Review of Underground Laboratories

Review of underground laboratories

X. Bertou on behalf of many laboratory directors Centro Atómico Bariloche, Argentina (CNEA/CONICET) World map of underground labs

X. Bertou, TAUP 2019 2/37 Deep Underground Laboratories

Common/different characteristics: • Physics-wise: • Background • Muon/Cosmogenic (depth) • Radioactive (rock, ventilation) • Location / Signal sources • Neutrino (reactor/long baseline/geo…) • Dark Matter (modulation) • Non HEP (ex: geosciences) • Work environment-wise: • Access (shaft/horizontal) • Cleanliness • Facilities (underground/at surface) • Safety

X. Bertou, TAUP 2019 3/37 Deep Underground Laboratories

Collaborative approach among Lab directors ex: common mailing list for review talks

X. Bertou, TAUP 2019 4/37 SNOLAB, Canada

SNOLAB Programme

- Example of broad science programme within a deep underground facility - Main areas include dark matter and neutrino studies - Also engaging genomics, mining innovation, engineering - Low background assay capabilities open up additional science threads: quantum computing (superconducting), deep subsurface biosphere, national security

X. Bertou, TAUP 2019 5/37 Dark Matter Neutrino Other NEWS-G DEAP-I DEAP-3600 PICASSO, COUPP, MiniCLEAN DAMIC Completed DEAP-I, PICO-2/60 SNO (Neutrino) PUPS (Geology) PICO-2 (Dark Matter) PICO-500 PICO-40, DAMIC, HALO, SNO+ (water) REPAIR / FLAME SNOLAB,Current DEAP-3600, MiniCLEAN Canada (Neutrino) (Genomics) (Dark Matter) Tonne-scale CUTE, NEWS-G SNO+ Double Beta 2019 Start MODCC (mining) (Dark Matter) (Neutrino - LAB)

SBC PICO-500, SuperCDMS, SNO+ SBC, SENSEI HALO SENSEI 2019+ (Neutrino DBD) SuperCDMS (Dark Matter) Cryopit Project Cube Hall Project

PICASSO- REPAIR III PUPS SNO+ TeBD SNO+ TeA FLAME

PICO-40 CUTE (SCDMS Test) SNO+ Low Background Assay Facilities Potential future SNOLAB development 20

Evaluation of expansion possibilities completed Included current (ambitious) plans as communicated by community New cavity (similar to Cryopit) Additional drift space Cost estimate O($100M) Such development would require substantial ROI and support from community

22 X. Bertou, TAUP 2019 6/37 An injection of 65M$ in Canada to support astroparticle physics Strengthen international collaborations. “To be a globally recognized centre for research and learning, coalescing Canadian and international expertise in underground particle astrophysics and benefitting from the unique SNOLAB facility to deliver world-leading science focused on the big questions in particle astrophysics, cosmology and astronomy.” Numerous programs have been launched: - 15 new faculty members - About 85 research staff. Postdocs, students - Support for research – experiments and R&D and much more: - International programs include: - Support for visiting scientists/sabbaticals to or from Canada - A PhD exchange program. To give students the opportunity to gain experience at another institution in or outside Canada. (So far exchanges with Japan, Portugal, UK….) https://mcdonaldinstitute.ca/ X. Bertou, TAUP 2019 7/37 An Theinjection McDonald of 65M$ Institute in Canada has a toprogram support to astroparticle support visiting physics Strengthen internationalscientists collaborations. and graduate students. This includes financial “To be a supportglobally recognized to enable centre an immersive for research collaborative and learning, coalescing exchange, Canadian eitherand international for visitors expertise wishing in underground to spend time particle working astrophysics with and benefitting fromCanadian the unique Researchers, SNOLAB facility or to to invite deliver researchers world-leading from science focused Canadaon the big to questions participate in particle on initiatives astrophysics, abroad. cosmology Please and contact astronomy.” Numerous programsthe McDonald have been Institutelaunched: or Tony Noble, if interested. - 15 new faculty members - About 85 research staff. Postdocs, students - Support for research – experiments and R&D and much more: - International programs include: - Support for visiting scientists/sabbaticals to or from Canada - A PhD exchange program. To give students the opportunity to gain experience at another institution in or outside Canada. (So far exchanges with Japan, Portugal, UK….) https://mcdonaldinstitute.ca/ X. Bertou, TAUP 2019 8/37 LaboratoriLNGS 3.5Nazionali MV Acceleratordel FacilityGran Sasso, Italy

LNGS 3.5 MV Accelerator Facility Sen, Sen, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2018.09.016 NIMB A.,

