Portuguese Enterprise in West Africa, Tlze Abortive Attempt of Castilians to Create an Empire Tlzere, and Tlze Early Englis/Z ¢

CO U NC IL

T HE HAK L U Y T S O C I ET Y

- 1 9 4 I

S IR WILLIA FO ER P r t M S C . I. E esiden T , THE RI ON E I F BE E K G P G H . THE RL B L W N O W L C HT A A D D Y, . . , . .,

ADMIRAL S IR WILLI M GO O ENOUG G C B i e-P e . . V c r siden t A D H, MES A WILLI M N LI Vi e-P re den t SO ES . . c si JA . A , Q . , D T ,

THE A MIR L LIB R C RR L UG ON ES . R L . G D A TY A Y ( . A A HT , Q )

N . L B KER ES B LITr J . . A , Q . . PROF IR GEO FF E C LLEN ER P S A S R . . . . Y A D ,

O B . E PROF FR NK EBEN M M A . . A D HA , . , . . T H S HE GUIL LL LIBRAR . L B OU W I E E . DHA Y (J . T A T , Q )

H R O . . PROF . VINCEN T . L W LI T A , D TT F S H KS ES . . R . . A R . IN . , Q , M CO M LE E F A S . . L L S S . A TT , Q , .

PROF . A . P . NEW ON . LI . T , D T

N M PENZER M .A . . , ESQ . P F E G R PRES GE LI T RO . . . D A TA , D T ’ L EMPIRE S O IE S LIBR R EV NS LEWEN E RO C S . YA TY A Y ( A , Q )

S EPP R ES . S . T . H A D , Q B M G PERC KES C . C . . S IR S . . Y Y , , R D P OF E G R T LO . so R . . . . . AY , A WILSO ES N . R . . , Q

E W HE WO O ES M A Treasur R . er D A D A D, Q E L M ES Hon W R N . S ecretar B t D A D Y A , Q y ( ri ish

um W C . Mu se , . ) THE PRES IDENT T HE TREASURER WILLI M LU LE SCL ER ES A T Y AT , Q .

EURO PEANS IN W EST

AFRICA 1 0 — 1 6 0 , 4 5 5

Documents to illustrate the nature and scope of

P ortu uese enter rise in West A rica tlze abortive g p f ,

attem t o Castilians to create an em ire tlzere and p f p , " tlze early Englis/z voyages to Baroary and Guinea

Translated and edited

by HN WILLIAM BLAKE A M . JO , .

VOLUME I

n mo Tm af

LO ND O N

PRI NT ED FO R T HE HAKL U YT SO CI ET Y

1 9 4 2 PRINTED IN GR EAT B R ITAIN B Y ROB ERT MACLEHOSE AND CO . LTD

E U NIVE S ITY PR ESS G AS G W TH R , L O MY WI FE

PR EFACE

HE o ec of this work as main bj t is to present , far as kn own a of con records permit , contemporary picture dition s on the West African coast between Arguim and the equator during the first century of the Portu gu ese occupa on S of e er- no n k ti . ome the b tt k w contemporary wor s , written n an a e about this subject , have already bee tr sl t d and edited for H k I Th e k the a luyt Society. writers whose wor s have thus been e of published , however, were concerned to t ll the story the dis covery and settlement of Guinea by Prince Henry the Navi gator and his successors only up to the beginning of the reign of K M ing anuel , and only to describe what had been achieved by P u M a er the ortug ese . oreover, even those who wrote ft the event , ofio a ro such as the competent historian J de B r s , saw the opening up of West Africa primarily as the prologue to the discovery of ea-r u I s o e . A a e the t to ndia ccordingly, ft r outlining the progress of discovery along the West African coast down to the Cape of " Good Hope , they th en concentrated their attention upon the exploits of Portuguese soldiers and administrators in India and E the ast and devoted little additional time or Space to Guinea . It h as resulted that contem porary accounts of the changing t W A for fi si uation in est frica , while fairly numerous the fteenth 8 are ffi c u a er 1 0 . century, di ult to obtain for the half cent ry ft 5 I of ndeed , no comprehensive description the coast seems to 1 0 a en im ern an es have been produced between 5 7 , when V l t F d Collection o netos 2 and of C compiled his f , the appearance aptain

G e E . de Az urara Th e chronicle o the discov er and con ues t o uinea om s , f y q s

d. . . B z e H . I n d C R ea e an d E . Pr a a e e k u S e ser v . xc v a c ( l y st g ; l yt oci ty, , ols ; 1 8 6 an d Th e v o a s o o h 9 y ge f Cadam os t and ot er docum en ts (ed. G . R . H k u I Cron e a S e s er. I v ol. L Duarte Pa h e Pere ra ; l yt oci ty, , xxx ; c co i ,

Esm eralda de u or ed . G H. . K m e H k u v . sit bis . T a S e ser. II ol ( i bl ; l yt oci ty, , LXXIX ; 1 937) 2 ‘ ’ Valen tim e rn an des A e a Collection of n ew c . r n ed in F l m , s [ p i t v ar u co llec tion s an d a Sch m lle in Ab l er um m r ed . A. e r hand un en d io s , s is by J g h iloso his ch hilolo . Klasse der Kdni li hen B a Akad e v p p p g g c yerischen emi , b d. I , 1 — pp . 4 7 (Mun ich ; X P R EF ACE

' ’ ’ n A dre A . d Alm ada s Tratado brev e dos rios de Guiné de Cabo Verde a ro m a e in 1 SO ere is a ser o s a in pp xi t ly 594 . th very i u g p th e records of Portuguese en terprise in Guin ea durin g th e six teen th cen ur t y . ecau se n o s c oo was r en or at eas ecau se n one B u h b k w itt , l t b h as su r e n ot to b e u osed o e er t a th e or u viv d , it is s pp , h w v , h t P t guese either lost in terest or gave u p their trade an d aban doned e r or s an d ac or es in n ea On h e con rar th e re n of . t th i f t f t i Gui t y , ig Kin g Man u el an d th e firs t half of th e reign of Kin g John III form a chapter of prim ary im portan ce in th e history of th e West r can em re of o u a Th e oc m en s r n ed in s Af i pi P rt g l . d u t p i t thi volum e are in ten ded to afford som e eviden ce of th e gen eral S a on in We r r d itu ti st Africa du in g this stran gely n eglected pe io . ose in th e r sec on is o e en a e th e rea er to Th fi st ti will , it h p d , bl d gain s om e idea of th e n ature an d scope of Portuguese en terprise in Wes r ca t Af i . u r erm ore scarce an con em orar reco s a e et F th , ly y t p y rd h v y een ran a e n o En s ear n u on a rem ar a e b t sl t d i t gli h , b i g p th t k bl s eries of Castilian voyages to West Africa which were un der a en du r h e ears r m 1 to 1 0 a er o r n c n t o . 8 t k i g y f 454 4 , p i d du i g whi h th e Span iards were serious com petitors with th e Portu gu ese in th e race f o n u m s as ec of th e sco er of or c lo ial s pre acy . Thi p t di v y Guin ea h as been alm ost en tirely ign ore d by En glis h s tu den ts of th e e nn n s of Eu ro ean e an s on o erseas an d is o e b gi i g p xp i v , it h p d that th e docum en ts assem ble d in Section II Of this volum e will help to arou se in terest in a subj ect which provides a n ew back roun for h e o u m n e es Sec on con a n s n ew g d t C l bi voyag . ti III t i docum en ts relatin g to th e early En glish voyages to Barbary an d u n ea Th e recor s of En s ac v in Wes r ca e een G i . d gli h ti ity t Af i b tw 1 80 an d 1 60 eser e R c ar a u a e n ot er 4 5 , pr v d by i h d H kl yt , h v hith to een e or h oc e ecau se e e recor s a so ro b dited f t e S i ty . B th s d l th w m uch light u pon th e n ature an d scope of Portu guese activities on th e nea coa was o o n to n c u e Gui st , it th ught d ubly fitti g i l d em th . To com plete this picture of th e earliest ten tative efforts of th e E ro ean to occ an d e o We r ca o a e u p s upy xpl it st Af i , it w uld h v en a r renc o es be pp opriate to in clude a section on th e F h v yag . Fren ch n avigators an d m erchants were very active on th e coast P R EF ACE xi

du n th e er o rom 1 0 to 1 60. ccor n en ri g p i d f 53 5 A di gly , wh this o um e was rs ann ed was in en e to n c u e u c a v l fi t pl , it t d d i l d s h n But c rcum s an ces m ade m oss e to carr out th e sectio . i t it i p ibl y or na an a an ce se ec on of th e a a a e records in th e igi l pl . A b l d l ti v il bl ren c arc es e n out of th e u es on cam e re c an to F h hiv b i g q ti , I lu t tly e e a o b e n ece sar to om th e ren c sec on d cid th t it w uld s y it F h ti . m Th e respon sibility for this decision is en tirely in e . I have a debt of gratitu de to pay to m an y frien ds an d corres pon den ts wh o have assisted m e in th e preparation of this s r Ll b era or am s ec a ra e u to ro es o . . u for w k . I p i lly g t f l P f I G e n m e in th e ran s a on of som e of th e S an s docum en s h lpi g t l ti p i h t , ou all errors are m ne an d n ot his to m C e ro essor th gh i ; y hi f, P f am e Ea e T rom om a o e all o ers a e earn e J s di odd , f wh b v th I h v l d to a em n ot to ac e e a o era e erar s e to Pro tt pt , if hi v , t l bl lit y tyl ; fessor N on wh o or n a n s re s or an d o . . e t A P wt , igi lly i pi d thi w k , Professor Edgar Prestage for m any valuable suggestion s an d m a n n Mr Fu rle f o e n esses to . o Co a e . c e y ki d ; J T . y, B l tt g , Bu kl r Com m on er s re for ra n m a en on to a n um bu y , B k hi , d wi g y tt ti b er of e u m an scr s in th e orre do T to us f l u ipt T ombo; Mr . E ar Wa son for con s ru c n th e two m a s to Mrs M dw d t t ti g p ; . . S . a n Dr e r e W s an d n r n n S . o e Se o o o a e . f . s o or J y , G g t h A t i J B t their as sistan ce in securin g tran scription s from th e Torre do T o Dr W am son for erm ss on o re ombo; t . J . A . illi p i i t produ ce d m 1 d 1 1 1 to Dr u n n r oc en 1 0 an . . . o essor W u ts ; D B Q i , P f T . . oo an d Mr ar ea ood to th e offi c a s o h M dy . Edw d H w ; i l f t e British u seu m th e u c Recor Oflice an d th e orre do T M , P bli d , T ombo; an d as u n o eas Mr E ar L h e b t t to . t on ora , l t l t , dw d ynam , h ry secre ar of th e Soc e for his en cou ra em en his u n a n t y i ty , g t , f ili g n n ess an d m an con s r c e an d c o ar su es on s ki d , his y t u tiv s h l ly gg ti .

C O NTENT S O F VO L U M E I

P AGE MAPS xxiii

LIST OF AUTHORITIES xxv

ABBREVIATIO NS USED IN THE FOOTNOTES xxxv i

S E C T I O N I

T H E F I R S T C ENTU R Y O F P O R TU G U E S E E N T E R P R I S E I N WE S T AF R I CA

INTRODUCTION

Th e Discov er o th e We t A ric n Coas t 1 6 —80 y f s f a , 4 2

West A rica under t e P ortu uese 8 1 —1 60 f h g , 1 4 5 ARGU IM AND ITS HINTERLAND SANTIAGO ISLAND AND THE MAINLAND BETWEEN THE SENE GAL AND SIERRA LEONE SAO JORGE DA MINA AND THE MINA COAST SAO THOME ISLAND AND THE GUINEA COAST FROM THE R RIO DA VOLTA TO CAPE ST . CATHE INE

D O C U M EN TS

1 Gr t i th e S an tia ian s . 1 2 . an of r gh ts of trade in Gu in e a to g Jun e 1 466

T d . orre do T om o liv ro das ilh as . 2 v . T ran s late b , , f

. Gr t to Fe m 2 an rn ﬁo Go es . 1 469

arr Asia d Ex ac t tran s late d . os ec . 1 b k . 2 ch . 2 . tr B , , , , ,

. Ren ewal Of r t F m 1 un e 1 3 g an to e rn ao Go es . J 473

T r n V liv ro . or e do T om o Ch an c e llaria de D . Affo so b , , 3 3 , f

1 T ran t e . 47 V . sla d

Th e ou d tio 5 0 or e da in a. 4 . f n a n of th e c as tle an d city of 8 J g M 1 48 2 , ﬂ

Pin a n s lated . Ch ronica d R o 0 0 II c h . . T ra , el ey D m } 6 , 2

5 Kin g Joh n II builds a fort in Sie rra L eon e

P h o E a an slate d . ld b k . 1 h E t tr ac e c sm era c . 2 . xt rac , , , 3 , XIII xiv C O N TEN T S

6 . Th e disc ov e ry of th e kin gdom of Ben in Pin a ro lat e d . Ch nica del D . an Re om 06 0 II h . T r s , y 3 , c 2 4

7 . Th e con v e rsion of Bem o m rin ce of th e alofo an d th e y , p J , attem p t to bu ild a fort at th e m ou th of th e riv e r S en egal . 1 4 8 8

Pin a Chroni a Extract tran slated. c del R e D o 05 0 II h . . , y m 3 , c 37 ,

8 W r . a e twe en two in a t ri es 1 0 b M b . 49

Pin a C 0 n slated . hron ca del D . Extract tra i R om odo II c h . , ey f , 4 ,

. e r m é 1 9 J ws t an sp orte d to th e islan d of Sao Th o . 49 3 P n i a Ch r 8 T an s late d. 6 . r onica del R e D om odo II c h . , y f ,

1 0 . Acc oun ts of Aﬁ on s o do CM o c u stom s Of ce r of Ca o p , ﬁ b Verde 1 e rua 1 6 . 9 F b ry 4 9 ‘ ’ Freire Cartas de Ar uiv o his torico ortu ues u ita ao n . in , q c , o 4 , q p g , I T ran slat e d , 9 5 . .

1 1 . Ac c oun ts Of Aﬁ on so de ou ra c a tain of Ar u im c as tle . M , p g 3 1 M ay 1 497 ‘ ’ Freire Cartas de u ita n o in Ar uiv o his torico ortu , q cﬁo , . 2 2 , q p u s I 0 an g e , , 2 3 . T r s lated.

1 Accoun ts of o am de Av e llar 1 8 e ru ar 1 8 2 . J b . F b y 49 ‘ ’ Freire Cartas de ita ﬁ in r u v o historico or tu u o n o . A i , q c , 347 , q p ues III 1 8 . ran lat g , , 3 T s ed .

Gr O 0 Th om e. 1 3 . an t of righ ts of trade to th e islan ders f 8 5 2 6 M arch 1 5 00

T orre do li Tran s lated . T v ro das ilh as f. 8 1 . ombo , ,

1 Gold rom in 1 0 4 . f M a. 5 2

arros A a Ex tra ran s lated. si dec . 1 . h 6 c 2 . ct t B , , , bk , . ,

Acc oun t o s c on trac tor in 1 . s f oao Rodri u e s as c aren h a 5 J g M , th e trade of Gam ia Can tor 8 arc h I 0 b an d . M 5 3 ‘ ’ F reire Cart a de r u v o historico artu s u ita ao n o . 1 in A i , q c , 4 4 , q p ue I Ex rac s V . t g , , 7 2 t , tran slat e d.

’

I 6 . Dio o d Alv aren n l Silo or e da in a. g ga to Ki g M an ue . J g M 1 8 Augus t 1 5 03

T o r o n o . 2 . re do T Cor o c h ron olo ico t . I m a ombo , p g , p , c 4 , 3 T ran s lat e d .

1 . Ac coun ts of Paio Rodri ues actor in old lin en in SEO 7 g , f or e da in a Ma 1 0 J g M . 7 y 5 7 ‘ ’ F reire Cartas d uiv o historico ortu e u ita o n o . 0 1 in Ar , q ca , 5 q p

ues IV . T ran g , , 47 9 s late d .

1 8 . Ac c oun ts Of A re s otelh o actor at Axim 1 6 e ru ar y B , f , F b y 1 5 08

‘ ’ F reire Cartas de it 8 Ar uiv his torico ar tu u a a n o . in , q c o, 2 , q o p ues I 0 T ran g , , 2 5 . slat e d. C O N TEN T S XV

n 1 0 Accoun ts of Fern Ro de Loron h a. 1 5 Ju e 5 9 ‘ ’ reire Cartas de u ita Ro n o . 2 2 0 in Ar uiv o historico artu F , q c , , q p

u . Extrac t tran s late d . g es , II, 2 3 9 ,

Th e Ofﬁcers of th e Cas a de Gu in é to Kin g M an u el with in O cto e r referen ce to th e affairs of SRO Jorge da M a. 5 b I SO9

T c t I m a o 8 n o . . T orre do Cor o ch ron olo i o . ombo , p g , p , c , 4 5

T ran slate d.

m d i i an uel SRO or e da in a. M a ede e Go os to K n g M . J g M 2 2 Jan u ary 1 5 1 0

8 n o . 2 . T orre do T Cor o ch ro n o lo ico t . I m a o ombo , p g , p , c , 7

T ran s lated .

Ac coun t Of ORO do Porto e u ar 1 1 0 s J . 2 7 F br y 5 ‘ ’ F i a n 0 in Ar uiv o his torico orta reire Cart as de u t Ro o . , q c , 4 4 , q p la e ues 111 . Extrac t tran s t d. g , , 477 ,

Ac c oun ts of Es tev Ro arradas actor of SRO or e da B , f J g n arch 1 1 0 Mi a. 2 2 M 5 ‘ ’ F arta de ita R n 1 8 1 in Ar uiv o his torico ortu reire , C s q u c o , o . , q p T n la gues , II, 7 5 . ra s te d.

Th e ofﬁcers of th e Cas a de Gu in é to Kin g M an ue l con i RO r e tem e r 1 1 0 cern n g S Jo ge da Min a. 2 7 S p b 5

n late d. T orre do T av eta 1 m a o 1 n o . 1 . T ra s ombo , g 5 , c 4

m ran cisc o de Alm ada to th e Con dition s in Argui cas tle . F of ce th e C s de Gu in é Nov em er 1 1 0 ﬁ rs of a a . 9 b 5

lat d . T o rre do T av eta 2 0 m a o 2 n o . 66 . T ran s e ombo , g , c ,

Accoun ts of em Ro de ello c a tain of SRO Th m e F M , p o Decem er 1 1 0 is lan d . 9 b 5 ‘ ’ F re ire Cartas de u ita o 8 in Ar u v o his torico artu R n . i , q c , o 2 2 , q p T an s late d ue II 1 r . g s , , 3 5

Ac coun ts of Bas tiRO em an des ac tor in en in . 2 0 A ril F , f B p 1 5 1 2

‘ ’

Freire Cartas de u ita Ro n o . in Ar uiv o historico artu , q c , 5 74 , q p

ues V . Extract tran lated g , , 47 3 , s .

ﬁ ' A on so Caldeira to in an u e l SRO or e da in a. K g M . J g M 2 Jan u ary 1 5 1 3 d T orre o T Cor h n ol ico t I m o n . o c ro o . a 1 2 o . 2 ombo , p g , p , c , 7 T ran s lat d e .

Pre aration s for th e d s atc of m is sion ries i p e p h a to Ben n . ‘ in l t R 0 o em b er 1 1 K g M an ue o uy L eite . 2 N v 5 4

T r e d lo i t m a 6 o r o T Co r c h ron o co . I o 1 n o I I o . . ombo , p g , p , c , 7 T an s l e r at d. xv i C O N TEN T S

6 D e c m Re ceip t from B as tiao de Vargas . e b e r 1 5 1 4 T r o c h ron olo ic orre do T Co o t . I m a 6 n . o 1 o I I . ombo , p g , p , c , 7

T ran slate d .

1 De c m Accoun ts of Gon calo L op e s . 7 e be r 1 5 1 4 ‘ ’ F re ire Cart as de u ita Ro n o . 2 in Ar uiv o his tor o o , q c , 97 , q ic p rtu

u T n la d . es I 0 . ra s t e g , I, 44

Bill of ladin g of goods de liv ered to Gon calo Fe rn an des for 8 u l t o Ar uim . 1 1 rade at T ﬁ a Poin t . g J y 5 5 d h n l Torre o T Cor o c ro o o ic t . m a 8 o 2 o n o . ombo , p g , p , c 5 9 , 9

I . T an ( ) r s late d.

Bill of ladin g of goods deliv ered to Gon calo Fe rn an des for tr d t t Ar im 0 u l 1 1 a e a Sete M ou as . gu . 3 J y 5 5 T re d n l i or o T Cor o ch ro o o co t . m a o 8 2 n o . ombo , p g , p , c 5 9 , 9 an lat T r s e d.

Bill of ladin g of goods de liv ered to Gon calo Fe rn an des for tr d a An te rote Ar uim 1 S e tem er 1 1 a e t . g . 5 p b 5 5 m 8 T r T o Cor ch n ic . m n o re do o o ro olo o t 2 a o o . b , p g , p , c 5 9 , 9 x a t tran l t d E tr c , s a e .

Ac co ofAn to o do Po o 0 O c to er 1 1 un ts ni rt . 3 b 5 5 ‘ ’ in r u i or o or F re ire Cart as de uita Ro n o . 1 0 A iv o h s t ic t , q c , 3 , q p u

ues 1 8 . Extrac t t an s lat d . g , , 3 5 , r e

Du arte Pires to in an u el. en in 20 O cto e r 1 1 6 K g M B . b 5

T orre do T om o Cor o ch ron olo ic o t . 1 m a o 2 0 n o . 1 8 . b , p g , p , c , la Tran s te d.

Re s tric tion s im p ose d up on th e trade of th e Capve rdian s 1 1 b y order of Kin g M an uel. 5 7

T orre do T liv ro de re isto de leis do Re i Dom an oel. ombo , g M

T ran slated.

c co d e uita to e m RO o r e A im i Fran is e M sq F L p es Co r a. x ( ) . 1 6 O cto be r 1 5 1 8 8 T orre do T Cor o ch ron olo ic o t . I m a o n o . . ombo , p g , p , c 9 , 5

T ran s late d.

in an ue l to An ton io Porto Carreiro c a tain ofAr uim . K g M , p g 2 De cem b er 1 5 1 8

T orre do T Cor o c h ron olo ico t . 2 m a o n o . 2 . ombo , p g , p , c 7 9 , 5

T ran slated .

Receip t from Du arte Borjes for slaves delivere d to h im at r i an u ar 1 1 A gu m . 4 J y 5 9

T o rre do T Cor o c h ron olo ico t . 2 m a o n o . 2 . ombo , p g , p , c 7 9 , 5 l t T ran s a e d.

Ac c oun ts of Gas ar de Villalo os ac tor of old lin en in SRO p b , f rua 1 1 Jorge da Mina. 6 Fe b ry 5 9 ‘ ’ F n o in Ar u o his orico artu ei art as d ita Ro . iv t r re , C e q u c , 2 7 3 , q p

T an sla d . ues II 0 . r te g , , 4 3 xv iii C O N T EN T S

. Th e Ar u m i trade . Th e s am e to 6 u a 1 5 5 g th e s am e . 2 Jan ry 5 3 5

F ord Letters o oh n III . 0 . T ran s lat , fj , p 2 4 ed.

6 . T rade of Ca o Ve rde Is lan ds Th e s am th 5 b . e to e s am e . 2 9 Jan u ary 1 5 3 5 ' Ford Letters o oh n III 0 . 2 . T ran l t d , fj , p p 4 5 s a e . Th . e trades of Gu in e a. Th e sam e to th e s am e 1 6 De cem er 5 7 . b 1 5 3 5 ' F ord Letters o o n I h II . . Extrac n , fj , p 2 44 t , tra slate d.

8 . Th e in a trad to t e . Th e s am e h s u e 5 M e . 2 9 Au gus t 1 5 36

F ord Let er o ohn I — t s II 66 . T an , fj , p p . 2 7 r slate d.

. Gold h idden in in Th e am e m a s e to th s a . 6 5 9 M . e 2 Se p t em be r 1 5 3 6 f F ord Lett rs o n — e oh III . 6 . T an , fj , p p 2 75 r slate d.

Nu n o m 60 . Paulo n es s e t t RO Th e Th S o islan d . e sam e to th e O cto s am e . 2 2 b er 1 5 36 ' F ord Letter o ohn III — 0 t s . 8 . Ex ac t t n l , fj , pp 2 9 9 r , ra s ated.

ro ri in in R om é 6 1 Ne g s g S O Th islan d . Th e s am e to th e s am e . 25 O ctober 1 5 3 6 F L tter o o n I n at d e s h II . 0 . T ra l d. or , fj , p 2 9 s e

6 De scri tion of a v o a e rom is on to th e islan d of SRO 2 . p y g f L b om é writt n b an an on m ou o Th , e y y s P rtuguese pilot . c . 1 5 40

i n e v a — T ran l am io Nav i at o i i i I 1 . s ated. R u s , g gg , , 2 5 9

c i ti n of Gui a written b a ren ch c a t i 6 e s r o n e a n . e . 3 . D p , y F p / v 1 5 40

- Na a oni e via i 111 . xt act tr n s at d Ram u s io ti 2 2 E r a l e . , vig gg , , 4 3 3 ,

Plan to u ild a ort on th e ala u eta coast . u is S ar 64 . b f M g L 6 O cto er 1 0 m ien to to Fran cisco de los Cobos . b 5 4 — i ar Docum en ts relatin to ac ues Cartier . 1 1 0 1 . B gg , g j q , p p 5

Th e s am e to th e s am e . 2 Nov em er 1 0 65 . 4 b 54

- i ar Docum ents relatin to ac ues Cartier . 1 . Ex B gg , g j q , pp 43 4

trac t .

Th e s am e to th e Cardin al of T ole do . 2 an u ar 1 1 66 . J y 5 4 — i ar Docum en ts relatin to ac ues Cartier . 1 1 2 . Ex B gg , g j q , pp 7

t ract .

6 or e Vaz clerk of th e actor of Ca o Ve rde to in 7 J g , f y b , K g III a o 1 0 un e 1 2 S an ti . Joh n . g J 5 4 8 T o rre do T Cor o c h ron olo ic o t . 1 m a o 2 n o . . ombo , p g , p , c 7 , 3

T ran s late d. C O N T E N T S xix

P AGE 8 m III Ar uim i . 68 ORO Go e s O S ouro to in oh n . . J K g J g ( ) Jan u ary 1 5 43 8 d m n olo o m a o 1 n o . . T orre o T o o Co r o ch ro ic t . b , p g , p 3 , c 5 , 7

T ran s lated .

An on o rr o o oh III S an tia o . 0 t i Co ea de S us t in n . 69 . a K g J g 3 V O ctob er 1 544

8 . T orre do T om o Cor o c h ron olo ico t . I m a o n o . b , p g , p , c 7 5 , 5 T n a ra sl te d.

‘ ’ N w old m in e s om e lea u es rom SRO or e da 7 0 . e g s ﬁfty g f J g

in o III o th e Cou n t of Castan h e ira. Min a. K g J h n t 5 Fe bru ary 1 5 5 1

n 6 T an lated . Ford Le t rs o oh III . , t e fj , p 37 . r s

Th e o in h e o th s e e ru ar e trad s f Gu ea. T s am e t e am . 7 1 . 2 7 F b y I 5 5 I — 8 T an lat d . F Le er o o n . . ord, tt s fj h III, p p 3 2 3 r s e

2 . Sim Ro Roi actor In SRO or e da in a to u e en Cath e 7 z , f J g M , Q in 1 A il 1 SRO or e a a. r rin e . J g d M 2 p 5 5 7 8 T e do T m or o ch ron o lo ic o t . I m a o 1 1 n o 1 . orr o o C 0 . b , p g , p , c ,

T ran slate d.

i co ire u e en th e ri SRO o in o e e da a. ran c s P s t Ca n . r 73 . F Q J g M 1 7 Ap ril 1 5 5 7

T orre do T om o Cor o h ro n olo ic o t . I m a o 1 0 1 n o . 2 . b , p c g , p , c , 3

T ran s lated .

S E CT I O N I I

S O M E EA R LY CA S T I L I AN VO YA G E S T O WE S T A F R I C A

INTRODUCTION — T HE FIRS KNOWN C S ILI N VO GE 1 T A T A YA , 4 5 3 4 VOYAGES UNDERTAKEN DURING THE WAR OF CASTILIAN S UC ES ION 1 —80 C S , 475 IMPORTANCE OF THESE VOYAGES WITH REFERENCE To THE DISCOVERY OF THE NEW WO RLD

D O C U M ENTS — Th e v o a e of 1 . in oh n II of Cas tile to in 74 . y g 4 5 3 4 K g J K g on so of Portu l lla o Aff V ga . Va d lid . 1 0 Ap ril 1 4 5 4

Las Cas as His toria n — de las I dias . 1 c h . 1 8 0 Ex 1 . , , bk , , p p . 4 5

t ract , tran s lated.

e otiation s a ou t Castilian c laim to Guin e a 1 7 5 N g b . 4 5 4 ' An on Cronica del serenisim o rin ci e Don uan secun do r e p p y , y des n om bre 6 E t te . . xtrac t ran s l , p 9 2 , ate d .

b 2 W A H . . . XX C O N TEN T S

An oth e r acc oun t Of th e se n egotiation s ' Palen c ia Cronica de Enri u I 0 Extract e V dec 1 2 ch . 1 . , q , . , bk . , , t a la r n s te d .

A Cas tilian in te rlo er i Gu i 6 n n ea. c 1 0 p . 4

Dio o Gom e s D e rim a inv en tion e Gu ineae rin te d in Cron e g , p , p , Vo a es o Cadam os to — Ex an late d . 1 0 1 . tract tr s . y g f , p p 2 ,

T rade e tween Sev ille d S n t lan d D ecree of b an a iago is . in Affon s o V of Por l t r m e tem er 1 6 tu S an a e . 0 S K g ga . 3 p b 4 9 arc ellos S ubsidias — . T ran a d 1 s l te . B , , , 3 3 4

A Cas tilia ac cou n t of th e di r 1 c . n s cov e y of Min a. 474 ’ ’ Pu l ar Cronica d h 6 Extract e los re es catolicos t 2 c . 2 . g , y , p . , ,

t ran s lated .

A lem ish -Cas tilian v o a e to i a 1 F y g M n . 475 Pach e c o E eralda sm h Extrac t t an s at d . . 2 c . . r l e , , bk , 3 ,

Ap p oin tm en t of re ceiv ers Of th e c u s tom s of Guin e a at

S ev ille . Valladolid 1 Au s 1 . 9 gu t 475

’ h D o u en o o — Pac eco c m t s inedit s xxxv T an late d . , , m , 3 1 6 . r s

’ ’ IIﬁ i c c ou o m c ers Z ga s a n t f th e app oin tm en t of cu sto s re eiv . I 47S ’ — ZIIﬁ i a A nnales de S evilla Extract tran s late d. g , , p p . 37 3 4 . ,

i r om P lo i n u een Ra de s fr a s s e ze a egro p rin ce in Gu in ea. Q ll to o e Die o de l r T or e illas 1 Ma Is a e a s n e d s . b M g Va a. 5 y 1 476

la R eal A ad a e la o a v —8 n s B oletin de c emi d His t ri Lx1 6 . Tra , , 3 7

late d.

D e s c rip tion of th e s am e raid an d of th e ev en ts leadin g up t o it

’ En u h T an Palen cia Cronica de ri e I V dec . III . 2 c . . r s , q , , bk 5 , 4

late d.

h a e rd i l arlos de ale r 1 6 Raid on t e C p e V e s an ds b y C V a. 47

' ’

o o 8 . Extrac t tran s al ra ronica de l s re es catol s c h . V e , C y ic , 22 , p . 2 , l te d a .

Com m an d of th e s hip s to go on th is raid to b e giv en to lo d ale ra in e rdin an d to os en Die o de Car s e V . K g F M g l r r os 6 M a 1 6 u . Va e a. B g 2 y 47 T ran s A ad a e la H a Lx1 8 . B aletin de la R eal c em i d is tori , V, 3 6

late d .

Qu arre l betwe en Carlo s de Vale ra an d th e M arq uis Of r id in rdin an d to os en Cadi arisin ou t of th e a . e z , g K g F M Di o e le ra S e tem e r 1 6 i e g d Va . 7 p b 47 ( )

B oletin de la R eal Academia de la His toria L I 6 . Extract , X V, 3 9 ,

t ran s lat ed . C O N TEN T S xxi

P AGE osen e e V le r to Anoth er account of th e raid . M Di go d a a 1 6 i Queen Isabella. 47 ( ) én Die o de alera 0— Ex ract t an Epis talas de Mos g V , p p . 7 4 . t , r s

lated .

o e rn RO Gom es to in a 1 6 Voyage f F M . 47

Enri ue I dec . . c h . Extract Palen c ia Crdnica de V III 2 . , q , , bk 5 , 5 ,

t ran slate d .

’ n ci accoun t of th e re aration of th e ex dition of 9 0 . Pale a s p p p e l 1 6 Carlos de Va e ra. 47 '

Palen c ia Cran ica de Enri ue I V dec . III . 2 6 ch . . Extract , q , , bk , 5 ,

tran s lated.

’ of id o S an ti o 6 Palen cia s accoun t th e ra t ag . 1 47 . ' u 6 c h 6 an Pa n c a r ca nr e I V dec . III . T le i C ani de E i 2 . . r s , q , , bk ,

lated .

App oin tm en t of Lu is Gon zale z as c h ie f c lerk of all sh ip s or G e T 01 0 6 De cem e r 1 6 f uin a. . b 47 P D u en tO di o xxx m — ac h eco oc m s iné t s v . T ran slated. , , , 37 4 2

Ro al a th orit to th m e of P l s &c o i n u e n a o . t s a l to i a y y , , M . S le arch 1 8 evil . 4 M 47 h Docum en os n éd os xxxv m — n Pac eco , t i it , , 54 6 1 T ra s late d.

Exp edition of Pedro de Cob ides to Min a Que en Is abella to os e Die o de Valer Seville 1 8 A r l 1 8 M n g a. . p i 47 B oletin de la R eal Academia de la His toria L I 1 Extract , X V, 37 . , la d tran s te .

C an re ue st for a al su o fO th o 8 astili q p p pp rt r e v yage . 1 47

Nav a Docum en tas in s II Ex rret e édita 2 . tract tran s lated . , , V , 5 5 ,

’ ’ Pu l r s ccoun t of ob ide v o ga a C s s yage . 1 478 ' Pu l ar Cranica de los re es catdlicas 8 x a t . 2 ch s . 6 8 . E tr cts g , y , p , 7 , ,

tran slated .

Portu uese v ersion of th e v o of C g yage ob ides . 1 478

Pin a Chronica del re Dom A onso V ch 8 Ext a n , y ﬁ , . 2 0 . r c t , tra s

late d.

An oth er Portu ue se ve rs ion of th e v o a e of C b e s 1 8 g y g o id . 47

Go es Ch ronica do rinci e Dom oam se unda d n 0 , p p f g o am e, ch . 1 3 .

Extrac t , tran slated.

O r ani ation of a n ew ﬂ ee t in Cas tile to o o in g s g t M a. Jan u ary 1 479 ’ ’ Z Iii a Annales de lla 86— Ex a t II S evi . . tr c tran s ate d g , , pp 3 7 , l .

- o orde r for th e re aratio ﬁ 1 00 . R al n of a e et to o to in y p p g M a. ru llo 1 Fe ruar 1 T ji . 7 b y 479 Nav arrete Coleccion de via es I xxxix A stra ct . , g , , . b xxii C O N TEN T S PAGE

‘ ’

1 0 1 . A trac t rom bs f th e v oyage of Eu s tac h e de la Fos s e to Min a. — 1 4 79 8 °

Rev ue his ani ue Iv 1 - 0 1 p q , , 74 2

1 02 . Th e v o a e of two c arav e ls la B alandra an d la Toca rom y g , , f An dalu sia to in a du rin th e win te r of 1 —80 De cre e M g 479 . o f th e Cath olic in s T ole do e ru ar 1 80 K g . . 3 F b y 4 P D ’ — T ran lat . ach ec ocum en t s ne os xxxv m 8 . o , o i dit , , 7 9 2 s ed

Th e o a e Of two oth r c arav e ls la Galiota an d a t v y g e , S n Telm o rom An dalu sia to in a du rin th e win ter of 1 , f M g 47 9 ol do 8 0 D c ree of th e Cath olic in s T e . e ru ar 1 80 . e K g . F b y 4 ’ — Extra t lat a um en os n ed tos III 6 8 . c tran s Pac h e c o D c t i i ed. , , XXXV , 7 ,

O rde r of Kin g Affon s o V of Portu gal to h is cap tain s to c ast in to th e s e a th e crews of s h ip s foun d be yon d th e A ril 8 0 Viann a. 6 1 Can aries . p 4 — l os . 6 T an s ated . Alguns docum en t , pp 4 5 . r M AP S

PART OF A MAP OF AFRICA INCLUDED IN THE DIOGO HO MEM A L OF 1 8 Th e ori in al is in th e ritish u s eum T AS 5 5 . g B M

Add M 1 . h is re rodu t on erm iss ion of [ . SS . 54 5 A] T p c i , b y p th e T rus tees O f th e ritish us eum is rom a acs im ile B M , f f

M . a p u blish e d b y th e Coun t of L av radio in 1 860 [E . M p s 63 5 1 0 Fron tispiece

MAP OF WES AFRIC UN ER THE POR UGUESE 1 0- 1 60 T A D T , 45 5 a t en d of v olum e

XXIII

xxvi L I S T S O F AU TH O R I T I E S

I O R I G I N L S O U R C E S . A

M S R S A . A N U C I P T

R UI O N ION L D TORRE Do TO MBO A C A . I . Q V A A ’ olo i 1 m Dio o Alv aren a to in Cor o c h ron co t . a o n o . 2 . d p g , p , c 4 , 3 g g K g l 8 Au 0 1 . 1 . M an u e . g 5 3 l I m n o de Guin é or o ch ron o o ico t . a o 8 . fﬁ c rs o t e a a C p g , p , c , . 4 5 O e f h C s

to in an u e l. O c t 1 0 . K g M 5 . 5 9 ch ron lo ic o t 1 m o 8 o m d oio to in r . Ma e e de G s Co o o a n . 2 . p g , p , c , 7 K g

an . 1 1 0 . M an u e l. 2 2 J 5

Co r o ch ron olo ic o t . I m a o n o . 8 . ran cisco de es uita to p g , p , c 9 , 5 F M q 8 orr 1 6 O c t . 1 1 . Fern Ro L op e s C e a. 5

lo ic o t . I m a o n o 8 rd F Lo e s o r o ch ron o . . O er of e rn RO C p g , p , c 9 , 5 p

re 2 1 arc h 1 1 . Cor a. M 5 9 '

n ol ic t . 1 m a o 1 Aﬂ on o Caldeira t in Cor o c h ro o o 2 n o . . s o p g , p , c , 7 2 K g u e l an 1 1 M an . 2 J . 5 3 .

