Review of underground laboratories X. Bertou on behalf of many laboratory directors Centro Atómico Bariloche, Argentina (CNEA/CONICET) World map of underground labs X. Bertou, TAUP 2019 2/37 Deep Underground Laboratories Common/different characteristics: • Physics-wise: • Background • Muon/Cosmogenic (depth) • Radioactive (rock, ventilation) • Location / Signal sources • Neutrino (reactor/long baseline/geo…) • Dark Matter (modulation) • Non HEP (ex: geosciences) • Work environment-wise: • Access (shaft/horizontal) • Cleanliness • Facilities (underground/at surface) • Safety X. Bertou, TAUP 2019 3/37 Deep Underground Laboratories Common/different characteristics: • Physics-wise: • Background • Muon/Cosmogenic (depth) • Radioactive (rock, ventilation) • Location / Signal sources • Neutrino (reactor/long baseline/geo…) • Dark Matter (modulation) • Non HEP (ex: geosciences) • Work environment-wise: • Access (shaft/horizontal) • Cleanliness • Facilities (underground/at surface) • Safety Collaborative approach among Lab directors ex: common mailing list for review talks X. Bertou, TAUP 2019 4/37 SNOLAB, Canada SNOLAB Programme - Example of broad science programme within a deep underground facility - Main areas include dark matter and neutrino studies - Also engaging genomics, mining innovation, engineering - Low background assay capabilities open up additional science threads: quantum computing (superconducting), deep subsurface biosphere, national security 19 X. Bertou, TAUP 2019 5/37 Dark Matter Neutrino Other NEWS-G DEAP-I DEAP-3600 PICASSO, COUPP, MiniCLEAN DAMIC Completed DEAP-I, PICO-2/60 SNO (Neutrino) PUPS (Geology) PICO-2 (Dark Matter) PICO-500 PICO-40, DAMIC, HALO, SNO+ (water) REPAIR / FLAME SNOLAB,Current DEAP-3600, MiniCLEAN Canada (Neutrino) (Genomics) (Dark Matter) Tonne-scale CUTE, NEWS-G SNO+ Double Beta 2019 Start MODCC (mining) (Dark Matter) (Neutrino - LAB) SBC PICO-500, SuperCDMS, SNO+ SBC, SENSEI HALO SENSEI 2019+ (Neutrino DBD) SuperCDMS (Dark Matter) Cryopit Project Cube Hall Project PICASSO- REPAIR III PUPS SNO+ TeBD SNO+ TeA FLAME PICO-40 CUTE (SCDMS Test) SNO+ Low Background Assay Facilities Potential future SNOLAB development 20 Evaluation of expansion possibilities completed Included current (ambitious) plans as communicated by community New cavity (similar to Cryopit) Additional drift space Cost estimate O($100M) Such development would require substantial ROI and support from community 22 X. Bertou, TAUP 2019 6/37 An injection of 65M$ in Canada to support astroparticle physics Strengthen international collaborations. “To be a globally recognized centre for research and learning, coalescing Canadian and international expertise in underground particle astrophysics and benefitting from the unique SNOLAB facility to deliver world-leading science focused on the big questions in particle astrophysics, cosmology and astronomy.” Numerous programs have been launched: - 15 new faculty members - About 85 research staff. Postdocs, students - Support for research – experiments and R&D and much more: - International programs include: - Support for visiting scientists/sabbaticals to or from Canada - A PhD exchange program. To give students the opportunity to gain experience at another institution in or outside Canada. (So far exchanges with Japan, Portugal, UK….) https://mcdonaldinstitute.ca/ X. Bertou, TAUP 2019 7/37 An Theinjection McDonald of 65M$ Institute in Canada has a toprogram support to astroparticle support visiting physics Strengthen internationalscientists collaborations. and graduate students. This includes financial “To be a supportglobally recognized to enable centre an immersive for research collaborative and learning, coalescing exchange, Canadian eitherand international for visitors expertise wishing in underground to spend time particle working astrophysics with and benefitting fromCanadian the unique Researchers, SNOLAB facility or to to invite deliver researchers world-leading from science focused Canadaon the big to questions participate in particle on initiatives astrophysics, abroad. cosmology Please and contact astronomy.” Numerous programsthe McDonald have been Institutelaunched: or Tony Noble, if interested. - 15 new faculty members - About 85 research staff. Postdocs, students - Support for research – experiments and R&D and much more: - International programs include: - Support for visiting scientists/sabbaticals to or from Canada - A PhD exchange program. To give students the opportunity to gain experience at another institution in or outside Canada. (So far exchanges with Japan, Portugal, UK….) https://mcdonaldinstitute.ca/ X. Bertou, TAUP 2019 8/37 LaboratoriLNGS 3.5Nazionali MV Acceleratordel FacilityGran Sasso, Italy LNGS 3.5 MV Accelerator Facility