans Barbara Foster (details on cover). and sketches by Barbara Hutton and others. Recommended for anyone with an interest ————————————————— in the history of Staunton Harold in general PUBLIC LECTURE and for those with an interest in local vernacular architecture in particular. 1790-2009 Barbara Foster - the Rise & Fall of an Industrial Superstar ————————————————— GWILYM ROBERTS, CBE FREng FICE SMALL ADS FIMechE Monday 18th March 2013, 7.30 pm at Does anybody know? The Hayes Conference Centre in Swanwick, Admission will be £3 (to cover A water conduit in Derby Market Place costs) and tickets will be available in is shown on Speeds map of 1610 but this January from Mike Kelley, 50 Beech does not indicate where the water came Avenue, Alfreton, Derbyshire, DE55 7EW from. It's shown as a small building, No 29 (01773833425), on the map, on the north side of Market email [email protected] Place. I cannot recognise any obvious source of supply of water to this (please include sae or collect at the location, presumably being of running door). water, which was still in place at the beginning of the 19th C. It could not have The lecture will concentrate on the been the River Derwent as they had no company’s origins and Victorian pumping system at that time to lift the engineering heyday. Controlled by the water. NB Speed’s map is online – use Wright family for most of its existence and browser for title and select Rootsweb. employing some eminent and innovative Therefore has anyone any thoughts as to chief engineers, the company was its origin - A spring? A diversion from responsible for a number of pioneering Markeaton Brook ? Or ????? landmark projects such as old Vauxhall Alan Gifford would welcome any Bridge, London’s first iron bridge across ideas. Contact via the Editor if you don’t the Thames (1816), the superstructure of have his contact details. St Pancras Station (1868) and the still extant engines at Middleton Top, Derbyshire (1829) and Stretham, Cambridgeshire (1831). 28 Derbyshire Archaeological Society Newsletter # 75 (January 2013)

EMIAC 85

Manufacturing - Past, Present and Future - 27th April 2013

The next Heritage Day is being organised by the Leicestershire Industrial History Society, The David Wilson Library and the Centre for Urban History, University of Leicester, and will be held on Saturday 27th April in Unversity of Leicester.

The conference programme is:

TBA

The conference will consider:

 The rise of Leicester as an industrial centre during the 19th century.

 Decline of industry in the late 20th century.

 How the city and its labour force has adapted to change.

 What does the future hold?

Full details and booking forms will be made available at our lecture evenings and on the website www.derbyshireas.org.uk as soon as they are announced.

Have you seen our Do we have your valid Website ? email address ?

www.derbyshireas.org.uk DERBYSHIRE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY

SECTION OFFICERS 2012/13

Archaeological Research Group (ARG)

Chairman Mr M.R.W. Butler Vice Chairman Mr G. Marler Admin Secretary Mrs J. Jackson Programme Secretary Mrs A. Haywood Treasurer Mr J.H. D’Arcy Council Representative Mr G. Marler

Architectural Section (AS)

Chairman Mr J. H. D’Arcy Vice Chairman Mr P.E. Heath Secretary Ms A. Haslam Programme Secretary Mrs J. Steer Treasurer Mr M. Busfield Council Representative Mr J.H. D’Arcy

Industrial Archaeology Section (IAS)

Chairman Dr D.V. Fowkes Vice Chairman Mr P. Robinson Secretary Mr D.C. Mellors Treasurer Dr A. Gilchrist Council Representative Mr P. Robinson

Local History Section (LHS)

Chairman Dr D.V. Fowkes Vice Chairman Mr S.A. Bounds Secretary Mrs J.W. Davies Treasurer Mrs S. Peberdy Council Representative Dr D.V. Fowkes