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Bagosora Appeals Judgement Tribunal Pénal International pour le Rwanda International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda UNITED NATIONS NATIONS UNIES IN THE APPEALS CHAMBER Before: Judge Theodor Meron, Presiding Judge Patrick Robinson Judge Mehmet Güney Judge Fausto Pocar Judge Liu Daqun Registrar: Mr. Adama Dieng Judgement of: 14 December 2011 Théoneste BAGOSORA Anatole NSENGIYUMVA v. THE PROSECUTOR Case No. ICTR-98-41-A _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ JUDGEMENT _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Counsel for Théoneste Bagosora Raphaël Constant Office of the Prosecutor Richard Perras Hassan Bubacar Jallow James J. Arguin George W. Mugwanya Counsel for Anatole Nsengiyumva Inneke Onsea Kennedy Ogetto Renifa Madenga Gershom Otachi Bw’Omanwa Abubacarr Tambadou Evelyn Kamau William Mubiru Aisha Kagabo Ndeye Marie Ka CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 1 A. ANATOLE NSENGIYUMVA AND THEONESTE BAGOSORA .............................................................. 1 B. JOINDER OF CASES AND TRIAL JUDGEMENT ................................................................................. 2 C. THE APPEALS ............................................................................................................................... 4 II. STANDARDS OF APPELLATE REVIEW ............................................................................... 5 III. APPEAL OF ANATOLE NSENGIYUMVA ............................................................................ 7 A. ALLEGED INVALIDITY OF THE TRIAL JUDGEMENT (GROUND 1) ................................................... 7 B. ALLEGED ERRORS RELATING TO THE FAIRNESS OF THE PROCEEDINGS (GROUND 12) .................. 9 1. Alleged Violation of the Right to an Initial Appearance Without Delay ................................ 9 2. Alleged Violation of the Right to Be Tried Without Undue Delay ....................................... 10 3. Alleged Violation of the Right to Be Present at Trial ............................................................ 12 (a) Justification for the Absence .................................................................................................. 14 (b) Close of Nsengiyumva’s Defence Case ................................................................................. 15 (c) Application of the Proportionality Principle .......................................................................... 16 4. Alleged Errors Relating to the Admission of Evidence ......................................................... 20 5. Alleged Errors Relating to Disclosure ................................................................................... 23 (a) Disclosure Relating to Protected Prosecution Witnesses ....................................................... 23 (b) Disclosure of Witness ZF’s Particulars .................................................................................. 28 6. Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 29 C. ALLEGED ERRORS RELATING TO THE INDICTMENT (GROUNDS 2, 4, AND 6-10 IN PART) ............. 30 1. Preliminary Considerations and Applicable Law .................................................................. 31 2. Alleged Lack of Notice Concerning Civil Defence Forces, Preparation of Lists, Meeting with Commanders, and Communication with Kigali .......................................................... 32 (a) Civil Defence Forces .............................................................................................................. 32 (b) Preparation of Lists ................................................................................................................ 33 (c) Meeting with Commanders and Communication with Kigali ................................................ 35 3. Alleged Lack of Notice Concerning Gisenyi Town .............................................................. 36 4. Alleged Lack of Notice Concerning the Killing of Alphonse Kabiligi ................................. 41 5. Alleged Lack of Notice Concerning Nyundo Parish ............................................................. 46 6. Alleged Lack of Notice Concerning Mudende University .................................................... 51 7. Alleged Lack of Notice Concerning Bisesero ....................................................................... 58 8. Alleged Lack of Notice of Elements of Superior Responsibility .......................................... 64 (a) Identification of Subordinates ................................................................................................ 65 (b) Criminal Conduct of Subordinates ......................................................................................... 67 (c) Knowledge of the Subordinates’ Crimes................................................................................ 67 (d) Failure to Prevent or Punish ................................................................................................... 68 (e) Conclusion .............................................................................................................................. 69 9. Alleged Errors in Considering Prejudice ............................................................................... 70 10. Conclusion ........................................................................................................................... 72 D. ALLEGED ERRORS RELATING TO THE BURDEN OF PROOF AND THE ASSESSMENT OF EVIDENCE (GROUND 11) ........................................................................................................................... 73 E. ALLEGED ERRORS RELATING TO THE ELEMENTS OF CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY (GROUNDS 3 AND 5) ...................................................................................................................................... 76 F. ALLEGED ERRORS RELATING TO GISENYI TOWN (GROUND 6 IN PART) ...................................... 79 1. Alleged Errors in the Assessment of Evidence ...................................................................... 80 (a) Assessment of Witness DO’s Testimony ............................................................................... 80 (i) Rejection of Parts of Witness DO’s Testimony .................................................................. 80 (ii) Corroboration of Witness DO’s Testimony ....................................................................... 83 (iii) Contradictions in Witness DO’s Evidence ....................................................................... 88 (b) Alleged Failure to Consider Defence Testimonies ................................................................ 91 i Case No. ICTR-98-41-A 14 December 2001 (c) Conclusion .............................................................................................................................. 92 2. Alleged Errors Regarding Nsengiyumva’s Criminal Responsibility ..................................... 92 (a) Ordering ................................................................................................................................. 92 (b) Superior Responsibility .......................................................................................................... 96 (i) Superior-Subordinate Relationship ..................................................................................... 98 (ii) Knowledge ....................................................................................................................... 101 (iii) Failure to Prevent or Punish ........................................................................................... 101 (iv) Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 102 3. Conclusion ........................................................................................................................... 103 G. ALLEGED ERRORS RELATING TO THE KILLING OF ALPHONSE KABILIGI (GROUND 7 IN PART) . 104 1. Alleged Errors in the Assessment of Evidence .................................................................... 105 2. Alleged Errors Regarding Nsengiyumva’s Criminal Responsibility ................................... 109 (a) Ordering ............................................................................................................................... 109 (b) Superior Responsibility ........................................................................................................ 111 3. Conclusion ........................................................................................................................... 113 H. ALLEGED ERRORS RELATING TO NYUNDO PARISH (GROUND 8 IN PART) ................................. 114 1. Alleged Errors Regarding Ordering ..................................................................................... 115 2. Alleged Errors Regarding Superior Responsibility ............................................................. 118 3. Conclusion ........................................................................................................................... 119 I. ALLEGED ERRORS RELATING TO MUDENDE UNIVERSITY (GROUND 9 IN PART) .......................
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