Cor o c h ron olo ic o t . 1 m a o 1 n o . 8 . O rde r of in an u el. p g , p , c 5 , 5 K g M 1 1 6 Ju n e 1 5 4 . i I m Cor o c h ron olo co t . a o 1 6 n o . 1 1 . in an uel to Ru p g , p , c , 7 K g M y 0 N v 1 1 ite . o . L e 2 . 5 4

Cor o ch ron olo ico t . 1 m a o 1 6 n o . 1 1 . Re cei t rom BastiRO p g , p , c , 7 p f

r 6 De c 1 1 . Va gas . . 5 4 i 1 m D Cor o ch ron olo co t . a o 20 n o . 1 8 . uarte Pires to in p g , p , c , K g

0 ct . 1 1 6 . M an uel. 2 O 5 i m ’ r o c h ron olo co t . I a o n o . . An ton io d Ataid t in Co p g , p , c 47 , 37 e o K g III 1 8 1 Au . 1 . Joh n . g 5 3

ol o t . I m o Gas t Cor o c h ron o ic a n o . . er Vaz o in ohn p g , p , c 47 , 75 p K g J

III t 1 . . 1 9 O c . 1 5 3

Cor o ch ron olo ic o t . 1 m a o n o . . Proh i ition of ren ch p g , p , c 49 , 3 3 b F

to Gu in d r il. u 1 1 v oyage s e a an B az 2 2 A g . 5 3

Cor o ch ron olo ico t . 1 m a o n o . . in oh n III to oRo de p g , p , c 5 4 , 4 K g J J

Nov . 1 . B arros . 5 5 34 lo ic o t I m a o n o 8 or o c ro o . . t III Cor h n 2 . e Vaz o in oh n . p g , p , c 7 , 3 J g K g J 1 0 u n e 1 J 5 4 2 . m n o 8 r o ch ron olo ic o t . I a o . An tonio o Co p g , p , c 75 , 5 C rre a de Sous a to III 0 1 in oh n O ct . K g J . 3 5 44 .

o r o ch ron olo ic o t . 1 m a o 8 8 n o 1 2 . Sim Ro Gon alv es to in C p g , p , c , . 2 c K g 1 Joh n III . 2 2 Sep . 5 5 3 . o ic t m o 1 0 1 Sim Ro to ue en Cor o c h ron lo o . I a n o . 1 8 . Roi p g , p , c , z Q

at n A . C h eri e . 1 2 p ril 1 5 5 7

n o o ico t . I m o 1 0 1 n o c o re t u en Cor o ch ro l a . 2 . ran isc Pi s o e p g , p , c , 3 F Q

a 1 A ril 1 . C th e rin e . 7 p 5 5 7

i l din for trade o ch ol i . 11 m a 8 ll of a Cor ron o co t o n o . p g , p , c 5 9 , 9 B g T h P n 8 u l 1 1 t o o t . a a i . J y 5 5 L I S T S O F A U TH O R I T I E S xxv ii d Cor o ch ron olo ico t . 11 m a o n o . 8 ill of ladin for tra e p g , p , c 5 9 , 9 B g t S te ou tas 0 u l 1 1 a e M . 3 J y 5 5 8 ill of ladin for trade lo ic t 11 m a o n o . Cor o ch ron o o . p g , p , c 5 9 , 9 B g

An t t 1 1 . at e ro e . 1 5 S ep . 5 5 din for trade Cor o ch ron olo ico t . 11 m a o n o . 8 ill of la p g , p , c 5 9 , 9 B g ll 1 c t 1 1 at M i . 5 O . 5 5 .

l i m o 8 e ce i t for oods o c h ron o o co II a o n . R Corp g , p t . , c 5 9 , 9 p g

de liv e re d to oRo de Guim arae s . 1 0 O ct 1 1 J . 5 5 l to An ton io Cor o ch ron olo ic o t . 11 m a o n o . 2 . in an u e p g , p , c 79 , 5 K g M 8 Portoc arreiro . De c 1 I 2 . 5 .

D a e Cor o ch ron olo ico t 11 m a o n o . 2 . Re cei t rom u rt p g , p . , c 79 , 5 p f

Bor e s . 1 1 . j 4 J an . 5 9

l i t m Pe re ira to o o ch ron o o co . 11 a o 1 Du arte Pach e co C rp g , p , c 9 , n o . 2 . R de i 8 O O u 1 Au . 1 0 . J F g eiredo . g 5 2

or o ch ron ol ic o t 11 m 1 Du a t c c o Pe re ira to C p og , p . , aco 9 , n o . 2 7 . r e Pa h e ORO e i d 1 ueire o . 8 Au . 0 J F g g 5 2 . Cor o c h olo i o III m R om e Souro to c t . a o 1 n o . 8 . O O G s O p g , p , c 5 , 7 J in oh n III 8 an . 1 . K g J . J 5 43

Gave ta m a o 6 n o e t r o III 1 6 . 2 . 1 t e to in h n . 1 Ma , e , 5 . L K g J 9 y 5 5

Gave ta m a o 1 0 n o n l t on th e a ree 2 . . i of Portu a o h is en v o , c , 2 3 K g g y g m en ts betwe en Portu gal an d Castile abou t th e ﬁsh eries Off th e

ar ar c oas t . 1 0 B b y 5 3 (i) .

Gav e ta 1 0 m a o n o Sum m r of th e a al ran ts of Guin e a to , c 5 , . 2 7 . a y p p g Portu a n d g l. [U ated]

Gav eta 1 m Gran t o ct of SRO or e a in a to a o n o . 2 . f th e a or d 4 , c 3 , f y J g M e rn Ro D c 1 1 Cardos o . e . F 2 9 . 5 3

G v a e ta 1 m a o 1 n o . 1 . Estev RO Vaz to in an uel. 2 Se . 1 1 0 . 5 , c , 4 K g M 7 p 5

Gave ta 1 m i Se ti a o 1 8 n o . 1 8 . artim Corre a da Silv a to n as an . 5 , c , M K g b 1 2 2 Jan . 5 5 9 .

Gav e ta 1 m a o 1 8 n o . 2 0 . ran cisco Pereira to in S e as tian . 2 1 5 , c , F K g b

Nov .

Gav e ta 1 8 m a o o t r- t En lis v o a to , c 5 , n . 2 8 . Ch ar e p ar y for an g h y ge Guin e a rom ot d ri am d Ed ard ors o . , p e b y Ric h ard Sp n gh an w W pp 6 1 O ct . 1 6 5 6 .

Gav e ta 2 0 m a 66 r ci c o de Alrn ada to th e o ce rs of th e o 2 n o . . an s , c , F fﬁ Cas a de G é uin . No 1 1 0 9 v . 5 .

iv ro das ilh n Guin ea to th e S an ti as . 2 v . Gran t of ri h ts of trade I L , f g

a ian s . 1 2 un e 1 66 g J 4 .

ivro da ilh 8 1 s as . 2 v . Ren ewal of s am e ran t . Fe b . 2 . L , f g 47

iv ro das ilh 8 Gr t of ri h ts Of trade to th e is l de rs of SRO as . 1 . an an L , f g Th om e 6 . 2 M arch 1 5 00 .

a o d leis 2 e l 0 u l 1 1 . n o . 1 2 . O rder of in an ue . 2 M c , 4 K g M J y 5 9

eis e re irn 6A o n o a i o n t de om u l n o . I d u d n t . 1 6 V e os d an e 2 . L g M , f g , f O rde r of n in m Kin g M an uel forbiddi g p riv ate s lav e trade Axi . 2 0 arch 1 M 5 20 . L I S T S O F AUTH O R I T I E S

Ch an ce llaria de dom Aﬁ ons o V liv ro . I . Gran t of G , 3 3 , f 47 V uinea

trade to e rnRO Gom es . 1 un e 1 F J 473 .

' Ch an ce llaria de dom ORO III liv ro 1 1 . 8 V . A oin tm en t of J , 5 , f 4 pp Affon s o de Al u uer ue as ca tain of SRO or b q q p J ge da Min a. 4 July

1 5 2 2 .

. BRI I MU EUM 2 T SH S .

Addition M A m m al S . 1 . An on ous a of Gui e n a. 1 8 5 4 5 , 7 y p 5 5 .

ition al M 6 0 A Gra o n Add S . . tlas of ios e in cas a 1 6 3 9 z B . 4 8 .

ddition a M 1 0 — A l S . 6 if. 68 . Ma of H 5 7 , b 9 p en ricu s Marte llus Ge r

m an u s . i i M Add t n a S 0 Ch art of S e b as tiRo o e s . 1 8 o l . 2 73 3 . L p 5 5 — Addition al M S . 8 0 If . 2 b 6 . Corre s on den ce e tween ueen 3 5 4 , 4 p b Q ar an d th e Portu ues e ru le rs re latin to En lish vo a e M y g , g g y g s to

in 1 . M a. 5 5 5

8 8 e t MS ero B 1 . . Co of l te aten Cotton . rs t b which in N , f py p y K g Fran cis I of Fran c e forb ade h is su bje cts to m ake v oyages to Guin e a 0 M 8 an d Braz il. 2 ay 1 5 3 .

M ero B 1 . u een of En la or N . ar n d id h Cotton S . s er sub , f 75 Q M y g f b ‘ ’ o to Gu ie B n ie or th e in a u l 1 6 e cts to n n . . j g y , y M J y 5 5

’ B 1 8 8b om m e ta u n M Nero . . C n r o n ob i Cotton S . arti r sh er s , f y p M F ‘ ’

u e a. 1 6 declaration abo t Guin 5 2 .

m i ch t c 8 8 An on ou s Ital an ar . . 1 0 . Egerton MS . 2 03 . y 5 ’ — 6 . MS 1 1 ﬁ . 1 b Tran s cri ts re latin sdown e . to An lo L an 7 , 3 7 3 p g g

Portuguese n egotiation s .

PUBLIC RECOR OFFICE LON ON . 3 . D , D H A — dm iralt O er an d Term in e r . C I . 1 High Cou rt Of A y, y , 3 5 3 2 1 Aug . Various de os ition s a ou t a lan for an attack on SRO or e 1 5 5 9 . p b p J g

da Min a.

i h Cou rt of Adm iralt Exam in ation s . HCA 1 . 1 2 0 ul H g y, , 3 5 9 , J y

1 549 . H o dm iralt Exam in ation s CA 6 8 1 2 Feb . High Court f A y, , , , ’

Variou s de os ition s a ou t Wm dh am s v o a e to enin . 1 5 54 5 . p b y g B

H A Nov Adm iralt Exam in ation s . C 2 2 . 1 . High Cou rt of y, , 3 , 5 5 5 o Gr o God t a De p os ition s abou t th e v oyage f th e ace f o C pe Ghir .

D i Edw d a l a . N v 1 . e os tion of ar out HCA 2 2 o . , 5 5 5 p B y y b a Joh n Lan dye 6 H A 1 O c t . 1 2 am in ation s . C High Cou rt of Adm iralty, Ex , 3 , , , N 1 arious de osition s a ou t En lis h vo a es to 2 0 0 ov . . V , 3 5 5 9 p b g y g a B arb ry. ’ D o iti n s ou t th e su ar trade HCA Dec . 1 . e s o a , 4 , 5 5 5 9 p b g , c arried on b y Portu gu ese be twe en SRO Th om e is lan d an d An t

we rp . L I S T S O F AUTH O R I T I E S xxix

Hi h Court of Adm ir t ati 0 g al y, Exam in on s . HCA, 2 Jan . 1 8 c D t o a Ch t her O t . 1 60 . e osition s a ou th e v e of th e ris o 9 , 5 p b y g p , B enn ett i to Gu n e a. HCA itio a ou t En li h trad 0 an . De os n s e , 3 J p b g with ar ar v ia S in B b y p a .

Hi h Cou rt o m HCA 1 0 rc f Adm iralt Exa in ation s . a h g y, , 9 , M Variou s dep os ition s abou t trade p u rs ued b y Portuguese etween ar ar a d An twer b B b y n p .

Hi h Cou rt of E t n HCA 2 arch Adm iralt xam in a io s . g y, , 3 M

un e 2 2 u l 1 6 . Various de osition s a ou t trade 4 , 7 J , J y 5 9 p b urs u ed b Portu u e etw en ar ar an d An twer p y g es b e B b y p . Hi h Cou rt of A t E o A A ril 1 . dmiral xam in ati n s . HO 1 1 g y, , p 5 7 De os itio Of re p n John Gar tt .

HI h Court o A 6 Fe b t HC 2 . f Adm iralt Exam in a i n s . g y, o , De o itio u t h e P e Mar o to Guin e p s n abo t h e v oyage of t tit g a.

Hi h Cou rt o Adm ir lt Ex m ati n H A e b . f a a in o s . C 2 g y, , 27 F , , 3 , 5 , 8 1 0 1 1 1 2 arch Variou s de osition s a ou t th e ru les , 9 , , , M p b o r m g v e nin g trade with th e Port ugue s e e p ire in Gu in ea.

Hi Co m h urt o Adm i l Exe liﬁ on H A 1 n o . . Dio f ra t cati s . C 2 o g y, p , 4 1 , 79 g ’ Hom em s s it t En l d 1 vi o g an in 547 .

Hi h Co m HCA n os 1 1 urt of Adm iral Exe liﬁ cation s . . g ty, p , 3 , 4 , 1 D oc l m o in o III to to 5 . um en ts re atin g to th e atte p t f K g J h n s p th e Win o t n i dh am v yage o B e n . Hi h m ti H A Cou rt o Adm ir l Exe liﬁ ca on s . C n o . 1 1 . g f a ty, p , 2

Portugue se trade between B arb ary an d An twerp . Hi 8 h C f Adm ir l i el HCA n os . 66 0 86 1 0 ourt o a t s . 2 g y, L b , , , , , 1 t e Win dh am vo a e to 2 8 2 . Various li els relatin to h 43 , 5 , 5 9 b g y g

Hi Wi d h Co o Adm t HCA n o . 1 2 . urt f iral i els . n h am g y, L b , 5

H 8 i li els re lati t CA n os . 2 2 6 2 2 . Var ous n to h e , 5 , , 7 , b g voyage Of th e Grace of God to Cap e Gh ir in 1 5 5 5

Hi 1 h H A n os . 1 . Cou rt of Adm iralt i e ls . C Th e g y, L b , 99 , 5 E 8— nglish trade with B arbary du rin g th e ye ars 1 5 5 9 .

Hi h C o E li ourt of Adm iralt i HCA n . . n sh tra b e ls . de g y, L , 47 g with a B arb ry via Sp ain in 1 5 5 5 . H A e th e Chri o her B enn t 06 . o a of st et to C , n o . 2 V y g p Guin e 1 8 a in 5 5 . Hi h Co o 1 . H A n os . 1 Por u rt f Adm iralt i els . C 2 2 tu g y, L b , 3 , 3 u tw g es e trade between B arbary an d An erp . Hi h C Adm ir l H A o . Po ou rt of a t i els . O n . rtu ues e g y, L b , 77 g trade e tween r d twe r b B arba y an An p .

i h Co 8 1 0 u rt i HCA n os . 1 1 1 H of Adm iralt els . 2 2 g y, L b , 7, , 9 , , ,

2 2 2 2 2 . Variou s li els relatin to th e ositi on of th e Portu , 3 , 4 , 5 b g p ue — g ss in U pp er Guin e a du rin g th e years 1 5 9 0 2 . XXX L I S T S O F AU TH O R I T I E S

h o t Hi C ur of Adm ir lt Warran ts HCA 8 Au . g a y, . , 2 g , 2 3 Nov .

1 Th e Win dh am v o a e to en in . 5 54 . y g B Pa ers Dom e tic El P o 6 6 S tate s i a e th . S n s . . e tters rom p , , z b 4 , 5 L f am e s Alda e to Sir William Ce cil re latin to a lan to attack SRO J y , g p or e d in J g a M a. D m ti Eli t 1 1 n o 1 e r SP . Sir illiam State Pa s o es c a e h . 2 2 W p , , z b 9 , h t r to Si Willi c il En li h trade with ar ar s s . C e e r am Ce . g B b y 6 P r D m ti Eli P n o . T r l tt r S tate a e s o e s c a eth . S . h e e e e s p , , z b 4 m t r d n i ro Ran dall Sh awe rela in to a o os e v o a e to e n . f , g p p y g B t i tion an d th e c om m d 1 5 8 2 . Valu able de ails abou t th e n av ga o itie s de of tra .

8 An lo te a er or i r SP n os . 0 . S ta P s e n a . p , F g , M y 44 , 44 9 , 45 g Portu gu es e n e gotiation s relatin g to Gu in e a in 1 5 5 5 ’

State Pa e rs orei n Eli a eth . SP 0 n o . 2 . artin Frob ish e r s p , F g , z b 7 /3 7 , 7 M ‘ ’

i M a 1 6 . de clarat on abou t Gu in e a. 2 7 y 5 2 — S tate Pa ers orei n Eli a eth . SP ff. 2 2 6 . 1 1 S e . 1 6 . p , F g , z b 4 7 p 5 7 is t of s oils m d b th En lish u on th e Portu uese in Guin L p a e y e g p g e a.

tate Pa e or i E SP 8 u l 1 68 R ie s S rs e n li a eth . . o e r p , F g , z b J y 5 bb com m itt E li u Po tu u e e Sh i in i Guin ed b y n g shm en p on r g s pp g n ea. F D Pl m ou th Cu s t m s Ac c ou n t E 1 1 1 . eb . e y o s . . 2 2 , 2 4 p ar P ture of th e aul for Guin ea an d B razil.

E 1 1 0 f t P aul to Pl m u th . 0 c t . 1 . Re turn o h e o . 2 2 , 2 O 5 4 y

Tra cri t Gon ale de Pu e la to in erdin an d of n s p s B 2 5 . z z b K g F in 1 c t 8 8 Sp a . 1 O . 1 4 .

B P I E M E R I A L . R NT D A T

UMEN CO LLE TI N OC R C O S . I . D TA Y — h e riv Cou En d 1 2 0 v ls n do . Acts o t ncil o lan . o . Lo n f p y f g , 5 4 7 7

ima c lon ia 6 l 8 — Annaes marit s o es v o s is on 1 0 6 . . . L b , 4

’ A ordena é es del R e D M n o 1 1 s p y om a el. 5 v ols . Ev ora, 5 2

A orden a es d S enh or R e D m A o l m r 1 86 . s é o o ons V. v o s . Coi a p y ﬁ 5 b , 7 ’

B le ch an a A . de . E l D o a a d d 1 8 8 . a n . ista as de Mosen ie V ler . a ri , J p g M , 7 B in e a e l olet d l R a Academ ia de la H L I rid 1 1 . is toria v ol V . ad , . X M , 9 4 ‘ ’ n i Br an car re re A . C R D an u l in a artas de uita o del Rei . e p F , q c M , i r — 0 — Ar u v o his to ico ortu e 1 x a i 1 1 6 . u s ssim . s on q p g , , p L b , 9 3 Calendar o state a ers dome i 1 —8 0 o d 1 8 6 st c . n on . f p p , , 5 47 L , 5 —6 — Calendar o ate a i 1 2 1 86 1 . st ers ore n v ols . on don f p p , f g , 5 47 . 7 L , 7 1 8 —1 6 — Cal r o a 8 6 . da state ers ain 1 v ol . on don 1 en S . s 2 2 f p p , p , 4 5 5 7 7 L , 9 lendar o s a 1 2 02 —1 8 0 o 1 86 Ca t te a ers Vene ol . on d n tian . v s f p p , , 5 9 L , 4

9 0 . ' ’ C s rie oire du a t s , Hen ry de , Coun t Les sources inedites de l hist Mar c de I 0 d 1 8 1— 0 1 0 1 1 a ols . 111 P ris 1 6 5 3 45 , v . a , 9 5 , 9 , 9 2

Coelh o . Ram os Al uns docum en tas do ar uiv o n acional acerca , J g q da v e Res o 8 s na a uis ta ortu ez i on 1 . e c n s u es . s 2 g c q p g L b , 9 L I S T S O F AU TH O R I T I E S xxxi

n ra E a ie b arin on the his tor o the Dav e ort n ces G . uro ean tre t s e p , F p g y f i Un ted S tate v 1 Wash in ton 1 1 . s , ol. . g , 9 7

Fal airolle Edm on d ean Ni o am ba sadeur de France en P ortu al au g , . j c t, s g 8 i 1 . xv i siécle S a corres on en c di lomati e . Par s . p d e p qu , 97 ' d T I K n o P r u l am or . D . . h e letters o ohn II i o t a . C F , J M f j , g f g rid e 1 1 b g 9 3 . ’ eli E H D a rine an e Goss n . . ocum en t r r l hi re de l ma norm d . , s p ou serv i stoi Rou en 1 8 6 , 7 .

Le s e rov Re del R ei D am ebastida i Collec da da le isla do anti a y p is s S , n c g p g e m r a o l 1 oim ra 1 8 1 6 ade n d rein o de P ortu al t 1 v o . C . g , p . , . b , id — r d ec on e v ia e adr 1 8 . Na ar e te . e an v rn de e . Col ci d s . 2 , M F z g M , 5 3 7 rr t d r C lecci e docum to i de e an d oth e s . o on d en s n av a e e . ern an N , M F z , ’ edi ra a E ana 1 ols adrid 1 8 — a l historia de s 1 v . tas . 2 2 p p M , 4 9 5 ' P h co D r ci de do ac e . . an d Oth e s Colec on cum en tos ineditos del Real , J F , Ar hiv a de I ia l 86 —8 c nd s . 2 v o s . adrid 1 . 4 M , 4 4 m Mem orias r S an tare arros e S ous a 2n d Vis coun t . a a a historia e , B , p l 1 8 8 8 theoria das cortes eraes . 2 v o s . is on 2 6 1 2 . g L b , ,

San tarem arros e S ou s a 2 n d Viscoun t . uadra elem en tar das rela é es , B , Q c i P — li ica d o tic e ortu 1 8 v ols . i on 1 8 o l . t s e ma as d al s 2 6 . p p g L b , 4 7 it r o Tr b l u i P r u V e . a a h os na t cos dos o t ez e n o Sou s a . u s s seculos xvi b , F M g ii ols i n 1 8 8 1 e xv . 2 v . s o 00 . L b , 9 , 9 ‘ ’ S ous ite r Os P ortu uez es e o en io i 0 LIII a V o . . t n Instituto b , F M g g , , X , — — 2 2 8 86 . Coim ra 3 3 , 473 b ,

H I S O R I E S H R O N I L E S E W I E N T C . R . T C C TT 2 , , , B E F O R E 1 6 0 0

’ ' re Tra br Alm ada, An dré Alv a s d . tado ev e dos rios de Gu ine do Cabo E b D o o KO k t 8 Verde c . d . i e . Por o 1 1 . [ y g p , 4

A urara Gom es E . de . Th e chronicle o th e discov er and con uest o z , f y q f

Gui a Ed . b C . R . e a le an E Pr H l ne . c . d . e s ta e ak u t [ y B z y g . ( y l o d n S oc . 1 s t s er . xc v c . v o s n o 1 8 8 1 8 . , , , ) 2 . L , 9 , 9 9

R e r A brie summ e o ea ra hi low o . e . c . Ed b ar G . . E R B , g f f g g p [ y . . lu c Hak t So . n d r . . on d T lor . L I n a 2 s e o 1 2 . y ( y , , X X ) L , 9 3 d D A d c 1 i n arros O RO e . a sia e . . s o 1 B , J , L b , 777 . H ' é de z An dré s . is toria de lo r es cat l a Be rn l , s ey o ic s . [c . Pub . in Biblioteca de autores es ari oles Lxx 6 — adrid 1 2 p , , 5 7 773 M , 9 3 Al i d o a e c E m o V . d b G Cr Cada os t v se a. . . . R . on , y g [ y e , en title d Th e v o a es o Cadam osta a o H klu nd oth er d cum en ts . a t S oc y g f ( y . , an d d 1 s e r . L . on on . , xxx ) L , 9 37 d T e deca e o r Rich ar . h d s th e n ew wo l o don Eden d. n 1 , f L , 5 5 5 La casm o ra hi c 1 on ten e au e an . e . . Ed . b u s e t P ris . s . a F , J g p [ 5 4 5 y J M ,

1 9 04 . ‘ ’ E t ch e d l o e E V a . c . d b oss e us a e a. . R . Foulch é De l os c F , y g [ y b , in Revue his ani ue Iv 1 —0 1 Paris 1 8 p q , , 74 2 , 97 . xxxii L I S T S O F AU TH O R I T I E S

Galv RO ton io Tr o i erie c d . b Vice , An . eatise f d scov s . [ . E y i 6 m H kl S c . on o 1 8 . Ad r l e th un e . a u t o d n 2 a B ( y ) L ,

Goes B am iRo de ron o e oam se ndo do n ame , . Ch ica d princip dam f gu . i on 1 6 s . L b , 5 7 D am R D M nuel v ols o ica e i m o R ei om a . . G es i o de . Chron do l cissi , f 4 is on 1 66— L b , 5 7 . ‘ ’

m Di D m i c Ed . b G . R . o i in en tion e Gu n e ae . . Go es o . e r v , g p a [ y

ron e t tl T o a o a a a d oth er docum en ts . C , en i e d h e v y ges f C dam os t n

Haklu t S oc . 2 n d ser . Lxxx . on don 1 . ( y , , ) L , 9 37

kl t Rich d T e ci a av i at on o a es tra i ues and dis Ha u ar . h rin l n i s v y , p p g , y g , ﬁ q co eri es o h e En li a ion 1 ol Glas ow 1 0 — v f t g sh n t . 2 v s . g , 9 3 5 H d b l m i to ia de la India E . Las Cas as ra arto o e de . s r s s . , F y B y D on n lo d R r drid Go a e e a a . a 1 2 . z p z M , 9 7

A a h a ri o A ri Ed b R Le o A ric an u s eo r ic l histo c ca . c . . f . g g p f f [ y . k - d 8 ow H lu t 1 t II I ol o on 1 6 . r n . a Soc . s s er . C C V . v s . n B ( y , , X X ) 3 L , 9

‘Ea e and We i ch ot n . H . v an Discourse o v o a es in to s t st n s e . L , J f y g y T r D i li m P h illi s In ie an s . ou t of u tch in to En li b W l a d s . g sh y [ ] [ p ] .

on don 1 8 . L , 5 9

M re es Pie ter de B e ch r v in e d hi tori e v erhael v an he t Gout a , . s y g en e s sch ’ K n kr k a G i oré er i v n u nea E b P L Hon a . on d . S . ij . y . N b

Th e a u e 1 0 . H g , 9 9 N n e do Liam D u r e C r nic l Da 06 0 I do R e s u a t . h o as de Re m e as s z , y 3 y ' D D r D A l is n 1 80 om ua te e om onsa V. c v o s . o . . 2 ﬁ [ L b , 7 Al D de . Cr nica e En ri e Ed A P l n cia . on s o d u a e d I V. c . b . , F q [ . y . Paz e li v ols drid 0 — a. . a 1 . y M 5 M , 9 4 9 ‘ i d Raou l Le dis co r d l n v i ation de e an t Parm en t er e an an . u s e a a e , J g J ’ lP rm t r R m Vo a e S u tr E b . Es tan ce lin Raou a en ie . d a a. . y g y L , ’ Ré h h r e in c erc es su les d cauv ertes des navi ateurs n ormands . — g , pp 1 1 . Paris 1 8 . 2 4 3 2 , 3 2

r D u a e P ch e co m eral i u rbi E Pe rei a, rt a . Es da de s t a s . [c . 1 5 05 d . an d ran s Ge r e H T m l l c b o . . i e Hak u t S . n d ser . L x1 . t . . o 2 y g K b ( y , , x x ) d n 1 on o . L , 9 37 D de . Ch ron ica del Re om A on o c Ed Pin a Ru s V. . . b , y y ﬁ [ y J . Corre d S e rra in Colle do e i r in e itos de i t ria r a a , cp d l v os d h s o pa tu l I is on 1 0 uez a v o . . . g , L b , 79

d r Ch on ic del R e D m od II c . Ed Pin a Ru e . a o o . . b , y y f [ y J . C rre a da S e rra i Colle e iv r in edi o de hi oria ar o , n cpdo d l os t s st p tu z a l I i on 1 ue v o . . s 0 . g , L b , 79 ' r H rn d d l Cr ni a re a D F a Pu lga , e an o e . a c de los yes c tdlicas an ern ndo y D a I abe c P B aﬁ L on s l. . u b in iblioteca d autores es oles xx [ . e p , , — drid 1 2 2 1 1 a 2 . 5 5 M , 9 3 R m u si Gi n i i t N i i via i l en ice 1 an a ani e . o s . a o ov att s a. av t v V , B g gg 3 , 5 5 4

9 .

n d r i d D o o I Ga c e C r a e r a o om li I . is on Re se e a . h onic u t ata da v id d , q f L b , 1 5 45

L I S T S O F AU TH O R I T I E S

‘ ’ o - C rtesRO ° Th e re Colum ian discov er Of Am e ric a in Geo , J p b y , . ra h cal ou l L — rna xxx1x 2 2 . on don 1 . g p i j , , 9 4 L , 9 3 7

’ D a er O fe l rt . Descri tion e l A ri F Am s ter d ue traduit du lamand . pp , p f q , dam , 1 686 . ‘ De Br ’ y, . an d . I . Descri tio re n i Guin iae in Indiae O rien talis J J p g , ,

t . 6 . 1 60 p 4 . D ’ ‘ en u c e . L A ri ue u i e e e c e n oi An twer a xv sz cl et l omm erc a v ers s . , J f q p , 1 9 37

aria S ou s a d T 1 6 0 . h e hi or o P or u a o T ran s b e . s t t l t . . . F y , M y f g 4 y J S tev en s on don 1 6 8 . L , 9 . G e u n in E . An o et ses ilote P ris 1 s . a 0 1 , g p , 9 ‘ Gu erreiro e rn Ro Rela é es annuis da cousa ue era 0 adres da , F . p s s q ﬁ z m s p ‘ com anh a de e s E 6 — sus . vol . v ora 1 0 1 1 p i j 4 , 3

O son R . Th e olden rade 1 E G l n don d . b C . in s e o t . 62 . . J b , g [ 3 y K g y L , 1 9 3 2 . ‘ im le Ge or e H T Th m i f We s t A ric a in th e ou rteen t . . e a n o h K b , g pp g f f ’ an d te en t n U n h s is i o t n h ce turies . u t e n th e li rar f h e U i ﬁf p b . b y v e rs it of on don on don 1 1 y L . L , 93 ’ a at . N u lle r i d A r u oc a ls P ris . o v e elat on e l i e ciden t le . v o . a L b , J B f q 5 ,

1 7 2 8 .

’ ann o C de d n rl n H . L ex ansion colon iale e eu s . an Va de in de d s le L y, , , p p p ’

euro eens . P ortu al et Es a ne rus se ls 1 0 p g p g . B , 9 7 . Le l c i b an V n cen t Le v o a am ux du eur in cen t le Blan c Ed . . s es e si V . B , y g f y le sieu r ou lon arts P ri 6 8 C . . a s 1 3 p , 4 .

o es de im a . Ensaios sabre a s tatistica das ossessRes ortu uez es L p L , J . J p p g na A rica oc iden al e orien al is n 1 8 c t t . o . f L b , 44 h ado Dio o ar o M oria ra a hi toria de P or u al ols ac s a. em s a s t . v . M , g B b p g 4 is on 1 6—1 L b , 73 5 H 1 8—6 Pe res B am iRo . istoria de P ortu al. v ols . arcelos 2 . , g 7 B , 9 3 T e P or u e e i do 1 Pre t Ed ar h t u s oneer on n . s a e . s . g , g g p L , 9 3 3 ‘ ’ ’ D id Edward IV an d ex loration in Mariner s Mirror uin n av . Q , B p , , — d n 1 I 2 8 . on o . XX , 75 4 L , 9 3 5 ‘ ’ E T a es o Dio o CRO an d arth olom ew Di G . h e v o f a Rav en s tein . , y g g B z , — n Geo ra hical ournal xv i . 62 . on don 1 00 . i g p j , 5 5 5 L , 9

e P r u al ols is on 1 86 — A Hi oria d o t . v . 0 1 Re e llo da Silv a . . st b , L g 5 L b , 7 ‘ ’ m m r de B é rie e t l O r s tio é Ric ard Ro e rt . Le c o e c e erb ani a n con o , b g ’ ’ u l em ire ortu ais aux xve e t xv ie s iecles in Annale m iq e de p p g , s de ’ ’ al II 66—0 P ris 1 6 l Institu t d Etudes O rien t es , , 2 9 . a , 93 .

d Hi ir de la m arine ran ai e . 6 ols P r Ron ciére C . ou re l e la . sto e s v . a is , B f c , 8 1 99 .

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S an tarem arros e Sou s a 2n d Vis cou n t . Rech erch es sur la riorite de la , B , p ’ ’ r a dte oc en tale d A ri ue P ri é a tues su l c cid . a s d couv erte des p ys si f q ,

1 84 2 . ub idias ara a historia de Cabo Verde e Sen n a arce llos C . . de . S s B , J p 8 —1 Guiné art s is on 1 00 . . 7 p . L b , 9 9 9 L I S T S O F AU TH O R I T I E S XXXV

d Ann ei Dom 5 0 II in h . e . aes del R 0 I . c So s a Cout o . Ed b u , M 3 [ . y

is on 1 8 . He rcu lan o . A . L b , 44 ‘ ’ Van de rlin den H . Alexan der VI an d th e ulls of dem arc ation in , b , Hi t Rev xx11 1 —0 New York 1 6 Am er . s . . , , 2 . , 9 1 .

’ Villau t icolas le sie u r de elle on d . Relation des castes d A ri ue , N , B f f q , ’ ' inee Paris 1 66 ees Gu . . appell , 9

W The native s tates o the Gold Coa I P Welrn an C . . st . . eki. Lon do , f n ,

1 9 24 . o Gold Coa II Th e na i e ates the st . A a W . t v st . h n ta lrn an C . . on We , f L don , 0 1 9 3 . Maritim e en ter rise 1 8 —1 8 William s on am es A . . Ox ord 1 1 , J p , 4 5 5 5 f , 9 3 Hawkin O x rd 1 lliam s on am es A . S ir ahn s . o 2 . Wi , J ff f , 9 7

’ ’ An nales ecclesiasticos seculares e IIfIi a D . O rti de . d la mu Z g , z y y noble y

eal ciudad de S ev illa . adrid 1 6 . m uy l M , 77 ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE FOOTNOTES

O n ly th ose abbrev iation s h av e been ‘ in c luded wh ich m igh t c aus e c on fu sion :

AP C A o th e riv coun cil o En la . cts f p y f g nd. D i Asia rros ORO cle a A . a . s a . B , J ’ ’ ’ a B n s au d L r i n u i e P ortu al 21 l o u Ben s ude . e e . as t on om e a t u au e e , J q g p q ’ des ra e decouv er e g nd s t s . ‘ ’ ‘ i R A Cartas de u ita Ro de Rei Cartas de u ta o Braan c am f eire . l q c . p F , q c ’ D l in Ar ui o s oric r u e an u e v hi t o o t u s . . M q p g

EHR En li h hi torical r iew Th e . g s s ev , . m i ios . o es de i a Ensaios sabre a at s tica o d Ensa . . st das ssess es L p L , J J p r u na A rica a ori p o tug ez es f occiden t l e en tal .

Esm eralda. Pe reira, Du arte Pach eco . Esmeralda de situ arbis .

d D L o o III o P r u ord . or . . . etters hn in o t al. F F , J M fj , K g f g R l R An t n io Tr a i o di eri lv o . Ga v o o . e t se scov es . Ga , f

D Ox rd En li h Dicti n r OE . fo g s o a y, Th e .

’ c i P le ci Al d Cr n ca de Enri ue I V Palen a. a n a . on so e . a i , F q

Pin a P Ru d Ch roni a de Da da II . n a . . i , y e c l Rey m ~Ro

e n d n de G c d r i a ue trata da ida d D R se e . Res e , ar ia e . Ch on c q v o om j oda

II . S E C TI O N I

T HE F I R S T CENT U RY O F P O R T U G U E S E ENT E R P R I S E IN WE S T AF R I CA

S EC T I O N I I NT R O D U CT I O N

HE history of th e first cen tu ry Of th e Portuguese dis covery an d occupation of th e We st African coast m ay b e con en en e n o ree er o s : rs a of v i tly divid d i t th p i d fi tly , th t e ora on to 1 80 secon th e er ros ero s er o of xpl ti up 4 ; dly , v y p p u p i d ra e an d se em en rom 1 8 1 to 1 0 an d ird th e er od t d ttl t f 4 53 ; , th ly , p i Of ra a ec n e a er 1 0 a dec n e c e u e d rom th e g du l d li ft 53 , li whi h r s lt f in trus ion of in terlopers an d th e con se qu en t destruction of h on o r d Th e s or of th e rs settlem en ts an d t e in terrupti ft a e . hi t y fi t eriod h as a a s a rac e c ose a en on rom sc o ars th e p lw y tt t d l tt ti f h l , s con som e an d th e r s carce an a en on an d on e of e d , thi d ly y tt ti , th e reasons for this is that contem porary records for th e fifteen th cen ur are or a e een m a e m ore read a a a e for th e t y , h v b d , ily v il bl n r an ose for h e s een cen u r Th e reader ge eral eader th th t ixt th t y . m ay obtain a m ore coheren t an d balan ced accoun t of th e cou rse ese e of even ts from th e docum en ts prin ted below . Th hav been preceded by a review of what is kn own about th e exploration of th e u n ea coas e een 1 62 an d 1 80 an d a de scr on of G i t b tw 4 4 , ipti es r ca n er th e or es e een 1 8 1 n d 1 60 W t Af i u d P tugu e b tw 4 a 5 .