Beam intensity on target at different terminal voltage

Ion specie Terminal Voltage Sen, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2018.09.016 NIMB A., 0.3 MV – 0.5 MV 0.5 MV - 3.5 MV Beam intensity on target1H+ at different terminal500 μA voltage 1000 μA

Ion specie 4He+ Terminal Voltage300 μA 500 μA 120.3C +MV – 0.5 MV 1000.5 μA MV - 3.5 MV 150 μA 1H+ 12C+2 500 μA 60 μA 1000 μA 100 μA

4He+ 300 μA 500 μA 2 Number of beam lines 12C+ 100 μA 150 μA Terminal Voltage range 0.3 – 3.5 MV 12C+2 60 μA 100 μA Terminal Voltage Stability 2 10 ppm Number of beam linesContinuous beam operation time > 23 h Terminal Voltage rangeService Interval 0.3 – 3.5 MV > 700 h Terminal Voltage StabilityMaximum beam time / year 10 ppm > 7400 h Continuous beam operationBeam Intensity time Stability in 24h > 23 h 2 % Service Interval > 700 h Maximum beam time / year > 7400 h 1 Beam Intensity Stability in 24h 2 %

X. Bertou, TAUP 2019 9/37 1 NOA facility for Advanced Machining

• Use Advanced Machining (3D printer) to make high radio-purity detector components • Any geometryNOALNGS; lighter facility 3.5; high MV radiofor accelerator-purity Advanced Facility Machining Laboratori• Present programNazionaliforesees the production ofdel components Granwith e-formed Sassocopper , Italy • Preliminary results with commercial copper show the validity of the methodology • Use Advanced• Machininge-formed copper(3D printermade) to at makeLSC;high production radio-purity of componentsdetector componentsat LNGS • Any •geometryUpgradeLNGS; lighter of Advanced3.5; high MV radio Machining accelerator-purity facility at LNGS Facility in progress • Present program foresees the production of components with e-formed copper • Preliminary results with commercial copper show the validity of the methodologyAdvanced Machining Lab @ LNGS • e-formed copper made at LSC; production of components at LNGS • Upgrade of Advanced Machining facility at LNGS in progress Advanced Machining Lab @ LNGS Radio-purity of e-formed Cu made at LSC NOA facility for SiPM based photosensors Cu U Th • The facility consists of a 420 m2 radon-free ISO6 [Cpptlean]Room equipped for the[ppt assembly] of SiPM based photosensors for DarkSide-20k (initially) and for the assembly of rare events search detectors • TheRadio tender-purity hasLNGSbeenofapproved e- formed3.5 andMV theCu accelerator commmissioning made at LSC isFacilityexpected for summer 2020 OFHC 0.2±0.01 1±0.06 Cu U Th e-formed[ppt] < 0.05 [ppt] 0.040±0.002 NOA CR final layout

OFHC 0.2±0.01 1±0.06 4 Photo Detectora PDM Module for DarkSide-20k

e-formed < 0.05 0.040±0.002

Progress with photo-electronics 4

The first motherboard (MB): 25 PDMs each hosting 24 low field single doping SiPMs

NOA facility for SiPM based photosensors NOA facility for SiPM based photosensors

3 2 • The facility •consistsThe facilityof a 420consists m radonof a -420free mISO62 radon Clean-freeRoom ISO6 equipped Clean Roomfor the equipped assemblyfor ofthe SiPM assemblybasedof SiPM based photosensors photosensorsforLNGS DarkSide 3.5-20kfor DarkSideMV(initially accelerator) and-20k for (initially the assembly) and Facility for ofthe rare assembly eventsofsearch rare eventsdetectorssearch detectors • The tender •hasThebeen tenderapproved hasLNGSbeenand approvedthe commmissioning3.5 andMV the accelerator commmissioningis expected for isFacility summerexpected2020for summer 2020

X. Bertou, TAUP 2019 10/37

NOA CR finalNOAlayout CR final layout

Photo Detector Module a PDM Photo Detector Module for DarkSide-20k

a PDM

for DarkSide-20k

Progress with photo-electronics

24/25 PDM’s worked properly, the 25th PDM showed a broken bond, just repaired 19 LNGS 1 Apr 2019

The first motherboardThe first motherboard (MB): 25 PDMs (MB): each 25 hosting PDMs each 24 lowhosting field 24single low dopingfield single SiPMs doping SiPMs

3 3

24/25 PDM’s24/25 worked PDM’s properly, worked the properly, 25th PDM the showed 25th PDM a broken showed bond, a broken just repaired bond, just repaired 19 19 LNGS 1 AprLNGS 2019 1 Apr 2019 Kamioka Observatory SK detector refurbishment in 2018 Purpose of the refurbishiment u Fix water leak from the tank About 1 ton per day of pure water leaked from the SK detector from the beginning of SK(1996). We have sealed all welding joints of the stainless steel panels that make up the tank. u Improvement of tank piping Ultra-pure water in the tank was circulated at a flow rate of 60 tons per hour before. We improved the water piping and water systems so that they can process and circulate water at 120 tons per hour. (17days per one circulation). u Replacement of faulty photomultiplier tubes Since the last in-tank SK maintenance during 2005-2006, some photomultipliers became faulty. We have replaced a few hundred PMTs.

