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A Historical and Semantical Study of Turkmens and Turkmen Tribes

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A Historical and Semantical Study of Turkmens and Turkmen Tribes A HISTORICAL AND SEMANTICAL STUDY OF TURKMENS AND TURKMEN TRIBES A Master’s Thesis by F. ESİN ÖZALP DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS BILKENT UNIVERSITY ANKARA August 2008 To my beloved sister Elif, A HISTORICAL AND SEMANTICAL STUDY OF TURKMENS AND TURKMEN TRIBES The Institute of Economics and Social Sciences of Bilkent University by F. ESİN ÖZALP In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS in THE DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS BILKENT UNIVERSITY ANKARA August 2008 I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts in International Relations. --------------------------- Dr. Hasan Ali Karasar Supervisor I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts in International Relations. --------------------------- Associate Prof. S. Hakan Kırımlı Examining Committee Member I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts in International Relations. --------------------------- Prof. Dr. Hasan Ünal Examining Committee Member Approval of the Institute of Economics and Social Sciences --------------------------- Prof. Dr. Erdal Erel Director ABSTRACT Özalp, F. Esin M.A. Department of International Relations Supervisor: Dr. Hasan Ali Karasar August 2008 This work traces the history and the tribal organization of the Turkmen tribes of today’s Turkmenistan. The study covers the period from the beginning of the tenth century up until the Russian conquest of the nineteenth century with a special emphasis given to the very early history of the Oghuz, the early Seljuk Turkmens and lastly the Turkmens under Uzbek Khanates and Persian rule. The aim is to find out how Turkmen tribes, tribal confederations and clans had taken their contemporary shape. Considering the role they played in history, the Oghuz, the forefathers of the Turkmens, enjoy great importance among the various branches of the Turkish people. Thus, in order to accomplish a comprehensive study of the Turkmen people within Turkistan, this work begins with detailed information about the etymology of the word “Turkmen,” the names of the Turkmen tribes, and their structure by relying on the valuable works of the leading ancient scholars. Throughout centuries, the territory which is known to be the Turkmen land witnessed several conquerors; the Oghuz, Seljuks, Mongols, Timurids, Shaybanids, Uzbek Khanates and finally the Russians. By examining these troublesome periods in particular, this work aims to analyze the Turkmen people’s struggle against the Khivan, Persian and Russian dominance, and their tribal structure prior to the Russian conquest. Key words: Oghuz, Turkmen, Turkmen Tribes, Subtribes, and Clans iii ÖZET Özalp, F. Esin Master tezi, Uluslararası İlişkiler Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi: Dr. Hasan Ali Karasar Ağustos 2008 Bu çalışma onuncu yüzyıl başlarından on dokuzuncu yüzyıldaki Rus işgaline kadar olan zamanı esas alarak günümüz Türkmenistan topraklarında yaşayan ve tarihsel süreçte Oğuz Yabgu Devleti, Selçuk İmparatorluğu, Özbek Hanlıkları ve İran egemenliğinde yaşayan Türkmenlerin tarihini ve boy yapılarını incelemektedir. Çalışmanın amacı, Türkmen boyları, boy konfederasyonları ve kabilelerinin tarihsel süreçte bugünkü şekillerini nasıl aldığını göstermektir. Tarihte oynadıkları rol göz önüne alınırsa, Türkmenlerin ataları Oğuzlar, diğer Türk boyları arasında ayrıcalıklı bir konuma sahiptirler. Bu nedenle, Türkmenler konusunda kapsamlı bir inceleme yapabilmek için çalışmaya, İslam dünyasının en önde gelen âlimlerinin kıymetli eserleri ışığında “Türkmen” kelimesinin etimolojisi, Türkmen boylarının isimleri ve yapıları hakkında detaylı bir bilgi verilerek başlanmıştır. Yüzyıllar boyunca Türkmen toprakları olarak bilinen bölge, Oğuz Devleti, Selçuk, Moğol, Timur ve Şeybânî İmparatorlukları, Özbek Hanlıkları, İran İmparatorluğu ve son olarak Rus egemenliğinde kalmıştır. Çalışma, Türkmen tarihindeki bu zor dönemleri detaylı bir şekilde incelerken, Türkmen halkının on dokuzuncu yüzyılda Hive, İran ve Rus nüfuzuna karşı verdikleri mücadeleyi, bu dönemlerde geçirdikleri değişimi ve Rus işgalinden önceki Türkmen boy yapısını incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Oğuz, Türkmen, Türkmen Boy, Uruğ ve Tîreleri iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First and most of all, I wish to express my gratitude to Dr. Hasan Ali Karasar, who supervised me throughout the preparation of my thesis with a great patience and diligence. He carefully read the text word by many times and kindly provided his valuable comments. He has always had great faith in me and I am sure that without his encouragements I