The Discover o the West A rican Coast 1 62 - 8 0 y f f , 4

Much h as been written abou t Portu guese oversea exploration e r 1 ro re on ar s rom th e con ues of Ceu a b fo e 480. Its p g ss w d f q t t in 1 4 1 5 was recorded in th e reign of Kin g Affon so V by a few n o a e con em orar es m an of ose or s a e een a t bl t p i , y wh w k h v b h ppily re ser e an d nce en a rea n um er of s or an a e p v d , si th g t b hi t i s h v r ed to recon s r c th e s or th e e an con em orar ac t i t u t t y . Of xt t t p y ’ coun Az urara s Chronicle o the discover and con uest o ts , f y q f Guinea provides th e m ost com plete an d m ost authentic record of exploration down th e West African coas t approxim ately up to th e ear 1 8 e th e narra es of th e o a e of Ca a y 44 , whil tiv v y g s d m os o o o om es an d ero de C n ra carr th e or on t , Di g G P i t y st y 3 R O S I N S R 1 0 - 1 6 0 4 EU PEAN WE T AF I CA , 4 5 5

ards to 1 6 1 r 8 2 . E o a on dur n th e ears rom 1 62 to 1 0 w 4 xpl ti i g y f 4 4 , o e er h as n ot een c ron c ed i th e sam e e ree of de ai h w v , b h i l w th d g t l an d rec sion u r n i h p i . D i g th s period th e Portu guese explored t e n a or o coas th e ar er s an ds in th e u of u n ea Mi ( G ld) t , l g i l G lf G i , an d probably also th e cu rvin g an d in den te d coast of th e African m a n an d aroun d h e u ine t as far s ou as Ca e St Ca e . i l G lf th p . th r Yet there is extrem ely little con tem porary eviden ce of this great ad an ce Th e es accou n h v . b t t m ay b e fou n d in chapter two of t e s econ oo of th e rs eca e of th e Asia u s e oRo de d b k fi t d d , p bli h d by J arros in 1 2 2 arros ro u ce h is s or on a er th e B 55 . B p d d hi t y l g ft e en b ut ere are s o d reason s for acce in his n arra e as v t , th li pt g tiv a r re a e He records a er de n ra h ad a rea ex f i ly li bl . th t P o Ci t l dy lored as far sou as S erra on e He rocee s to escr e p th i Le . p d d ib h ow in Novem b er 1 469 Kin g Affon so V lease d th e Guin ea ra e for fi v e ears to a s on c en n am ed Fern Ro om es t d y Li b itiz G , on con dition in ter alia that in each of th e fi v e years h e explored on e u n red ea es of coas ar er on As a resu h e r es h d l gu t f th . lt , w it , th e lim it of discovered lan ds was soon advan ced by th e agen ts of Gom es un der th e term s of th e con tract from Sierra Leon e as fa a r d a a a r n e Soe ro da r e s a s an d sou ar s s C e St C e . tw d thw p . th i i Cos a wh o h ad a en ar in th e o a e of ero de C n ra dis t , t k p t v y g P i t , covered th e Rio de Soeiro n ear where th e lodge an d factory of Axim were afterwards erected for th e prosecu tion of trade in m er n u erm re of th e a en s of o n a e c a s . r o two g ld with tiv h t F th , g t th e s on n an c er ORO de San arem an d ero de Esco ar Li b fi i , J t P b , ass s e th e o s a n ern an es an d aro E e es dis i t d by pil t M rti F d Alv st v , ‘ c o ere th e o trafiic of n a in an u ar 1 1 an d th e rs v d g ld Mi J y 47 , fi t ra e in o d was u rsu ed at Sam m a Th e n re ar e om es t d g l p . ki g w d d G with a kn ighthood for this service an d gran ted h im a paten t on 2 9 u u s 1 em o er n him to earan a ro r a e cres ofarm s A g t 474, p w i g w pp p i t t , an d b estowin g u pon h im in com m em oration of his achievem en t ‘ ’ th e i e da n a arros en descr e th e co er or er t tl Mi . B th ib s dis v y by d ofKin g Affon so V ofth e fou r larger islan ds in th e Gu lf of Guin ea:

lso at th is tim e one Fern Ro do PO disco ered th e lha For A , v I m osa hich n ow b ears th e n am e of its discoverer in lace of th at , w p

I S Th ese works h av e already been p u blish ed by th e Hakluyt S oc iety . ee

a ov e . ix n ote 1 b , p , . 2 — G on e . 1 0 1 . o R . Cr Prin te d in Th e v oyages of Cadam s ta (e d. . ) , p p 7 4

6 RO S IN S R 1 0—1 6 0 EU PEAN WE T AF I CA , 4 5 5 m u b e re ar e as an au or a e or eca se au or st g d d th it tiv w k , b u its th e at th e s am e m e as th e e en c h e escr e an d liv d ti v ts whi h d ib d , was er e a u n e h e r an co n e He con v y w ll cq ai t d with t Af ic astli . rm s th e sco er of th e Rio de Soe ro Soe ro da Cos a an d fi di v y i by i t , h e says that Sam m a on th e Min a Coast was discovered in anu ar 1 1 d n rem n r e Es arl ore J y 47 by JoRo e Sa ta a d Pe o d cob . M o er h e con rm s an d su em en arro record n a v , fi ppl ts B s by i g th t Ru de Se u e ra a n of th e ou se o of n f on so y q i , k ight h h ld Ki g A f V , sco ere Ca Ca er ne on No em er 2 ou n di v d pe St . th i v b 5 (with t givi g th e ear a th e m o n a n an d s an of ern an o Po ere y ), th t u t i i l d F d w sco ered an o e r n of lfon so Fern Ro do Po a di v by th k ight A V , , th t the re was a sm all river s even leagu es east of th e Rio Real2 called a er ero de C n ra an d a Ca a n o o on a e o n ft P i t , th t pt i L p G c lv s f u d th e ca e 3 n am e a er him But h e ec ares a th e p which was d ft . d l th t islan ds of SRO Thom e an d O Principe were foun d and peopled n o n 114 a s a em en c a ear to con c by Ki g J h , t t t whi h pp s fli t with h e t accoun t given by Barros . An ton io Galv Ro com piled a Treatise of Discoveries5 during th e as ear of his e an d his oo was u e in 1 6 six l t y s lif b k p blish d 5 3 , ears a er his dea His acco n of th e eas n of th e nea y ft th . u t l i g Gui trade to Fern Ro Gom es an d th e dis covery of Min a in 1 47 1 c ose o o a of arros b ut h e a : l ly f ll ws th t B , dds

An d in th e following year 1 472 FernRo do Poo discov ered the islan d hich is called a ter him an d at th e sam e tim e th e islan ds of w f , Sam Th om ean d rin ci e hich stand on th e line were discov ered P p , w , , an d on th e m ain lan d th e kin gdom of Ben ij up to the Cab o de Caterina which lies th ree de rees on th e south side an d h e who m ade this dis g , 6 c over was a de en dant ofhis m a est and h e was called Si ueira . y p j y, q

Galv Ro is n ot u sually con s idered to b e an au thor from whom m uch is to b e learn t abou t th e progress of discovery down th e b e rem em e e o e e a h e We r can coas . s ou st Af i t It h ld b r d , h w v r, th t s en m an ears in n a an d th e Ea n es ere h e ro p t y y I di st I di , wh p bably m et fellow- cou n trym en wh o were pers on ally fam iliar

. 2 ch . . Bk , 4 3 n n iv Th e c om bin e d estuary of th e New Calabar an d Bo y r ers . 3 Cap e Lop e z . 4 ’ Pach e co s ev iden c e m a b e oun d in . 2 ch s . 1 0 an d 1 1 . y f bk , 9 , 5 - th e th e a lu t Societ Ed. by Vice Adm iral Be un for H k y y 6 lv Ro . . Ga , p 7 5 P O R TU GU E S E EN TE R P R I S E I N WE S T AF R I CA 7

Wes r ca a b e e o e m uc m e an d en er to th e with t Af i , th t d v t d h ti gy co ec on of m a er a for his rea se an d a h e record ev en s ll ti t i l t ti , th t s t c o er r ers om it l W a h e s a s a ou u nea ere whi h th w it . h t y b t G i , th ore is f c ose a e on He is m ore e n e an o o n . f , w rthy l tt ti d fi it th Barros in placin g th e discovery of th e islan d of Fern an do P0 in th e ear 1 2 an d ere is n o so reason for n ot acce n s y 47 , th lid pti g thi as r e is c ear rom arro an d ac eco as e as rom t u . It l f B s P h , w ll f Galv Ro a Fern Ro do PO oo an ac e a in th e e ora on , th t t k tiv p rt xpl ti ’ of th e of a ra e ac eco s re eren ce to a m a r er Bight Bi f , whil P h f s ll iv eas t of th e Rio Real n am ed after Pero de Cin tra suggests that th e latte r m ay have been associated with F ern Ro do P0 in this or ere ore ro a e a ero de C n ra oo ar in w k . It is th f p b bl th t P i t t k p t th e e ora n of th e ur n 1 Galv Ro a ree s xpl tio Bight d i g 472 . g with arros b ut eem s to con ra c ac eco en h e ass n s th e B s t di t P h , wh ig discovery of th e islan ds of SRO Th om é an d O Prin cipe to th e ’ r n Alfons ac eco s or h as th e e an d eign of Ki g o V . P h w k w ight a or of con em oran e ereas o arros an d Galv Ro uth ity t p ity, wh b th B " lon a er th e e en ccor n n es a s o con ro e t . o e e t w t g\ f v t A di gly , h it t l a his a n of h e n n of h e an s is ron In c ude th t d ti g t fi di g t isl d w g . o n of ac o e er ac eco oes n ot s a e ca e or ca a p i t f t , h w v , P h d t t t g i lly th t e ere sco ere in th e re n of o n ere are two th y w di v d ig J h II . Th referen ces in th e EW eralda to this discovery: first h e writes that ‘ th e is lan d of Sam Thom e was dis covered at th e biddin g of the m ost serene Kin g John II of Portugal wh o ordered it to b e ’ ‘ ’ eo e an d en a th e Sm a er s an ca e San n on o p pl d , th th t ll i l d ll d t A t i or Prin cipe was also discovered an d peopled by Kin g John ’ I Z Dr R n e n h as s e e d a n I . a e ere is n o n eren co . v st i ugg st th t th i h t tradiction between these referen ces an d th e view that th e two s an s ere co ere e o n was s a r n ce 3 His su i l d w dis v d whil J h till p i . g n c n b e e r n ce o n s c ar d h e gestio a acc pted . P i J h wa h ge with t adm inistration of Gu in ea in 1 473 or 1 474 4 an d th e discovery of h e s an was us effec e ro a n er i s n t i l ds th t d p b bly u d h s supe rvi io . Twen ty years later h e took steps to populate SRO Thom e by ’ sen n er n um ers of o n e 5 ac eco s a u s on s di g thith b y u g J ws . P h ll i

Galv RO is th e on ly on e of th e Portu gu ese historian s of th e sixteen th cen tury to re cord a v oyage of dis cov ery from Lisbon to Brazil in 1 5 0 1 3 3 . ch . I . Geo ra h o 2 1 ical urnal . 6 6 . Bk , g p f p 2 4 5 w . S ee elo . 1 See doc . . b , p 5 9 8 R O S I N W ES T R 1 0 —1 6 0 EU PEAN l AF I CA , 4 5 5

m a ere ore b e a en to m ean a n o n e s a y th f t k th t Ki g J h II , whil till r n ce cau se th e two s an s to b e disco ered an d a a er p i , d i l d v , th t ft h is access on to th e ron e h e o u a e m ere is u s n o i th p p l t d the . Th th rea con ra c on e een arros Galv RO an d ac eco SRO l t di ti b tw B , P h . Thom e and O Prin cipe were fou n d before th e en d of th e reign of n Alf n s Ki g o o V . On e m a n dee d o u er an d u e s a th e en re coas y, i , g f rth s gg t th t ti t e n d n a far as a S Ca er n e was ro a ex b yo Mi a s C pe t . th i p b bly lore d e ore th e en d of his re n an d n ee d e ore th e en d of p b f ig , , i d , b f 1 We a e su es ed a o e a Fern Ro d PO n er 475 . h v gg t b v th t o a d P o de Cin ra e ored th e s ores of th e h of a ra u r n 1 t xpl h Big t Bi f d i g 472 . ro a o o on a e s was th e rs to cross th e n e to fi n d P b bly , L p G c lv fi t li h m r h im ’ arros recor s a h e a e t e cape n a ed afte . B d th t t g n ts of ‘ Fern m r d t Ca er n e un er h e erm i Ro Go es eache Cape S . th i d t t s ofh s ’ con rac an d as his con rac e re in 1 2 we m a assum e t t , t t xpi d 475 , y a th e ca e was oun d e ore h e en d of s ear Con em th t p f b f t thi y . t orar e en ce a ou th e d s co er of en n o e er re sen s p y vid b t i v y B i , h w v , p t a ficu ecau se is on c n N er e a ou h e c . e ess t dif lty , b it fli ti g v th l , lth gh offic a or u u ese e as e resse b th e c ron c ers was i l P t g vi w , xp d y h i l , that Ben in was discovered in th e reign of Kin g John II by JoRo ’ f on so d Av eiro we s a em ons ra e rs a its coas was A f , h ll d t t fi t th t t e ore e ore 1 80 an d s econ a con era on of o er xpl d b f 4 dly , by sid ti th a a a s e ora on was ef ec e e ore 1 SO we s a d t , th t thi xpl ti f t d b f 475 . h ll con c u e a th e h o e coas as far s ou as Ca e St Ca er n e l d th t w l t th p . th i was e ore e ore h e en d o ‘ e ear 1 xpl d b f t f th y 475 . Th e m ain diffi culty with regard to Ben in arises from th e fact a e ere is n rec e en ce of its e ora on e ore th t , whil th i di t vid xpl ti b f 1 80 th e m ore au or a e con em orar r ers ace its dis 4 , th it tiv t p y w it pl in h e r n f o n Ru de n a arc a d Re en e cov er t e o . e s y ig J h II y Pi , G i d ‘ ‘ s In r n h e an d arros all do . s ea r es a t B thi thi y w it Pi , lan d of Ben y b eyon d Myn a to th e Rios dos Escravos was firs t ’ dis covered by Joh am Affom da Aveiro wh o died there 3 arros recor s h ow: Resen de copied Pin a . B d

’ at th e tim e of Dio o Cam s rst return rom Con o in th e ear g ﬁ f g , y 1 86 this in of Ben also sen t to solicit th e in to des atch 4 , k g y k g p

1 ou . Geographicalj rnal 1 p . 62 5 2 S ee th e ar um en t e low a out th e duration of th e Gom es c on trac t . g b b , pp — 1 4 1 5 . 3 ado II 1 c h . 6 . Chronica que trata da v ida do D . j ( 4 P O R TU GU E S E EN TE R P R I S E I N WE S T AF R I C A 9

it This countr h ad thith er priests wh o m ight instruct him in th e Fa h . y alread een v isited in th e rev ious ear b Fern Ro do Po who h ad y b p y y , discovered this coast an d also an island n ear th e lan d now no n b , k w y his n am This em issar rom th e in of Ben cam e ith ORO e . y f k g y w J ’ ffon so d Av eirO wh o h ad b een sent out to ex lore this coast th e A , p by king an d wh o h ad b rought b ack th e ﬁrst pepper from th ese parts of i ‘ Gu n ea .

n a an d Re en e us a e th e sco er of en n in 1 86 Pi s d th d t di v y B i 4 , e arros s a es a FernRo do Po e en n in 1 8 whil B t t th t visit d B i 4 5 , which was th e year before Diogo CRO return ed from his ﬁrst o a e o Con o CRO ac ua re rn e to s on ear In v y g t g . t lly tu d Li b ly 1 8 2 an d ere ore Fern Ro do Po m u s a e s e th e en n 4 4 , th f t h v vi it d B i co n r in 1 8 Th e com ne e en ce of th e ree r ers u t y 4 3 . bi d vid th w it u an d 1 86 th s sets th e discovery of Ben in between 1 483 4 . Bu t ere is o er e en ce es ca e or ca c s es s th th vid , l s t g i l , whi h ugg t ‘ h e r 1 80 Th e m os that t Ben in coast was explored befo e 4 . t im portan t eviden ce in favou r of this view com es from th e n ar rativ e of Eus ac e de la osse a em n wh o m a e a o a e to t h F , Fl i g d v y g n a ur n h e n er of 1 —80 Eu s ac e n ot recor his Mi d i g t wi t 479 . t h did d r can e er en ces n a er th e ear 1 1 6 c m e Af i xp i u til ft y 5 , by whi h ti his m em or of em m a a e ecom e m m e b u t ere is reason y th y h v b di d , th for e e n a h e m ed n rra ar rom n o es 3 b li vi g th t co pil his a tive p tly f t . n on e co of n ow in th e o e e de a en c en n es is O ly py it , Bibli th qu V l i , n o n an d M n a ns a n o e a th e en d th e to e s S . co t k w xi t , this t i t by co s to th e ef e a r on M 1 84 pyi t f ct th t it was w itten 2 9 ay 54 . Eu s ac e did n ot en n ers n a But h e es c es a t h visit B i p o lly . d rib ort u uese s a n a h n n He ec ares a P g l vi g voy ge to t e Be i coast . d l th t in ecem er 1 e h e was on th e n a Coas two or D b 479 , whil Mi t , P tu guese caravels sailed two hun dred league s farther on to b uy ‘ ’ s a es at th e Rio do Esc a os a an ono ra e n l v l v , th t h u bl k ight ‘ ’ n am ed Fernan d de les Vaux was in com m an d of on e of the se c ara e s an d h ad een com m s one to m a e s o a e an d v l b is i d k thi v y g , that durin g Len t 1 480 th e two s hips arrived back with a cargo of ne roes at n a ere h e t ne roes ere en so as s a es . g Mi , wh g w th ld l v

1 2 A . I . ia dec c h . . s Geo ra hical ournal . 6 2 . , , bk 3 , 3 g p j p 3 3 For exam le th e ch ron olo of th e v o a e is v er exact an d th e date s p , gy y g y wh ic h Eustach e iv es are r g eason able . 4 - D r. R . Fou lc hé D e l os c li h d b p u b s e th e MS . in th e Rev ue hispanique ( 1 — ‘ ’ . 1 2 0 1 An a strac t rom th e Vo a e is rin ted e ow d c pp 74 b f y g p b l ( o . I O E UR O S I N S R 1 0 —1 6 0 P EAN WE T AF I CA , 4 5 5

Th e so- called Rio do Esclavos m ay b e iden tified as th e Rio dos Escra os ic ac eco recor s was s u a ed fi v e ea es eas v , wh h P h d it t l gu t of th e m odern B en in river (Rio Fern Ro do P0 was alm ost certain ly th e Portugu ese kn ight to whom Eustache giv es th e n am e ern an d de les au ere en is o er u en ce F V x . H th p w f l evid a Fern Ro do Po th e e orer cru se a on th e coas of en n th t , xpl , i d l g t B i as far as th e Rio dos Escra os ur n h n — v d i g t e wi ter of 1 479 80 . u r erm ore h e ou d scarce m a e su c a on and a ard F th , w l ly k h l g h z ous o a e to th e eas ard to b u n e roes un ess h e a rea v y g tw y g , l l dy kn ew that great n u m bers of n egroes could b e obtain e d on th e coas of en n On m a e n e h e r n o r h d . e re ore r a o a e a t B i y th f i f th t , th , ‘ ’ r o l s d de le s au r e s e . erman es Eu s ac e p vi u y vi it d it F V x , w it t h , ‘ ’ h ad been com m ission e d to s ail two hun dred leagues farther on e n n a is o a e Of his was n o on e of or b yo d Mi . Th v y g t expl ation n o u n n o n seas b u t on e of ra e to a n o n es n a on i t k w , t d k w d ti ti . oreo er is n ot ou s n can ce a Fern Ro do P0 was M v , it with t ig ifi th t c osen to com m an th e two cara e s s m s s re a e h d v l . Thi u t u ly h v been because of his kn owledge an d previous experience of th e ’ n a a on e on n a So Eu s ac e s e den ce offers roo vig ti b y d Mi . t h vi p f a th e coas of en n h ad een e ore e ore 1 80 an d th t t B i b xpl d b f 4 , s es s a n e of its e orers h ad een F rn Ro P ugg t th t o xpl b e do O . But s e can n o b e con en acce ed u n e s can b e thi vi w t fid tly pt , l s it recon ciled with th e official the sis of th e chron iclers that Ben in was s co ere in th e re n of n o n s m a b e on e di v d ig Ki g J h II . Thi y d by distin gu ishin g between coastal exploration an d in lan d e ora on Th e e ora on an d c ar n of h e coas xpl ti . xpl ti h ti g t t ou n orm a recede a em s to ene ra e n an an d w ld lly p tt pt p t t i l d , this was u n doubtedly th e sequ en ce of discovery beyon d n a Na a ors u c as Fern Ro do Po a n a an a e Mi . vig t , s h , t ki g dv t g of th e u n ea curren w c o s en e as ar s rom Ca e G i t , hi h fl w g tly tw d f p Palm as in to th e Bight of B en in an d then sou th-eastwards to ar s th e of a ra e ore th e en n coa m a e con w d Bight Bi f , xpl d B i st , d

’ ac th e n a e an d e ore th e en d of th e e n of n t t with tiv s , b f r ig Ki g f n o h a r a m a e rou c ar f h c as n e Af o s V d p ob bly d gh h ts o t e o tli . o o n th e m e o a e ar s em o ed ac eco e F ll wi g th d ft rw d pl y by P h , th y o es s n o e its s n s n ea res ca es a s d ubtl t d di ti gui hi g f tu ( p , b y , es ar es roc s oo e co n r an d e e c a th e tu i , k , w d d u t y, sp i lly

I Esm eralda . 2 ch . 8 . , bk , P O R TU GU E S E EN TE R P R I S E I N WE S T AF R I C A 1 1

Several m ouths of th e Niger which wou ld have appeared to them to b e th e es uaries of se arate r ers an d in th e cou rse of eir t p iv , th work they m ust have ascertain ed that th e Ben in coast was a in ecem r 1 ro a e sou rce of n e ro s a es . en e p fit bl g l v Th , D b 479 , Fern Ro do Po re ou s e e n orm a on a ou th e , p vi ly quipp d with i f ti b t en n coas un er oo a s a n o a e to th e Rio dos Escra o B i t , d t k l vi g v y g v s ar s so d at n a er com to b uy n egroes which h e afterw d l Mi . Aft letin th e us ness of coas a e ora on o e er th e or u p g b i t l xpl ti , h w v , P t h e m u s of h e N r guese tried to pen etrate in lan d up t o th t ige . s or was un er a en th e s am e rou of e orers Thi w k d t k by g p xpl , b u n h n f n So cam e a ou a b e t ot until t e re ig o Joh II . it b t th t een 1 8 an d 1 86 Fern Ro do Po an d o ers e an to ex tw 4 3 4 , th , b g plore th e Ben in coun try an d to en ter in to frien dly relation s with th e n of en n an d s was descr e n a Resen e an d Ki g B i , thi ib d by Pi , d arros ese r ers re erre to th e sco er of th e en n B . Th w it f d di v y B i n om an n a of h oas Th e ca e or ca sen en ce s ki gd d ot to th t t e c t . t g i l t ‘ of th e con em orar c ron c ers n a an d Resen de are t p y h i l , Pi , thus n ot irrecon cilable with th e view that th e Ben in coast was ex lored e ore 1 80 In o n of ac arros com n his Asia p b f 4 . p i t f t , B , pili g m ore than fifty years after th e even t an d perhaps in possess ion of a i on a n orm a on was m ore cau ous an n a an d dd ti l i f ti , ti th Pi Resen de In h assa e — rom his s or u o e a e h e . t e o p g f hi t y q t d b v , im plies that Fern RO do PO m ight have explored th e coast be fore 1 8 c was th e ear en h e s e th e coun r of en n 4 3 , whi h y wh vi it d t y B i . ‘ ‘ s coun r of h e r es h ad a rea een si e in Thi t y [ w it , l dy b vi t d the re ous ear Fern Ro do PO who had discov ered this p vi y by , ’ coast arros oe s n ot sa a Fern Ro s e h e en n n . B d y th t vi it d t B i cou try when h e d sco ere th e coas an d on e m a n er re s to i v d t , y i t p t thi m ean a th e coas was e ore e or h n om ere is th t t xpl d b f e t e ki gd . Th thu s n o real in com patibility between th e statem en ts of th e offi c a r er an d th e e en ce of E s ac e de la os e Th e i l w it s vid u t h F s . coas was un ou ed e ore e ore h ear 1 8 t d bt ly xpl d b f t e y 4 0 . u erm ore ere are ree oo rea on for su os n a F rth , th th g d s s pp i g th t th e en n coas was ac ua e ore e ore 1 rs th e B i t t lly xpl d b f 475 . If, fi t ,

‘ as was n er a en at th e n s a on of Fern RO om es was t k u d t k i tig ti G , it

1 Pin a c om lete d h is Chronica del Re Dom 060 II a roxim atel in 1 00 p y 3 p p y 5 , ’ b u t it was n ot rin ted un t 1 Res en r m p il 79 2 . de s Ch onica u st hav e been written ore 1 6 an d was rin ted in 1 bef 5 3 p 545 . 1 2 E RO S I N S R 1 0 —1 6 0 U PEAN WE T AF I CA , 4 5 5

resum a com e e e o e th e en d of his con rac an d th e p bly pl t d b f r t t , Se n h r e een con rac e re in 1 . co t e ou ea ofwar t t xpi d 475 dly , tb k b tw Portugal an d Castile in May 1 475 m ost probably seriou s ly in terru ted th e or of sco er for th e ea re of m il ar an d p w k di v y, th t it y n a a o era ion s in th e war n c u e Wes r ca os e s did v l p t i l d d t Af i . H tiliti n ot cease u n 1 an d ere ore m a b e resum ed a th e til 479 , th f it y p th t h e r rd coas of en n h ad een e ore d e ore t wa e an . t B i b xpl b f b g Thi ly , ‘ h e ron er Galv Ro u s an a es s He records a at th e t ch icl s b t ti t thi . th t ’ sam e m e as Fern Ro do Po d sco ere th e s an d n am e a er ti i v d i l , d ft him th e kin gdom of B en in on th e m ain lan d was also dis d’ In h e a sen e of e en ce to th e con rar ou co ere . t c v b vid t y , it w ld thu s appear to b e in disputable that th e coast of Ben in was r ore 1 explo e d bef 475 . What is true of th e Ben in coast is also tru e of th e coast as far Ca er n e Th e e ora on of th e s ores of th e as Ca e St . p . th i xpl ti h delta of th e Niger form ed on ly a sm all part of th e wider m ove m en of e ora on u to th e ca e an d th e sam e ar m en s t xpl ti p p , gu t th e war of 1 — an d th e erm n a on of th e om es con rac 475 79 , t i ti G t t — in 1 475 en able u s to estim ate that th e discovery of th e coast h ear 1 Ca er n e e . h ad proceeded as far as Cape St . th i by t y 475 oreo er ere e s two ra m en s of e en ce c sub M v , th xi t f g t vid whi h i s Th e rs is th e a earan ce on con em orar m a s stant ate thi . ﬁ t pp t p y p ‘ ’ r es on h e s e of Ca e St of th e legen d arvar de Fe n6 Gam t it p . Ca er ne m ar n th e os on a aren of a ar e ree an d of th i , ki g p iti pp tly l g t th e extrem e poin t to which th e agen ts of Gom es attain ed in their of 1 2 Th e secon an d m ore im discoveries before th e en d 475 . d portan t piece of eviden ce is taken from a de cree is su ed by Kin g Alfon so on 1 u s 1 in c h e re ers to th e ac a V 3 A gu t 474 , whi h f f t th t ‘ th e popes h ad m ade him a perpetual gran t of th e parts an d seas an d lan d of Gu in ea an d th e is lan ds of th e ocean s ea from Cabo ’ n 3 Th e n c us on ofth e rase de Nom an d Bogedor up to the li e . i l i ph

I S ee a ov e . 6 . b , p ‘ ’ 2 Arv or de Fern6 Gam es is th e le en d on th e Can tin o m a which was g p , ‘ Th n d arb ol de s en t to th e D uke o f Ferrara before 1 9 Nov em ber 1 5 02 . e lege ’ 1 08 E erton MS . fernan ganus ap p ears on an Italian c h art of c . 5 g ‘ 3 As p artes e m ares e terra de Guin ea e Ilhas do m ar ouceano des a cab o de ’ o a Th e ull docum en t is rin te d in . Nom e B ogedor atee a m erio (m ei dy . f p J ’ ’ ’ a L as ron omie nauti ue d a P ortu al 6 l é a ue des randes decouv ertes Ben s u de , t q g p q g

- pp . 2 73 4 .

I R O S I N S R 1 0 —1 6 0 4 EU P EAN WE T AF I CA , 4 5 5

ard- en ca a n an d ra e -s a ne d e orer ou ear to h bitt pt i t v l t i xpl , w ld b ards C om es th e ros e rous s a - at- om e m e rc an wh o was w , p p t y h h t , rewarde d by th e kin g for discoveries in which h e took little ac ua s ca ar W a e er th e cause ac eco was n ot re t l phy i l p t . h t v , P h p are to e an cred to om es for th e d sco er of in a SO p d giv y it G i v y M . a r er wh o m u s a e een s ec a u a e to escr e s w it , t h v b p i lly q lifi d d ib thi e us e n an c er rem a n ed s en an d we are o e to a ac l iv fi i , i il t , blig d f ll b k u on arr h e ra f n e os t n o 1 a d a nc a. p B , g t 473 , P l i Th e substan ce of what Barros records h as been in dicate d a o e I h n ff n n e red u on m . n t e ear 1 6 o so co r o es b v y 4 9 , Ki g A V f p G sole rights of trade for fi v e years in all Gu in ea sou th of Arguim ‘ e ce th e m a n an o os e th e s an s of Ca o er e b e x pt i l d pp it i l d b V d , cause [in accordan ce with an other gran t of 1 466 1] this trade was ’ re er ed for e r in h ab itan s z s m or an r e e was s v th i t . Thi i p t t p ivil g ren e e for a s ear on 1 u n e 1 3 Th e econ ran was w d ixth y J 473 . s d g t ‘ ’ m a e to ern Ro om es our n o n a th e n an c er d F G , k ight , sh wi g th t fi i rece e th e n oo to c arro e ers e ore un e iv d k ighth d , whi h B s r f , b f J 1 m oreo er con rm s a th e or n a ran was for fiv e 473; v , it fi th t igi l g t ear a es a om es e a en con rac to a effec y s , st t th t G h ld writt t t th t t , an d reveals that h e con tracted to pay an extra 1 00 m ilreis per ear to th e n for th e so e r to b u m a a e a e er a y ki g l ight y l gu t p pp , right which hitherto by a decree of 1 470 h ad b een exercised by Alfon so a on e 4 Th e u nea con rac was ren e e in 1 for V l . G i t t w d 473 on e year in th e sam e form an d m ann er as durin g th e first fi ve ears om es was s to ease th e ra e of n ea an d th e ra e y . G till l t d Gui t d of Ar uim But th e e act a e u on c th e ren e a of th e g . x d t p whi h w l c n m s n s ec e in th e ran o cession was to co e in to effect wa ot p ifi d g t . Th e u su al cu stom in after years was for su ch Gu in ea con tracts n n 5 arro oes n ot to b egin either on Janu ary 1 or o Ju e 24 . B s d specify th e day u pon which th e origin al con cess ion cam e into ‘ orce b ut h e oes recor a th e ear o r een un re an d f , d d th t y f u t h d d ’ ’ se en - o r was th e as of Gom es s ease ere v ty f u l t his [ ] l , th by we im plyin g that Gom es held th e con tract throughout 1 474 . If

1 2 h D O C A a c . 1 . c . . . 1 . si de 2 2 , , bk , 3 Th e aten t ren ewin th e o ri in al ran t is in cluded in this v olum e doc . p , g g g , ( ’ an d in order th at it m a b e c om are d with th e earlier ran t Barros s y p g , accoun t of th e latter h as also been rep roduc ed (doc . 4 onal 1 . . . R . Coelh o Al uns docum entos do Archiv o Naci p 3 3 J , g ( 5 S e e elow docs . 1 an d 1 . b , 5 3 P O R TU GUE S E EN TE R P R I S E IN WE S T AF R I CA 1 5 ass m e a in s a n h e did n ot ta e n o accoun th e u th t , yi g this , k i t t a erwards a o e to om es a con cess on c extra year ft ll w d G , i whi h n esca e his n o ce en o o s a th e ran of appare tly p d ti , th it f ll w th t g t 1 469 cam e in to effect on 1 Janu ary 1 470 and expired on 3 1 ecem er 1 an d a th e ran was ren e ed in un e 1 D b 474 , th t g t w J 473

for h e o e of th e ear 1 . s vie n ee is a m os cer t wh l y 475 Thi w, i d d , l t tain l acc ra e ecau se accor s th e few ac c are y u t , b it d with f ts whi h i r f m n o n a ou om es an d h s con ac . e a n s or e a e k w b t G t t It xpl i , x pl , why a lon g period elapsed between th e m akin g of th e gran t in 1 469 an d th e discovery of th e gold traffic at Min a in January 1 1 so acco n for th e asser on of a en c a a om es 47 . Al , it u ts ti P l i th t G n ra or in 1 doc m a ere o e b was still th e co t ct 475 ( . It y th f r e acce e Th e ran to om e ran rom 1 0 to 1 nc e pt d . g t G s f 47 474 i lusiv , h e ear 1 an d was renewed for t y 475 . Palen cia fu rn ishes us with details con cern in g th e en d of ’ h a r d He escr es a Gom es s ten ure of t e Guine t a e . d ib Span is h o a e to u nea in 1 an d eco a in a ear Fern Ro v y g G i 475 , r rds th t th t y om es re u sed to a th e ren for his con rac seem n b e G f p y t t t , i gly cause h e was los in g a part of his legitim ate proﬁts from th e trade to th e Span ish in terlopers

ern an Gom e who was wont each ear to a in Don F z, y p y K g l onso cru ados of old e u ivalent to th e sam e num b er of A f z g , q du cats in exch an e for th e sole ri ht of sen din a eet to Guin ea an d , g g g ﬂ rea in th e ro ts rom such a trade declined to a th e rent as lon p g p ﬁ f , p y , g as h e did n ot recov er his privilege and in face of th e probability th at th e expeditions would each tim e b ecom e m ore productive for th e d l i s Th en rince Don oh n d rm i ower ul An a uc an . ete ned th at p f , P J ern an Gom e after ein exem ted rom th e tri ute sh ould o off F z, b g p f b , g to Gu in ea with t ent shi s recedin th e An dalu cian s wh o were w y p , p g , re rin th r ex dition ofthirt s il doc p pa g ano e pe y a ( .