The refurbishment started from May 2018 and completed by January 2019.

X. Bertou, TAUP 2019 11/37 Gadolinium project at Super-K: SK-Gd Identify nep events by neutron tagging with Gadolinium. GadoliniumGadolinium project at Super has-K: SKlarge-Gd neutron capture cross section and emit Identify nep events by neutron tagging with Gadolinium. Gadolinium has large8MeV neutron gamma capture cross sectioncascade. and emit 0.1% Gd gives 8MeV gamma cascade. 0.1%n Gd gives 100% ~90% efficiency n 100% ~90% efficiency Gd for n capture Gd for n capture n In Super-K this means e p Gdn + ~100 tons of water soluble In Super-K this means e p 80% e Gd2(SO4)3 Gd γ + ~100 tons of water soluble 80% 60% e Gd (SO ) 8 MeV on Captures γ 2 4 3 ΔT~30μs 0.01% Gd gives Vertices within 50cm 40% ~50% efficiency. 60% Main physics target 8 MeV on Captures Schedule of SK-Gd Observation of 20% Supernova Relic ΔT~30μs Refurbishment:0.01 Water% Gd fillinggives was completed in January 2019. Neutrinos. 0% Vertices0.0001% 0.001% within0.01% 50cm0.1% 1% 40% ~50% efficiency. 2018 2019 2020 202X 202X+n Gd in Water work Main physics target 3 Fill pure water (2.5 months) 20% Pure water Run Observation of T1 : 10ton Gd2(SO4)3 0.01%Gd run Supernova Relic ~50% n cap. eff. SK-V T2 : 100 tonGd2(SO4)3 Neutrinos. 0% 0.1%Gd run 0.0001% 0.001% 0.01% 0.1%~90% n cap.1% eff.

Plan to start 0.01% Gd run in early 2020. Gd in Water (Adjusting schedule with T2K)

X. Bertou, TAUP 2019 12/3743 X. Bertou, TAUP 2019 13/37 X. Bertou, TAUP 2019 14/37 Boulby Underground Laboratory, UK

Office space, chemistry & clean prep lab, storage and staging space, IT room, conference room,

3000m3 Outside Experimentation Area Surface support and staging building

Boulby Underground Lab Facilities 2018: >4000m3 class 1k & 10k clean room lab space 100Mb Internet AC, Air filtration, 5T & 10T lifting, LN generation, fume hood & clean prep 3 BUGS+ Material screening 3000m Outside Expt. Area. Power & internet

X. Bertou, TAUP 2019 15/37 X. Bertou, TAUP 2019 16/37 X. Bertou, TAUP 2019 17/37 X. Bertou, TAUP 2019 18/37 X. Bertou, TAUP 2019 19/37 ,Finland

CallioLab is a unique underground research environment in Pyhäsalmi, Finland.

It is one of the corner stones of CALLIO – mine for business. The aim of CALLIO Business Concept is to be economically feasible environment for all activities.

Some facts about CallioLab • Flat overburden, vertical depth 1440 m (~4100 m.w.e) • Access via incline (30min), shaft (<3 min) • 1GB LAN access also underground • Callio Lab is steered by the Kerttu Saalasti Institute at the University of Oulu, Finland (UO KSI) • A special research infrastructure for the Regional Excellence research group of UO KSI. • Extensive site investigation done during LAGUNA DS:s, Characterisation of underground halls, development of joint risk and safety analysis on going through Baltic Sea Underground Innovation Network project.