Sen, A., B NIM https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2018.09.016Sen, Beam intensity on target at different terminal voltage Ion specie Terminal Voltage A., B NIM https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2018.09.016Sen, 0.3 MV – 0.5 MV 0.5 MV - 3.5 MV Beam intensity on target1H+ at different terminal500 μA voltage 1000 μA Ion specie 4He+ Terminal Voltage300 μA 500 μA 120.3C +MV – 0.5 MV 1000.5 μA MV - 3.5 MV 150 μA 1H+ 12C+2 500 μA 60 μA 1000 μA 100 μA 4He+ 300 μA 500 μA 2 Number of beam lines 12C+ 100 μA 150 μA Terminal Voltage range 0.3 – 3.5 MV 12C+2 60 μA 100 μA Terminal Voltage Stability 2 10 ppm Number of beam linesContinuous beam operation time > 23 h Terminal Voltage rangeService Interval 0.3 – 3.5 MV > 700 h Terminal Voltage StabilityMaximum beam time / year 10 ppm > 7400 h Continuous beam operationBeam Intensity time Stability in 24h > 23 h 2 % Service Interval > 700 h Maximum beam time / year > 7400 h 1 Beam Intensity Stability in 24h 2 % X. Bertou, TAUP 2019 9/37 1 NOA facility for Advanced Machining • Use Advanced Machining (3D printer) to make high radio-purity detector components • Any geometryNOALNGS; lighter facility 3.5; high MV radiofor accelerator-purity Advanced Facility Machining Laboratori• Present programNazionaliforesees the production ofdel components Granwith e-formed Sassocopper , Italy • Preliminary results with commercial copper show the validity of the methodology • Use Advanced• Machininge-formed copper(3D printermade) to at makeLSC;high production radio-purity of componentsdetector componentsat LNGS • Any •geometryUpgradeLNGS; lighter of Advanced3.5; high MV radio Machining accelerator-purity facility at LNGS Facility in progress • Present program foresees the production of components with e-formed copper • Preliminary results with commercial copper show the validity of the methodologyAdvanced Machining Lab @ LNGS • e-formed copper made at LSC; production of components at LNGS • Upgrade of Advanced Machining facility at LNGS in progress Advanced Machining Lab @ LNGS Radio-purity of e-formed Cu made at LSC NOA facility for SiPM based photosensors Cu U Th • The facility consists of a 420 m2 radon-free ISO6 [Cpptlean]Room equipped for the[ppt assembly] of SiPM based photosensors for DarkSide-20k (initially) and for the assembly of rare events search detectors • TheRadio tender-purity hasLNGSbeenofapproved e- formed3.5 andMV theCu accelerator commmissioning made at LSC isFacilityexpected for summer 2020 OFHC 0.2±0.01 1±0.06 Cu U Th e-formed[ppt] < 0.05 [ppt] 0.040±0.002 NOA CR final layout OFHC 0.2±0.01 1±0.06 4 Photo Detectora PDM Module for DarkSide-20k e-formed < 0.05 0.040±0.002 Progress with photo-electronics 4 The first motherboard (MB): 25 PDMs each hosting 24 low field single doping SiPMs NOA facility for SiPM based photosensors NOA facility for SiPM based photosensors 3 2 • The facility •consistsThe facilityof a 420consists m radonof a -420free mISO62 radon Clean-freeRoom ISO6 equipped Clean Roomfor the equipped assemblyfor ofthe SiPM assemblybasedof SiPM based photosensors photosensorsforLNGS DarkSide 3.5-20kfor DarkSideMV(initially accelerator) and-20k for (initially the assembly) and Facility for ofthe rare assembly eventsofsearch rare eventsdetectorssearch detectors • The tender •hasThebeen tenderapproved hasLNGSbeenand approvedthe commmissioning3.5 andMV the accelerator commmissioningis expected for isFacility summerexpected2020for summer 2020 X. Bertou, TAUP 2019 10/37 NOA CR finalNOAlayout CR final layout Photo Detector Module a PDM Photo Detector Module for DarkSide-20k a PDM for DarkSide-20k Progress with photo-electronics Progress with photo-electronics 24/25 PDM’s worked properly, the 25th PDM showed a broken bond, just repaired 19 LNGS 1 Apr 2019 The first motherboardThe first motherboard (MB): 25 PDMs (MB): each 25 hosting PDMs each 24 lowhosting field 24single low dopingfield single SiPMs doping SiPMs 3 3 24/25 PDM’s24/25 worked PDM’s properly, worked the properly, 25th PDM the showed 25th PDM a broken showed bond, a broken just repaired bond, just repaired 19 19 LNGS 1 AprLNGS 2019 1 Apr 2019 Kamioka Observatory SK detector refurbishment in 2018 Purpose of the refurbishiment u Fix water leak from the tank About 1 ton per day of pure water leaked from the SK detector from the beginning of SK(1996). We have sealed all welding joints of the stainless steel panels that make up the tank. u Improvement of tank piping Ultra-pure water in the tank was circulated at a flow rate of 60 tons per hour before. We improved the water piping and water systems so that they can process and circulate water at 120 tons per hour. (17days per one circulation). u Replacement of faulty photomultiplier tubes Since the last in-tank SK