’ a en c a s record is n eres n an d um na n an d a h e P l i i t ti g ill i ti g , wh t s ays can b e checked an d conﬁrm ed in on e respect by docu m n ar n On 1 s n Alf e e e ce . 1 on so er a s t y vid 3 Augu t 474 , Ki g V, p h p at th e n s an ce of Fern Ro om es e an or er ro n for i t G , issu d d p vidi g th e s r c er re a on of th e nea ra e an d in or er h e t i t gul ti Gui t d , this d ‘ ’ announ ced th at h e h ad m ade a gran t of th e said trades of u n ea to his son r nce oh n l R n f . e o t or th e e en e G i , p i J sp sibili y d f c 1 B d — en sau e . , p p . 2 7 3 4 1 6 R O S IN S R 1 0—1 6 0 EU P EAN WE T AF I CA , 4 5 5

an d adm n s ra on of Wes r ca was t u s ran s erred in 1 i i t ti t Af i h t f 474 , or us e ore en rom th e n to h is son an d C om es ass ole j t b f th , f ki g , , con rac or in th e u n ea ra e cam e in s wa to b e un er t t G i t d , thi y d o i a on to a ren as a en c a sa s to th e r nce an d n ot to bl g ti p y t , P l i y , p i th e n In con s u n ki g . eq e ce of th e ou tbreak of war between Por u a an d Cas e in Ma 1 o e er Cas an m erc an s t g l til y 475 , h w v , tili h t e an to m a e ra s n o nea n c n osses u on th e sh s b g k id i t Gui , i ﬂi ti g l p ip of om es r n th e s ear of his en re of th e con rac G du i g ixth y t u t t . om es ere ore e th e ren an d en th e con rac ex G , th f , withh ld t , wh t t ired at th e en d of 1 as n re n e r n e o w ot e . c n p 475 , it w d P i J h exem pted C om es from th e paym en t of th e ren t an d h im self oo o er th e r se o ra rd h e o c n of th e e . o a s t en d of 1 t k v p uti t d T w 475 , h e sen t Gom es as captain of a large ﬂeet of twen ty ships to brin g ac o d rom n a om es de a e — th e on e en ce a b k g l f Mi . G p rt d ly vid th t — h e ever visited Guin ea in person an d retu rn ed to Portu gal ‘ sa e in th e o o n ear is n ot n o n e er h e oo f ly f ll wi g y . It k w wh th t k an u er n r in h n ea ra e In 1 8 Alfon so e e t e . y f rth i t st Gui t d 47 , V gave addition al recogn ition to his services by appoin tin g him to th e ro a co n 2 y l u cil . ou th e e en ce set out a o e is ra m en ar is Alth gh vid b v f g t y, it en ou gh to allow a partial recon struction of th e s tory of th e e ora on f h u n e oas e een 1 6 an d 80 Th e xpl ti o t e G i a c t b tw 4 2 1 4 . n a m om en um Of co er en era e r n ce en r th e i iti l t dis v y, g t d by P i H y Na a or h ad S en e th e en d of 1 62 an d en for vig t , p t its lf by 4 , th n early eight years exploration was n eglected in favour of trade a on h r h coas n e es in co er was l g t e kn own pa t of t e t . I t r t dis v y re e th e far- e Fern Ro om e ose ran of th e viv d by sight d G s , wh g t 1 an ar 1 0 He Guin ea trade cam e into force probably on J u y 47 . de o e his en er es to th e a an cem en of r can s co er v t d gi dv t Af i di v y, an d th e result was that by 1 475 th e en tire coast as far as Cape St Ca er n e an d th e s an in th e of u n ea h ad all een . th i i l ds Gulf G i b or er rece n th e discovered an d to som e degree expl ed . Aft ivi g

’ ran in 1 6 h e m u s a e m ade care u re ara on s for g t 4 9 , t h v f l p p ti his rs e e on ose com m an ers ere to e ore th e coas ﬁ t xp diti , wh d w xpl t n ra in 1 6 oRo de beyon d th e poin t reached by Pero de Ci t 4 2 . J San tarem an d Pero de Escobar were pu t in charge of th e ﬂeet

1 h an 6 6 c s . d h an d . . P l n ia d II . c s . 2 a e c ec . I 2 , , bk 5 , 4 5 ; bk , 5 2 h . A c . c . sia de . 1 2 2 , , bk , P O R TUGUE S E EN TE R P R I S E I N WE S T AF R I CA I 7

e n e u e an d th e m os s u o s in all er a ere b i g q ipp d , t kilf l pil t Ib i w

' em lo edl n o e en se a aren tl b ein s are c m i p y , xp pp y g p d whi h ght h success of th e en er r se m n was th e con tribute to t e t p i . Autu m ost su itable season for fleets destin ed for Gu in ea to leave or u a an d s a en th e ac a San arem was on th e P t g l , thi , t k with f t th t t n a Coas in an u ar 1 1 o n s to his a n sa e d rom Mi t J y 47 , p i t h vi g il f i e em e or c o er 1 0 W en h e reac e na or u a n S . P t g l pt b r O t b 47 h h d Mi , n n h m m h e was successful in ope i g up t e gold trade at Sa a. oe ro da Cos a ro a o a e h im as far as m S i t p b bly v y g d with Axi , ere da Cos a rem a n e to e ore in rea er e a e wh t i d xpl g t d t il , whil San tarem roun ded Cape Three Poin ts in order to explore a e on reason a e to su ose a San arem an d th e co st b y d . It is bl pp th t t his cre s ac n an ro s on ae on th e u n ea coa w , l ki g y p vi i b s G i st , did n d in a Th e Rio da o ta cam e to b e re ar e as n ot s ail beyo M . V l g d d th e eas ern m Of th e n a Coas 2 an d o s c rc m an ce t li it Mi t , b th thi i u st ‘ ’ an d th e n am e da o a en to th e r er u es a en V lt , giv iv , s gg t th t, wh San arem or one of h is su or n a e eac e s o n h e t ( b di t s) r h d thi p i t , u ed ac ro a en re urn e to o a to arr e in t rn b k . All p b bly th t d P rtug l iv th e Sprin g or early sum m er of 1 47 1 Th e chron ology of exploration durin g th e followin g three b e a asc a ne r h n om es ears can n o e c e om t e e e ce . y t x tly rt i d f vid G , en coura e b th e su cce s of rs en ure e e n ew g d y s his fi t v t , quipp d ee s a th e o ec of con n u n th e sco er of th e fl t , p rtly with bj t ti i g di v y coas an d a in o er to de e o th e o rade ro a h e t p rtly rd v l p g ld t . P b bly en out at eas on e ee eac n er a is u r n th e s t l t fl t h wi t , th t , d i g n ers of 1 1 —2 1 2— 1 — an d 1 - a en c a aflirm s wi t 47 , 47 3 , 473 4 474 5 . P l i ‘ ’ that at this tim e a flee t was ann u ally despatched to Gu in ea an d ‘ that th e fleet assem bled in Lisb on in 1475 was destin ed accord ’ in to c om for u n ea to em ar o 3 W en ese g ust G i b k g ld . h th ee s reac e na s ec a e e s s ere oss fl t h d Mi , p i lly quipp d hip w p ibly de a ed for e ora on e on n a ero de C n ra ern Ro t il xpl ti b y d Mi . P i t , F do Po o o on a es an d Ru de Se ue ra re am on th e , L p G c lv y q i figu d g ca a n s of s s se ec ed for s a ar o s or an d e een pt i hip l t thi h z d u w k , b tw em e effec e th e e ora h t th th y t d xpl tion of t e coast to Cape S . ‘ Pac h ecorecords th at on e of th e ilots Al a o E m m ost p , v r stev es , was th e an ’ skilled in h is ro ession in S ain a h t t at tim e Esm eraldo . 2 ch . S e e p f p ( , bk ,

A a dec . also si 1 . 2 c h . 2 . , , bk , 2 PRO HCA 1 h arc 1 1 . , 3 M 5 9 3 P al n c ia de c . 1 6 h e 1 1 . 2 c . . , , bk , 5

B H W A . . . 1 8 R O S IN S R 1 0 —1 6 0 EU PEAN WE T AF I CA , 4 5 5

Ca er n was ro a r n r - th i e . It p b bly du i g th e win te of 1 472 3 that th e rs two e ored th e s of en in an d a ra an d Fern RO fi t xpl Bight B Bi f , do Po oun th e s an d n am ed a er him a e in 1 o o f d i l ft l t 472 . L p Gon calves crossed th e equator between 1 472 an d th e early m n f 1 h e n n r o s o t e reac or u a e o e u s 1 . th 474 , ws hi g P t g l b f A gu t 474 ’ Sequ eira s voyage was th e last n otable achievem en t be fore th e en d of 1 He m ade wa o a e a r e r r . C e ne e du 474 his y t C p St . th i ith in th e n er of 1 2— or m ore ro a u r n a of g wi t 47 3 , p b bly, d i g th t 1 - S n out rom s on in om n h n n 473 4 . etti g f Li b c pa y with t e a ual n a ee h e e at n a an d sa e or ar arr n at th e Mi fl t , l ft it Mi il d f w d , ivi g ca e on No em er 1 er a s h e e an his re rn p 2 5 v b 473 . P h p b g tu by n a i a in e ar th e e a or a cu rren an d so h e v g t g w stw ds with qu t i l t , , if , m ay have com e u pon the islan ds of SRO Thom e (2 1 Decem ber 1 P an d r n c e r n am e S n on o a er h e s a n t . t 473 ) O P i ip , fi st d A t i ft i t on o e da an u ar 1 as o n Th e o rea of war wh s y (J y 7) it w f u d . utb k in 1 475 in terru pted fu rther exploration an d n o other im portan t s o er m e e or 1 8 di c v y was ad b f e 4 0 .

West A rica under the P ortu uese 1 8 1 —1 60 f g , 4 5

One ofth e effects ofth e exploration s carried out durin g th e years before 1 480 was to place at th e disposal ofth e Portugue se govern m en m ore an two ou san m e of r can coa ne ex n n t th th d il s Af i stli , te di g r u im o a e S Ca er n e an d in n h rom A t C t . o t e Ca e f g p th i , , additi , p e an s an d th e s an s in th e of n a n ers Verd isl d i l d Gulf Gui e . Ow hip of ese an s was e c us e c a m e th e o u ese n th l d x l iv ly l i d by P rt gu . Ki g o n wh o ascen e th e ron e in 1 8 1 was an en u s a c J h II , d d th 4 , th i sti an d far-s e m er a s an d in 1 86 in or er to a er se ight d i p i li t , , 4 , d dv ti h is a m h e ass m e th e e of or of u n ea Se en ears c . l i , u d titl , L d G i v y a er h e r e to s ren en h is c a m an d to con so da e his l t , t i d t gth l i li t position in Wes t Africa by persuadin g th e pope to con ﬁrm th e ear er u s c h ad con erre all th e an of u n ea on li b ll , whi h f d l d G i up lf n s I er ar h n f o u e eces or o o V . t e o r a his pr d s , A Aft w ds , ki gs P t g l refused to ackn owledge that any person h ad any right to go to West Africa without th e licen ce or com m ission of them selves or a r a en s W en e r c a m ere s of e r cc e e . e th i dit d g t h th i l i s w di put d , e ou d a ea to a a ran s ar ue a th e e ense in th y w l pp l p p l g t , g th t xp

6- 8 D en ort 1 . av p , , 5 3 P O R TU GUE S E EN TE R P R I S E IN WE S T AF R I CA 1 9

s o er en e em to a m on o o in u nea volved in di c v y titl d th p ly G i , an d m ore a cu ar asser a e e erc se dom n on o er , p rti l ly, t th t th y x i d i i v all Guinea an d that they exacted tribu te an d obedien ce from n In 1 6 th e or u u ese am as he n a e n s a d ces . 2 t tiv ki g n pri 5 , P t g b sador in Lon don advanced th e followin g argum en ts in su pport of exclus ive dom in ion :

Th e kings of Portugal~h ave desired chiefly to Spread ab road th e Word of God with out setting upon th eir su bj ects any tribute or im osts h atever p w . As to th e m an ner in which th e crown of Portugal h as always u sed an d en o ed an d u ses an d en o s the ac ual ossession of th e said j y , j y , t p lan ds wh ere the rule h as b een b force of arm s th e a trib ute , y , y p y ; and where th ere h as een an dou t of th e delit of th e eo le or b y b fi y p p , an ear th at th e Tu rks Saracens or oth er n ation ou ld assail th e y f , , w , y n n iti s Wh ere h av e bu ilt castles a d fortresses and great tow s an d c e . th ere h as een n o necessit for arrison s or the air so estilent th at it b y g , p was m anifest dan er for th e lives of m en th ere h as on l b een a farm g , y ‘ of traflic or rade estab lished which h as b een alwa s an d is at this t , y , resent e t en ertain ed an d continu ed ev en so as it was ordained p , k p , t , rom th e e inn in which is n o less th an six score ears ith out in f b g g ( y ) w , f i f i lli allth e coast o Eth o ia an o th e r nces once re e n . p , y p b g As to the force ordered by th e kings of Portugal for th e preserva tion of their ri h for to ee th e eo le of th e said countries an d g t, k p p p lan ds in subjection an d Obedien ce an d for to keep th em from th e hurt of th e people of an y oth er nation (since it was seen th at of on e hundred person s th ere escapes not at th e en d of th e year m ore th an t ent an d a few m ore an d th ose s carce in h ealth it was m ore w y , ), expedient to sen d every year one arm y by sea to protect th e traflic an d revent an shi s ei h er ortu uese or oth er rom tradin with p y p , t P g , f g out an ex r ss lic nc An d h u f r e rs h i h erto the e e e . t s or Six sco e a t p y , kings of Portugal h ave always enj oyed th e real an d actual possession an d dom ain of the said lan d l s .

But s was a ro e a era on Th e a of th e o u thi g ss x gg ti . sw y P rt gu ese was strictly lim ited to their fortiﬁed settlem en ts on th e coa e e erc s st . Th y x i ed little or n o power am on g th e great m a or t of th e r e and e a or was n e er e en de j i y t ib s , th ir uth ity v xt d h n o t e n e o . e r o c n ee was to e en e r con i t i t ri r Th i p li y , i d d, xt d th i M — E . . an sd wn MS . o e 1 1 ff. 1 b 1 . Th e s e llin of th is uotation , L 7 , 39 43 p g q h as n m n bee oder ised. 2 0 U R O S IN S A R —1 6 0 E PEAN WE T F I CA , 5

ro as e as oss e an d is o ec e e s a t l wid ly p ibl , with th bj tiv th y e t b lish ed them selves firm ly in th e larger islan ds an d in a few or e o s an d s n ese se em en s as ases re ea e d f tifi d p st , , u i g th ttl t b , p t ly tried by every con ceivable m ean s to reduce a wider area to i o e en ce . e n e o a e rea es m an n a e r n es b di Th y g ti t d t ti w th y tiv p i c . They un dertook voyages of discovery overlan d from th e coas tal ase n o th e rem o e an d u n n o n n er or e en out b s i t t k w i t i . Th y s t m ss on ar es to th e n a e n om s u c a e s con e ed i i i tiv ki gd , b ilt h p l , v rt n a e o en a e an d ese m ean s r e to n em to tiv p t t t s , by th t i d bi d th a e n e e e ac e r u e rom n e ro an d er er fi h r ll gia c . Th y x t d t ib t f g B b s e m en ere e ere suflicientl s ron to en orce s e , wh th y w y t g f thi . Th y e s a e ca o e an d coerced rad n on r en erm s p r u d d , j l d , t i g f i dly t with th e ac m erc an offer n th e n e roes s e en n h os bl k h ts , i g g gift , xt di g italit to em or ea en n em th e ns of e r p y th , thr t i g th with gu th i or s an d th e cross o s of e r ar er all e r effor s f t b w th i ch s . But th i t ere on a a su cces u w ly p rti lly sf l . On e of th e chief difliculties with which they h ad to con ten d was that West Africa was an en orm ous country whose clim ate was n a o ra e e th e esou rces at ei o a ere u f v u bl , whil r th r disp s l w sm a e cou n ot o e e ec e to occu th e coas all ll . Th y ld h p ff tiv ly py t th e wa rom ar ar to a e St Ca er n e W e e em en y f B b y C p . th i . hit s ttl ts in r ca r n e - su r n Th e oo s re re We e e ot o . st Af i w s lf pp ti g f d qui d , an d in ar cu ar th e re a er ere O en n ot eas o a n p ti l f sh w t , w ft ily bt i a e oca Th e co on s an d arr on rea e en e on bl l lly . l ist g is s g tly d p d d up s es rom th e om e coun r an d th e u n ea coas was a uppli f h t y, G i t

- on an d to om e e ree a ar ou s sea o a e rom o tu a . l g , s d g h z d , v y g f P r g l Nor cou ld sm all white com m un ities in West Africa b e defen ded again st th e overwhelm in gly superior n um bers of th e n egro h m er n r r es ou con s an su or rom t e o co . t ib , with t t t pp t f th u t y Those whites wh o did settle in Gu in ea foun d that they could n ot even res ist th e rigou rs Of a tropical clim ate for m any m a m n m was In con m on an d th e o a r e a o e . ths , rt lity t g th high ‘ s e u en ce th e c s om of re en c an es at re ar n er a s in q , u t f qu t h g gul i t v l In h e c rc m an ces th e offic a er on n e was soon a o e . t i l p s l d pt d i u st , or e e ace s o m an o s ac es se n ot a em P tugu s , f d by y b t l , wi ly did tt pt

- to carr ou an ar e s ca e occu a on . ns ea e con ne y t y l g l p ti I t d , th y fi d their efforts to establishin g them selves firm ly in a sm all n um ber of or e coas a ases an d e u se e e a ons as ra n f tifi d t l b , th y d th s st ti t di g

2 2 R O S I N S R A 1 0—1 60 EU P EAN WE T AF I C , 4 5 5

ARGUIM AND ITS H RL D Ar im wa a INTE AN . gu s sm all islan d off th e African coast s ituated in th e b ay form ed between th e arm of Ca an o n h m n n n a n bo Bl c a d t e ai la d . Di iz Di s a d Nuno TristRo sco ere in 1 Its o on was reco n se a di v d it 443 . p siti g i d s suitable for an attem pt to divert towards th e western coast an d th e Portu uese th e Su an ra e c for cen r es h ad a g d t d , whi h tu i p ssed n orth ar s cara an acros th e Sa ara to th e e erran ean o s w d by v s h M dit p rt . ccor n a ac or was u s o a e th e n n A di gly , f t y b ilt , h rtly ft r fi di g of th e Ar u i s an an d a or to ro ec th e ac or . m s o e i l d , f t p t t f t y g , thu f rtifi d , rose to great im portan ce both as a tradin g cen tre an d as a s ar n - o n for o er an e e on s n o th e n er o Its t ti g p i t v l d xp diti i t i t i r . com m ercial im portan ce was due to th e fact that throu gh it th e rea ea of th e es ern Su an was u cce s u a e g t w lth w t d s s f lly t pp d . Arab an d B erber m erchan ts travelled westwards great distan ces across th e desert from th e u nkn own in terior to barter away their oo s to th e or u e e ose cara e s a roac e th e coas g d P t gu s , wh v l pp h d t at Ar im Th e s e ra r r ar o s o n s n ear u . o m e o c e v i u p i t g M l t d s b ught iv t , m a a e a e er um an d o om m l gu t p pp , g g ld dust fr Ti buktu an d enn e a es rom th e an of th e alofo an d th e an n a J , sl v f l ds J M di g , n e ro eo es wh o e e on th e Sen e a an d sa rom h g p pl liv d b y d g l , lt f t e m f Ta h az al In e c an e for e e oo th e o n es o . e e i g x h g th s g ds , P rtugu s m e c an s wh o ea e th e Ar uim ra e a e th e oo a r h t , l s d g t d , g v M rs rea ar e of c o erc e s s a s b um ouses an d nen s g t v i ty l ths , k hi f , h wl , li , corn orses o s o s com oo n - a e n ee e an d , h , b wl , p t , bs , l ki g gl ss s , dl s es for s e s 2 hid hi ld . Th e exten t an d n ature ofthis trade is illustrated by three little o e S o h ow in he ecor r n e e o c . 2 t r ds p i t d b l w (d s 3 , 33 , Th y h w s m m er of 1 1 en Estev Ro da am a was ca a n ofAr uim u 5 5 , wh G pt i g o on a o ern an es ca a n of th e cara e S anta Catarina f rt , G c l F d , pt i v l , took on board from th e factory in th e islan d a m ixed cargo of o He was com m ss on e to sa ou a s a on th e coa go ds . i i d il s thw rd l g st ofAnterote c was th e n am e en th e o e e to th e , whi h giv by P rtugu s S ore e een Ar uim an d th e Sen e a an d to ar er a a h b tw g g l , b t w y his car o h rs at ce a n ra n o n s in a c a at g to t e Moo rt i t di g p i t , p rti ul r o as e e aces canno b e Pon ta de Tofi a an d Sete M ut . Th s pl t

1 An excellen t accoun t of th e trade of th e western Sudan m ay b e foun d in l r va o the old S ahara W . ov i l Ca a ns E. B , f 2 m h . I . Esmeralda . 1 ch . 2 Cada o sto c s , bk , 4 ; , 9 , 4 P O R TU GUE S E EN TE R P R I S E I N WE S T AF R I CA 2 3

en e o a b ut e ere no n to th e or u ese for id tiﬁ d t d y, th y w k w P t gu , Pacheco an d Cadam osto refer to them an d they are m arked on ‘ m orar m a e are e i en ce of th e os er of th e con te p y ps . Th y v d pr p ity trade on ce pursued by th e Portuguese on this part of th e an To s th e un ua ar e of oo s em ar e Afric coast . thi us l v i ty g d b k d by f his m oreo er ern an e a so s an s ne s . s o a e o F d s l t d wit s Thi v y g , v , r f r a ra e Su illustrates h ow Arguim was th e ent epOt o loc l t d . pply S s carr e oo rom o a to Ar u im ere e ere hip i d g ds f P rtug l g , wh th y w h r er s ere a o n e to ran o stored in t e facto y . Oth ship w pp i t d t sp rt u s rom h e ac or to es n a on on th e m a n an s ch good f t f t y d ti ti s i l d ,

u c as on a de Toﬁ a ere e ere o to os em ra ers . s h P t , wh th y w s ld M l t d S a es ere m os o a ne in e c an e an d ese ere a en l v w tly bt i d x h g , th w t k to th e factory an d kept there un til Ships were available to carry m to or u a The o ern or of th e cas e o re or om e the P t g l . g v tl w uld p t h

to th e ofﬁ cers of th e Cas a de u n in s on . us on G i é Li b Th , 9 No em er 1 1 0 ran c sco de m a a re or e a ere ere v b 5 , F i Al d p t d th t th w 1 60 s a es in h e ac or a n to b e rans or e to o a l v t f t y w iti g t p t d P rtug l , an d at th e sam e tim e sen t an urgen t appeal for m ore m erchan

se eca se su es in Ar uim ere r n n n s or doc . di , b u ppli g w u i g h t ( Ar uim was s n ot m ere a or of ca a so an en tre Ot g thu ly p t ll , but l p for the trade of th e surroundin g district as far sou th as th e

Sen egal . Th e Portuguese desired above all to obtain gold through h n er or For cen ur es Ar uim e ne e e a ou t e . g . Th y k w v ry littl b t i t i t i European s had been un able to gain possession of th e closely n Con ac guarde d secrets of th e trade of th e western Su da . t t with ra m erc an s in th e or s of n or ern r ca o e er e a A b h t p t th Af i , h w v , st b lish ed rou e s n erm e ar e h ad en a e C r s an th gh J wi h i t di i s , bl d h i ti traders to glean that th e m ysterious city of Tim bu ktu was th e cen e of a rea ra e in o u c was rou rom th e tr g t t d g ld d st , whi h b ght f un n o n an s to th e s o ccor n en th e or u e e k w l d uth . A di gly, wh P t gu s es a s ed e r or in Ar uim e r c e O ec e eem s to t bli h th i f t g , th i hi f bj tiv s ‘ ’ r r Th e have been to tap th e hidden gold m in es of th e in te io .

e u was e n n om e o was o a n e . ﬁrst r s lt vide tly prom is i g . S g ld bt i d Th e n orthward stream of gold was to som e exten t diverted

1 E l a - o m a in c lu des sm era d . 1 ch . 2 6 Cadam osto ch . 1 . Th e Can tin , bk , ; , 4 p ‘ ’ t th e in s c rip tion p on ta de tofﬁ a m arked j ust south of th e Rio de S RO JoRo (S . ’ ‘ ’ ohn s Ba an d south of th is th at of S ete outas Sev en Th ic ets P . J y) , M ( k ) 2 R O S IN S R C 1 0—1 6 0 4 EU PEAN WE T AF I A , 4 5 5 ‘ w es a ds Th e rs Ar im e a am s o e in . oo at u ro C d o t tw r M g , w t , giv ’ e c an e S a e an d o d dus l s en cou ra ed th e o x h g l v s g l t . Thi g P rtu uese to m ore am ous an s arro an d ac eco e u s a g biti pl . B s P h t ll th t

n o n foun ded ' a ac or in Wa an 2 s was a m a Ki g J h II f t y d . Thi s ll ’ oas s a e a few a s m arc eas ofAr uim os on was i vill g d y h t g . Its p iti m or an was a e at th e un on th e n or ern i p t t . It situ t d j cti of th caravan rou te from Tim bu ktu to th e Maghreb an d th e weste rn ’ rou e to Ar uim Ro r o Rein el a s e of th e n s ou e t g . d ig , quir ki g h s o was sen rom Ar uim two co ea es to or an se s h ld , t f g with ll gu g i thi ' ac or Th e in ten ionl as to e m re ra e rom th e n o e n f t y . t w div rt o t d f rth r h e r r arr to t es ern ca a an rou e . n o n es o : w t v t Ki g J h II , w it B s

also sent from the castle of Arguim to th e town of Huadem — which lies about sixty leagues to th e east of it to establish a factory m r On a on th e Moors b ecause there was som e trade in old th e e . g , g this b usin ess ent Rodri o Reinel as actor Dio o Bor es as w g , f , g g , ’ it r d r e an Gon alo d Antes as assistant . w , c

But th e en re was a a re Th e was e er th e eo e . an v tu f ilu l d d s t , p pl ere n os a e an d th e ra m erc an s ro a er sus w i h pit bl , A b h t p b bly v y icious Rein el was orce to re rn e ca n on lfi p . f d tu , s pi g ly with di c a h e c r n e s h a n d t a o was a aren a an o . ulty , f t y pp tly b d d Thi p en e a ro m a e in th e ear 1 8 3 is oss e a th e p d pp xi t ly y 4 7 . It p ibl th t Portuguese m ade other un recorded attem pts to m ain tain an es a s m en at Wa an ar in es of o an d a to t bli h t d , p tly qu t g ld p rtly o a n e s f h n r r Ar uim was in som e a a a our bt i n w o t e i te io . g w ys f v able spot from which to m ake su ch efforts ; Barros says that John II en trusted th e dis covery of th e in terior to Moors wh o cam e to Ar im 4 n o n th e sam e on at ea on e gu . Ki g J h III did up l st oc as on in 1 doc But n eres in Wa an ro a c i 543 ( . i t t d p b bly a e a er th e o en n of th e o ra e at n a h ad im f d d , ft p i g up g ld t d Mi posed a lim it upon th e supply available for barter in th e oasis

1 adam t C os o , ch . 9 . 2 Asia dec . 1 . c h . 1 2 Esm eralda . 1 ch . 2 . , , bk 3 , , bk , 5 3 Wadan Th e date is un c ertain . arros h ow ev er states th at Rein el wen t to B , , Vic en te at th e s am e tim e as John II sen t Vic en te An n es on a sim ilar m is sion . w as rewarded th e in for s ervices ren dered in an em as s to an di by k g, b y M wh en th e ex e di an s a on 1 Au us t 1 88 . Th is su ests 1 8 as th e ear M , g 4 gg 4 7 y p ion w e m Vite r balho n ut co dos P ortu uez es nos t s re ade . Se e S ousa r o T a s a i s b , g lo secu s xvi e x i 8 0 . vi ( 1 9 8 1, 3 5 4 ia de As c . 1 . ch . 1 2 . , , bk 3 , P O R TU GU E S E ENTE R P R I S E I N Wx ES T AF R I C A 2 5

’ The o ese n ee n ot in th e en d o a n as town . P rtugu , i d d , did bt i h u h e m uch gold th rou gh Arguim as at t e o tset they ad expect d . It was from S laves rather than from gold that hu ge profits h e r uim ra e Cadam osto reco s a in were m ade in t A g t d . rd th t his tim e 1 000 n egro Slaves were an nually Shipped from Arguim to u a 2 Th e s a es ere rou rom far in th e n er or to Port g l . l v w b ght f i t i th e m ar e at Wa an an d rom e e e om e ere a en k t d , f th r , whil s w t k n or ar s to th e e erran ean o s o er ere a en es thw d M dit p rt , th s w t k w t im Th e S a e ra e a n e for m ore an a wards to Argu . l v t d sust i d th h e of s s an ase S ucce e o ern or of cent ury t e lif thi i l d b . ssiv g v s Arguim devoted m ost of their atten tion to th e adm in istration of , th e s a e ra e sen n re o s om e of th e n m er an d con l v t d , di g p rt h u b di tion of th e s laves available in th e factory; beggin g for supplies to feed th e slaves an d m erchan dise suitable for barter with the Arab m erchan ts in order to obtain m ore s laves ; drawin g th e atten tion of th e hom e governm ent to th e fact that th e white o u a on on th e an was er m a e th e S a e o ula p p l ti isl d v y s ll , whil l v p p tion was liable to becom e intolerably large an d get out of con ro S ere n ot s en rom s on to a e th e n e roe t l , if hips w t f Li b t k g s away; an d even n egotiatin g with th e Kin g of Portugal to supply n e roe rom Ar uim for th e cas e of SRO or e da na g s f g tl J g Mi , where black m erchants were prepare d to accept Slaves in ex n f r o oreo r a d o s c a e o . e c ns n e er an h g g ld M v , h i , ri gs , f tt s b lt figured promin en tly am on g th e goods which th e Portuguese c on rac or so to th e a m e c an in Ar uim u ra on t t s ld Ar b r h ts g . Ill st ti s of all these features of th e part played by Arguim as an entrepOt in th e s lave trade between th e western Sudan an d Europe m ay b e d e — oun o ocs . 1 1 2 2 0 8 W en o e er f b l w (d , 5 3 4 , 39 , 4 , 4 , h , h w v , this trade dwin dled into in signifi can ce by com parison with th e

ran sa an c S a e ra e th e m o an ce ofAr uim e an to a . t tl ti l v t d , i p rt g b g f ll This declin e was pron oun ced by th e m iddle of th e reign of n o n 1113 e e er m n r Ki g J h . Th r w e a y a ddition al con t ibu tory caus es Th e e . upk ep an d provision in g of the fort with its sur roun n e em en e e som e m es diﬂi l Ar im was n ot a di g s ttl t w r ti cu t . gu av o re er an . ere was is t ue a su of res v y f u d isl d Th , it r , pply f h

I E 2 sm eralda . 1 ch . 2 . Cadam osto ch . . , bk , 5 , 9 3 . de Sousa Coutin h o Annae do R D 0 H n i . 60 III A c a o s e ed. . er ul M , 3 ( ; 8 1 0 . 44) . p . 4 5 2 6 R O S IN S R 1 0 - 1 6 0 EU P EAN WE T AF I CA , 4 5 5 ‘ a er e e was scarce an m ea Th e o o m w t , but th r ly y t . pp site ain lan d ‘ was e e er an a e er h r littl b tt th d s t . All t e coun t y from Cabo do ’ ‘ o a or to Ar uim an d ea u e e on d ro e ac eco is B j d g fifty l g s b y , w t P h , rac ca eser e n er n o u a e a on h e a an p ti lly d t , b i g v y thi ly p p l t d l g t se d ’ in h e n er or 2 Th e Az ene u a n t . es om ad c er er eo e wh o i t i g , i B b p pl n a e th e n er an e m a n on fi sh 3 su em en e i h bit d hi t l d , liv d i ly , ppl t d by rc ases of corn rom th e es4 an d th e or uese h ad to pu h f whit , P tug ac us om em se es to s e ecau se s n n c t th lv thi di t . B fi hi g was a vital i dustr th e or u ese au or es on th e s an d m ose a o y, P t gu th iti i l i p d t ll n n e -fif h of e er ca c was a h e Az upo it . O t v y t h p id by t en egu es to ’ s Ar m s i e th e ru ers of th e an . ui e s n ce o e er e en e l isl d g x t , h w v , d p d d u on u e ra e an d om e m es th e rade was n err e s p q i t t d , s ti t i t upt d . Thi m re su rom ar ou s cau es ars on th e m a n an doc ight lt f v i s , w i l d ( . th e failu re of supply ships to arrive at th e islan d from Por o or th e n curs on of n er o ers o m tugal (d c . 2 5 i i i t l p which br ke co m un ication s e een or u a an d th e s an do Th e b tw P t g l i l d ( c . a er en e to ecom e m ore num erou s in th e re n of o n III l tt t d d b ig J h , an d th e ee of Ar uim en re m ore an d m re d ffi u upk p g th g w o i c lt . Ar uim was essen a e en en on or a was n ot g ti lly d p d t up P tug l . It - r n W en ere ore its com m n a n - n es ere e su o . c o s lf pp ti g h , th f , u i ti li w con s an n erru e th e ra s of n er o er an d as th e t tly i t pt d by id i t l p s , chief in terest of th e Portu gu e se was tran sferred from Arguim to

n a its os on ecam e ea m ore ser o . ere ee s to Mi , p iti b st dily i us Th s m have been an attem pt by a group of con tractors to revive it s de clin ing fortun es in 1 535 by associating its trade with that of th e Bu h r u b e o e om e de en e a doc . t t e ot co n ot S g l ( ld st pp d . G s r re or e in 1 u on his arr a at Ar uim do 6 a : Sou o p t d 543 p iv l g ( c . 7) th t th e Castilian s cam e from Canaria to raid this coast with th ree ships an d b egan to trade ; an d I foun d this castle so denuded of m m t th e are all thin gs th at I lacked th e ean s to put th e o rout . If y allowed on this coast th ere will b e n o trade le t for this castle for , f ,

’ ’ ’ 1 a n tim F ern an des Descri tion de la cdte d A ri ue de Ceuta au S ene al V le , p f q g — ’ P de Cen iv al an d T . on od . . Fern an des s Descri tion (ed. . M ; pp 5 3 4 p m a m c on tain s m uch in terestin g in for ation bout Argui . 2 - Esm eralda . 1 ch . ern an des Descri tion . . , bk , F , p , pp 54 5 ‘ ’ 4 m m B b ri t n n m i ue de R . Ricard in Le co erce de er é e e l organ isatio é co o q ’ ’ ’ ’ l em p ire p ortugais aux xv e e t xv ie siecles (Annales de l Ins titut d Etudes 6- de cri es h ow th e Port u ese im ort ed wh eat Ori en tales ; 1 9 3 6; pp . 2 7 7) s b gu p x rt e d it to th Ara at Ar u im from th e Moroccan p lain an d e p o e bs g . 5 - - F ern an des D escri tion . 1 1 6 1 . , p , pp 54 5 , 7 P O R TU GUE S E EN TE R P R I S E I N WE S T AF R I CA 2 7 th e take ev er thin ecause th e ive th e Moors 20 do ras er y y g, b y g b p s lav e an d urth er th e carr ca tives which th e arter awa in , f y y p , y b y s exch ange for slave .

h e s e o e con n e Ar uim n e h e Th e evils which thu d pl r d ti u d . g u d r t r Portuguese did n ot recove . SANTIAGO ISLAND AND THE MAINLAND BETWEEN THE SENEGAL L Th e Ca e er e s an s S a e m AND S RR O . u o e ree IE A E NE p V d i l d , it t d s th un re m e es of th e r can m a n an en o e a su a e h d d il s w t Af i i l d , j y d it bl era on s on th e coas of U er n eal Th e position for op ti t pp Gui . ar es an d eas n er e s an was San a o e - oo e an d l g t l t i f til i l d ti g , w ll w d d , possess in g on th e sou th s ide at least ; on e fairly good n atural c as a er ar s con er e n o th e or of r a harbour whi h w ft w d v t d i t p t P ai . sco ere S or e ore th e ear 1 60 th e an am e to b e Di v d h tly b f y 4 , isl d g used as a base an d entrepOt for trade with th e opposite m ain r a ra e f r n Th r an It was n ot a e c e o a co o . e o u l d . v y tt tiv sit l y P t uese o ern m en ere ore r e to en co ra e co on a on g g v t , th f , t i d u g l is ti by a r e es o h an tia ian s On 1 n e 1 6 ran n s ec t t e S . 2 6 g ti g p i l p ivil g g Ju 4 , th e islan ders were em powered to sen d ships to trade up th e rivers of th e m ain lan d without havin g to follow th e usual pro cedure of applyin g for licen ces to th e com peten t authorities in s on e ere or en to en an S s to Ar uim b e Li b . Th y w f bidd s d y hip g , e ra of a ac or h ad re o s een e o rs cause th t de th t f t y p vi u ly b leas d to the . a rom s con on o e er e ere n ow r a Ap rt f thi diti , h w v , th y w vi tu lly au thorised to trade with th e whole of th e explored part of th e n ea oas doc I Th e effec of s concess on was to en cour Gui c t ( . ) . t thi i age settlem ent in San tiago an dto prom ote trade between th e is lan d h m o a an an d t e a n an . e e C an d en oese am es i l d P rtugu s , stili G f ili e e in th e s an an d n e roes ere rou rom u n ea to s ttl d i l d , g w b ght f G i or as S a es u on e r an a on ar o s se em en s re w k l v p th i pl t ti s . V i u ttl t g w u Alcan traz es in th e n o ecam e h e cen re of h e ca a n p . rth b t t t pt i cy of th e da No am R e ra ran de in he o - es as li f ily . ib i G t s uth w t w foun ded as th e cen tre of th e captain cy of th e Affonso fam ily an d cam e o b e th m ra f h i l z r a a f t e a n s e ca a o t e s an d . a ew d i i t tiv pit l P i ,

1 ‘ ’ ‘ ’ Th e term er Guin ea or th at of n orth ern Guin ea is used in th is Up p , , v olum e to si n i th e Guin ea coast tw en th e en e a an d g fy be e S g l Sierra Leon e . ’ 2 Earl in its h istor th e islan d was div ided in to two c a tain cies on e ein y y , p , b g ran ted to An ton io da Noli th e Gen oe s e wh o too art in th e dis cov er of g , k p y th e Ca e Verde islan ds an d th e oth er ein ran ted to Dio o Alfon so wh o p , b g g g , in th e serv ice fPri c F a o n e ern n do als o sh ared in th e discov ery of th e is lan ds . 2 8 R O S IN S R 1 0 —1 6 0 EU PEAN WE T AF I CA , 4 5 5 m es ea of th e ca a s an m or W e e e a o an . il st pit l , s rv d i p rt t p t hit s oc e on th e s an was e a ar s ocra c an d om e m es i ty i l d f ud l , i t ti , s ti , cor ocs 6 n e . 2 Its ros er was er o en rea e rupt (d , p p ity v y ft th t d fi re a am n e n d sea e an d a er 1 0 th e corsa r ocs . by f i , di s , ft 53 by i s (d 62 66 o ern m en was ace in th e an s of th e ca a n , , G v t pl d h d pt i of R e ra an e as e m n or oflicials s c as m a s ib i Gr d , sist d by i , u h gi ra e an d cus om oflicers o San a o s oo at th e con t t s t s . Th ugh ti g t d fluence of S n -ro es rom ortu a to nea SRO om e hippi g ut f P g l Gui , Th , a an d th e Eas n es th e e en ce s of th e s an ere on Br zil t I di , d f i l d w th e o e n e ec ed an d s was a con s an s o rce of rou e wh l gl t , thi t t u t bl an d com a n pl i t . San tiago cam e to b e th e chief en trepOt for trade between U er u nea an d or a an s s ran ac ar s an d pp G i P tug l . M y hip b kw d or a s e een th e s an an d th e m a n an an d o ers b e f w rd b tw i l d i l d , th een h s n an d r u a Th e an ia ian s a n adv an t e a o . S t tw i l d P t g l g , t ki g a e of e s ec a r e es sen e r s s th e r ers t g th ir p i l p ivil g , t th i hip up iv Sen e a am a an d Casam an ca u th e es ua ofth e ar m to g l , G bi , p t ry F i Cac eo e e a ou r n e em en of or ese e h , wh r fl ishi g s ttl t P tugu gr w up , th e Rio ran e an d e en as far as th e r er-m o a on th e up G d , v iv uths l g coas of S erra eon e oreo er m an Ca v erdian s crosse to t i L . M v , y p d Guinea in order to prom ote th e exchan ge of goods between th e s an er an d th e n e roes e en to e e am es i l d s g . Th y w t liv with th ir f ili in n a e a es an d in s wa m a e an d m a o com tiv vill g , thi y s ll whit ul tt m unities ere o n e on h m n Th e co on sa on of th e w f u d d t e ain la d . l i ti Cape Verde islan ds thus con tributed to th e exploitation of th e e o ce s of nor e nea r s ur th rn Gui . Th e n um ber an d size of th e m ain lan d settlem ents was aug m ented by a n ot very choice collection of un prin cipled adven ret s s a e - ea ers o ca e e an d e rom ce tu , l v d l , p liti l xil s fugitiv s f justi , wh o en rom or a S a n an d th e r can s an s to e w t f P tug l , p i Af i i l d liv o e th e law am on th e ac s of nea n e m arr n utsid g bl k Gui , i t r yi g with ‘ m an d affic n n m m es m on th e the tr ki g i forbidden co oditi . A g ’ n e roe eca n cen le an c of his o a e to Ni ritia in g s , r lled Vi t Bl v y g g ‘ 1 2 e m an or u uese som e m a e o ers s en d n 59 , liv y P t g , rri d , th p i g ’ e m e am a s n old l o ese r ers e cr e ese th ir ti s i g g . P rtugu w it d s ib d th ‘ ’ ‘ ’ ren e a e as lancados or tan os m aos m en a wh o h ad g d s , g , , th t is ,

Les a e a eur ou lon v oy g s f meux du S ieur Vincent le Blanc (ed. le Si C ;

III, 2 8 .