X. Bertou, TAUP 2019 20/37 Vision for 2025

CallioLab 2025 = virtual research institute dedicated to underground science and facilitating research, which requires underground conditions

• Multidisciplinary knowledge center for conducting research in underground facilities • Geosciences, tunnelling and underground construction, physics, biology, natural resources, circular economy, space exploration, etc. • Callio in the Pyhäsalmi mine is the unique research tool in Finland for underground science • Callio Lab is included in Finnish research infrastructure roadmaps • Together with other underground laboratories in Europe, Callio Lab participates several networks of research infrastructure and is included European level science roadmaps • DULIA • EPOS • BSUIN • EUROL

X. Bertou, TAUP 2019 21/37 Laboratoire Souterrain de Modane (LSM), France Recent developments @ LSM Calorimeter: installation at LSM

n Experiment news:

• Installation & commissioning of SuperNEMO Demonstrator Back of Main Wall • EDELWEISS and CUPID-Mo physics runs

• Pre-SNOLAB commissioning of NEWS-G

• Arrival of DAMIC-M

n PARTAGe Project: SuperNEMO Demonstrator installation Front of Main Wall at LSM, A. Jeremie, VIC2019 • Improved common shielding for standardized operations for current 1417 Ge detectors for low-radioactivity Nucl.Inst.Meth. A 868 98-108 measurements (increasing to 24 by 2021) 15th VCI 2019 JEREMIE Andrea (CNRS)-SuperNEMO 18

n LSM-Institut Pasteur collaboration to study the impact of radioactivity on cryostored stem cells Partial view of PARTAGe setup

X. Bertou, TAUPJuly 2019 LSM news 122/37 Laboratorio Subterráneo de Canfranc (LSC), Spain

NEW INSTALLATION: RITA Uses expertise and R&D program on Ba capture

F. Monrabal, New Technology #4, Wed 16:40 Makes use of single molecule ﬂuorescence imaging techniques

Approved to start in 2020 Sensitivity to Ra: 10-18 g/g Good technique to measure 226Ra with best sensitivity X. Bertou, TAUP 2019 23/37 China Jinping Underground Laboratory (CJPL), China

CJPL-II

X. Bertou, TAUP 2019 24/37 Astroparticle Research Facility (ARF), South Korea

The ARF Construction

• 4 major sub-constructions 1. Tunnel excavation 2. Men-riding cage 3. Underground lab 4. Surface office/lab

780m access tunnel

58,000m3 Excavation volume

782m long

Surface office/lab Men-riding cage Underground lab

X. Bertou, TAUP 2019 25/37 Baksan Neutrino Observatory, Russia

Baksan Neutrino Observatory of INR RAS: unique complex of surface and underground experimental facilities

Baksan large volume scintillation telescope Andyrchy EAS array Aiming at 10kt 0.5kt prototype ready for running end of year Carpet-3 EAS array

BUST

Tunnel entrance Neutrino village

X. Bertou, TAUP 2019 26/37 Sanford Underground Research Facility (SURF), USA Sanford Underground Research Facility Nation’s underground lab to advance multi-disciplinary research Open Cut

Yates Complex Visitor Center • Opened July 2007 as dedicated science laboratory (+ Davis legacy) • Created by the State of South Dakota with donations from Barrick/Homestake (property) and T. Denny Sanford ($70M) Ross Complex • Continued strong support by the State of South Dakota ($90M) ~1 km2 / 223 acres (surface) • Operations funded by US Dept of ~31 km2 / 7700 acres (UG) Energy via Fermilab subcontract, 5-yr DOE Cooperative Agreement anticipated by FY20 Sanford Underground Research Facility 1 X. Bertou, TAUP 2019 27/37 Current & Future Underground Facilities SURF research through 2050 and beyond

Existing Facilities Future Facilities Heise TAUP, also arXiv: 1710.11584 (2017) Heise, J. Phys, Conf 606 012015 (2015), also arXiv:1503.01112 (2015)

Sanford Underground Research Facility 4 X. Bertou, TAUP 2019 28/37 SURF Science Program Research activities ranging from the surface to the 5000L

Physics LZ − Dark matter, 2-phase Xe TPC Biology Astrobiology/DeMMO − NWU/DRI MAJORANA DEMONSTRATOR / LEGEND − Biodiversity − BHSU Neutrinoless double-beta decay, Biofuels − SDSMT Ge, also Cu e-forming BuG ReMeDEE − SDSMT, Mont, Okla CASPAR − Nuclear astrophysics with Chemistry − BHSU 1 MV accelerator Extremophiles − Liberty BioSecurity BHUC − BHSU Underground Campus, incl biology & physics labs GoLife − Bigelow Lab/DRI Berkeley LBF − Low-bkgd counter (x3) SIGMA-V − Geothermal CUBED − Low-bkgd counter (x1); Geology GEOXTM − Optical fiber applications, also past bkgd characterization environmental monitoring (possibly future Crystal Growth) Hydro Gravity − Local gravity for LZ SOLO − Low-bkgd counter (x1) Alabama/USD − Low-bkgd counter (x1) water tables, densities USD/UNC/SDSMT − Low-bkgd counter (x1) PODS − Petrology, ore deposits, SDSMT − Neutron bkgds structure (mainly drill core) Dust Monitoring − ICPMS Transparent Earth − Seismic arrays LBNF/DUNE − Neutrino properties, etc Geothermal Applications − Modeling

