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18 «Вестник Нгау» – 2(59)/2021 Агрономия Внутривидовая

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18 «Вестник Нгау» – 2(59)/2021 Агрономия Внутривидовая АГРОНОМИЯ УДК 635.9:631.52 DOI:10.31677/2072-6724-2021-59-2-18–42 ВНУТРИВИДОВАЯ ИЗМЕНЧИВОСТЬ ЦВЕТОЧНО-ДЕКОРАТИВНЫХ РАСТЕНИЙ СЕМЕЙСТВА ONAGRACEAE И МЕХАНИЗМЫ ИХ СОРТООБРАЗОВАНИЯ 1Е.В. Королева, соискатель 1 А.Ф. Петров, кандидат сельскохозяйственных наук, доцент Ключевые слова: цветочно-де- 2,3Ю.В. Чудинова, доктор биологических наук, доцент коративные растения, род, 1Новосибирский государственный аграрный вид, подвид, гибрид, форма, университет, Новосибирск, Россия популяция, наследование, при- 2 Томский сельскохозяйственный институт – филиал знак, генотип, аллель, таксо- ФГБОУ ВО номия, Onagraceae, Clarkia, 3Сибирский научно-исследовательский институт Godetia, селекция, система сельского хозяйства и торфа - филиал ФГБУН Сибирский федеральный научный центр пигментации агробиотехнологий РАН, Томск, Россия E-mail: [email protected] Реферат. Настоящий обзор посвящен проблемам внутривидовой изменчивости цветоч- но-декоративных растений рода Clarkia Purch. семейства Onagraceae и уточнению си- стематического статуса интродуцированных в Новосибирск видов Godetia. Виды кларкии из секций Godetia и Rhodantos отличаются особой красотой и продолжительностью цве- тения. Для отбора перспективных форм и создания местных сортов, включенных в ос- новной ассортимент цветочных культур для климатических условий Западной Сибири, а также внедрения их в городское озеленение необходимо всестороннее изучение влияния условий внешней среды на генетические особенности популяций, декоративные качества, биологию цветения, морфогенез, органогенез, семенную продуктивность и качество семян, агротехнику выращивания вышеуказанных видов кларкии. В статье рассматриваются таксономические маркеры, значимые для определения систематического положения ви- дов Clarkia из секций Godetia и Rhodantos в семействе Onagraceae. Изложены эксперимен- тальные данные генетического и цитологического анализов, проведенных зарубежными учеными за последние 100 лет, которые дают представление о морфологической, кари- ологической характеристике и генетической изменчивости у различных видов в секции Godetia. Установлены механизмы наследования признака окраски цветков и многочислен- ных вариаций положения пятна на лепестках разных видов кларкий. Формирование переч- ня генов, отвечающих за систему пигментации рода Clarkia, местоположение и размер карминового пятна, позволит вести направленный отбор по качественным признакам. Изучение картины многофакторного наследования признаков габитуса и формы цветка среди подвидов C. amoena способствует отбору наиболее декоративных гибридных форм (сортотипов) в качестве исходного материала. В заключение приводится краткий обзор перспективных видов рода Clarkia из секции Godetia и Rhodantos для декоративного рас- тениеводства и селекции. 18 «Вестник НГАУ» – 2(59)/2021 АГРОНОМИЯ INTRASPECIFIC VARIATION IN FLORAL AND ORNAMENTAL PLANTS OF THE ONAGRACEAE FAMILY AND MECHANISMS OF VARIETAL DEVELOPMENT 1E.V. Koroleva, Researcher 1A.F. Petrov, PhD in Agricultural Sciences, Associate Professor 2,3Yu.V. Chudinova, Doctor of Biological Sciences, Associate Professor 1Novosibirsk State Agrarian University, Novosibirsk, Russia 2Tomsk Agricultural Institute - Branch of Novosibirsk State Agrarian University, Tomsk, Russia 3Siberian Research Institute of Agriculture and Peat - Branch of Siberian Federal Research Center of Agrobiotechnology RAS, Tomsk, Russi Key words: ornamental plants, genus, species, subspecies, hybrid, form, population, inheritance, trait, genotype, allele, taxonomy, Onagraceae, Clarkia, Godetia, breeding, pigmentation system. Abstract. The present review is devoted to intraspecific variability of floral and ornamental plants of the genus Clarkia purch. Family Onagraceae and clarification of the systematic status of the Godetia species introduced into Novosibirsk. Clarkia species from the Godetia and Rhodantos sec- tions are noted for their particular beauty and duration of flowering. A comprehensive study of the influence of environmental conditions on genetic features of populations, ornamental qualities, flow- ering biology, morphogenesis, organogenesis, seed production and seed quality, agrotechnology’s of growing the above species of Clarkia, for selecting suitable forms and creating local varieties included in the basic assortment of flower crops for climatic conditions of Western Siberia as well as their introduction into urban gardening is necessary. The article discusses taxonomic markers important for determining the systematic position of Clarkia species from Godetia and Rhodantos sections in the family Onagraceae. Experimental data of genetic and cytological analyses carried out by foreign scientists for the last 100 years are presented, which give an idea of