University of Southern Queensland
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN QUEENSLAND SITE SUITABILITY ASSESSMENT OF SPOTTED GUM (Corymbia citriodora subspecies Variegata) FOREST PLANTATION IN SOUTH EAST QUEENSLAND FOR CARBON SEQUESTRATION A Dissertation Submitted by: Precila Gonzales-Salcedo MSc (Environmental Science), BSc (Forestry) For the award of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY 2014 ABSTRACT The inevitable development brought about by human intervention in the global natural ecosystem has led to a continuous increase in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions into the atmosphere (IPCC 2013), thereby warming the earth. Forest and other vegetation landscapes have the potential to mitigate this warming by serving as the sinks or storages of carbon dioxide. However, land suitability for carbon sink enterprises must be identified to effect a more productive, profitable and efficient sequestration. Additionally, the impact of soil salinity in the suitability of potential forestation sites and carbon sequestration capacity of forest plantation in saline affected areas is not well understood. This research addressed the problem of site suitability by applying the most appropriate process based model particularly the 3-PG (Physiological Principle in Predicting Growth) to enhance the accuracy of estimated biomass for spotted gum. Salinity was incorporated through the mortality impact of varying salt concentrations in the spotted gum. As carbon sequestration endeavour via forestation was deemed risky in marginal areas such as those with salinity problems, the net present value (NPV) of spotted gum forest plantation was incorporated to determine its financial benefits. Site suitability of this forestation endeavour in southeast Queensland was determined and visualised using the geographical information system (GIS). Mathematical models for spotted gum mortality and soil salinity were developed and integrated with the 3-PG model. Parameterisation of the model using specific climatic and bio-physical parameters for spotted gum was conducted prior to the simulation. These provided confidence in the biomass simulation and projection of carbon sequestered until the end of the rotation period. The estimated total biomass (aboveground and belowground biomass) were converted to carbon and tabulated. The tabulated results were converted into maps using GIS techniques and the Net Present Value of spotted gum was calculated based from its potential for timber, carbon and salinity amelioration. The utilisation of spatial mapping tools, specifically GIS, generated potential suitable sites for carbon sequestration activities in the SEQ region. The study generated maps to identify potential locations suitable for Carbon Farming Initiative (CFI) eligible carbon sequestration projects. The site suitability index (SSI) map showed suitable sites in the northern part of the study area located at SEQ 1 and in the southern part at SEQ 2 and SEQ 8. The SSI map also indicated locations for potential investment in forestation projects. It also suggested that success of the carbon sequestration activities cannot be guaranteed in high rainfall areas where salinity could pose a challenge. If spotted gum plantations are established in southeast Queensland and only the conventional timber is accounted as the source of revenue, then the financial benefits are limited to high rainfall areas with a mean annual increment (MAI) of more than 18 m3 ha-1 yr-1. However, under high saline conditions the viability is questionable. When established under high saline affected areas with carbon and salt amelioration incorporated, then carbon sequestration may become profitable. However, this may only be applicable in a scenario where the carbon price was increased and a conventional timber is added with carbon and soil amelioration i benefits. Though suitable sites are limited where this activity is profitable, the potential of spotted gum for soil amelioration under saline affected areas is significant even for an extended long period of time. ii CERTIFICATION OF DISSERTATION I certify that the ideas, investigations, analysis, results, discussions and conclusions reported in this dissertation are solely my own work, except where otherwise acknowledged. I also certify that this is an original work and has not been previously used to earn academic degrees or awards. ____________________________________ _____________________ Signature of Candidate Date Precila Gonzales-Salcedo ENDORSEMENT ____________________________________ _____________________ Signature of Principal Supervisor Date Professor Kevin McDougall ____________________________________ _____________________ Signature of Co-Supervisor Date Dr. Tek Narayan Maraseni iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisors Professor Kevin McDougall and Dr. Tek Narayan Maraseni for their supervision