Engineering Xilinx, Inc − Chip error testing Total Active = 30 groups Luna − In situ rock stress (47 Total Groups Since 2007) Thermal Breakout – In situ stress Shotcrete − Mining safety Significant interest from others Musculoskeletal − Mining safety X. Bertou, TAUP 2019 29/37 Sanford Underground Research Facility 3 StawellStawell UndergroundUnderground Physics Physics Lab (SUPL), Lab Australia (SUPL) • SUPL is located in an active gold mine, 250 km from Melbourne (Australia) • Stawell Gold Mine decline mine: accessed by car/truck • Laboratory @ - 1025 m, (~ 3 Km water equivalent) with flat overburden

• Status: • Fully funded by the Federal and the Victoria governments. • Construction started (first week of August) led by the University of Melbourne. Completion by midd 2020

• Contact E. Barberio (U. of Melbourne) SUPL 3D plan

X. Bertou, TAUP 2019 30/37 Lab Engineering and characteristics

21 m 34.5 m full length •Clean lab similar to SNOLab,

•Rn activity < 100 Bq/m3. Surface coating to inhibit Rn,

•Temp.: 19±2 ̊C, Relative humidity 40% - 50%,

•Remote monitoring & control.

12 m 10 m 5m

21 m

10+1 m

X. Bertou, TAUP 2019 31/37 Agua Negra Deep Experiment Site (ANDES), Argentina-Chile

o Agua Negra tunnel between Argentina and Chile o Tunnel financed by Inter-American Development Bank; construction: 2020-2028 o Horizontal access, size of ~ 4 000 m2 and ~ 70 000 m3 in various halls and pits o ANDES will be run by an international consortium

Large and deep underground laboratory in the southern hemisphere

>1750m depth

X. Bertou, TAUP 2019 32/37 Current Layout o Main hall (21 m x 23 m x 50 m) Current Layout Main hall oo Secondary hall (16(21mm x x 14 23mm x x 40 50m)m) Secondary hall oo Offices and small labs (16 m x 14 m x 40 m) o Large single experiment pit Offices and small labs o (~ ø 30 m, 30 m tall) Large single experiment pit oo Geoscience area (~ ø 30 m, 30 m tall) o Vertical depth: 1775 m, o omnidirectional:Geoscience area 1675 m o Vertical depth: 1775 m, o Total: 70 000 m3 laboratory volume omnidirectional: 1675 m (+ 35 000 m3 access tunnels) o Total: 70 000 m3 laboratory volume (+ 35 000 m3 access tunnels) Rock Studies ü Final exact location to be determined (from test samples Rock Studies once geology is better known ~600m deep) ü Final exact location to be determined (from test samples ü Proposedonce geology as an is Internationally better known run laboratory ~600m deep) ü Proposed as an Internationally run ü Conceptuallaboratory study finished by üLombardiConceptual in Januarystudy finished 2015 by ü Detailed engineering design (0.5 M$) Lombardi in January 2015 üongoing:Detailed Nov.engineering 2018 – Oct.design 2019 (0.5 M$) ongoing: Nov.More 2018Grand information – OpeningOct. at http://andeslab.org/ 2019 2028-2030 More information at http://andeslab.org/ X. Bertou, TAUP 2019 33/37 Sierra Grande, Argentina

X. Bertou, TAUP 2019 34/37 Outreach

X. Bertou, TAUP 2019 35/37 Coordination efforts • New labs learning from older labs expertise for design • High level politics, ex: LNGS/SNOLAB Global Research Infrastructure • Sharing infrastructure and load, ex: low background counting/assay (LRT), shared databases and workload • Services, ex: e-formed LSC copper 3D machined at LNGS • Outreach efforts, ex: LNGS/LSC muon counters for public • Global Argon Collaboration supported by LNGS, LSC, SNOLAB • Future distributed experiments? Ex: CYGNUS

X. Bertou, TAUP 2019 36/37 Perspectives

• Well distributed network of Deep Underground Laboratories, increasing in number, many local peculiarities, everyday more integrated • Very broad science programme, with flag experiments in Neutrino physics and Dark Matter direct search but multidisciplinary science becoming mainstream: genomics, deep subsurface biosphere, astrobiology, nuclear astrophysics, geosciences, national security, quantum computing, ... (+GW) • New laboratory space, new experiments, complete new science explored, but also new human resources joining the field (TAUP2019 > 500 mark)

X. Bertou, TAUP 2019 37/37