0 R O S IN S R 1 0 —1 6 0 3 EU PEAN WE T AF I CA , 4 5 5

a e at ar ou s d s n ce s n o far so er e Se era t d v i i ta t uth of Cape V d . v l m ore were to b e fou n d in n ative town s on th e banks of th e am a two of em n a oo wa th e r er at Cassan G bi , th lyi g g d y up iv an d Can or few sc a ered com m un es re on th e an s t . A tt iti g w up b k of th e ar m an d th e Rio ran e e som e e s e a on th e F i G d , whil xi t d l g coas of Sierra eon e n o a on th e an s of th e om o t L , t bly b k Mit b , ere for e am e we are o a in 1 6 ORO a asco a wh , x pl , t ld th t 5 7 J V l , San tia ian h ad een n for m an ears o er o u g , b livi g y y with th P rt ue se l No ll of h r r n e ades Som e t a t e co on s s of cou rse e e e . g . l i t , , w g ere off c a s an d o ers com m ercia a en s em o e th e w i i l , th l g t pl y d by con rac ors wh o as e a n ed e o en o e e c s e r s t t , , xpl i b l w , j y d x lu iv ight of rade a on cer a e - eﬁ n d ar of h e coas Cac eo n d e s t . t l g t i w ll p t t h , for in s an ce ere ra ion h as it a a or ese e em en t , wh t dit th t P tugu s ttl t was oun e in 1 0 cam e on a e r ar s to b e th e adm in i f d d 47 , l g ft w d strativ e ca a of th e m a n an s e em en s an d th e offic a s in pit l i l d ttl t , i l is o n re r n s m en But su c th t w we ecog i ed by th e hom e govern t . h m en ere to s om e e ree e ce on a Re cor s su es a w d g x pti l . d gg t th t m any of th e whites an d m u lattoe s in n orthern Gu in e a did n ot n z enj oy either th e con ﬁden ce or th e approval of th e gov ernm e t . R c ar Rain olds wh o s e th e coa in 1 1 h as e a de i h d , vi it d st 59 , l ft s cription of som e ofthese com m un ities :

’ In th e townes of orto d All ortu dal and oala b ein to nes of th e P y[P ] J , g w ch ie est trade an d in th e town es of Canton 3 an d Cassan in th e riv er of f , Gam b ra are m any Spaniards an d Portugals resident by perm ission of th e ne ros wh o h av e rich trades th ere alon th e coast es eciall g ; g , p y to San Dom in o4 an d Rio Gran de n ot far distant rom Gam b ra river g , f ; whith er th ey transport th e yron which th ey b uy of Fren ch m en an d U S S an d exch an e it for n e ros An d th e m ost art of th e , g g ; p

1 l 1 1 6- Gu e rreir Rela Res annuis 1 60 11 1 0 Le an c 1 . 2 . o B , 3 3 ; F , p ( 3 , 3 ’ ' Alm ada Tra do brev e dos r o d u ne do Cabo Verde A A . d ta i s e i sqq . ; . , G — Can tor P O P ff 1 b P O P ff. 1 1 . 1 s . R S . 6 6 R S 2 p p . 5 qq ; , z , 2 3 ; , was s itu ated at th e lim it up th e Gam bia to wh ic h s h ipp in g c ould app roach . G in s C . . Ric h ard obs on des c ribes Cas san in h is Th e golden trade (e d. K g J — D om in o . Th P r e e n ew th e arim a h Rio de S . 6 . F le . e o tu u s s t e y) , p p 5 5 g k g 2 Alm ada des c ribes h ow th e ren e gade s ac tually as s iste d En glish an d Fren ch in terlop ers to app rop riate th e trade of U pp er Gu in ea from th e Portu gue se

Tratado . ( , p 3 Can tor n own toda as Kan tora. , k y 4 Th e Rio de S RO D om in o n ow n own as th e riv er Farim . g , k 5 n m E glish en . P O R TU GUE S E EN TE R P R I S E IN WE S T AF R I CA 3 1

Span iards an d Portugals that b e resident in these places b e b anish ed m en or u itives for com m ittin m ost h ainous crim es an d in cestu f g , g ous act s th eir life an d conversation b ein a reea le an d th e are of , g g b ; y th e b asest beh aviour th at we h ave ever seene of th ese n ations in any r oun r l othe c t ey .

While Portuguese in fluen ce am on g th e n egro peoples was us n offi c a e en e th e o ern m en a so r ed to n crease th u i lly xt d d , g v t l t i i its hold over Upper Guin ea through Christian m ission aries an d ‘ ’ m h r r m h e e n n n th e erc an wh o ren e t e a es . o t h ts t d t d F b gi i g , Portu guese with papal authority h ad proclaim ed a crusade in n ea a a n s th e oor of n or ern r ca an d a er ards at Gui g i t M s th Af i , ft w least a m oral obligation always rested u pon them to christian ise h e r e m am in con ac as th e ears t s o e c e . t ib with wh th y t t If, y asse th e ea ofth e cr sa er was m ore an d m ore sur asse p d , z l u d p d by th e ree of th e m erc an et m s on ar or was n e er a o g d h t , y is i y w k v lt e er n e ec e e ec a eca e th e m erc an n ers oo g th gl t d , sp i lly b us h t u d t d th e value of seekin g aid from th e Church in u pholding th e res e of th e es So or u uese r e in n ea was dis p tig Whit . P t g ul Gui tin gu ish ed by irregular an d on th e whole n ot very success fu l effor s to con e n e ro n n d e r u e s San a o t v rt g ki gs a th i s bj ct . ti g s an d for e am e was th e scen e of m ss on ar or er ear i l , x pl , i i y w k v y ly in th e s or of its co on isa on e een th e ears 1 66 an d hi t y l ti , b tw y 4 1 0 en two ran c can s a a s an d a c u rc was 47 , wh F is p id it vi it h h u 2 But a er ar s h e s r u a n ee s of h e es an d th e b ilt . ft w d t pi it l d t whit ’ con e s in San a o an d u n ea ere a aren n e ec ed an d v rt ti g G i w pp tly gl t , it was this which in spired th e m ost strikin g illu stration of th e re o s o ic of th e o u u ese in s ar of e r em re ligi u p l y P rt g thi p t th i pi , th e erec ion of San n a o o a s o r c . On anu ar 1 t ti g i t bi h p i 3 J y 533 , o e C em en VII u on th e e on of n o n III ss e P p l t , p p titi Ki g J h , i u d a u se ara n San a o rom th e ocese of nc a in b ll , p ti g ti g f di Fu h l ade ra to c h ad een a ac e ra s n th e o n of M i , whi h it b tt h d , i i g t w Ribeira Gran de to th e status of a city to b e hen ceforth kn own as ‘ ’ th e c t of San ia o 3 a o n n Dr ra Ne o to b e th e rs i y t g , pp i ti g . B z tt fi t s o an d ac n u n der th e u r s c on of h e n e s o r c bi h p , pl i g j i di ti t w bi h p i

3 — R . Ha lu t P rinci al navi a io II t ns 8 . k y , p g , V , 9 9 2 ll s ub sid o — arce o S i s I 2 8 1 . B , , , 3 3 ‘ Th iS will ex lain wh letters rom Ri eira Gran de s en t a ter 1 were p y f b , f 5 3 3 , ‘ ’ alwa s descri ed as com in m h is ro t cit of San tia o . S ee doc s . 66 y b g f y g ( , 2 R O S IN S R 1 0 —1 6 0 3 EU P EAN WE T AF I CA , 4 5 5 ‘ all th e Cape Verde is lan ds an d th e s pace of three hun dred an d ea es of m a n an e n n n at th e r er am a n ear fifty l gu i l d , b gi i g iv G bi th e rom on or or ace ca e Ca o er e an d con nu n as p t y pl ll d b V d , ti i g far as th e prom on tory or place called Cabo de Palm as I an d th e ’ r er n dree 2 San a o e e h St . cam t e r m s n ar iv A . ti g thus b base fo is io y en terprise in n orthern Guineaas it was also the base for econ om ic e o a on an d e em en on th e m a n an xpl it ti s ttl t i l d . Th e story of th e u n fortun ate Prin ce Bem oym illustrates th e way in which th e Portu guese tried to hide policy behin d a Show of m s on ar ea s r n ce ecam e tua r er of th e i si y z l . Thi p i b vir l ul alofo a n e ro eo e wh o n a e th e coas e een th e J , g p pl i h bit d t b tw Sen e a an d th e am a an d h e en ere in o r en d re a on s g l G bi , t d t f i ly l ti th e or u e e en coura n his eo e to rade em with P t gu s , gi g p pl t with th ’ an d sen d n resen s to n o n Bem o m s au or i g p t Ki g J h II . y th ity, o e er was d s u e a - ro ers wh o a e war h w v , i p t d by his h lf b th , w g d a a n s him In 1 8 th e r n ce a ea e to o a for as s g i t . 4 7 , p i pp l d P rtug l si t an ce s o n re use on th e ro n a th e sa e of arm s . Thi J h II f d , g u d th t l ‘ an d S s to infidels was or d en a a ecrees for Be hip f bi d by p p l d , m o m was of th e ec of Mafom ede in c h e e e e y s t , whi h b li v d , eca e of e n a ne ou r of an d ea e th e Az a b us his b i g ighb , d l r with , ’ n e e Th e or n e of war in due co rse urn e a a n s gu s . f tu u t d g i t Bem o m an d in th e o o n ear h e was r en ou t of th e y , f ll wi g y d iv l fo an s He cam e to or u a ere h e was ro a wel a o . J l d P t g l , wh y lly m him e h e o ecom e com e doc . o n o se d ( J h II pr i d h lp , if w uld b a C r s an ereu on Bem o m and his r en s ere con h i ti , wh p y f i d w e e Bem o m en om a e to th e n of or a as a v rt d . y th did h g Ki g P tug l as a an d an e ed on was e out to a e him ac to v s l , xp iti fitt d t k b k nea an d res ore him ero Vaz da C n a was or ere to Gui t . P u h d d proceed to the Sen egal with twen ty carave ls in com pan y with r n ce Bem o m to set him u on th e ron e of alofo an d to P i y p th J , a h e m ou f h e r er Th e or en com e e u a or t t o t . b ild f t th iv f t , wh pl t d , as not to b e en o er to th e r nce b u t was to b e e for w giv v p i , h ld o n 113 is a n rom th e e en ce a th e o ese Kin g J h . It pl i f vid th t P rtugu h ad seen in th e m isfortun es of this prin ce a fi n e chan ce of ex

1 Ca e Palm as situated at th e e astern en d of th e m odern i erian coast . p , L b 2 An dre was s ituated lea u es eas t of Pach e c o states th at th e Rio de S . 3 3 g — a e Palm as . Th e u ll is rin ted in arcellos S ubsidios 1 1 0 1 . C p b p B , , , 4 3 Th e full story c an b e recon structed by com bin in g th e n arrativ e s of Pin a - h s . 6 8 . d of arros in Asia dec . 1 . c doc . an ( 7) B , , bk 3 , P O R TU GUE S E EN TE R P R I S E I N WE S T AF R I CA 33

ten din g their con trol over th e lan ds between th e Sen egal an d h e m Bem m was o b e a u et rin ce m ain ain ed in t a a. o t G bi y p pp p , t his ace orce of or u ese arm s an d th e su rroun din dis pl by f P t gu , g trict was to b e coerced in to obedien ce by th e garrison to b e r h e m u of th e Sen e a s olic h ad station ed in a fo t at t o th g l . Thi p y een r e w oo resu s on th e n a coas an d so ere was b t i d ith g d lt Mi t , th reason for su pposin g that it wou ld prove equ ally su ccessfu l in l f er er r e sai In or er o ee th e re a o o o Vaz e o e s t . t J . P th f l d k p up p ‘ en ce of a rea cr sa e h e oo him r es s an d a t g t u d , t k with p i t great n um ber of articles for chu rches an d for th e bu s iness of ’ B h en de disas rou s Bem o m con ers on u t t e e e on . v i . xp diti d t ly y was m s er ou s s ain an d ero Vaz re urn ed to or u a it y t i ly l , P t P t g l w h out com et n his as pl i g t k . Th e desire to subj ugate th e Jalofo people was n ot th e on ly m o i e n s r n s u n er a in n o n also o ed to t v i pi i g thi d t k g . Ki g J h II h p e stablish contact with Tim bu ktu an d by m ean s of a fortified post on th e ban ks of th e Sen egal con trol th e gold trade of th e n ri r u s as h e an his su c e ssors m a e se era a em s i te o . J t d c d v l tt pt to reac m u u o er an rom Ar u im so in th e sam e wa t e h Ti b kt v l d f g , y h y o e to fi n d in th e Sen e a a ro e to th e c h s m e h p d g l ut ity, t i ti by a er Con em orar eo ra ers for th e m ost ar e ie e d w t . t p y g g ph p t b l v that this river was a bran ch of th e Nile flowin g westwards ’ rou h m h n s cor th gh t e Su dan pas t Ti buktu to t e ocea ea . Ac d in l ro e th e Sen e a was n a a e it ou to b e os g y, p vid d g l vig bl , ght p s e for S s rom s on to s a all th e wa to m u ibl hip f Li b il y Ti b ktu . If s rou e was rac ca e m oreo er en it ou d a e to b e thi t p ti bl , v , th w l h v arde an d for s reason ero Vaz was sen to u i d a or gu d , thi P t b l f t

ress . ero Vaz a e Bu his coun r m en did n ot a an don th e P f il d . t t y b an arr pl . B os records that John II sen t m an y m essen gers to th e r n ces of th e n erior e n Sen e am ia an d a am on p i i t b hi d g b , th t g em was a cer a n Rodri o Ra e o wh o m a e his wa u th e th t i g b l , d y p am a to th e an d of an an sa th e Su an of an i or G bi l M di M , lt M d , a som e m es re rr d as h e n of Tim b uktu l S i e e to t . o t M li , ti f Ki g ou ld a ear a en th e Sen e a rou e ro e d fficu the w pp th t wh g l t p v d i lt , or u ese tried n s ead sai h m i In o n of a to u t e a a. c P tug i t l p G b p i t f t , 2 A ‘ ’ ‘ ia dec . s 1 . c h . 1 2 : At o th er tim e s write s arro s h e oh n , , bk 3 , , B , [J II] s en t th e riv e r Can tor th e Gam ia to an di an sa on e of th e m ost , by ( b ) , M M , ower ul of th at art of h e ro in O n th m is s ion wen t n e p f p t p v ce of Man din ga. is o ’ Rodri o Ra e lo a s u ire of h is h o s e h o l u d. g b , q c H w A . . . R O S I N S R 1 0 —1 6 0 34 EU P EAN WE T AF I CA , 4 5 5

n e e ro e was er eas o e o a e Na a on of t e ith r ut v y y t n g ti t . vig ti h Sen e a was dan erous at all m es in th e wet season o n to g l g ti , wi g th e t urbulen ce of th e ﬂood waters an d in th e dry season becau se of e ose roc s and s an d an s e th e n a a on of the xp d k b k , whil vig ti Gam bia was im peded at Barracon da durin g th e dry season by a ‘ ed e of roc s c th e or u e e r ed in a n to rem o e l g k , whi h P t gu s t i v i v . es e ese ff cu e em ssar es rom n o n en e D pit th di i lti s , i i f Ki g J h II p trated th e n er o reac e m u u an d oun e a rad on i t i r, h d Ti b kt , f d d t iti of frien dlin ess between th e Man din goes of th e declin in g em pire of al an d th e or u uese c as e for n ear two en era M i P t g , whi h l t d ly g on arros e s n in 1 h e en Perb ern an s . u a e e ti s B t lls th t , wh 534 s t F d to n egotiate with th e ruler of Mali abou t th e affairs of th e trade of Can or his a en was rea i e com ed ecau e ofth e r en t , g t d ly w l , b s f i d s hip which h ad existed between his coun trym en an d th e n egroes 2 of a s n ce th e re n of o n II m a e , b e n ee a M li i ig J h . It y w ll , i d d , th t after th e death of John II m an y un recorded j ourn eys were m ade by Portuguese trave llers an d traders from th e Sen egam bia coast th e r ers n o th e n er or We do n o a as a e as 1 6 up iv i t i t i . k w th t l t 5 5 , althou gh at that tim e th e pos ition of th e Portu guese on th e Sen e a was as ecom n un en a e o n to ren c r a r g l f t b i g t bl wi g F h iv l y, an other attem pt was m ade by a certain Diogo Carreiro to m ake h is wa s r er to m On 2 arc 1 6 h e ro e y up thi iv Ti buktu . 9 M h 5 5 w t to n Se as an of o u a re or n on his ro re : Ki g b ti P rt g l , p ti g p g ss

h a e aci ed all th e chie in s h ere an d in th e n am e of our I v p ﬁ f k g , y i n i i if n m h ave h gh ess I was liberal n d stributing g ts am o g th e . I learn ed all ab out th e river an d th e road of Tum b u qutu is open and clear an d—God willin — wh en this reach es ou r h i h n ess sh all , g y g , I h ave arriv ed th ere an d b e on m wa b ac in su ch a wa th a a ter y y k, y t, f assin th e Az en e u es th e Tu uorois an d th e ulos sh all reach p g g , q , F , I th e Guineos of th e cit of Gana th e m ost thic l o ulated m etro y , k y p p 3 oli m u rom this ran ch ofth e Nilo in Can a a . p s ofTu b oq tu . F b g

No other eviden ce is available to Show whether Carreiro ever accom s e r ose e er our on so rce of in pli h d his pu p . This l tt is ly u

1 2 A h 1 . h . 8 . As a . c . sia dec . 1 . c i dec . 1 2 , , bk 3 , , , bk 3 , ‘ ’ 3 - S ou sa Viter o 1 2 2 . Th e T u uorois were resum a l th e T ucolors b , , 3 4 q p b y , wh o durin g th e ele v en th c en tu ry in h abite d th e kin gdom of Tekrur athwart th e en al d we f Gh an a Th is eo le wa a terwards driv en south S eg an st o . p p s f wards h e er e rs to h ir sen t h om u S ov ill . 6 . t t e re e in ta. ee by B b p F B , p 3 P O R TU GUE S E EN TE R P R I S E I N WE S T AF R I CA 35

h s an n n So can form ation abou t the j ourn ey which e wa pl i g . it h m ir o m u u n ot b e proved that h e re ache d t e e p e of Mali r Ti b kt . N h h as s m e s or a a u e As we a e e er e es t e e er o c . v th l s , l tt hi t i l v l h v seen S o a th e or ese ere in 1 6 r n to , it h ws th t P tugu w still 5 5 t yi g fi n d their way to Tim bu ktu an d m ore especially to th e gold m nes of th e am o s Wan ara s re on was a aren i f u g . Thi gi pp tly ua e n ear th e sou rce of th e Sene a an d in orm er m es sit t d g l , f ti m erchan ts from th e on ce -flou rishin g m arket of th e an cien t ana h a m o Th e orm of th e e er Gh d visited the in es to buy g ld . f l tt a so su e a Ca re ro in s e of his c a m s n e e l gg sts th t r i , pit l i , k w littl m ore an his redec s sors a o th e secre s of th e n er or He th p e b ut t i t i . re ea e th e m a e of all his con em orar es en h e ad p t d ist k t p i , wh ‘ ’ resse re or rom s ran ch of th e N e in Sen e a an d d d his p t f thi b il g l , h e appears to have been un der th e im pression that Ghan a was s i l th e rea es c of th e es ern Su an ereas in ac a t l g t t ity w t d , wh , f t , th t city h ad been destroyed in the early years of th e thirteen th cen u r ’ Th r s h e u ed n h . e a e s dee S o a t e or u t y ph s , i d , h w th t P t uese in s e of e r n erm en corres on en ce th e g , pit th i i t itt t p d with Su an of a ere n e er a e to earn th e ru a ou lt M li , w v bl l t th b t the political an d econ om ic Situation within th e in terior of u nea G i . Th e expedition to th e Sen egal in 1 488 was an even t of im port an ce u ra n in all as ec th e far- s e c arac er of th e , ill st ti g its p ts ight d h t m e r a s o c of n o n was an e am e fhi i p i li t p li y Ki g J h II . It x pl o s in ter eren ce a an a e to m se in n a e o c s was a f with dv t g hi lf tiv p liti . It rea is c a em n der th e cam ou a e of a cr sade to en l ti tt pt , u fl g u , rone a e r er in th e alofo n om orm e d h e th pupp t ul J ki gd . It f t central part of a schem e to open u p a direct route between s on an d m an d to er th e n ort ern s re m f Li b Ti buktu , div t h t a o trade from th e western Sudan down th e Sen egal to th e Guinea coas en h t . Ev t e plan that Pero Vaz s hou ld bu ild a fort on n egro s o to b e e th e or u ese was nu sua ecause o c il h ld by P t gu u l , b p li y an d profit dem an ded that as few forts as possible s hou ld b e erec ed We n o a t . k w th t John II was respon sible for an abortive a em to o S erra eon e do b u r tt pt f rtify i L ( c . t the e is n o eviden ce that any other forts were built anywhere in n orthern Guin ea e ore th e m d e of th e s een cen ur Th e reason f r b f id l ixt th t y . o this

ov ill —66 B , pp . 5 7 . 6 R O S I N S R C 1 0 —1 6 0 3 EU PEAN WE T AF I A , 4 5 5

was that th e Portugue se put their tru st in a policy of peace fu l en e ra on e n e o a d r a p t ti . Th y g ti te t e ties of am ity with n ative r n ce s c as th e reat of eace con c u ed in 1 8 1 e een p i s , u h t y p l d 4 b tw ero de E ora an d r n ce Bez e u ich e wh o was or of th e P v P i g , l d coast sou th of Cape Verde l ; they sen t am bassadors to th e m ore m or an n a e o en a es v ia Ar u im th e Sen e a an d th e i p t t tiv p t t t ; g , g l am a e des a c e en o to th e o er r n ce of th e G bi , th y p t h d v ys p w ful p i s n er or an d e ou n de s m a sca ere e e em en i t i ; th y f d ll , tt d , whit s ttl ts far an d e am on th e n e ro eo es n e m arr n an d wid g g p pl , i t r yi g liv in em and occas on a r n to con er em s g with th i lly t yi g v t th . All thi e re erre to a o c of coerc on an d orce c ou th y p f d p li y i f , whi h w ld a e een cos an d dan ero s e r c e ur ose in s o h v b tly g u . Th i hi f p p , h rt , s o rom rade wa t p ote t . Trade thu s cam e to b e th e prin cipal m edium throu gh which h e u uese e en e e r n uen ce Th e u n ea ra e wa t Port g xt d d th i i fl . G i t d s en cou raged an d organ ised by th e gran tin g of region al m ono ‘ ’ o es Th e n ea coas was e n o a n m er of ra es 2 p li . Gui t divid d i t u b t d , ‘ ’ eac ra e re re en n a rescr ed s r c a on th e coas h t d p s ti g p ib di t i t l g t . ‘ ’ ese ra e or con rac ere c a c on e in s on Th t d s , t ts , w publi ly u ti d Li b . Th e m erc an wh o rece ed a en con rac ere e cr ed h ts , iv giv t t , w d s ib ‘ ’ as th e con rac ors 3 eca e e con rac ed to a th e n a t t , b us th y t t p y ki g r n f r e r e c u s e ra n r s Th e num er an d yea ly re t o th i x l iv t di g ight . b th e den of ese ra es are u n cer a n an d ou a ear i tity th t d t i , it w ld pp ar e rom m e to m e An an on m o or ese that they v i d f ti ti . y us P tugu o r n e ore th e m e of th e s een cen r pil t , w iti g b f iddl ixt th tu y, ‘ ’ a e ed a th e en re coa was ed n o two ar s an d ll g th t ti st divid i t p t , ‘ ’ that each part was farm ed ou t every fou r or fi ve years to th e Bu s was u n r e U r u n er doc t . e ea highes t bidd ( . thi t u pp G i a on e on a n e at ea fiv e con rac s n o n res ec e as l c t i d l st t t , k w p tiv ly ‘ ’ Ar uim Sen e a am a an d Can or th e R ers of n ea g , g l , G bi t , iv Gui , e n e an d Sierra L o . of th e r of e e Ar u im h as a rea een de Th e trade fi st th s , g , l dy b r Con rac o s in th e secon th e ra e of th e Sen e a en s c ib ed . t t r d , t d g l , s t their s hips up th e river to b uy slaves an d gold from Jalofo m er

h . 1 . Asia dec . 1 . c , , bk 3 , ‘ ’ 2 th e term trato da S erra Leoa was re u larl u sed to de e . g . g y ‘ ’ ‘ ’ s c ribe th e trade or con tract of Sierra Leon e . ’ ‘ ’ 3 h Leo . t e tratadores d a a Tratador(es) or e g . a S err were th e con tractors wh o ren ted th e trade of Sierra Leon e .

8 R O S I N S R A 1 0—1 6 0 3 EU PEAN WE T AF I C , 4 5 5 m u c of its com m erce n o own an s a ss 1 The h i t his h d s po ible . reader m ay also observe that th e con tractors were n ot all or u ese an ere e m e er d om e . o e a an an P t gu M y w J ws , s w It li s s S an a ds u s h r e aro an e o r . C istov Ro d d rot er p i Th , H , his b h Di g , partn ers in 1 5 1 4 in a com pany foun ded to ren t th e trade of S erra eon e doc an d a er ar s con ac ors n i L ( . 35) ft w d tr t with Ki g ‘ Man uel of Portugal to have th e privilege of pursuin g trade for ’ a few ears in cer a n r ers of n ea 2 ere m em ers of a y t i iv Gui , w b S an s am an d am e r n a rom r os reo er c o . o p i h f ily igi lly f Bu g M v , it o s eem a a er 1 2 1 on e rou of con rac ors enera w uld th t , ft 5 , g p t t g lly en o ed so e r s of ra e all U er n ea an d a j y l ight t d with pp Gui , th t ‘ ’ s con cess on as ca e th e con rac of h e R ers of n ea thi i w ll d t t t iv Gui . s is rue ou e a n th e s a em en of th e ci- dev ant If thi t , it w ld xpl i t t t an on m ou s o E den ce in su or of m a b e o n in a y pil t . vi pp t it y f u d record of certain proceedin gs in Lisbon on 8 Ju ly 1 568 before h e e r n e r h e ffa rs f n a an d u n ea Th e t j u dg espo s ibl fo t a i o I di G i . in u red e on ers ere two or u u ese m erc an s An on o j p titi w P t g h t , t i n a s e u m n n d uar e Leo e ere escrib e as Go c lve d G z a a D t . Th y w d d ‘ th e presen t farm ers of th e cu stom s an d con tracts in th e region of th e reen rom on or com m on ca e Ca o er e an d in g p t y, ly ll d b V d , ’ th e r ers an d m ar m e ore of u n ea an d e se ere as iv iti sh G i , , l wh , ‘ th e con rac ors an d arm er of th e reen rom on or w c is t t f s g p t y, hi h ca e in or u a Ca o er e an d of th e m ar m e S ore of ll d P t g l b V d , iti h ’ f a n m n co 3 an d Serra L oa 4 ese m en u u n ea o S o . G i , i t D i i , y Th th s appear to have been con tractors in th e whole trade of n orthern u n ea oreo er rom th e e en ce en u r n th e rocee G i . M v , f vid giv d i g p d n s is c ear a e h ad e ese r e es at eas nce i g , it l th t th y h ld th p ivil g l t si 6 so e em o e ac ors wh o ere e m an en res 1 2 . 5 Al , th y pl y d f t w p r tly i f em e en e n e s s on e en in u nea som e o . d t G i , th vid tly b i g J w Thu , ‘ ’ arcu s ern an es was c e of th e con rac in th e Rio ran e M F d hi f t t G d , while Sim on LeRo was a n officer of theirs in a n ative port on th e

1 Th e busin ess c on n ection of a certain Alfon so de Torres exem p liﬁes this . ‘ ’ Alfon so was a c on tractor in th e trades of Gu in ea wh ich was ro a l , by p b b y a m er of th e c u stom s of th e m ean t th e trade of U pp er Guin ea (doc . f r n tractor in th trade of th e islan d of SRO Cap e Verde islan ds (doc . c o e an d on e wh v ice h e ov ernm en t s ou h t on m atters Th om e (doc . ose ad t g g i touch in g Gu n ea (doc . 2 — 3 im . un do u R . Far Al s c m en tos . 8 . g , pp 3 97 4 P ff PRO S . 1 . , , 2 P O R TU GUE S E EN TE R P R I S E I N WE S T AF R I CA 39

l an d his a n er e m an ca e Be un do . on a es Farim ll d g G c lv p rt , lik y o er ra ers t us ran ac ed us ness in u nea rou th e th t d , h t s t b i G i th gh a n s m edium of residen t ge t . se a ors an d e r assoc a e o e er Ca verdian s The f ct th i i t s , t g th with p h e ed on th e m a n an ere n eed th e c e a en c es w o s ttl i l d , w , i d , hi f g i responsible for th e spread of Portuguese habits an d in ﬂuen ces r rn is r e as we am on th e n a e eo e of n o e n ea. g tiv p pl s th Gui It t u , a e seen a t ere ere o ers— th e e orer th e m s on ar h v , th t h w th xpl , i si y — an d th e Slave-dealer b u t these m en of trade played a m ore im

o an ar in th e o c of eace en e ra on . e ere so p rt t p t p li y p ful p t ti Th y w , h e o e e in th e n e ro o ns to s ea th e m en on t . p k , sp t Th y liv d g t w an a es e r n o e e of th e n a es was n m a e an d d vill g . Th i k wl dg tiv i ti t e en s e for e a e em con s an au em xt iv , th y t lk d with th t tly, t ght th e r own an ua e n erm arr e em m a e e r om es th i l g g , i t i d with th , d th i h r n m n m Mis e en a em an d rou u c e a o e . c with th , b ght p hild g th g on ecam e th e ru e Yet e n e er or o e r e oo ti b l . th y v f g t th i whit bl d , an d ou som e m es un a se e a a s c a m e to b e , th gh ti b pti d , th y lw y l i d

‘ C r s an s e rem ain ed rou d of e r an ces r an d e h i ti . Th y p th i t y , , if th y ‘

n erm n e e ere n ot a sor e . e r rou n a re an d i t i gl d , th y w b b d Th i p d tu ’ ' an e a ou r was a re uen source ofrem ar an d s om e m es h ty b h vi f q t k , ti of com a n am on th e n a on a s of o er Eu ro ean s a es wh o pl i t, g ti l th p t t i ri ia2 W a e er e r s or com n a er ar s e N t . s h ow ft w ds Vi it d g h t v th i h t i g , e er e ac u re a s ec a s an n in th e e es of om e of th e v , th y q i d p i l t di g y s n a e r n ces so a som e of em ere a e to m arr n o the tiv p i , th t th w bl y i t r n am es e o ers ac n for em e es an d e r am uli g f ili , whil th , ti g th s lv th i f i es conc uded rea es or m a e a an a eou s a reem en s li , l t ti , d dv t g g t with a s 3 To es on eers t ere or we m us c oc c e . e e e attri l l hi f th pi , h f , t hi ﬂy bute th e u se of Portuguese as a lingua franca in th e coastal trade an d th e on s r a in ar s ofNi ritia of or ese n uen e l g u viv l p t g P tugu i ﬂ c .