could not finalize this work. Apart from being my thesis adviser, in time, he has been a really good friend of mine. It is my pleasure to acknowledge the support of Associate Prof. Hakan Kırımlı for his being a truly inspiring academician. His invaluable guidance made a huge difference for all of us in our pursuit of academic excellence. I am also thankful to Prof. Dr. Hasan Ünal for spending his valuable time to read my thesis and kindly participating in my thesis committee. My thanks are also due to my very special friends and colleagues in Center for Russian Studies, namely Abdürrahim Özer, Nâzım Arda Çağdaş, Melih Demirtaş, and Pınar Üre. Our unique friendship and their kind support made this study possible. My dear friends Mahir Büyükyılmaz and Aslı Tan also deserve my special thanks for being there for me when I needed them the most. Last but not least, I owe my beloved parents and my dearest sister more than a general acknowledgement. If I happen to be a good academician one day, it is due to the generous love, continuous support, understanding and patience of the best mother and father on earth. v TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ..........................................................................................................iii ÖZET.....................................................................................................................iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS..................................................................................... v TABLE OF CONTENTS.....................................................................................vi APPENDICES ....................................................................................................viii LIST OF TABLES................................................................................................. x INTRODUCTION................................................................................................. 1 CHAPTER I: THE DERIVATION OF THE “TURKMEN” TERM ............ 11 1.1. The Origin of the “Turkmen” Term .................................................... 11 1.2. Turkmen Term in the Works of Islamic Scholars ............................... 19 1.2.1. Turkmen Tribes’ Names, Ranks, Belges (Tamgas), and Onguns According to Various Islamic Scholars.....................................................25 1.2.1.1 List of the Oghuz/Turkmen Tribes According to Kaşgarlı Mahmud, Reşîdeddin Fazlullah, Yazıcıoğlu Ali, Mehmet Neşrî, and Ebulgazi Bahadır Khan....................................................................... 26 1.2.1.2 List of the Enumeration of the Oghuz/Turkmen Tribes According to Kaşgarlı Mahmud, Reşîdeddin Fazlullah, Yazıcıoğlu Ali, Mehmet Neşrî, and Ebulgazi Bahadır Khan................................ 30 1.2.1.3 The Division of the Oghuz/Turkmen Tribes into Bozok and Üçok Tribes According to Reşîdeddin Fazlullah................................ 34 1.2.1.4 The Division of the Oghuz/Turkmen Tribes into Bozok and Üçok Tribes According to Ebulgazi Bahadır Khan............................ 35 1.2.1.5 The Belges [Tamgas] of the Oghuz/Turkmen Tribes According to Kaşgarlı Mahmud ......................................................... 37 1.2.1.6 List of the Names, Tamgas, Onguns and Ülüş of the Oghuz/Turkmen Tribes According to Reşîdeddin Fazlullah.............. 39 vi 1.2.1.7 List of the Names, Onguns, Tamgas and Ülüş of the Oghuz/Turkmen Tribes According to According to Ebulgazi Bahadır Khan ............................................................................................. 45 1.3. Modern Scholars’ Views on the Etymology of the Turkmen Term.... 47 1.4. Conclusions on the derivation of the “Turkmen” term .......................55 CHAPTER II: THE HISTORY OF THE EARLY TURKMENS.................. 61 2.1 The Rise of the Seljuk Dynasty...........................................................61 2.2 Early Seljuk Turkmens........................................................................ 66 2.3 Seljuk Turkmens after Selçuk’s Death................................................ 72 2.4 Late Seljuk Turkmens under the Seljuk Realm................................... 76 2.5 Seljuks of Rûm (Anatolia)................................................................... 83 2.6 Seljuk Turkmens under the Mongol Rule ........................................... 86 2.7 Conclusions on the Turkmens after the Mongol Rule......................... 88 CHAPTER III: THE UZBEK KHANATES AND THE CONQUEST OF THE TURKMEN LAND .................................................................................... 90 3.1. Rise of the Uzbek Dynasty..................................................................91 3.2. The Khivan Khanate............................................................................92
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