and guidance. This study was funded by the Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations (DEEWR) and my gratitude also goes to them for the reality of implementing this research endeavour. My gratitude also goes to Dr. David Lee who provided the data-sets for Warrill View that made possible for the validation and parameterisation of this work. I would also like to thank Drs Peter Sands, Joe Landsberg and Richard Waring who gave their invaluable advice, comments and assistance for 3-PG validation process and use. I thank Dr Anders Siggins of CSIRO who provided the 3-PGpjs v 2.5 code. I also wish to express my gratitude to the staff and supervisor of Facility and Maintenance Department of the University of Southern Queensland for assisting me in the data collection. My sincere gratitude also goes to the staff of the Soils Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Surveying for allowing me to work overnight in the laboratory and for providing the needed equipment. I would also like to express my gratitude to my beloved mother, Leonila Villa, who is the source of my inspiration. Gratitude is also due my brothers and sisters for their untiring support. I wish to also thank my children Neil, Prizzia, Joy and Pia for their love, support, encouragement, help and their perseverance with me throughout the conduct of this study. I also thank my friends, church mates and pastors for their support, encouragement and prayers. Most of all I wish to dedicate this work to my creator God almighty, who made all things possible and for his grace and mercy. Gratitude and praise to Jesus Christ who gave me the strength and wisdom and to the Holy Spirit who are always with me encouraging me to persevere and finish this work. iv PUBLICATION AND SEMINAR PRESENTATIONS During the study a paper was published out of the result of this study: a) Salcedo, P., Maraseni, T.N. & McDougall, K. 2012. Carbon sequestration potential of spotted gum (Corymbia citriodora subspecies Variegata) in South East Queensland, Australia. International Journal of Environmental Studies. DOI. 10.1080/00207233.2012.715833. Similarly, this research won first prize (2010) and second prize (2012) in two different postgraduate seminars attended by international postgraduate students: a) ACSC Postgraduate Seminar. 2010. Australian Centre for Sustainable Catchments, University of Southern Queensland, Australia. b) ACSC Postgraduate Seminar. 2012. Australian Centre for Sustainable Catchments, University of Southern Queensland, Australia. v ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS 3-PG Physiological Principle Predicting Growth Model ACCU Australian Carbon Credit Unit ACSC Australian Centre for Sustainable Catchments AGB Above-Ground Biomass AGO Australian Greenhouse Office ANN Artificial Neural Networks APAR Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation AR Afforestation and Reforestation ASDD Australian Spatial Data Directory BGB Below-Ground Biomass BOM Bureau of Meteorology CaBala Carbon Balance CO 2 Carbon Dioxide CO2-e Carbon Dioxide Equivalents CAI Current Annual Increment CAMFor Carbon Accounting Model for Forestry CCV Corymbia citriodora subspecies Variegata CDM Clean Development Mechanism CER Certified Emission Reduction CFI Carbon Farming Initiative CPM Carbon Price Mechanism CRA Comprehensive Regional Assessment DAFF Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry DAP Direct Action Plan DBH Diameter at Breast Height DERM Department of Environment, Resources and Management DNR Department of Natural Resources EC Electrical Conductance ERU Emission Reduction Unit EU-ETS European Union-Emission Trading System FR Fertility Rating FullCAM Full Carbon Accounting Model GHG Greenhouse Gas GIS Geographical Information System GPP Gross Primary Production Ha Hectare IBRA Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia IET International Emission Trading IPCC AR5 Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change Fifth Assessment Report JI Joint Initiative KP Kyoto Protocol LAI Leaf Area Index LMA Leaf Mass per Area LULUCF Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry MAI Mean Annual Increment MCDA Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis vi MSY Maximum Sustained Yield NCAT National Carbon Accounting Toolbox NLWRA National Land and Water Resources Audit NPP Net Primary Productivity NPV Net Present Value PBM Process Based Model REDD+ Reducing Emissions from Deforestation, Forest Degradation, Sustainable Forest Management and Conservation RFA Regional Forest Agreement SEQ South East Queensland SI Site Index SLA Specific Leaf Area SOM Soil Organic Matter tDM Ton of Dry Matter UNFCCC United Nations Framework Conventions on Climate Change WLC Weighted Linear Combination vii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT .....................................................................................................