1 P ff 6 1 b 6 . PRO , S . 2 , 2 3 2 ‘ ’ By th e Portin galls p rou de n ature an d h augh tie beh av iour to En glish e ’ ‘ m en in Gin ea com lain ed An th on Dass ell in 1 1 we h av e in e re , p y 5 9 , b p u ted ’ alles to th em an d m uc h a u sed PRO HCA as v ass n os . 1 b ( , 7 3 Ha lu t P rinci al navi ations II 8 re cords for exam le th at in 1 k y ( p g , V , 9 ) , p , 5 9 1 th ere w as a Portu ues e wh o liv ed far u th e S en e al m arried to th e dau g , p g , gh ter — of on e of th e n ativ e in s . Ca tain Alm ada Tra tado . 6 des cri es h ow k g p ( , pp 4 5 ) b in 1 5 8 5 a c ertain Man u el Lop es Cardoso o btain ed p erm ission from Kin g

Ch a ala th e local chie to con struct a ort in Cach eo . Th is s ettler at th a p , f, f , t tim e liv in in Cach eo a ears to h av e acted on his own with u g , p p o t an y h e lp m h P u es e ov ern m n fro t e ortug g e t . 0 R O S IN S R 1 0—1 6 0 4 EU PEAN WE T AF I CA , 4 5 5

SAO OR DA M AND THE M C Th e m os m or J GE INA INA OAST . t i p tan t settlem en t held by th e Portu gu ese on th e m ain lan d of Gu in ea beyon d Sierra Leon e was th e fortiﬁed city of SRO Jorge da n a Sa n eor e of h e n e rom s s a on e Mi ( i t G g t Mi ) . F thi t ti th y om in a ed th e in a an d a a e a coas s Th e coas of n a d t M M l gu t t . t Mi th e n e so ca ed ecause was a o - rod c n re on ( Mi ) , ll b it g ld p u i g gi , e en e rou for 1 0 m es rom m s ou - eas ar s to xt d d ghly 5 il , f Axi th tw d Cabo das Tres Pon tas (Cape Three Poin ts) an d then in an east n or -eas er direc on o h e Ri da o a1 Th e c of SRO th t ly ti t t o V lt . ity or e was si u a e a few m es eas of th e ca e an d ere ere a J g t t d il t p , th w few sm all forts an d tradin g posts east an d west of th e city an d su or n a e to th e m ore im or an e n m Sam m a an d b di t it , p t t b i g Axi , a r Th a a a s r in a 2 e ccra. e e coa acco to c eco ran (l t ) A M l gu t t , d g P h , rom S erra eon e to ~Ca e a m as b ut we m a o se e a the f i L p P l , y b rv th t n am e Malagueta was o ften used by th e Portu gu ese to describe th e whole of th e in terven in g coastlin e from Sierra Leon e to n a h a n s a n am for h e or coas ecause e d o ec e t . Mi , b th y p i l Iv y t a a ue a oo its n am e rom th e c e oca ro u c a n en M l g t t k f hi f l l p d t , pu g t ‘ ’ h 3 s ce e e er c was ca e m a a ue a . or u ese pi , lik p pp , whi ll d l g t P t gu

‘ n uen ce rou ou s ar of th e n ea coas — a is i ﬂ th gh t thi p t Gui t th t , — from Sierra Leon e to th e Rio daVolta em an ated alm ost en tirely rom SRO or e da n a f J g Mi . Th e r res s of R or e was in 1 8 was th e rs fo t S O J g built 4 2 . It ﬁ t m n n a re ous s n ce 1 1 —th e white settle e t on th e Mi coast . P vi ly i 47 — year of th e m om en tous dis coverie s of FernRo Gom es th e gold trade of Min a m u st have been pu rsue d by a direct exchan ge of goods between th e n ative m erchan ts in their alm adias (can oes) an d th e Portu guese in their ships an chored at a s afe distance rom th e s or 4 ra e in th e e n n n was e en er f h e . T d b gi i g vid tly v y

1 h a a a R Pac h eco Esm eralda . 2 ch . 6 write s t t th e C o d s edes ( , bk , ) b ‘ ’ B ( Fetta Poin t) w as th e last p lace on th is coas t wh ere th ere is gold . ut it w as m ore u sual to con sider th e Volta as th e eastern lim it of th e Gold

Coas t . 2 Es eralda . 2 c h . . m , bk , 3 ‘ ’ 3 ala ueta e er Gu in ea rain s or rain s of aradise was extrac ted M g p p p ( g , g p ) F a sh ort ac c oun t of th e trade from th e s h ru b Afram om um m alagueta . or — u rsue d th e Portu u ese s ee la e . 8 . p by g , B k , p p 3 4 4 S ev eral referen ce s to th is m e th od of tradin g are m ade in th e ac coun ts of th e rst an d s e con d v o a es of Wil iam owe r n o G in e a rin ted elow ﬁ y g l T so t u , p b , 2— 0 0 pp . 3 7 4 . 4 4 . 4 8 . P O R TU GUE S E EN TE R P RI S E I N WE S T AF R I CA

r f m e a or une But th e m e o of a o a e or om es a . p fit bl , G d f t th d tr d in was on th e o e a ar ou an d or u o s an d ere was n o g wh l h z d s f t it u , th 1 For security against th e in terven tion of un licen sed raiders . ese reason s n o n e a m ee n of his co n c to th , Ki g J h II h ld ti g u il exam in e whether it wou ld b e practicable to bu ild a fort on th e n a coas ou ar ou s o ec on ere ra se th e n Mi t . Th gh v i bj ti s w i d , ki g , wh o s e O os on e erm in e to rocee th e an di lik d pp iti , d t d p d with pl , n He c ose an d gave orders for th e preparation of an expeditio . h ’ o o d Az am b u a a s n s e n of his ouse o to Di g j , di ti gui h d k ight h h ld , com m an or er n him to see out a u a e e on th e coa d it , d i g k s it bl sit st ’ an d erec th e or ress D Az am b u a set s a on 1 2 ecem er t f t . j il D b 1 8 1 a n him a rea uan of m er e n s on e 4 , t ki g with g t q tity ti b , h w t , m e es r c s oo s n a s m n on an d ro s on s 1 00 li , til , b i k , t l , il , u iti s p vi i cra sm en an d 00 sol ers A er recon n o r n th e coas n e h e ft 5 di . ft it i g tli , disem barked on 1 9 Jan u ary 1 48 2 at th e n ative village of Two ar s an d on th e o o n da in a c u res e a a e P t , , f ll wi g y, pi t qu p l v r with th e oca n a e c e Caram an sa a e for erm ss on to l l tiv hi f, , ppli d p i i u a or on an Caram n sa at rs re use b ut b ild f t his l d . This a fi t f d , a er u r er sc s on ran e n ot o m s n s an d ft f th di us i g t d , with ut i givi g ; ’ ’ d Az am b u a s m an o a h oun a on s Th e j en then beg t l y t e f d ti . n e roes o e er ere secre o ose to th e u n de a n g , h w v , w tly pp d rt ki g , an d e ace m an O ac es in th e wa of th e or u uese th y pl d y bst l y P t g , a ac n em an d r m f f res a er tt ki g th dep iving the o a supply o f h w t . ’ D Az am b u a was ere ore o e to tr e er r c of j , th f , blig d y v y t i k r er ers as on an d ca o er to a ease em an d e en to u rn b ib y, p u i j l y pp th v b th e n a e a e on ce an d h e ss e S ec a ns r c on s to his tiv vill g , i u d p i l i t u ti m en to con cen trate before all else upon th e buildin g of th e o er of th e o his ea e n a aren a a arr on t w f rt , id b i g pp tly th t , if g is cou d b e ace in th e o er o er u n o era on s cou b e l pl d t w , th b ildi g p ti ld carr e out in con on of rea e s ec r Th e diflicult of i d diti s g t r u ity . y his as was u n crease Yet th e cas e was at en fi n e t k th s i d . tl l gth ish d , th e en c c n a com e e an d a arr on of 60 m en o se ir li g w ll pl t d , g is h u d ’ n D Az a u withi . m b ja then appears to have turned his atten tion to th e n o e s d ff cu us nes of o ern n th e o er a l s i i lt b i s g v i g f rt , p h ps as sociating th e negroes Of th e adj acen t town with th e whites in th e or in assa a e to th e n of o u a an d as o ern or f t v l g Ki g P rt g l , , g v of SRO or e s a s n his re a ons the n e ou r n J g , t bili i g l ti with ighb i g

1 — ake . 8 6 Bl , pp 5 4 . 2 R O S I N S R 1 0 —1 6 0 4 EU PEAN WE T AF I C A , 4 5 5

’ r es Th c r r o a . e on c e n a r e rec r s a d Az am b u t ib h i l , Pi , b i ﬂy d th t j , a er a n m ose a es u on th e o ra e ft h vi g i p d t x p g ld t d , rem ain e d in the castle for two ears an d seven m onth s du rin wh ich y , g h e s et u a allows an d a illor an d m ade oth er ordin an ces an d p g p y, a reem ents with th e n e roes g g .

It is thus eviden t that rules for th e adm in istration ofj u stice an d th e u n s m en of of n rs ere ra n u in th e ca e Th e p i h t fe de w d w p stl . rs ca a n re u rn e d to or u a in 1 8 ere h e was re ﬁ t pt i t P t g l 4 4, wh ar e for his ser ces a ro a decree ssue on 1 arc w d d vi . By y l , i d 5 M h

1 86 n a was ran e th e r e es of a c t . 4 , Mi g t d p ivil g i y Th e s or an arros an d th e c ron c er Ru de n a a e hi t i , B , h i l , y Pi , h v e c u re u e re u d ced accou n s of th e o n a on of SRO l ft pi t sq , if p j i , t f u d ti ’ or e da na Th e a er s os on at th e cou r of n o n J g Mi . l tt p iti t Ki g J h II allowed him an opportu n ity to collect m aterials for his three f h n s ar e Alfon so an d o n c ron c es o t e es of u . h i l liv Ki g D t , V J h II ’ He was som e or ears of a e en d Az am b u a u the f ty y g , wh j b ilt cas e of SRO r e S or a e ar s h e ecam e s ecre ar to o . tl J g h tly ft rw d , b t y f or B th e ro a cou r an d in 1 c e c ron c er o a . e y l t , 497 hi f h i l P tug l c ause of ese u a ca on s his or s are in som e res ec m ore th q lifi ti , w k p ts an h s a of arros W e a a e as a recor of e en s t e A i . v lu bl , d v t , th B hil arros was th e a er s c o ar an d cou as ac or of th e Casa de B bl h l ld , f t u n ra m ore ree u on docum en ar recor s n a e G i é , d w f ly p t y d , Pi liv d at th e m e of th e e en s c h e recor e m o e am on th e ti v t whi h d d , v d g m en con cern e in em an d was m se an ac or in som e of d th , hi lf t ’ ’ em His acco n of d Az am b u a s e e on to n a us h as th . u t j xp diti Mi th n m ran e arros ro e on a er all the advan tages of co te po ity . B w t l g ft m a e u of n a1 On th e th e even t an d did n ot hes itate to k se Pi . in h e e e on of 1 o er an na oo n o ac a ar t 82 . th h d , Pi t k tu l p t xp diti 4 a s of o ers Nor was His record was com piled from th e ccoun t th . b e m ar a W e h e was n o flatterer h e was et a o a o i p ti l . hil , y l y l P rtu ’ ’ uese of c a an d his n a ra e of d Az am b u a s ea n s g fi i l , r tiv j d li g with Caram ansa is u n doubtedly highly coloured in favour of his own c n r m en Th e u d n of th e cas e was recor e in c a er ou t y . b il i g tl d d h pt ’ of th e C ron c e of n o n th e es of n a s two h i l Ki g J h II , b t Pi c ron es doc h icl ( .

1 Th e n arrativ e of arros m a b e re ad in th e Asia dec . 1 . ch s . 1 an d 2 . B y , , bk 3 , P O R TU GUE S E EN TE R P R I S E IN WE S T AF R I C A 43

Althou gh today we can on ly read th e biassed accoun ts by th e ese c ron c ers of a a en e u on s occas on Portu gu h i l wh t h pp d p thi i , it is clear even from what they say that th e fortress of SRO Jorge ‘ n s ere was was erected in th e teeth of s tro g n ative oppo it ion . Th rou e th e n e roes wh o is e to re en th e m uch t bl with g , w h d p v t ’ ‘ ’ 1 or ro e ac eco b u t was n a n e es e em . w k , w t P h , it fi lly fi ish d , d pit th a e re erre to a e een e a on e Kin g Caram an sa would h v p f d h v b l ft l . He did n ot ru s th e n a er an dh e did n ot s to see th e or u t t i v d , wi h P t r os on his erri o Th e gn ose establish them selves in a fo tified p t t t ry . ’ or of his re a on s d Az am b u a is s n can ecau e st y l ti with j ig ifi t , b s it exem plifies th e developin g spirit of Portu guese rule on th e Gold as W ereas in Ni ritia th e n r n c es ere eace u Co t . h g guidi g p i ipl w p f l en e ra on an dm sce en a on on the o Coas e ere orce p t ti i g ti , G ld t th y w f n s m e m es ra In Ni ritia th e or u u ese n erm arr e a d o ti f ud . g P t g i t i d widely with th e in digen ous peoples an d this was n ot discou rage d th e au or es b ut on th e o Coas e rem a n e in e r by th iti , G ld t th y i d th i forts an d tradin g posts on th e whole apart an d s eparate from h e n a v es In Ni ritia th e or ese en ere n o r en t ti . g P tugu t d i t f i dly re a on s n e ro r n ces on erm s of e ua on th e l ti with g p i up t q lity , but Gold Coas t th e rule was for them to terrify th e tribes in to sub A i ri ia r u e s ers m ss on . s a resu e in N t o ues e cou i i lt , whil g P t g ttl ld pas s from village to village an d from kin gdom to kin gdom in com parative secu rity an d b e welcom ed am on g th e n egroes as r en ra ers ra e n o er an for rea s an ces rou f i dly t d , t v lli g v l d g t di t th gh e - n o n coun r on th e o d Coas th e or u ese ar littl k w t y, G l t P t gu g r sons ere o e for th e m os ar to s a n e r or s i w blig d t p t t y withi th i f t , m o n e een em in arm s an d at s om e er on a r s an d vi g b tw th p s l i k , they h ad to u se th e sea as their m ain lin e of com m un ication rom on e o to an o er ese d eren ces e n ot a so e f f rt th . Th iff , whil b lut , ere en era r e So e u e en in i ri ia . or se n u ce N t w g lly t u , whil P t gu i fl g was e en s e was m e on th e o Coas th e urroun s xt iv , it li it d G ld t by s d an d a s of a er few a ons con ras e een the C ar w ll v y st ti . This t t b tw h acter of th e em pire in n orthern Guinea an d that on th e Min a ’ ’ coast was to som e degree th e outcom e of d Az am b uja s n egotia on s h Caram an sa orce as u se ti wit . F w d at th e outset to sub u a e th e n e roes of n a an d erea er ecam e th e re j g t g Mi , th ft it b p dom n an n o e in or u u ese o c is era e i t t P t g p li y . It thus lit lly tru to

1 Esm eral da . 2 c h . . , bk , 5 R O S IN S R 1 0 —1 6 0 44 EU P EAN WE T AF I CA , 4 5 5

s a th at SRO or e da n a om n a e e on th e o Coa y, J g Mi d i t d lif G ld st n er h u d t e Portuguese . u r n e r occ a on of n a th e or ese did n ot own D i g th i up ti Mi , P tugu th e groun d on which th e castle an d th e city of SRO Jorge were s ua e e r i wa n d n a e e . e to t s o con o on it t d Th i titl ly iti l . Th y h ld it ease rom th e oca r es Th e cas e h ad een u on a roc l f l l t ib . tl b b ilt ky ea an to th e sou - es of th e estu ar of a sm a s ream h dl d th w t y ll t , ca e in th e s e en een cen u r h e R en a s s ream ll d v t th t y t . B j . Thi t e th e an of th e Com an eo e rom a of th e e divid d l d i p pl f th t F tu . Th e Com an n a ed th e n dom of Com m en a c la i i h bit ki g d , whi h y to th e es of n a e th e e u e in th e an eas of w t Mi , whil F t liv d l d t n a Th e ru ers of ese two eo les a ear to a e c a m e Mi . l th p p pp h v l i d an e qual Share in th e own ership of th e territory on which th e ‘ ’ cas e s oo n c en th e a e of th e n e h ad two m a ers tl t d . A i tly vill g Mi st , ‘ ro e Olfert a er at th e en d of th e se en een cen ur on e w t D pp v t th t y , half depen den t u pon th e Kin g of Guasso 1 an d th e other half ’ ‘ ’ n h a of e u 2 c or n h of a No e o . c to t e e c up t t F t A di g t xt t , whi h a e ar s e n o th e an ds of th e Denkiras a o er u eo e ft rw d f ll i t h , p w f l p pl ’ n in th e n er or e n na d Az am b u a n e o a e a livi g i t i b hi d Mi , j g ti t d treaty with Prin ce Caram an sa by which h e en gaged his coun try m en to pay a yearly ren t for th e lease of th e territory on which ‘ ’ s s u e er s n o e as enu n e can no b e the ca tle wa b ilt . Wh th thi t w g i t e a s e for was red sco ere in th e se en een cen ur st bli h d , it i v d v t th t y, when policy was respon sible for m an y in ven tion s abou t th e r s r of e en r r se on h o Coas 3 But ere ea ly hi to y whit te p i t e G ld t . th is eviden ce to sub stan tiate that du rin g th e early part of th e s ix teen th cen tury th e Portugu ese in th e fort of SRO Jorge foun d it expedien t to cu ltivate th e frien dship of th e kin gs of the Fetu an d th e Com an an d a e ere in th e a of n i , th t th y w h bit givi g ‘ ’ re en s to som e of th e oca n a e r n ces a rac ce c p s t l l tiv p i , p ti whi h r r d as a orm f a n ren or r u e Se era m ay b e ega de f o p yi g t t ib t . v l records have b een in clu ded in this collection which offer proof 1 8 6 Two m a b e s ec a s e ec e of s ocs . 6 2 thi (d , , 45 , 4 , y p i lly l t d In 1 0 th e a a n of RO or e da n a en on e for n o ce . c S ti 5 3 , pt i J g Mi s t , ’ ‘ ’ o o d Alv aren a to con rm th e r en s th e n of Di g g , ﬁ f i d hip with ki g

1 Great Com m en da th e ch ie town of th e in dom of Com m en da. , f k g 2 ’ D a er D escri ion de l A ri ue . 8 . p p , p t f q p 2 3 3 la e . . B k , p 9 9

6 R O S I N S R 1 0 —1 6 0 4 EU P EAN WE T AF I CA , 4 5 5 con quered the castle of Min a from th e Portuguese ; wh o from th at tim e till th e were turn e d out of th e lace did rotect an d de en d y p , p f th e town rom th e attem ts of th e s aid in s wh en th e attem ted f p k g , y p to redu ce it to th eir ob edien ce ; an d were to assist th e in h abitants with orces wh en n i n Min Blac s f ecess ty re quired: by which m ea s th e a. k ecam e form idab le i 1 b an d dreaded by th eir n e gh b ou rs .

Barbot m ain tain s that th e Portuguese took th e town un der their ‘ ’ ro ec on som e few ears e ore 1 6 c was th e ear p t ti y b f 37 , whi h y h I i of ac en t e u c ca ure SRO or e da n a. n o n wh D t h pt d J g Mi p t f t , th e policy ofdetrib alisation an dassociation with th e garrison ofth e castle was adopted soon after th e Portu guese established them s e es on th e o d Coas Con em orar e den ce e i ous lv G l t . t p y vi , if x gu , is et u es e ac eco r n at th e e n n n of th e six y s gg tiv . P h , w iti g b gi i g teen th cen u r recor a a rea at a m e m an of th e t y, ds th t l dy th t ti y 2 Th e n e roes n n ear th e cas e h ad ecom e C r s an s . g , livi g tl , b h i ti rs e n e re eren ce to th e n a ac s o e er m a b e ﬁ t d ﬁ it f Mi Bl k , h w v , y foun d in a letter written by Kin g John III of Portu gal to Af fon so de u uer ue th e o ern or of SRO or e on 1 Alb q q , g v J g , 3 c o er 1 Th in r e a on of th e o n . e h O t b 5 2 3 k g deplo ed t e d popul ti t w , ’ ‘ which h ad resu lted from th e govern or s harsh treatm en t of th e ’ ’ n s of our a e of n He re u er u e s a en k ight vill g Mi a . d w Alb qu q tt on to th e ac a h n r f h e o n ere C r s an s ti f t th t t e eg oes o t t w w h i ti , that they bought goods from th e factory of th e castle for s ale on th e coas an d a e r e ar u re m a e an a erse effec t , th t th i d p t ight h v dv t on h de n n a o e all h e t e ra a d e f R or e da . up t w lfare o S O J g Mi Ab v , ‘ rem n e him to e en an d ro ec em S n ce e are our i d d d f d p t t th , i th y vass als an d live there in obedien ce to u s an d to you an d to ou r ’ ca a n of a c s e e m a es c ear a pt i s th t ity (doc . Thi l tt r k it l th t th e Min a Blacks were certain ly organ ise d as th e frien ds an d f h r m r er ere was at a es o t e o u u ese 1 2 . o eo lli P t g by 5 3 If, v , th that tim e any seriou s ten den cy for them to drift away out of th e

ar ot Descri on o o o or h and S outh Guinea . , p ti f th e c asts f N t p J B b /

E er lda . sm a 2 ch . . , bk , 5 3 William Bosm an re late s in h is Descrip tion of Guin ea ( 1 754) an in terestin g in an d sim ilar exam p le of th e tem p orary de s ertion of th e town by th e blac ks

1 68 in th is cas e du e to la ue an d h arsh rule th e ov ern or . For 5 , p g by g (p fu rth er ligh t on th is n ativ e m eth od of p assiv ely rev en gin g th em s elv es up on u n o ular wh ites s e C in Th e B ritish Wes t A rican settlem ents e E. art p p , . M , f , 1 0—1 8 2 1 — 75 p p . 5 0 5 2 . P O R TU GUE S E EN TE R P R I S E I N WE S T AF R I CA 47

o n it was c ec e ecause in 1 e ere a a n th e t w , h k d , b 557 th y w g i ir o er or s W en th e En s n er o er staun ch allies of the v l d . h gli h i t l p , W am Towerson a en e to a roac c ose to th e cas e of illi , h pp d pp h l tl SRO or e th e n e roe : J g , g s

strai ht a set orth an Alm ade to descr us an d wh en th e g w y f y , y erceiv ed th at we ere no ortu als th e ran n e within th e to n e p w P g , y w again e : for th ere is a great towne b y th e castle wh ich is called by th e 1 negros Don dou .

By 1 559 it was well kn own even in En glan d that th e Min a Blacks wou ld assist in th e defen ce of SRO Jorge da Min a again st an com m on en em In a ea en r Stran ew se th e y y . th t y r, H y g y , ra e anne an a ac u on th e cas e c h e n e was pi t , pl d tt k p tl , whi h k w m e n S e His s em e as ere ore o n era e on th o . c w st vul bl up t w id h , th f , ‘ e e ’ e n n d ef so n s as l z e er first to have taken y tow e a t o e y c t e . B tt proof than all this that th e com m on wealth of Min a h ad been organ ised by th e Portuguese already early in th e s ixteen th cen ’ r fl d I s os n s u n ue s ed o sca e o ere t o a . er tu y c uld rcely b . p iti w iq It v as a cen e for th e S read of or u u ese n ence aro n n a tr p P t g i flu u d Mi , an d yet th e n eighbourin g tribes regarded th e sem i - civilised na ac s c on an d os Th e d s r c of th e Mi Bl ks with su pi i h tility . i t i t town was th e on ly place on th e Gold Coast where th e Portu guese s erious ly encouraged in term arriage between whites an d a s 3 bl ck . SRO or e da n a was a o a cas e an d its affa rs ere ore J g Mi r y l tl , i , th f , ere su e se th e n of or u a uc of his m e as w p rvi d by Ki g P t g l . M h ti w en to ar ous as ec s of s s n ess s c as th e a o n giv v i p t thi bu i , u h pp i t m en of of cers th e n e o a on of r en d re a on s e een h e t fi , g ti ti f i ly l ti b tw t arr son an d th e n a ac s th e sen n of n s ruc n s to h e g i Mi Bl k , di g i t tio t officers of th e Casa de Gu in é relatin g to th e provision in g an d ro ec on of th e res en in th e cas e or arran n for th e p t ti id ts tl , gi g arr a an d e a r f h r e o t e n a ee s ocs . 2 iv l d p tu Mi fl t (d 5 , 54 , 59 , But life in th e castle was directed an d con trolled in detail by th e o ern or wh o was re on e for e are to h e n Th e g v , sp sibl its w lf t ki g .

1 Ha lu t Princi al navi a tions VI 2 1 6 . k y , p g , , 2 PRO HCA 1 Au u st 1 , 3 g 5 5 9 . 3 Th e n am e of Dio o o es Aux a residen t in th e c i of SRO or e d g L p y, ty J g a in a in 1 2 0 su ests th at th is n i h t m a h av a n l m l M 5 , gg k g y e been ob e u atto of in a town doc M ( . 8 R O S I N S R 1 0 —1 6 0 4 EU PEAN WE T AF I CA , 4 5 5

gov ern orship of SRO Jorge was n ot exactly on e of th e plum s of th e co on al s er ce b ut was som e im es offere d to m en om l i vi , it t wh th e kin g desired to reward for lon g years of service over s eas Ce e ra e n am r . es us u e in th e is of ov rn ors Th e l b t d th ﬁg l t g e . au thority of th e govern or was wide an d his du tie s were heavy an d m an o H e d ffi en er . e o ce a for a ou ree ears if ld h l g lly b t th y , an d du rin g this period h e was expected to en force th e royal ordin an ces relatin g to trade an d adm in istration on th e Min a coas to s a e ard an d ro ec th e o d ra e a a ns n er t , f gu p t t g l t d g i t i t o ers os e r es sm u er an d e es to sen d a ser es of l p , h til t ib , ggl s thi v , i report s hom e so that th e kin g m ight b e kept in form ed of th e en era s ua on on th e coas an d in th e cas e an d to n o g l it ti t tl , tify h im of u n u su a e en s doc to ee a r en e e on affa rs l v t ( . k p f i dly y i in n a o n to a c o er th e n ee ds of s ord n a e or s an d Mi t w , w t h v ub i t f t ll ac or es docs . 2 an d a o e a to re a e as far as os f t i ( 4 , b v gul t p s ible on a peace fu l footin g relation s between th e garrison an d h e e ou r n r es t n ighb i g t ib . He was a t a s o ere n n en re of th e os b ut vir u l v ig duri g his t u p t , his res on s was m ore an u su a ea ecau se n a p ibility th lly h vy , b Mi was far from Portugal an d th e m em bers of th e garrison were apt m r on c u on his Th e er s an d h e o or to odel thei c du t p . p il t pp tun ities of his os ion ca ed for rea o ers of ac of in p it ll g t p w t t , f all of s - sc n e Th em a n itiativ e an d m os o e . e o was , t lf di ipli t pt ti stron g for a govern or to aban don him self to licentiou s liv in g an d th e pursu it of private gain instead of devotin g him self stem ly o du r a e rade m em er of th e arr son was erm s t ty. P iv t t by b s g i p i s e on con on a th e sua c s om s ere a to th e ibl , diti th t u l u t w p id ro n b ut th e S n u ar r e e of a o ern or a o e him c w ; i g l p ivil g s g v ll w d , if h e c o e to ra e s ecre or at a r ce to con don e s ecre ra e h s , t d tly , , p i , t t d rd n a s a n of s om e of th e on th e part of his su bo i te . This f ili g or e was n o or ous Th e c ron c er Re en e govern ors of SRO J g t i . h i l s d escr e h ow en n o n sen o o Soares to n a d ib s , wh Ki g J h II t L p Mi , " h e rn him n ot to b e so oo s as to re rn a r ne m an wa ed f li h tu ui d , for a s th e c ron c er th e n was er ea ous for his ro s , dd h i l , ki g v y j l p ﬁt r m n a an d a his officers ar e sa ar es b ut ose wh o f o Mi , p id l g l i , th ’ plun dered th e kin g s property by illegal tradin g were heavily n s e 1 Th e m isdo n s of o ern or ere som e m e ex pu i h d . i g g v s w ti s

1 o D 60 II c h . 1 . n ue trata da vida d . 0 Re s e de , Chronica q 3 , 77 P O R TU GUE S E EN TE R P R I S E IN WE S T AF R I CA 49

s Th e case of uar e ac eco ere ra is er a s th e m os po ed . D t P h P i p h p t m 1 0 o 1 In th e n eres n ac eco was o ern or ro 2 t 22 . i t ti g . P h g v f 5 5 a e n r c ed in s r W en h e latter year h e was repl c d a d e all di g ace . h reac e s on h e was im r on ed ecau e h e h ad ro en cer h d Li b , p is , b s b k a n re a n s o ern n h e e of his oflice But h e was t i gul tio g v i g t duti s . a er ar s re eased ecause u on n es a on was o n ft w d l , b , p i v tig ti , it f u d that th e m aj ority of th e charges levelled again st him were false n m er a n 1 His recal an d that h e was on ly gu ilty of m i or alv s tio s . l is ar c ar s n can eca se e em es on e of th e ex p ti ul ly ig ifi t , b u it x plifi ception al difliculties with which a govern or of th e cas tle h ad to con en In th e erce s r e for rom o on erson a enm es t d . fi t uggl p ti , p l iti an d e t ea ous es ere com m on an d ese e s ere a ra p t y j l i w , th vil w gg v ated by carefu lly phrase d hin ts an d su ggestions in letters sen t om f r fficers in h e c s e on h e on e an th e e e en O t a . t h by di f t tl If, h d , govern or in his letters to th e kin g cou ld report con fiden tially on his su ord n a e on th e o er an th e ac or th e c e up b i t s , th h d , f t , hi f m a s ra e or th e ca a n s of th e re u rn n n a ee s in e r gi t t , pt i t i g Mi fl t , th i respective reports cou ld defen d them selves an d attack their per s on a en em es ere was m c ac - n an d m c m is l i . Th u h b k biti g u h re resen a on an d th e o ern or ose er o ers an d p t ti , g v , wh wid p w ea er res on s es e ose him to s ec a cr c sm was h vi p ibiliti xp d p i l iti i , som e m es an u n or n a e v c m Th e om e o ern m en r e ti f tu t i ti . h g v t t i d to c ec m a a m n s ra on e a ora e re u a ion s i n h k l d i i t ti by l b t g l t , by g vi g s ec a n s r c on to th e o ern ors an d e n ar s u on p i l i t u ti s g v , by s tti g gu d p th e cara e sa o in a s Bu a u se c e t oc . 2 0 t v ls whi h il d M (d , b s ere n e er s am ed ou t Th e can cer of corr on radua w v t p . upti g lly s rea rom m em er to m em er of th e arr son re u c n its p d f b b g i , d i g eflicien c an d u n erm n n its r s in h of h e n e ro s y d i i g p e tige t e eyes t g e . ‘ ’ ra e in th e o e or ac or of SRO or e was su er se T d l dg , f t y , J g p vi d an d ec e th e c e ac or wh o h ad to ren er an accoun dir t d by hi f f t , d t of all receipts an d expen ses durin g his period of oflice to th e in doc u es n k g ( . His d ti i clu ded keepin g a full record of all an sac on s ca r n out th e orders of th e o ern or sen n tr ti , r yi g g v , di g m an re or s to th e n on con on in th e ra e an d corre y p t ki g diti s t d ,

1 B am iRo de Goes Chronica do el cissim o Rei D M o , f i . an el ( 1 5 66 p t . 1,

2 ’ Th e ro al o rdin an ces m a b e exam in d in b y y e As Ordenap es del Rey D . ‘ M o l - an e . ff. 8 1 an d in L s e ro b R D b s 0 e v es del ei . S e a ti6 bk 5 , 3 , 9 7 , y p is 8 1 - — 1 6 t . 1 vol. i . 1 1 8 1 66 ( p , , p p 3 , 9 4 .

D H . W . A . 0 R O S I N S R 1 0 - 1 6 0 5 EU P EAN WE T AF I CA , 4 5 5

spon din g with th e offi cers of th e Casa de Gu in é on com m ercial m a ters doc 0 h h i om . 2 2 0 o was t e c e c t ( s 3 , 4 , 4 , 45 , 5 , G ld f m odit secured ar er rom th e n a e m erc an s of n a y by b t f tiv h t Mi , an d durin g th e years 1 482 - 1 530 very large qu an tities were sen t to or u a do was o a n ed in e c an e for a ar e P t g l ( c . It bt i x h g v i ty of ood n o a r co ou re c o s r ed c o old g s , t bly b ightly l d l th , t ip l th , n en S a e ea s s e s e es an d rass an d co er o s li , l v s , b d , h ll , k ttl , b pp p t , an s an d race e s ocs 1 On e - en e of all o d was p b l t (d . 7 , tw ti th g l s rren dere to h e cro n doc Th e o was s ored in u d t w ( . g ld t warehou ses in th e factory u n til th e arrival of th e large an nu al n a m Th e n e roes r ee s ro or u a ocs . 1 e e er Mi fl t f P t g l (d 4 , g w v y ro of th e old c o es c e o a n e for e r o an d p ud l th whi h th y bt i d th i g ld , th e barter in old clothes an d lin en s was so exten sive that a ‘ special oflicer was appoin ted in th e castle to take charge of th e ’ ac or f old n en ocs 1 6 1 0 e a so ad o . 2 f t y li (d , 7 , , Th y l gl ly ou S a es for m an of em a ear to a e ra e ed on b ght l v , y th pp h v t v ll l g distan ces down to th e coast from th e gold-bearin g region s of s an an d e n ee e th e e of carr ers to a e e r u r A h ti , th y d d h lp i t k th i p c ases on e r re u rn u -co n r Th e or u uese ere ore h th i t p u t y . P t g , th f , rou s a es rom th e coas of en n th e s an d of SRO Th om é b ght l v f t B i , i l , an d even as far away as Arguim fort to supply this dem an d at d u r n h e o en a e of h e em re h n a ocs . t t t e Mi ( 39 , D i g g ld g pi , n a ra e was er ros ero s an d th e c e ac or e a Mi t d v y p p u , hi f f t h ld u cra f f m r an an d d s n on l tive of ice o i po t ce i ti cti . es e th e o ern or an d th e ac ors ere ere a few o er B id s g v f t , th w th oflicials s c as th e c e m a s ra e th e accoun an an d th e , u h hi f gi t t , t t , c er s and ere was at eas on e r e ose ut was to l k , th l t p i st wh d y it h n s of h e rr son W en th e cas e atten d to t e s piritu al eed t ga i . h tl h n h e a e h ad een ou s e th e a s ad een o e t c . b f u d d , h p l b built t id w ll But at th e en d of th e Sixteen th cen tury it was rem oved an d h a s f h e o Th e rea on for s was a erected in side t e w ll o t f rt . s thi th t San a o on c th e c a e or n a s oo o er oo ed ti g hill , whi h h p l igi lly t d , v l k th e castle from th e west an d was a favou rable s pot from which r fi r h e arr son 3 Th e m an n of th e rs to di ect e upon t g i . dis tli g fi t

1 — For an accoun t of th e old traffic s ee la e . 8 0 . g , B k , p p 3 2 h Asia dec . 1 . c . . , , bk 3 , 3 3 D 1 P D M e s B chr n e ende or s D escri on . 8 . . are es vi his t che ap p e r, p ti , p 2 ; , y g i - h s 0 o 1 c . v erhael van het G ut caste v an Guinea ( 49 , 5 . P O R TU GUE S E EN TE R P R I S E I N WE S T AF R I CA 5 1

i n an Th e s r u a n ee s of th e sm a ar c hape l was S g iﬁc t . pi it l d ll g i r a s su or na e to th e e en c es of o c an d r son we e alw y b di t d xig i p li y , th e s can ty records at ou r disposal suggest that th e whites were m ore n eres ed in n e m la o om en an d ro s rom o i t t wi , u tt w , p ﬁt f g ld , n h sa a n of e r sou s ar n ro is er did n ot than i t e lv tio th i l . M ti F b h jibe m erely in th e em bittered s pirit of on e wh o h ad been im r son ed in th e cas e en h e ec are in 1 62 a : p i tl , wh d l d 5 th t

except it b e th at th ay h ave m asse n owe an d th en with in th e castell to th e which a v ere fewe of th e said en h ab itantes wh o h ave , y een tra ned u Of children doo s om et m e com e th ere is n o oth er b y p y , preest n or preach er to con vert or in struct anyone to th e ch ristian aith doc f ( .