morphological, karyological characteristics and genetic variability in various species in the Godetia section. The mechanisms of inheritance of the flower colour trait and numerous variations in the position of the spot on the petals of different clarkia species have been established. Formation of the list of genes responsible for the Clarkia pigmentation system, location and size of the carmine spot will allow tar- geted selection for qualitative traits. The study of the pattern of multifactorial inheritance of habitus and flower shape traits among C. amoena subspecies contributes to the passage of the most decora- tive hybrid forms (varieties) as the starting material. In conclusion, a brief overview of promising species of the genus Clarkia from the Godetia and Rhodantos sections for ornamental plant breeding and selection is given. Экономическое и социальное развитие Декоративные растения широко исполь- города Новосибирска и Новосибирской об- зуются для озеленения. Значительное место ласти обусловливает строительство новых в цветочных оформлениях отводится краси- объектов инфраструктуры и увеличивает по- воцветущим однолетним растениям (летни- требность в зеленых зонах, особенно в центре кам), которые отличаются продолжительным мегаполиса. Благоустройство и развитие но- цветением, разнообразными габитусом ку- вых рекреационных объектов: садов, парков ста, строением и окраской соцветий и цвет- и скверов – ведет к увеличению площадей под ков. Поэтому экономически выгодно произ- цветочное оформление, которое неотъемлемо водство собственных семян перспективных связано с повышением качества и расширени- летников, обладающих высокими сортовыми ем ассортимента цветочных культур, устой- и посевными качествами, соответствующими чивых к местным природно-климатическим почвенно-климатическим условиям Западной условиям. Сибири. «Вестник НГАУ» – 2(59)/2021 19 АГРОНОМИЯ Представители семейства Onagraceae и гибридов, получения высокосортного се- Juss. – однолетние декоративные красивоц- менного материала, устойчивого к резко-кон- ветущие растения Clarkia аmoena (Lehm.) тинентальному климату лесостепи Западной Nels & Macbr. и C. purpurea (Curtis) Nels & Сибири, а также сохранения биоразнообразия Macbr. – выделяются продолжительным цве- растений. тением, высокими декоративными качества- ми куста и цветков и способностью выдержи- ОБЪЕКТЫ И МЕТОДЫ вать пониженные температуры и заморозки, ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙ что дает возможность выращивания в цвет- никах без рассады – посевом семян в грунт. В Новосибирск однолетние декоративные Clarkia Данные виды растений из родаClarkia Purch. растения рода Purch. из семейства ки- практически не встречаются в озеленении прейные Onagraceae Juss. попали благодаря Новосибирска и заслуживают большего рас- международной системе обмена семенами. пространения в нашем регионе, чем в насто- Интродукционные исследования проводи- ящее время. лись в 1986–2006 гг. на базе ЦСБС СО РАН Для обновления регионального сортимен- и с 2011 г. по настоящее время на базе та иммунными и толерантными сортами цве- Новосибирского государственного аграрно- точных культур, не теряющими своей деко- го университета. Объектами для исследова- ративности при интродукции и адаптирован- ний послужили образцы однолетних краси- ными к развитию в природно-климатической воцветущих растений: годеции прелестной зоне рискованного земледелия, необходимо Godetia аmoena (Lehm.) G. Don), полученной изучать мировой генетический потенциал из ГБС СО РАН (г. Москва), и годеции пур- Godetia purpurea цветочно-декоративных растений и создавать пурной G. Don, полученной собственный банк исходного материала для в 2000 г. по делектусу из румынского ботани- селекции и элитного семеноводства, а также ческого сада Grădina Botanică Alexandru Borza разработки эффективных технологий возде- a Universităţii Cluj-Napoca Румынии (рис. 1). лывания и сохранения биоразнообразия рас- Морфологическое строение растений тений. этих двух видов очень похоже, хотя и имеют- В литературе по цветоводству встреча- ся существенные различия по длине главного ются различные мнения о систематическом стебля и соцветия, габитусу, степени ветвле- положении видов и подвидов кларкий, таких ния побегов, размеру и цвету листьев, окра- как Clarkia аmoena (Lehm.) Nels & Macbr., ко- ске, строению и размеру цветков, а также торая чаще упоминается как годеция прелест- степени раскрытия плодов–коробочек и био- ная Godetia аmoena (Lehm.) G. Don, и кларкия логии цветения. С вышеуказанными видами пурпурная C. purpurea (Curtis) Nels & Macbr. с 2011 г. ведется селекционная работа на базе – синоним Godetia purpurea Nels & Macbr. Новосибирского государственного аграрно- Цель исследования – уточнение система- го университета и продолжаются исследова- тического статуса вышеуказанных видов рас- ния по изучению влияния окружающей сре- тений и сравнительное изучение
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