Bom bardiers an d cross - bowm en seem to have form ed th e m ain In 1 82 art o th e arr son c was n e er er ar e . p f g i , whi h v v y l g 4 , ’ d Az am b u a h ad re a n ed th e se ces of on s m en an d j t i rvi ly ixty , u r n th e ears to 1 60 th e n u m er rare e er m u c ex d i g y 5 b ly, if v , h ceeded s th e de en rs of SRO or e cou a a s re n thi . But f de J g ld lw y i force them selves by drawin g u pon th e train ed warriors of Min a o n e e ea on ere s er or to ose of os e t w , whil th ir w p s w up i th h til n e roes AS a res ou th e or u u ese occu e th e or g . ult , th gh P t g pi d f t for as on as 1 ears e ere on on ce ser ous im l g 55 y , th y w ly i ly er ed a re n a e a ac In 1 0 th e e u an d th e p ill by pu ly tiv tt k . 57 , F t Com an com ne in an assau u on em b u t th e e ences of i bi d lt p th , d f th e garrison were suﬂicient to en able th e Portugu ese to hold out e en a a n s s a an n r n n em es 1 v g i t thi lli ce betwee t aditio al e i . Th e position of th e Portuguese on the coast was in som e res e c s er un sa s ac or e r en re of th e n a con ce s p t v y ti f t y . Th i t u Mi s ion depen ded prim arily u pon their own power to hold it an d secon d on th e o h n n r es ly up g odwill of t e eighbouri g t ib . It is r e a e h ad a es in th e n a ac s an d a e cou t u th t th y lli Mi Bl k , th t th y ld s tren gthen their position by playin g upon th e division s am on g th e n e roes a c ar th e r a r e een e r n eares g , p rti ul ly iv l y b tw th i t n e ou rs th e etu an d th e Com an But th e sm a arr son s ighb , F i . ll g i in eir or en re re e for arm s ro s on an d re n orce th f ts ti ly li d , p vi i s i f m en s u on h e sa n a t p t fe a d regu lar arrival of Ships from Portug l . oreo er e h ad to m a e s re of a of res a er M v , th y k u supply f h w t

1 Marees B eschr c v n e h . . , y i g , 1 9 2 R O S I N S R 1 0 —1 6 0 5 EU PEAN WE T AF I CA , 4 5 5

du rin g th e dry season by storin g rain water in huge cistern s urin th e wet m n s on an d an ou s er od was ex eri d g o th . A l g xi p i p en ced e een arc en th e an n u a ee re u rn e om e b tw M h , wh l ﬂ t t d h , an d Se em er en th e n e ee set out rom or a b e pt b , wh xt ﬂ t f P tug l , ca e dur n th e n a ears of e r occ a on of th e coa us , i g i iti l y th i up ti st , ships from Portu gal on ly visited them du rin g th e winter

m on s . u erm ore e r o on ecam e m u c m ore er th F rth , th i p siti b h s i ous en n er o ers rom ran ce an d En an e an to a ear , wh i t l p f F gl d b g pp off th e coas an d to n c e h e n e roes a a n s em t i it t g g i t th . In ese c rcum s an ce s th e o ern or Of th e o ese th i t , g v P rtugu station s cou ld little afford to an tagon ise th e m ore powerfu l r es wh o e n h n a s N n em orar des ri o t e coa . o co c t ib , liv d Mi t t p y p on of th e o d Coas com e on th e am e e a ed s ca e as ti G l t , pil d s d t il l ’ Barb ot s a er or h as et com e to to en a e ese r e l t w k , y light bl th t ib s to b e den e But ere are occas on a re eren ce to em i tiﬁ d . th i l f s th , an d to e r a es an d o n s in con em orar recor an d th i vill g t w , t p y ds m a s h m r r ers . co a n ese t e s a e en s of a e p By ll ti g th with t t t l t w it , it is pos sible to obtain a Skeleton picture of th e n egro kin gdom s on th e o d Coas r n r r n cen u r G l t du i g th e ea ly pa t of th e Sixtee th t y . ar o an d o er r ers en um era e th e o o n as th e m os B b t , th w it , t f ll wi g t im portan t in their tim e : th e kin gdom of Axim west of Cape ree o n s an d e on th e ca e rom es to eas th e n Th P i t , b y d p f w t t ki g om s of an a a Com m en da e u Sa oe an ron d Ah t , Y bi , , F t , b , F ti , Ak , A on n a an d ccra1 we n ow urn rom th e r ers of th e g A . If t f w it s e en een cen u r to recor s an d m a s of th e er o 1 00—60 v t th t y d p p i d 5 , we ﬁ n d a th e a er con a n in a d on to m an re eren ces th t l tt t i , d iti y f to o n s an d a es a on th e coas c ear re eren ces to th e t w vill g l g t , l f n om s of m an a Com m en a e u Sa oe an d an ki gd Axi , Ah t , d , F t , b F ti , an d dou u on es to a oreo er ere er oss e btf l Y bi . M v , wh v it is p ibl rom a re eren ce to oca e an on e of e e a es o n s or f f l t y th s vill g , t w n om its S ua on in th e s een cen u r a ears to a e ki gd s , it ti ixt th t y pp h v een th sam e as in th e o o n cen u r s su e s a b e f ll wi g t y . All thi gg st th t th e distribu tion of trib es an d kin gdom s on th e Gold Coast was n ot su s an a c an e b war n as on or m ra on ur n b t ti lly h g d y , i v i ig ti d i g th e n er en n er o i t v i g p i d . It will b e we ll to su m m arise th e m ore im portan t eviden ce u on c s con c u sion is ase ac eco s es m u c of p whi h thi l b d . P h uppli h

1 - D o o m D cri letters 1 . ar ot escri ti n . s an es tion B b , p , bk 3 ; B , p , 5

R O S I N S R 1 0—1 6 0 54 EU PEAN WE T AF I CA , 4 5 5

n n e o n cs 1 we a seen con o . ac eco as e A P i t] (d 33 , P h , h v , fesses that in his day little trade was pu rsued on th e coast b e een e a o n an d th e Rio da o a b ut s was r e in tw F tt P i t V lt , if thi t u 1 0 was n o on er s o in th e m d e of s cen u r en 5 7 , it l g i dl thi t y, wh En s n er o ers s ai e to We r ca o e or uese gli h i t l p l d st Af i , pil t d by P tug ren e a es ese a a n s a g d . Th pilots were certain ly cqu i ted with thi p rt of th e coa e u e r n s m as ers ne n to st . Th y g ided th i E gli h t u rri gly th e m ore im portan t trading resorts on th e Shores of the kin g om s of Sa oe an an d A on na Traflic was rs e for d b , F ti g . pu u d , e am e at o r our in Sa oe at th e an o n of x pl , M w i [M i] b , F ti t w s Corm a n Corm antin an d Perin n en P and at th e o n of ti [ ] [ ] , t w s a o La u Weam b a W n n e a an d Perecow ran L gu [ g y] , [ i b ] , G d a racoe in h e n om ofA onn a doc [B r ] t ki gd g ( . Th e a o e e en ce n ot e au s e n e e e e s e b v vid , if xh tiv , v rth l ss ugg sts that th e coast tribes occupied very m u ch th e sam e positions in th e first half of th e Sixteen th cen tury as th ey did lon g afterwards en ar o an d sm n ro e e r or s m ore diffi wh B b t Bo a p duc d th i w k . It is c o en h r n h oa Th e ult t id tify t e t ibes wh o lived behi d t e Gold C st . or u ese ne er e a ou em a o arro P tug k w v y littl b t th , lth ugh B s records that Kin g John II sen t an en voy via Min a to on e of th e n of h e n 1 Th e recor s are en a o th e ki gs t Man di ga people . d sil t b ut n er or an d e en con em orar escr on e s e i t i , , v if t p y d ipti s xi t d , it wou ld n ot b e very s atis factory to try to collate them with seven teen th -cen u r n arra es eca e th e ar e S m a wh o t y tiv , b us w lik u b s , seem to have m igrated Slowly across th e coun try behin d Min a an d a a e a ur n th e m e of th e s een cen r m M l gu t d i g iddl ixt th tu y, ust a e ca e n am on h e e n n om 2 h v us d a s erious dislocatio g t xisti g ki gd s . Th e n e ro r es wh o n a e th e o Coa ere a e g t ib , i h bit d G ld st , w bl , if e s e to n c oss an d am a e on th e o u e e in th y wi h d , i fli t l d g up P rt gu s e e a a s e cou e er m a e war on em e s v r l w y . Th y ld ith k up th , lik ‘ ’ r n ce Don o n of e wh o h ad warres th e o a s P i J h F tu , with P rtug l , or m ove away from th e localities where th e Portuguese were s a n r e em doc or c o e t tio ed an d then refu se to t ad with th ( . l s th e trade-routes in to th e in terior alon g which th e m erchan ts from th e gold -produ cin g region s of Denkira an d Ashan ti h ad to ass ocs 1 6 or n err ra e war am on em se e p (d . , i t upt t d by g th lv s c or n a e re eren ce to n er o ers an d ra e (do . fi lly giv p f i t l p t d with

2 — la e . 1 8 0. Asia dec . 1 . ch . 1 2 . , , bk 3 , B k , pp 3 4 P O R TU GUE S E EN TE R P R I S E I N WE S T AF R I CA 55

em ecause th e a er offere em c ea er ra e an d er th , b l tt d th h p t s high r r e n h e a Th e o e prices for thei goods than Po tu gu se i t c stle . g v r n ors of SRO Jorge da Min a were therefore in con tinu al n egotia n e n r Na e o c was o o un s an d un tio with th eg oes . tiv p li y pp rt i t r n c e to som e e en e en n on oca c rcum s an ces p i ipl d , xt t d p di g up l l i t an m m em s ere m a e d to so e extent con dition ed by custo . Att pt w d to n th e Com an th e etu an d th e Au a Yab ii in a an ce bi d i , F py [ ] lli with th e Portuguese through th e Comm on bon d of religion ; b u t It Is n ot t ou s n can ce a ene er s o c was wi h t ig iﬁ th t , wh v thi p li y r e th e o u ese a a rs ns s e u on a n n o th e t i d , P rt gu lw ys ﬁ t i i t d p t ki g i t castle as hos tages of good faith a prom in en t m em ber of th e ’ n a e n s co er a s his son an d th e n a e n on his tiv ki g urt , p h p , tiv ki g , S e en era m et th e ro osa a h e s o ecom e a con id , g lly p p l th t h uld b e a f r n W en suc a o osa v rt with desire or su itable p ese ts . h h pr p l was m a e to th e n of e for e am e h e re e as n d Ki g F tu , x pl , pli d by ki g th e Portuguese to bu ild him a chapel an d a hou se for him self an d to resen him an ass or a orse an d two r n s in p t with , h , t u k c to ee his o "ocs 1 6 os of th e o u ese whi h k p g ld (d . , M t P rt gu probably regarded m ission ary zeal as of on ly secon dary im port an ce ore m or an r h resen s an d o ee th e . M i p t t we e t e p t gifts t k p n e roe e r er n ee was a a ou r e m e o of g s qui t . B ib y, i d d , f v it th d ac n em ra e on e as as n ar a a s rece e p ifyi g th . T d th co t w e ly lw y p d d by th e giving of sm all presen ts to th e local chief in order to n u him o a r r re a cer a n ce t r e . Cus om m o eo e ec e i d b t t , r v , d d th t t i r n in ce s o rece e resen at re u ar n er a s . us p i s h uld iv p ts g l i t v l Th , 1 2 0 ac eco at a m e th e n e a o n e o ern or of 5 , P h , th t ti wly pp i t d g v SRO or e or ere for th e n of th e cam es Accan ees J g , d d gifts Ki g A [ ‘ because this was th e cu stom an d they have to b e given by order of ou r lord th e kin g upon th e arrival of his captains in this city ’ of SRO r e r h e o doc . a n en e m e o s o e e t [ J g ] ( F ili g g tl th d , h w v , Port ugu ese did n ot hes itate to terrorise th e n egroe s in to obedi en ce an d s m ss on e ou n arm e a e s a on th e ub i i . Th y w ld se d d g ll y l g coas em ar an d u rn th e can oe an d th e o se of reca t , dis b k , b s h u s l citran t ac s or a e em r son ers an d carr em to th e bl k , t k th p i y th cas e e e e ou d ens a e m e o en a o e s tl , wh r th y w l l v the . Th y ft d pt d thi

1 Th e Acc Th e an ees liv e d beh in d th e Fetu in th e sev en teen th cen tury . y we re am e d as traders rin in old rom Ash an ti an d A im down to th e c oast f , b g g g f k o m D o s an escri ti n . (B , p , p 6 R O S I N S R C 1 0—1 60 5 EU PEAN WE T AF I A , 4 5 5

o c in o er to s o th e n r es ra n h r r Th e p li y rd t p eg o t di g wit inte lope s . records of En glis h voyages to Min a afford m any in stan ces of ‘ ’ is o n d its resu Th e P l d re n e n e ro c a s . ortu a es ec a o th p li y lt g , l d g ‘ to th e r en En s in 1 6 ere b ad m en an d e f i dly gli h 55 , w , th y m a e th e ac s Sla es e cou a e em an d ou d [ bl k ] v if th y ld t k th , w ld put ’ yron s u pon their legges ; an d when in 1 558 William Towerson ‘ s en on e of his n n aces to b u o at an a n e er th e t pi y g ld Ah t , ith ’ captain e n or th e n egros durst trafﬁ ke for fear of th e Portuguese

ocs . 1 2 (d 4 , On e fu rther m ethod of safeguardin g them selves again st th e n e roes rem a n ed to th e o u uese an d a was to u m ore g i P rt g , th t b ild or s e id e r a a n d of th e n a . e ec e a o t e c e f ts Thi th y d . Th y r t d f t h Mi coas b u t e n e er su cceede in or n th e a a e a t , th y v d f tifyi g M l gu t c as 1 m r d h e es ern n d of th e o o . o S u a e at t e t Axi f t , it t w t g ld r n wa u s ar I m o an ce was ea re on s a e as 1 0 . ts b i g gi , b ilt ly 5 3 i p rt m agn ified by th e fact that th e n egroes of Axim kin gdom Ob fa n ed uan es of o rom th e n an re on of Denkira an d i q titi g ld f i l d gi , that th e Kin g of Axim was in a pos ition to close th e trade - route o n to th oas e a s of th e o o raffic r e th e d w e c t . D t il vig r us t pu su d by Portugu ese at Ax im m ay b e obtain e d from variou s records in c ed in s o um e oc 1 6 I 8 8 th e ea ern lud thi v l (d s . , , 3 , 44 , At st en d of th e n a coas e u a or at ccra b ut ere Mi t , th y b ilt f t A , th is er e r a e n f 62 e v y littl eli bl evide ce o its existen ce before 1 57 . Th ir ra n a en s a o es a s e em se es in Sam m a c t di g g t ls t bli h d th lv , whi h accordin g to tradition was first fortified in 1 5 2 6 3 ; it is certain a e h ad or n an ce in s o n 1 doc ese th t th y d thi t w by 555 ( . Th or s ere s or n a e to SRO or e da n a an d e r oflicers f t w ub di t J g Mi , th i oo or e s rom th e o ern or of the cas e wh o was ua t k d r f g v tl , virt lly also govern or of all th e Portu gu ese establishm en ts on th e Gold Coas But ese o r ser ed a . e e su or n a e e et t if th f rts w b di t , th y y v re e r o e ro ec n th e o ra e rom n er o ers offer t bl pu p s , p t ti g g ld t d f i t l p , in s e er an d ass s an ce to th e a e s rom th e ca e en g h lt i t g ll y f stl , wh they cruised alon g th e coast to pun ish a rebellious chief or driv e off an n er o er an d en a n th e or u u ese to o era e th e i t l p , bli g P t g v w

1 Th ey m ade at least two attem p ts to establish fort s on th e Malagueta - 6 coast on e in 1 2 la e . 1 2 6 an d a s ec on d in 1 0 docs . 6 , 5 3 3 (B k , p p 54 ( 4 , 5 ,

2 la e . 1 02 . B k , p ’ ’ ’ 3 R L e ab 1 68 —1 02 0 P ou er t lissem en d n . 1 . . ssi , t Issi y, 7 7 p P O R TU GU E S E EN TE RP R I S E IN WE S T AF R I CA 57 n e roe e em as e m o eo er a th e a s of o g s . Th y ph is , r v , th t b si P rtu

uese enure at n a was orce . e ar on ere sm a g t Mi f Th ir g ris s w ll , but s was n ot a er ou ca se of an e an d in an case th e thi s i s u xi ty , , y , govern or of Mina could n ot afford to disperse his available m an o er His m a n orce was a a re a n e in SRO or e da n a p w . i f lw ys t i d J g Mi , which was m ore im portant than all th e other m in or posts com b in ed A on h r e h e ca e e . s as t e o e e con o t l g P rtugu s t ll d stl , th y rem a n e h e e o h e o Coas e i d t dom in an t whit power n t G ld t . Th y e un 1 6 en th e u c oo and en th e ra e h ld it til 37 , wh D t h t k it , th f gil m er a c re ase u on r es rea e a e an d n s i p i l stru tu , b d p b ib , t ti s , g ll ys gu ,

c e h ad u a or o m m e a e co a se . whi h th y built p l b i usly , i di t ly ll p d SAO THOMEISLAND AND THE GUINEA COAST FROM THE RIO DA VOL TO C ST C R Th e e en on of o e e ih TA APE . ATHE INE . xt si P rtugu s ﬂu en ce on th e m ain lan d of Guin ea aroun d the bights of Ben in an d Biafra was effected largely by traders from th e islan d of SRO Th om é Th e s or m a n r e ar s : h e sco er an d . t y y b e told i th e p t t di v y se em en of th e an th e o n a on of a se em en at a o ttl t isl d , f u d ti ttl t Gw t on th e m ain lan d together with th e growth of trade between th e an an d th e n e our n coa an d th e r se of SRO Th om é isl d ighb i g st , i as a prosperou s sugar plan tation an d an entrepOt in th e tran s a an c S a e ra e tl ti l v t d . SRO Thom e was probably discovered by Ruy de Sequeira at th e en d of 1 Th e s an was a e in a is n ow n o n 473 . i l d situ t d wh t k w as th e of a ra an la n h a o 1 was of v ol Bight Bi f d y o t e equ t r . But it can ic orm a on an d m o n a n o so a es e er ea f ti u t i us , th t , d pit v y h vy ra n a an d o ca os on a m o e er ar et of c m a e i f ll its tr pi l p iti , l st v y v i y li t was to b e experien ced between th e sum m it of th e highest poin t d h I r e e an . an t e sea ts o m oreo e was er ft ) . s il , v , v y f rtil , a u n dan a o r s m b e o a n e in u n ea an d ere b t l b u upply ight bt i d G i , th was fresh water in th e m an y s tream s which descen ded swiftly rom th e m o n a n se c n n s m a e se em en os f u t i s . The o ditio d ttl t p s Th ible . e islan d was gran ted as a captaincy to JoRo de Paiva in 1 8 th e rs a em s to o a e ere n ot er ccess 4 5 , but ﬁ t tt pt p pul t it w v y su

. ccor n on 2 une 1 th e n of o u a a ful A di gly , 9 J 493 , Ki g P rt g l p o n e a n ew ca a n aro de Cam n a a n of th e ro a p i t d pt i , Alv i h , k ight y l o e o an d n er his n uen a eader m o e a d ro h us h ld , u d i ﬂ ti l l ship r r pi p re was m a e n m er of un ere a on e rans g ss d . A u b yo g Jews w t c t

° ’ ° ' 1 w at N een u e an d 0 1 . Bet l it d s 0 24 . S 8 R O S I N S R 1 0 —1 6 0 5 EU P EAN WE T AF I CA , 4 5 5

o e to th e s an an d th e c ron c ers recor a s a h e p rt d i l d , h i l d th t thi l id t oun a on of r r h o e doc . t e s am e m e th e f d ti its p sp ity ( At ti , govern m en t in Portugal en cou raged th e growth of th e white se em en in th e s an s en n con c s an d e es 1 ttl t i l d by di g vi t xil . ean e som e of th e se ers e an to rade th e n ear M whil , ttl b g t with coa of u n ea e r c e o ec s e n to o a n n e roe by st G i , th i hi f bj t b i g bt i g s , om e cou d em o on e r o n s in th e s an an d wh th y l pl y th i h ldi g i l d , th e pu n gen t B en in pepper which they cou ld re -export to Eu ro e As e a n e a o e th e coas of h e m a n h . t an rom t e p xpl i d b v , t i l d f Rio da o a t a e St Ca er n e was e ore ur n th e V lt o C p . th i xpl d d i g ears 1 1 — an d th e n om of en n a few ear a e ar y 47 5 ki gd B i y s ft rw ds . oreo er in 1 8 n o n a or se th e s an er of SRO M v , 4 5 Ki g J h II uth i d i l d s Th om é to ra e th e m a n an an d his u r ose in o n t d with i l d , p p d i g s was resum a n ot on to en cou ra e m en to se e in th e thi , p bly , ly g ttl an b ut a so to rom o e n erco rse e een his u ec an d isl d , l p t i t u b tw s bj ts n of en n His o c s eem e at h e o se th e powerful Ki g B i . p li y d t ut t to s ccee for th e c ron c er n a recor s a th e n a e n u d , h i l , Pi , d th t tiv ki g s en t an am bassador to Portugal from a place called Ugato a o Th e n e ro en o was e com e in or u a an d en [Gw t ] . g v y w l d P t g l , th , en h e re rn e to his own coun r h e oo him m an wh tu d t y , t k with y — — presen ts th e usu al bribes an d m iss ion aries an d factors aecom nied him Th e ac or rem a n e in en n to d rec th e e er pa . f t s i d B i i t p pp ra e b ut th e c m a e ro e u n ea t an d th e ra e n ot er t d , li t p v d h l hy t d v y d com m erce wa a an on e do n a ro a e an so s c . p fit bl , this b d d ( Pi h e r f h a or f a o arros thus briefly Sketches t sto y o t e f ct y o Gw t . B m u u r a o n eca se of th e em an for s a e gives a ch f lle cc u t . B u d d l v s in SRO or e da n a h e es : J g Mi , writ th e in ordered th e uildin of a actor in a ort of Ben called k g b g f y p y, Gato Gwato whith er th ere were rou ht for sale a reat num er [ ] , b g g b of th ose slav es wh o were b at tered v er ro tab l at th e Min a for , y p fi y , th e m erch ants of gold gav e twice th e v alue ob tain able for th em in in m 2 th e K gdo .

' h e en re was n o a c ess Th e Kin of But h e con n es t tu t c . , ti u , v su g Ben in Showed n o s in cerity in his des ire to becom e a Christian an d th e co n r was er u n ea an d so o r es an d u t y v y h lthy , b th p i ts

1 de im a Ensaios sab re a s tat tica das oss 6es ortu uez es na . o es is ess J . J L p L , p p g

A rica . 11 t . 1 . . 11 t . 2 . . f bk , p , p 3 9 ; bk , p , pp 4 , 5 2 Asia dec . 1 . ch . . , , bk 3 , 3 P O R T U G U E S E E N TE R P R I S E I N WE S T AF R I C A 59

ac ors r m N r e s th e s a e ra e b e e e reca e o e . e e t e f t w ll d h v h l s , l v t d tween Ben in an d Min a was pursu ed without in terruption u n til th e reign of Kin g John III :

for a considerab le tim e a terwards b oth du rin th e life of Dom f , g oao an d of Dom Manuel this s ale of slaves continued rom Ben J , f y to Mina for ordin aril th e shi s th at le t this in dom went to Ben , y p f K g y to b u s laves an d th en carried them to Min a u til this trade was y , , n l i r e A lar e a tered on account of the great incon ven iences wh ch a os . g carav l w T m e wh ere th e e as wont to sail from th e islan d of S . h o , s lav es of th e coast of Ben oin ed those rom th e in dom of Con o y j f k g g , ecause all th e vessels th at sailed to th ose arts called there an d this b p , ‘ carav l ri d m f m in e car e th e ro the island to M a .

Th e s a e ra e us carr e on s s rom or a c l v t d , th i d by hip f P tug l whi h sa e to en n an d rom ere to n a was ro a n a e il d B i f th Mi , p b bly i iti t d an d r a rs Th e di ected on a mon opolistic basis by con tr cto . coun r of en n h ad een e ore 1 8 an d on ar s rom t y B i b xpl d by 4 5 , w d f this tim e th e trade of certain rivers there was leased to con ' rac ors at an an nu a ren s for e am e a of th e Rio t t l t . Thu , x pl , th t dos Escra os was ren e b th e oren n e n an c e ar o o v t d y Fl ti ﬁ i r , B th l m ew arc on e r n th e ears 1 86—8 e a of th e Rio M hi , du i g y 4 , whil th t Prim eiro was ren ted by an other con tractor durin g th e year I 502 ocs 1 Th r n rac ors was . e c a e of s a es for ese co (d 9 , pu h s l v th t t ou es arran a o d btl s ged by th e Portu guese factor in Gw t . This o R t wn was s ituated n ear th e m outh of th e Rio Form osa [ . en n an d th e re en ac or m a e en a e em o e sub B i ] , sid t f t y v h v pl y d or n a es wh o ere sen u th e o er r ers eas to th e Rio dos di t , w t p th iv , t Esc a o an d es to th e Rio r m e ro in or er to b u s a es r v s w t P i i , d y l v an d r n em ac to th e ac r Th e ac or a so ran sac e b i g th b k f to y . f t l t t d bus in ess for th e islan ders of 8 50 Th om é; an d th e im portan ce of s ar of his or m u a e n crease en as arros s a es thi p t w k st h v i d , wh , B t t a o e th e or an sa on of h e ra as c an ed an d n e roe s b v , g i ti t t de w h g g from Ben in were carried to Min a v ia Si o Thom e in stead of re I h r am e c . n t e ea 1 00 n ee en ern ao de e o ec di t y 5 , i d d , wh F M ll b ca a n of th e s an d e en s e r e e ere ran e to th e pt i i l , xt iv p ivil g s w g t d s an ers re a n to e r rade m n d doc We i l d l ti g th i t with th e ain la ( . m a resum e a a er s a s was re u ar sen rom th e y p th t , ft thi , hip g l ly t f islan d to th e m ain lan d to em bark slaves at Gwato an d tran sport

Asia dec . I . ch . . , , bk 3 , 3 60 R O P A S S A R 1 0—1 6 0 E U E N I N WE T F I CA , 4 5 5

em to 8 5 0 om e ere om e ere a sor e in th e ro n th Th , wh s w b b d g wi g su ar n u s r o ers res e for n a an d th e res ear g i d t y , th hipp d Mi , t m ar e for ran s o a on to Euro e Th e accou n ren ered k d t p rt ti p . t , d by ern fio de e o in 1 1 0 s o s a m e a ra e in F M ll 5 , h w th t by this ti t d — — s laves an d also in pepper was bein g pu rsued between th e islan d an d th e m ain lan d with th e as sistan ce of th e factor in en n do B i ( c . On e of th e resu lts of th e foun dation of th e factory at Gwato was to en cou rage th e spread of Portuguese in flu en ce am on g th e n e r e f th e n d m of n n ac ors m s on ar e an d o s o o e . s g ki g B i F t , i i i s s a er all con r u ac eco e s u s a in his da n er l v s t ib ted . P h t ll th t y i t course between h is coun trym en an d th e n atives of Ben in was er re u en He as a e o escr e a o and th e c of v y f q t . w bl t d ib Gw t ity en n for h e h ad s e th e c m se n o ess an o r B i , vi it d ity hi lf l th f u tim es l His ou rne s ere m a e ro a in th e ou e roe of . j y w d p b bly d bl l s a er an d e orer As re u en ere th e s a on of or l v xpl . f q t w vi it ti s P tu uese m ss on ar es a ou e r a em s to con e th e n g i i i , lth gh th i tt pt v rt Ki g of en n an d his su ec s ere n an un ua e cce s Th e B i bj t w ot q lifi d su s . first priests to go there were those wh o accom pan ied th e n ative en o on h is re rn o en n c But th e n ro e v y tu t B i ( . ki g p fit d e rom e r m n s ra n s d s e re re alledz ers o an o e c . littl f th i i i t ti , th y w Oth s e en n in 1 1 —1 6 b u t e too oun a th e oca vi it d B i 5 5 , th y , , f d th t l l n in s e of his eas rom ses an d his rea e com e ou ki g , pit y p i dy w l , w ld la th e s r o a e h cross o s n ot o n o t t e c . 2 0 y d w w d t k up (d 9 , 3 , u ar e e on e of th e o u ese at s m e in en n des D t Pir s , P rt gu thi ti B i , crib ed his experien ces at th e court of th e Kin g of Ben in in a very n eres n e er c h e sen to n anue on 20 c o er i t ti g l tt , whi h t Ki g M l O t b I 1 6 He sa a th e or u ese in h e n e ro coun r ere on 5 . id th t P t gu t g t y w ‘ 1 Pach ec o writes : A league u p this riv er [Form osa] on th e left two tribu taries en ter th e m ain stream ; if you as cen d th e secon d of th ese for twelv e lea u e s ou fi n d a town called Hu uatoo Gwato of s om e in h a itan ts g y g [ ] , b ; th is is th e h ar our of th e reat cit of en wh ich lies n in e lea u es in th e b g y B y, g m Sm all sh i s f t t on s c an o as in terior with a good road [between th e ] . p o fif y g a T i c a t a lea on rom ate to ate it h as n o f r as Hugu atoo . h s ity is bou gue l g f g g ; w all b ut is su rroun ded a lar e m oat v er wide an d de e wh ich suffi ce s by g , y p , f ts im t h s are m ade of m u d-walls I was th re our t e s . I s ous e or i defen ce . e f m o en is a out ei h t lea u es lon cov ered with p alm leav es . Th e kin gdo f B y b g y g g an d forty wide ; it is u sually at war with its n eigh bours an d takes m an y c a tiv e s wh om we b u at twelv e or te en rass rac elets each or for co er p , y fif b b , pp

rac elets wh ic h th e ri e m ore Esm eralda . 2 ch . b y p z ( , bk , 2 A a dec . 1 . . si ch . , , bk 3 , 3

62 R O P A S S R 1 0—1 6 0 EU E N I N WE T AF I CA , 4 5 5

th e ca a n c of th e s an n his ea in 1 2 2 en pt i y i l d u til d th 5 , wh it re er ed to h e ro n u r n his erio of Oflice h e n o on t c . t v t w D i g p d , ly en cou raged th e s lave trade b ut also in trodu ce d th e su gar in dus r n der h e h r r r t y. U t term s of t e oyal g an t of 2 6 Ma ch 1 500 th e islan ders h ad been au thorised to sen d Ships to th e m ain lan d ‘ from th e Rio Real an d th e islan d of Fern am de POO as far as all ’ th e an d Of Man icom u o doc s in effec erm e l g ( . Thi , t, p itt d them to b uy s laves from th e n egro m erchan ts of th e m ain lan d rom th e m o ern oas n Th e s a e ra e en f d Slave C t to Co go . l v t d th ecam e er m or an in h e econ om of th e s an asse b v y i p t t t y i l d . It p d n o th e an s of con rac ors wh o arran e for th e ran s or a i t h d t t , g d t p t on of n e roes rom th e s an to n a to o u a an d to th e ti g f i l d Mi , P rt g l , Wes n dies ocs 8 Ear in th e s een cen r th e t I (d . 5 , ly ixt th tu y, reven u e from th e du ties on this trade cam e to b e large en ou gh to m ake it worth th e while of fin an ciers to ren t th e right Of col le ctin em doc m or an as S a es ere o e er su ar g th ( . 3 I p t t l v w , h w v , g ’ cam e to b e h e m a n as n of h s an d s ros er Th e s o t i b tio t e i l p p ity . il was foun d to b e very su itable for th e cultivation of th e su gar can n d ea a ou r as a a a e ra ers s ou red h e e a c w . c t , h p l b v il bl T d s ores Of n ea arou n th e u in s earc of s a e s n th e h Gui d G lf h l v s , u i g s an as e r e r ese m a n an ac es Scores of i l d th i bas fo th i l d tiviti . n e roes ere rou to th e s an d e e e ere orce to g w b ght i l , wh r th y w f d c ear th e ores s an d o cu a e an re n e th e su ar So was l f t t ltiv t d fi g . it that by I 540 an im m en sely flou rishin g su gar in du stry h ad been or an se Th e an ers e on th e ran s ca e e u g i d . pl t liv d g d l . Th y b ilt em se es u e m ere m an s on s in c e e e th lv h g ti b d i , whi h th y dw lt lik or s am on e r dom es cs e r re a n ers an d e r m u a o l d g th i ti , th i t i th i l tt m s re ses h e er n d h r u en n o ares h e s . t e s a t e w o i t If f v , tu b l t A g l liv d in th e sou thern hills an d were reputed to b e descen ded from e sca e s a es an d s rec e n e roes s om e m es rou ed p d l v hipw k d g , ti t bl em docs 60 et on th e o e at s m e e e er th ( . , y wh l thi ti th y liv d v y com or a e ors e ea an d om e of em de f t bly . Th y w hipp d w lth , s th elo ed th e un ru n e en den ce ofth e eu a or is recor e v p ly i d p f d t y . It d d ; for e am e a en ran c sco de arros de a a ca a n of x pl , th t wh F i B P iv , pt i 8 5 0 om e oo a ar of arm e m en to se e th e erson of a Th , t k p ty d iz p er r c an d n en a an er n am e as ar ern an des e v y i h i flu ti l pl t , d G p F , th y ‘ oun him on his es a e an d or ed in a cas e of oo f d t t f tifi tl w d , ic h e h ad u ere an d a en de a com an of er ed wh h b ilt th , tt d by p y liv i P O R TU GUE S E EN TE R P R I S E I N WE S T AF R I CA 63 " m en in e c am r ere h e was acc s om ed to s ee Th e th h be wh u t l p . European popu lation was to b e foun d m ain ly in th e n orth of th e s an aro n d th e or of Pov oasan Th e s o an d th e a en s i l d u p t . bi h p , g t of th e con rac ors res de ere an d a so th e ac ors of som e of t t i d h , l f t th e rea com m erc a ouses of E ro e en a e in ra e g t i l h u p , g g d t d with u nea os of th e su ar was a en rec to n er for dis G i . M t g t k di t A tw p trib ution in ran ce an ers erm an an d En an d an d som e F , Fl d , G y gl , idea of th e scale of th e is lan d in du stry m ay b e gathered from th e fact that durin g th e years 1 549- 56 alon e m ore than seven ty ships were in sured at An twerp to un dertake voyages between E ro e an d S5 0 Th om é z S o er a s b e adde a a u p . It h uld p h p d th t little su gar was also obtain ed at this tim e from th e n eighb ou rin g s an of r n c e Con on s in 8 50 om edu r n th e ear i l d O P i ip . diti Th i g ly sixteen th cen tu ry are fully described by th e an on ym ous Portu guese pilot wh o at that tim e was em ployed on voyages to an d fro e een an d s on doc s s an n ee as th e b tw it Li b ( . Thi i l d , i d d , ’ entrepOt for th e tran satlan tic slave trade an d as on e of Eu rope s r n ci a sources of su ar was for a s or m e am a n p i p l g , h t ti zi gly ros ero s p p u .

’ ‘ ’ 1 P A E r u o o o e dro . d Az ev edo Os sc rav os in A iv hist ric ortu ues 1 , , q p g , , 0 - 3 3 4 . 2 ’ e . D en uce L A ri ue au xvi siecle et le comm erce anv ersois , f q pp . —J 9 5 6 . D O CU M E N T S

GRANT OF RIGHTS OF TRADE IN GUINEA To THE SANT IAGIANS 1 E 1 I . 2 JUN 466

Dom Afl onso V To all to om s e er s a com e wh thi l tt h ll , we m a e n o n a r n ce dom ern an do m m os ear an d k k w th t p i F , y t d e o ed ro er h as sen to n o m a som e ou r ears a o b l v b th , t i f r us th t f y g h e e an to o u a e h is s an of San a o2 c is o os e b g p p l t i l d ti g , whi h pp it Ca o er e an d a eca se so rem o e rom ou r n b V d , th t , b u it is t f ki g dom s eo e are n n to o to e ere n es e are , p pl u willi g g liv th , u l s th y en er e r e es n ran s hi n giv v y wid p ivil g a d f chi es an d go at s expe se . He n o n th e rea ro ou e u s an d him th e , k wi g g t p fit it w ld yi ld , if s an ere u o u a e as h e s e in c ca se h e was i l d w th s p p l t d , wi h d , whi h u ready to go to m u ch person al expen se so as to carry it to perfec ’ on an d e n o e u of ccess o e ra e u s to ti , b i g h p f l su with G d s h lp , p y d b e n h im som r e es for em We a n e ase to a e . pl d gr t p ivil g th , h vi g s een his e on an d a n con ere care e e e a p titi h vi g sid d it fully, b li v th t we m a ere b e er e e e An d s o a we m a rac y th by v y w ll s rv d . th t y g i ousl re a m a ro er we are ease to com m an him y w rd y s id b th , pl d d to b e en th e o o n r e es n am e : r we e an d giv f ll wi g p ivil g , ly fi st , giv ran him c an d c m n a a or o er all oors ac g t ivil ri i l uth ity v M , bl k an d e ree and ca e an d o er all e r e scen an s wh o whit , f ptiv , v th i d d t , are in th e a s an a o e b e C r s an s an d is s id i l d , lth ugh th y h i ti , th d cr m n a au or e ou r a o r con nu e . c an t whil f v u ti s This ivil i i l th i y , c we s ran him in th e m an n er s a ed is a on a to whi h thu g t t t , dditi l th e authority which already before this we gave him in th e s a s an d as con a ne in th e a en of th e a ran c id i l , is t i d p t t s id g t whi h h r m u s h e as f o . ur erm ore we are ea ed to a or e him a ence F th , pl s uth is th t h forward an d always th e in habitan ts of th e s aid islan d m ay have

Torre do Tom o liv ro das ilh as . 2 v . Prin ted in arcellos S ubsidies 1 b , , f B , , , — s la 2 1 3 . Tran ted. ' 2 O n D ecem er 1 60 Kin Aﬂ on so V h ad ran ted th e is lan d of S an tia o 3 b 4 , g g g - 8 o P in ce Fern an o G ran t i ted in Al uns docum entos . 2 . t r d . p r n g , p p 7 64

66 R O S IN S R 1 0 —1 6 0 EU PEAN WE T AF I CA , 4 5 5 com e en an d su i a e for ou r s er ce an d for e r sa ar e p t t t bl vi , th i l y th y Shall receive ev erythin g which we have ordere d an d com m an ded is to b e given to clerks wh o go from our kin gdom to th e said ar s of u n e s a l re eiv e r n h p t G i é . Th y h l c this f om th e day whe t e said ships leave th e s aid islan d for th e said trades till they return o it an d n m r t , o o e .

u r erm ore it is our an d easu re a en th e F th , will pl th t , wh am oun t of ou r du es h as been paid on all th e s aid im ported n e roes an d oods th e s a d n a an s of th e sa s an m a g g , i i h bit t id i l d y s e on e r own accoun s a e a e e to all erson s ll th i t wh t th y h v l ft p , wh o an an d es re em n ot on l in th e sa is an b ut in all w t d i th , y id l d ou r n dom s an d a road an d e e in th e sa d s an th e ki g b ; if th y s ll i i l d , u ers s a n ot a e to a on th e said oo s in ese n b y h ll h v p y g d , th ki g dom en e are rou ere e er th e en or an o er s wh th y b ght h , ith t th y th dues ; an d if they do n ot s ell them in th e said islan d but wish to r n em to ou r n dom s or to carr em to o er ar s b i g th ki g y th th p t , e m a do s ecau se e are e em rom a n to th y y thi , b th y x pt f h vi g a u s th e sa d dues an d s ro e e carr cer ca e p y i ; thi , p vid d th y y tiﬁ t s rom ou r oﬂicers om we sh a u s a o n in th e sa f , wh ll th pp i t id s an d s o n a e a e a read a our es u on em i l , h wi g th t th y h v l y p id du p th re the . u r erm ore is our an d easu re a th e s a in F th , it will pl th t id habitan ts of th e said islan d shall n ot b e u n der Obligation to us to carr or s en ou r sa u es b u t a we are to sen for em y d id d , th t d th h e a s an ou r o n ar e an e en se to t s id i l d at w ch g d xp . u r erm ore is ou r i an d easu re in th e e en ere F th , it w ll pl , v t h a er of ou r arm n out th e sai rades of th e ar s of u n or ft f i g d t p t G i é , a ar h ereo a s ou d we do s t s cen ce c we p t t f, th t , h l thi , hi li , whi h u s ran m sai ro er for th e n a an s of th e sa s an th g t y d b th i h bit t id i l d , s a n ot ran s ress or s a u c a arm an d is s a b e us h ll t g t y s h f , th h ll th en acted so that we shall n ot b e rem in ded of this gran t to m y i ro er s a d b th . r erm ore is ou r an d ea re a en ce or ar Fu th , it will pl su th t h f w d th e in habitan ts of th e said is lan d are always to b e freed an d exem pted from th e paym en t to u s in all ou r kingdom s an d lord ships of th e ten th of all goods which they tran sport from th e said

1 Th e s ign iﬁc an ce of th is p aragrap h lies in th e fact th at custom s du e s were

en erall aid in in d o ten in slav es . g y p k , f P O R T U G U E S E E N T E R P R I S E I N WE S T AF R I C A 67

s an d n ot on of oo s c are Of e r own n er an ce an d i l , ly g d whi h th i i h it a h er n b u t a s Of oods ic e or secu re ex g t i g , l o g wh h th y buy , by in n r c an e or O a n a o e wa . h g , bt i y th y e se e a b e e em e rom th e a m en to u s of Lik wi , th y sh ll x pt d f p y t h e en of all oo s c e b u an d secu re e c an e t t th g d , whi h th y y by x h g of o er a c es of e r own in th e is an s of Can ar a a e ra th rti l th i l d i , M d i , or o San o an d th e ores an d in all th e o er is an ds in th e P t t Ac , th l o n d m b e ocean sea an d c e r n to u r o . s s a , whi h th y b i g ki g Thi h ll , provided our Oflicers are n otified that th e s aid person s are in an s of th e sa s an of S a o re or of th e ca habit t id i l d . Thi g by p t p f th e sa s an tains o id i l d . ere ore we com m an all o erseers of ou r e c e uer ac Th f , d v x h q , cou n tan ts reasu rers cu s om s oflicers an d rece ers C er s , t , t iv , l k , m a s ra es e an d u s ces and o er oflicers an d erson s gi t t , judg s j ti , th p a soe er to om s e er s a b e s o n an d wh o are wh t v , Wh thi l tt h ll h w , c o n san ereo a en ce o ard e sh a o ser e an d g i t th f, th t h f rw th y ll b v ee an d cau se to b e ro er O ser ed an d e an d in k p it , it p p ly b v k pt , m er n th e ann er stated h ei . S ou an es re to d so e s we com m an em in n o h ld y d i i b y thi , d th ‘ se to erm orasm c as s is ou r s n otwith stan d wi p it it , f u h thi wi h , in an o or em ar o c o ers m a ra se or m ose g y d ubt b g whi h th y i i p . An d for its secu r an d ou r rem em ran ce we com m an d em ity b , th to b e en s e er s n e ou r an an d sea e ou r giv thi l tt , ig d by h d l d with n en a en in e a 1 u n e 1 66 e ro da Al a o e se . 2 . c v a p d t l . Giv B j J 4 P d c m a e s d thi .

1 2 . NT TO FERNAO GOMES 1 6 GRA . 4 9 . as th e kin g [Afl onso V] was very occupie d with th e affairs Of th e n om an d was n ot sa s ed to cu l a e s rad him ki gd , ti fi tiv t thi t e se n or let ru n as was h e eased on re ues in ou r een lf it it , l it q t f t u n re an d S -n n e to ern ao om es a re s ec e c en of h d d ixty i F G , p t d itiz s on for fi v e ears at two un dred o san re s a ear on Li b , y , h th u d i y , con dition that in each of these fi v e years h e Shou ld en gage to sco er on e n red ea ues of coas ar er on SO a at th e di v hu d l g t f th , th t en d of th e ease fi v e h n re ea ues s ou d b e co ere l u d d l g h l dis v d ,

’

A d . h Ex ia ec . 1 c . . trac . s 2 2 t Cron e s tran slation . , , bk , 68 R O P A S I N S R 1 0 —1 6 0 EU E N WE T AF I CA , 4 5 5

e n n n rom Serra eoa S erra eon e An d am n b gi i g f L [ i L ] . o g other term s of th is con tract was that all th e ivory s hou ld b e delivered to th e kin g at th e price of on e thou san d fi v e hu n dred reis er un dre e an d— a r i e e m uc a rec a e p h dw ight , p iv l g h pp i t d — at that tim e Fern ao Gom es was allowed to b uy in each of th e s a fi v e ears on e c e - cat l s con rac was m a e in th e ear id y iv t . Thi t t d y ou r een u n red an d s t - n n e u on con di on a h e was f t h d ix y i , p ti th t n ot to rade on th e m a n an d O os e th e s an s of Ca o er e t i l pp it i l d b V d , ecause as e e on e to r n ce D ern an do s ra e was b , th y b l g d p i . F , thi t d reser ed for t e r n a i an s 2 so th e raffi c of Ar u im as v h i i h b t t . Al t g w e c u de ecau se th e in h ad i en to his s on r n ce D x l d , b k g g v it , p i . oao as ar of h is re en e o e er a er on th e sam e Fem ao J , p t v u ; h w v , l t , Gom es secu red this traflic of Argu im from th e prin ce for som e ears at a r ce of on e u n dre d ou san reis a ear An d in y p i h th d y . th e ear ou r een un re an d s e en - ou r c was th e as y f t h d d v ty f , whi h l t of his se h n e him n f arm s of no ea t e a a ew coa o . l , ki g g v t bility

E E A OF GRANT TO FE AO O ES 1 E 1 3 W R G . R N L N M JUN 473 .

Dom on so etc To all to om s ou r e er S a com e Af [ ] wh thi l tt h ll , we m ake kn own that we have n ow m ade th e followin g agree m en i Fern am om e ou r n c is ou r t w th G z , k ight , by whi h it easure a in add on to th e fi v e ears u r n c h e h as pl th t , iti y d i g whi h th e ease of all our an of u n ee an d th e ra es ereo h e l l d G i t d th f, shall have on e m ore year besides th e s aid fi v e ; an d this in th e sam e m an n er an d with th e s am e con dition s an d declaration s an d arran em en s as we a e ran e d an d s sue d to him in g t , h v g t i it h r f on rac c h e o ds for th e sa d fi v e ears t e e e o c . l tt t t , whi h h l i y ese are th e con d t on s n am e a h e th e sa Fern am Th i i , ly , th t , id om e is to e an d a u s th e ree un dred m re s c G z , giv p y th h il i , whi h h e is oblige d to give an d pay in each year of th e s aid fi v e for th e sa d e ase n am e : two un dred m re s c rs at th e i l , ly h il i , whi h fi t begin n in g of th e s aid lease h e con tracted to give u s in each of

1 - h i ited in 1 0 Al u ocu en os T rade in Civ et c ats was ro ns d m t . p b 47 ( g , p ' Civ et was v alu e d in p erfum ery for blen din g s c en ts . 2 I . In ac cordan c e with th e p rov ision s of th e gran t of 1 4 66 (doc . ) 3 T an m D . h an c ella ia d Aff n o V liv ro . 1 V r s T orre do T o o C r e . o s b , , 3 3 , f 47 im I P o Ed ar Pr s ta e fo r Prin ted for th e rst t e . am in de ted to r . e lated . ﬁ b f g g i h c m n drawin g m y atten t on to t is do u e t .

0 R O P A S I N S T R 1 0—1 6 0 7 EU E N W E AF I CA , 4 5 5

THE FOUNDATION OF THE CASTLE AND CITY OF SAO 1 ORGE DA A 1 8 . J MIN . 4 2 Whereas at this tim e th e city of Sam Jorge n a Min a was n ew u S ou d b e n o n a i e th e n 2 was et a ly b ilt , it h l k w th t , wh l ki g y r n ce h e e ro a ran rom th e n h is a er th e p i , h ld by y l g t f ki g , f th , en tire govern m en t of th e places of Africa an d also th e reven ues an d ra es of n a an d of all uin ee 3 c at a m e th e t d My G , whi h th t ti kin g for a very sm all ren t h ad farm ed out to Fern a Gom es da n a a c f Lix Th e n con si er n as a se m an en o b oa. My , itiz ki g , d i g , wi , th e rea ro an d oo ea c his su ec s ou g t p fit g d h lth , whi h bj t w ld rece e in o an d sou an d a so h ow his m erc an e and th e iv b dy l , l h dis , affa rs of his on ou r e s a e an d s er ice ou b e ro er i h , t t , v w ld p p ly secu red h e ere to ossess in ose ar s of n a a o ress of , if w p th p t Mi f rt his own an d w s n to n o e er su c a or ress co or , i hi g k w wh th h f t uld s ou d b e u i e d a m ee n of his cou n c to scuss s h l b lt , h l ti g il di thi m a r an n s re en ere W e e d con rar o es an d o n o e . tt , t y v t pi i w giv th hil som e thou ght it wou ld b e an easy thin g to do an d very profi t a e o ers e e e it ou d b e er dan erous an d er ou s bl , th b li v d w l v y g p il , an d in ac m ossi e or e en e a o e to b e u , f t , i p bl , , v if th y ll w d it b ilt , its u ee ou d b e er ffi cu o on accou n of th e rea pk p w l v y di lt , b th t g t rem oten e ss of th e lan d an d becau se th e clim ate was very sicken an d ess r s o ese in g an d th e n egroes little tru thfu l l t u tw rthy . Th O ec on s ere SO con s era e e sa a ou n ot to bj ti w id bl , th y id , th t it ght i Th e ar u m en s h ad een a an ce b e u . e n a er es b lt ki g , ft th g t b dv d , u For s u r n evertheless determ in e d that it shou ld b e b ilt . thi p ose h e or ered a all th e m er an d ree -s on es c p , d th t ti b f t , whi h ou b e n ecessar for th e a es th e n o s th e com e w ld y g t , wi d w , r ra ers of th e a s th e o er an d o er n s s o or ft w ll , t w , th thi g , h uld f th b e cut an d s a e in is cou n r so a ou an with h p d th t y , th t with t y m m a e ore delay in th e work they cou ld b e set in place i edi t ly . M o er a rea u an of m e an d com ou n e m e was m a e v , g t q tity ix d p d d li d rea o e er i es an d r c s n a s an d ron oo s an d dy , t g th with t l b i k , il i t l ,

’ ’ I T é Correa da Silv a s e dition of Pin a s Chronicle Pin a c h . 2 . h e text of os , J ' ' h e Colle ao ae liv ros ineditos ae his toria ortu o ohn II rin te d in v ol. II of t fj , p c p uez a rom wh ich th is tran s lation was m ade was as e d u on a co g f , b p py of th e c h ron ic le in th e T o rre do T om o an d c ollate d with an oth er v er O ld b , y text in th e p os s es sion o f th e Ben e dic tin e m on ks of th e Mon astery of Lisbon . 2 3 ’ — B n au de . . oh n of Portu al. e s 2 J II g , pp 73 4 P O R T U G U E S E EN T E R P R I S E I N W E S T AF R I C A 7 1

rov s on s an d all o er n s er n en to th e or in rea p i i , th thi g p ti t w k g t an e An d six u n re m en a so ere or ere an d abun d c . h d d l w d d e u ed on e un dre m as ers of m ason r an d car en r an d q ipp , h d t y p t y r e en ce an d ser ce An d was a ree a th e fi v e hun dred fo d f vi . it g d th t o d b e carr e as was carr e in ureas ’ an d rea whole sh ul i d , it i d , g t th e i ea a e m n ot re urn or s a an m ore 2 ships with d th t th y ight t il y , an d es es ese ere en o er s s an d cara e s s ron , b id th , th w t th hip v l , t g an d sou n w m an ro s on s m ed c n es an d c ares d , ith y p vi i , i i , ri h w , an d very hon ou rable m en an d depen dan ts of th e kin g were ap f ese s s er er a n m o n e ca a ns O . c erson s to o p i t d pt i th hip Aft t i p , wh r was ass n ed h ad a rea ro de th e n this wo k ig , l dy p vi d ki g with excu ses for them selves for fear of th e diflicu lties an d perils in o e th e rs m an to acce ree an d to b e i n to v lv d , fi t pt it f ly w lli g n e a e was ern a ouren o wh o was th e secre ar of his u d rt k it F L c , t y exche quer an d h ad charge of th e treasury an d factory of these r s e n ofliciall a o n e Bu h e n a er ra es a er a . t t t d , ft w d b i g y pp i t d ki g , ft ra s n him an d ro use an n him for s offer p i i g highly p f ly th ki g thi , as his oo eser e d re u se d him on accoun of th e sam e g dwill d v , f , t h e was en rus d n f c ar e c e . e e n n orm e o h g with whi h t t Th , b i g i f d th e r ues o a rea co ra e an d ood sen se of e o da vi t , l y lty , g t u g g Di g am u a a n of his ouse o wh o h ad a rea een Az b j , k ight h h ld , l dy b proved in other affairs of con siderable im portan ce an d great er or a o th e s n u ar con en ce c h e re p il , with w ds b ut i g l fid , whi h ose in him an d rom s n him a h e m e ec rea p d , p i i g th t ight xp t g t e ar s an d re erm en s h e en rus e him th e or an d r w d p f t , t t d with w k; da am u a o ers of er ra se o o e en ce and Az b j , with th v y p i w rthy b di

1 r a h l was a lar e rov is ion s h i of u 00 t Th e u c ( u k) g p p p to 5 on s . 2 ‘ Resen de in ch . 2 O f h is Ch ronica dev elo s th is oin t : An d ecaus e in , 5 , p p b an s ea th ere are n o navios latinos sh i s with lateen ail all th e oce [ p s s] , exc ep t th e c arav els O f Portu al an d th e Al arv e th e in cau s ed it to b e eliev ed all g g , k g b by redondos roun d sh i s or sh i with rou n il th at navios [ p , p s d sa s] cou ld n ot re tu rn

rom in a on accou n t O f th e c u rren ts . An d for th is reas on h e s en t all th e f M , s ton e lim e tiles tim er n ails iron -w or an d rov is ion s in o ld arcas s o , , , b , , k p , h at th e m i h t b e ro en u in th at coun tr an d so th at m en m i h t s a th a t y g b k p y , g y t were un a le to return owin to th e curren ts an d so it was don e in v th ey b , g ; ery reat se crec an d all m en w ere so sure O f th is th at durin th e li e tim e of g y , g f th e kin g; it w as always believ e d th at roun d sh ip s w ere un able to retu rn from ’ an d th is m ean s in a w a w th at c oun tr , as l a s w ell uarde d . Th e adv an y by M _ y g tage of lateen s ails was th at th ey en abled a Sh ip to tac k an d so p roceed again st

th e win d . Th is was n e c essar on th e return rom in a for th e rev ailin y f M , p g ff e in a an d ala ueta coasts was th -w l win d o th M M g sou ester y . 2 R O P A S I N S T AF R C A 1 0 —1 6 0 7 E U E N W E I , 4 5 5

su re o a acce e a sm n ace an d a s ea a ‘ l y lty , pt d it with ili g f t dy he rt . An d to u t is in o e ecu ion h e en en to m a e re ara p th t x t , th w t k p p on s at Lixb oa rom ere h e de ar ed in ecem er on th e ti , f wh p t D b ev e Of th e day of San ta Lu zia2 in th e year on e thousan d fou r un dred an d ei -on e a n a read sen or ar th e areas h ghty , h vi g l y t f w d , c ere to wai for him a Ca o er An d ecau e h e whi h w t t b V de . b s carried orders that th e fortress was to b e bu ilt in th e lan d of n a at a e er ace h e ou th e es rom th e Ca o das Mi wh t v pl th ght b t , f b res on as u to th e Ca o das Re es ic are or ea ues T P t p b d , wh h f ty l g d s an m ore or ess on e rom th e o er accordin in s a i t t l f th , gly thi l ti u de h e en orwar a e rom th e res of th e ee an d t w t f d littl f t ﬂ t , with m uch care an d cau tion h e exam in ed an d s elected th e places of all a an d su a e for is r ose an d at som e ere th e th t l it bl th pu p ; , wh dis os on of th e an was oo h e ou n th e sea er con p iti l d g d , f d v y trar on accoun of b ad an c ora e an d at o ers ere th e sea y t h g , th , wh was su a e th e an an d th e roc s wo n ot a o e e r on it bl , l d k uld ll w it , ith accou n of s a o s or for ac of a er An d n a u ide d t h ll w l k w t . ﬁ lly , g by th e o S r an d com m n m se to its care h e arr v e H ly pi it itti g hi lf , i d n ear th e a e c was ca e das uas ar es a e of vill g , whi h ll d D P t [Vill g th e Two ar s 3 ere h e d sem ar e on Wedn esda th e n n e P t ] , wh i b k d y, i teen th of an u ar in th e ear on e ou san ou r un re an d J y , y th d f h d d e -two an d e am n n rea care th e o s u a on of ighty , , x i i g with g t l fty it ti th e an d c was er su a e for e en ce an d for th e ea l , whi h v y it bl d f h lth of th e eo e an d a n es e an d soun de d th e an c ora es of p pl , h vi g t t d h g th e s ea for th e s s h e d s co ere a a e er s os on for hip , i v d th t b tt di p iti a or ress cou n e er b e oun n or c ure e s ec a S n ce f t ld ith f d pi t d , p i lly i ere was m u c roc an d a ar e s e em en c Offere o e th h k , l g ttl t , whi h d h p to th e in habitan ts of fresh water an d other provision s for very on erio s An d on th e n e da c was th e da of Sam l g p d . xt y, whi h y

1 ’ — Diogo d Az am b uja ( 1 43 2 1 5 1 8) h ad dis tin gu is h ed h im s elf in th e s erv ic e o f Portu al at th e s ie e of Ale re te wh ere h e ou h t th e s ide of oh n at g g g , f g by J II , ’ ‘ m - n Pin a u s e of th e h ras e ein in orm ed of th e th at ti e h eir ap p are t . s p b g f v irtue s lo alt reat coura e an d ood s en se of s u es ts th at , y y, g g g gg h e w as u otin rom an O f c ial de c re e n ow lo st is s u ed oh n a oin t q g f ﬁ , , by J II p p ’ m a wh i h h a ild at in a in g d Az a b uja to b e gov ern or of th e c stle c e w s to bu M .

d c . . Cf. o 4 7 2 m D e c e ber 1 2 . 3 t v Had it an th in to do with Th e n am e of th e n ativ e v illage is s u gges i e . y g th e ac t th at th e roun d o n wh ic h th e c as e was uilt was sh are etween f g , tl b , d b the F etu an d th e Com an i"

R O P A S I N S T AF R C A 1 0—1 6 0 74 EU E N W E I , 4 5 5 which is a cou rtesy an d a rare grace am on g them that is specially e for n s an d e son s of rea es a e W en all ere a a n k pt ki g p r g t t t . h w g i sea e an d a S n a for s en ce en th e ca a n e an his t d ig l il giv , pt i b g s eec th e aid of a n e ro am ar th e an a e wh o p h , with g , f ili with l gu g , or n er re e an d its su s an ce was : a on acco n f thwith i t p t d it , b t th t , u t of th e ood re or c th e n his ord h ad rece e a o u g p t whi h ki g , l , iv d b t em an d of th e oo rea m en c e a o e a l th e m en th , g d t t t whi h th y b v l of a an a e to his assa s wh o ere accu s om e to com e th t l d g v v l , w t d to rade ere his i ness h ad sen him ere to rea t th , h gh t th t t with them an d for ever to secure peace an d frien dship; in su ch a way that in that place rather than in any other of that territory there m b e m a e an d s ou b e a erm an en cen re for m uc ight d , h ld , p t t h , er r c m erc an s e so a e r oo rea m en e v y i h h di , th t by th i g d t t t th y an d their descen dan ts m ight always b e very rich an d very en n o ed No s an n a o er n s an d or of bl . twith t di g th t th ki g l ds a an e n n to a e s C an ce h ad a rea th t l d , b i g willi g t k thi h , l dy with m an s e e him for suc a cen re} th e n his or y gift b gg d h t , ki g , l d , did n ot s s a e em ecau se of th e rea r s an d ood wi h it v with th , b g t t u t g cre i ic a read h e S ec a re osed in em An d oras d t , wh h l y p i lly p th . f m u c as a ouse was n eces sar ecau se was reason a e a h h y , b it bl th t th e m erc an se c e ere n ow r n n an d ou in h di , whi h th y w b i gi g , w ld u u re arr e m a a s rem a n ere con n u ou s res f t iv , ight lw y i th ti ly, f h an d secu re h e as e em to e ace an d cen ce an d e en , k d th giv pl li v ass s an ce so a m b e u at th e m ou Of th e r er2 i t , th t it ight b ilt th iv , ecause rom su c a ou s e an d rom th e C r an s wh o ou b f h h f h isti , w ld b e s a on e in e ou a a s ﬁ n d an d rece e ro ec on t ti d it , th y w ld lw y iv p t ti , ro an d a ou r Th e n h is r n c a erson s ere p ﬁt f v . ki g , with p i ip l p th , en re e to him s a n a th e eo e of th e C r s an s th pli d , yi g th t p pl h i ti , wh o u to a m e h ad com e ere ere few ou an d e p th t ti th , w , f l vil , an d a th e eo e wh o h ad n ow arr e d ere er eren th t p pl , iv , w v y diff t , ar c ar h e m se wh o his c o es an d a earan ce m u s p ti ul ly hi lf, by l th pp t r r f h e n f r u a s e ore b e h e son or th e o e o t o o . t b th Ki g P t g l At thi , b f e rocee e in e r s eec th e ca a n a a n re e to em th y p d d th i p h , pt i g i pli d th a h e was n e er th e son n or th e ro er of th e n his ord th t ith b th ki g , l ,

arros records th at a o Kin of Sam a S am m a was on e of th e n ativ e B B y , g [ ]

in s wh o h ad as ed th e Portu u ese to uild a h ou se in his lan d Asia dec . 1 k g k g b ( , ,

ch . bk . 3 , 2 n a R . Be j . P O R T U GU E S E EN T E R P R I S E IN W E S T AF R I C A 75 b ut on e of his er um e assa s ecause th e n was so er v y h bl v l , b ki g v y o er u an d so rea a ord a in his n dom s c h e p w f l g t l th t ki g , whi h c om m an e an d c o e e him ere ere two un re d d whi h b y d , th w h d d m a ousan m en rea er an d e er an d r c er. e ar e e t th d , g t b tt i h Th y v ll d s an d to s n e r rea a m ra on as is e r cus om thi , ig ify th i g t d i ti , th i t , e r d e r an s roceed n in e r re o o s c a e . th y vig u ly l pp th i h d P i g th i ply , e sa d u r erm ore a u n his a earan ce an d th y i f th th t, j dgi g by pp by his assu ran ce a h e S o e to em in th e n am e of th e in th t p k th k g , it cou d n ot b e a h e was n th e r rom em or a h e l th t hidi g t uth f th , th t was n n m his re ues s i te din g trickery or m alice again st the by q t . ccor n e a e him erm ss on en to u d th e ouse A di gly, th y g v p i i th b il h , as h e esired S n ce en was u h e e his rom se d ; i , if, wh it b ilt , k pt p i , it was cer a n a th e n Of or u a his ord ou b e e er t i th t Ki g P t g l , l , w ld b tt s er e an d a th e C r s an s his s ec s ou at all m es v d , th t h i ti , ubj t , w ld ti b e rea e e er b ut h e S ou do th e con rar e ou t t d b tt ; if h ld t y , th y w ld eav e him th e ouses an d th e an set e r own ersons ree l h l d , th i p f , an d in an other lan d wou ld n ot wan t for straws an d sticks with c e m h ses I en th e ca a n whi h th y ight soon bu ild other Ou . Th pt i re on ed to em a Si n a e m a a s b e su re sp d th , by g , th t th y ight lw y an d certain of everythin g which h e h ad told them ; b ecause C r s an s ere n ot acc s om e to lie b ut ra er to do an d dis h i ti w u t d , th charge affairs better than they talked Of them ; an d therefore e m e e e a th e n his or an d his escen an s th y ight b li v th t ki g , l d , d d t , ou m a e a an th e m os on ou ra e an d th e r c es an d w ld k th t l d t h bl i h t, its m n m e n er s a s e o u a on th e c e of an a o e . p p l ti hi f, y g th B i g v y ti ﬁ d s c eer u s ou e e resse e r ra e u with thi , with h f l h ts th y xp d th i g t f l an s an d m an m a e em offers of em se es an d all th k , y d th th lv ; s oo en th e ca ain e ore dra n en at on ce t d up . Th , pt , b f with wi g , w t t th e m as er- cra sm en om h e ro to o e er wi h t ft , wh b ught , put t g th th e ase of th e or ress for c e oo m a er a rom th e b f t , whi h th y t k t i l f to of som e i roc s c th e n e roes ere accu om e to p h gh k , whi h g w st d ors i an d to o as s a red On a da th e ca a n er c . w h p h ld v y th t y, pt i

1 This is an oth er illustration of th e sem i-n om adic h abits Of som e of th e tri e s of th e Gold Coast wh ich so m an writers com m en ted u on durin th e b , y p g ixte n th an d en a am an kn w th at th e last th in th e s e s ev tee n th c en turies . C r sa e g Portu gu ese wan ted was th at h e an d h is p eop le sh ou ld m ov e away from th e district fo h Th i th r at was on e of h is m ost r t at wou ld ruin th e old trade . s e , g

ower ul wea on s . In 1 2 th e in a n e roes did actuall e in to m ov e p f p 5 3 , M g y b g awa rom th c a 5 or d y f e stle of 8 0 J ge ( oc . 6 R O P A S I N S T AF R C A 1 0 —1 6 0 7 EU E N W E I , 4 5 5

en e d th e or s s an d ca a n c es SO a on th e th divid w k by hift pt i i , th t n e da c was th e en - ﬁ rst of anu ar h e m xt y, whi h tw ty J y , t y ight

e n as e . so in e m an n er h e s en to th e n b gi it , th y did Al lik , t ki g an d h is m en a oo resen of m an lambres l as n s m an as 2 g d p t y , b i , ill , an d o er c o c was to b e v en to em rs e ore all th l th , whi h gi th ﬁ t b f e s e to en su re e r ood an d h e en ru s ed oh am Bern aldez l th i g will , t t J s as wh o et en n ot SO ear b ut a a rea with thi t k , y w t with it ly th t l dy th e workm en an d qu arrym en b egan th e work soon er; b ecause at dawn they were bu sy layin g th e fou n dation s of th e tower an d a so rea n th e s on es an d en se n em in ace Th e l b ki g t th tti g th pl . n e roes u on see n th e des r c ion an d u er ru in of e r g , p i g t u t tt th i s acre d roc s m ean e e ie e a e ere oo n u on k , whil b l v d th t th y w l ki g p th e oss of all o e of e r sa a on an d all ea er an d in a l h p th i lv ti , g ly rea ra e oo u e r arm s an d so s ru c ar at th e or m en g t g t k p th i t k h d w k , wh o n ot e n a e to res s em re rea e in to th e , b i g bl i t th , t t d ﬂight m oa s . W ereu on e o da a u a en rr e s en b t h p , Di g Az b j th hu i dly t e an d ecau se h e n e a th e resen c h e h ad h lp; b k w th t p t , whi h r ere h ad n ot et een de ere h e rea sed a th e ca se of o d d , y b liv d , li th t u th e um u rocee e rom th e n e en ce of th e m es sen er t lt p d d f glig g . ccor n h e com m an e a ere was to b e n o e a in A di gly , d d th t th d l y e er n th e resen to c h e a e om e m ore n s d liv i g p t , whi h dd d s thi g owin g to th e greater n eed of their favou r; whereby all th e evil Of

‘ ’ ‘ ’ 1 Varian t s ellin s occurrin in th e records are alamb ees alam b eis p g , g , , , ‘ ’ ‘ ’ ‘ ’ ‘ ’ ‘ ’ ‘ ’ ‘ ’ ‘ ’ a b h amb els la es lam beis lamb ees lanb eis lanb ens llam b e lam es , , mb , , , , , ys . Th e t erm was of Ara ic o ri in an d th e s e v arian ts re resen t Portu u es e b g , p g

attem ts to re ro duce it h on e tic all . Pach ec o Esm eralda . 2 ch . re ers p p p y ( , bk , 4) f ‘ to th e ex ch an e of h am b els at Axim : Lan b ens th at is a in d of m an tle m ade g , , k , li e th e sh awls of Alen te o with stri es of re d re en lu e an d wh ite th e k j , p , g , b , s trip es bein g two or th ree in ch e s wide are m ade in th e c ity O f O uram [O ran ] an d in T en ez an d also in T un ez [T u n is] an d in oth er p arts Of T i is th e rin ci al m erc h an dis e u s ed for th e arter O f old n Berbery . h s p p b g i ’ h e v e ew extan t descri tion s of th e b am T i as a e is on e of t r f el. Ax em . h s p s g y p b Th e Port ugu es e s eem to h av e th ou gh t Of th e h am b el as a s ort o f c ov erin g in n l t l e an d it cou ld als o s erv e as c lo in wh ich on e c ou ld roll o ese u o s e th . f p p , g h am b a an aﬁ an Az Portu ues e S h i s w en t to b u th es e els t O r S d am ou r . g p y , . M en were actu ally c om m is sion ed to m an u facture h am b els for th e Guin e a h m a in f th i t e f c loth was in th e h an trade . In 1 1 2 for exam le t e o s o ds 5 , p , k g yp

of a ew n am e d air or e er ev i. From th e orts Of ar ar th e h am J M , M y L p B b y, els were rou h t to is on an d in th e wareh ou s es of th e Casa de Gu in é b b g L b , F m is on th e were ta en to Gu in ea an d s old to th e th e w ere rolle d u . ro y p L b , y k

in . Ri n ativ e m erch an ts at Ar u im Axim an d 8 50 or e da a S ee card o . g , J g M , p - 6 . cit . , p p . 2 2 Rin s or rac elets wh ich orm ed a medium of exch an e in Guin ea. g b , f g

8 R O P A S I N S T AF R C A 1 0 —1 6 0 7 EU E N W E I , 4 5 5

rea m er an d s o rea a ser ce ere God was e s er e d g t it g t vi , wh by w ll v , h on our or an d raise e re adde d to th e n an d his ro a , gl y p w ki g y l cro n an d to th e eirs an d su ccessors ereo an d rea ood w , h th f, g t g an d con siderable proﬁt resu lted to h is kin gdom s an d lordships an d to th e vassals an d n aturals of them for all tim e I

G O I I ERRA LEONEZ KIN J HN BUILDS A FORT IN SI .

em Six ea u es e on d th e Rio de Case Mellakori It . l g b y [ r er are som e red cliffs c ad o n th e sea an d th e eau i u iv ] , whi h j i b t f l Serra L oa an d e e en for ree ea u es or m ore Near y , th y xt d th l g ; o e red c s ere e a o n Serra L oa is a r er ca e th s liff , Wh th y dj i y , iv ll d Binton b o 3 rom c s a o s of san e en d a ea ue or m ore , f whi h h ll w d xt l g in to th e sea an d at low tide m an y islets of san d appear above th e a er Two ea u es o e h e m ou of th e Rio de Bitonb o is a w t . l g ab v t th a e ca ed Tan u arim of a ou 200 n a an s ree ea es vill g ll g , b t i h bit t ; th l gu farth er u p th e m ost seren e Kin g John II ordered a fortress to b e u an d a er for cer a n reason s h e or ere to b e e b ilt , l t t i d d it pull d o n d w .

4 6 . T E F E H DISCOVERY OF THE KINGDOM O B NIN . In this year th e lan d of Ben y beyon d Myn a to th e Rios dos Escravos was ﬁrst discovered by Joh am Affom da e ro wh o e ere en ce ere cam e to ese n om s Av i , di d th ; wh th th ki gd th e rs e er rom u n ee ereo a rea u an was ro ﬁ t p pp f G i , wh f g t q tity p du ced in that lan d; an d presen tly sam ples of it were s en t to Fram des an ders an d to o er ar s an d soon e c ed a [Fl ] th p t , it f t h r a r e em Th e n of en s en g e t p ice an d was he ld in high ste . ki g B y t

1 Th ere is a s trikin g res em blan ce betwe en p as sage s in th is accoun t of th e

ou n dation of th e cas tle an d as s a es in th at iv en in th e Asia dec . 1 . f p g g , , bk 3 , l oth writ e rs drew u on c h s . 1 2 . arros of cours e u s ed Pin a. Bu t ro a , B , , p b b y b p ’ le h ad e en n ish e d d Az am sourc es n ow lost . Pin a s tates th at a te r th e c ast , f b ﬁ , ‘ buj a s en t to Portu gal a lon g accoun t of ev eryth in g th at h ad occurred an d ’ h a en ed wh ich h e com m an de d to b e iv en to th e in . In o th e r words h e pp , g k g , n t oh It m s t h av e een lar el rom th e c on ten ts of s e J n II a written rep ort . u b g y f

th is rep ort th at Pin a com p iled h is ch apter . 2 ’ E m l tran s lation . lda 1 h Ext act . i e s sm era . K . c . 2 r , bk , 3 b 3 0 R . Sierra eon e reall an arm of th e sea. L , y 4 Pin T r n l ted . a ch . . a , 2 4 a s P O R T U GU E S E EN T E R P R I S E I N W E S T AF R I C A 79

r o the n a n e ro on e of his ca a n s rom a as am bassado t ki g g , pt i , f n ace th e sea ic is ca e U ato harbou ri g pl by , wh h ll d g es re to earn m ore a o ese an ds th e arr a becau se h e d i d l b ut th l , iv l of people from them in his coun try bein g regarded as an um n o e s am assador was a m an of oo s eec an d u sual v lty . Thi b g d p h m rea eas s ere e d in his on our an d h e n atural wisdo . G t f t w h l h , n s f ese n d m He re was shown m an y of th e good thi g o th ki g o s . ’ hi an d in a s of th e n s wh o at his e ar ure tu rn ed to s l hip ki g , d p t m ade him a gift of rich clothes for him self an d his wife : an d through him h e also sen t a rich presen t to th e kin g of such ri 2 h n as h e un ers oo h e ou rea e . oreo er e thi gs d t d w ld g tly p z M v , sen t holy an d m ost catholic advisers with praiseworthy adm on i tion s for th e faith to adm in ister a stern rebu ke abou t th e heresies n r a o a r es an d e s es c th e n e roes rac e in a d g e t id l t i f ti h , whi h g p tis n d en a so ere en him n ew ac or of th e that la . Th l th w t with f t s n wh o ere to rem a n in a coun r an d to ra c for th e ki g , w i th t t y t fﬁ sa d e er an d for o er n s c er a n e to th e ra es i p pp th thi g , whi h p t i d t d h in But o n to th e ac a th e an was a e ards of t e k g . wi g f t th t l d ft rw foun d to b e very dan gerous from sickn ess an d n ot so proﬁtable h a a an on ed as h ad een o e t e ra e w s . b h p d , t d b d

Gwato was th e us ual p ort of call for Europ ean s tradin g with th e m er ‘ th c n t r n stru ction s for av o ad ch an ts of Ben in durin g th e six teen e u y . I y ge to b e m ade for B nn e en in dated Ma 1 8 2 con tain a re eren c e to Gwato : y y [B ] y 5 , f ‘ our n n ac es m a oe u th e riv er or 1 0 lea u es to a lac e called Gattoo Y py y g p 9 g p , n A an d th en you h av e ten leagu es to th e ki g O f Ben in . s touch in g th e r v er ou m u st oe n at th e h eth er r v er th at oeth to Gattoo an d th en y , y g y y , g , ’

ou sh all h av e 8 or oote of water PRO SP 1 2 1 n o . Pach eco states y 9 f ( , 5 3 , th at th e c it of en in was n in e lea u es awa rom Gwato in th e in terior an d y B g y f , th at th e riv er c h an n el wh ich on e a roach ed Gw ato th at is th e en in , by pp , , B h a a ath m an d two E iv er d de th of two o s s an s sm eralda . h r 2 c . , p f p ( , bk , Th e Richard o Arundel s en t to en in two on don m erc h an ts durin th e f , B by L , g ‘ - — ears 1 8 8 an d I 0 1 also m ade trade at a lace c alle d Goto ein y 5 9 5 9 , p , b g ’ th e n eerest lace th at we cou ld com e to water to o to en in Ha lu t p by , g B ( k y , Princi al navi ations VI 8 p g , , 4 5 , ‘ 2 R en de h r a llow l m m es (c . 65 ) p oceeds s fo s : A so h e s en t h i an y h o ly adv is ers to c on v ert him to th e aith of O ur ord Iesu Ch rista c om m an din f L , g h im e arn es tl to orsa e h is ido latrie s an d etish e s wh ich th e n e ro es u s e d y f k f , g an d rac tise d in h is lan ds . Th en urth er h e s en t with h im ac tors an d Ofli c ers p f f , wh o we re to rem ain th ere an d to traf c for th e said e er an d for oth er , fi p p p th in s in th at lan d. Bu t a terwards on ac c oun t of th e reat sic n e ss an d g f , g k , ecau se th e trade was n ot v er ro ta le as h ad een h o ed th e ac tor was b y p fi b , b p , f y ’ n destroyed a d th e offi cerSc am e away . 8 0 R O P A S I N S T AF R C A 1 0 —1 6 0 EU E N W E I , 4 5 5

THE CO VERS O OF BEMOYM PR CE OF THE ALOFO N I N , IN J , AND THE ATTEMPT TO BUILD A FORT AT THE MOUTH OF 1 THE R VER E E A 1 88 . I S N G L . 4

In s ear on e ou san ou r u n red an d ei - e thi y th d f h d ghty ight , W e th e n o n was in Setuv el Se u a h e m ade a hil ki g [J h II] [ t b l] , C r s an of Bem o m a n e ro r n ce of th e in dom of Gelof h i ti y , g p i k g alofo ic is at th e en ran ce of th e Rio de an a a Sen e a [J ] , wh h t C g [ g l] in u n ee His m o es an d reason s for s an d th e m ann r of G i . tiv thi e do n ere r e an d u as o o s u r n th e re i g it w b i ﬂy truthf lly f ll w . D i g p v iou s ear e on a o Coe o a de en dan of th e n was y , whil G c l lh , p t ki g , rafﬁ c n at th e m ou of th e sa r er th e s aid Bem o m wh o t ki g th id iv , y , at that tim e with prosperity an d great power govern ed the said n dom of Gelof was n orm ed rou th e n er re ers of th e ki g , i f th gh i t p t ro a er ec on an d th e m an r es of th e n and es r n y l p f ti y Vi tu ki g , ; d i i g to ser e him rou th e s a d on a o Coe o h e sen him a v , th gh i G c l lh t r c resen of o d an d on e n re S a es all oun m en i h p t g l hu d d l v , y g , som e o er rodu c s of his an d W em as am assa or with th p t l . ith th b d h m on e of his n m n f a to t e n ca e e e s . s a t ue o ki g ph w Thi , by Vir u e m an a of o c h e a e th e n as a e er of h g ill g ld , whi h g v ki g l tt cre en ce accord n to his cus om an d ein era e sen to d , i g t b g illit t , t him to ask for arm s am d s hips ; to which th e kin g refused con s en t u s reason s ase on th e e com m u n ca on s an d th e t wi h j t , b d x i ti n h B m m as n o a r s an a o o c ro o s s n ce e e o w t C . p st li p hibiti , i [ y ] h i ti en in is ear eca se th e s a Bem o m was reac ero s Th th y , b u id y t h u ly dr en ou t Of his n dom h e e erm n e to em ar on on e of iv ki g , d t i d b k th e cara e s of th e ra e c re u en th e coas an d to com e v l t d , whi h f q t t , in erson to see aid ass s an ce an d u s ce rom th e n wh o p k , i t j ti f ki g , l Be m m r ed in Lixb oa accom an e was in Setuv e . o ar y iv , p i d by som e n egroes of h is own royal blood an d son s of person s closely m en of m or an ce W en th e in h ad een in relate d to i p t . h k g b orm e of e r arr a h e com m an de a e s ou ld com e to f d th i iv l , d th t th y h

’ b e en er a n e at a m e a ere h e or com m an e his t t i d P l ll , wh f thwith d d m en to m ake abun dan t provision for him an d to serve h im with S ilver an d atten dan ts an d every other c ivility which was proper on so h e com m an e all to b e en ric an d ﬁn e to his stati . Al d d giv h C o es to ear accor n as th e u a and m er of e r er l th w , di g q lity it th i p

P n x l i a h E tr t tran s ate d. c . . ac , 3 7 ,

8 2 R O P A S I N S T AF R C A 1 0 —1 6 0 EU E N W E I , 4 5 5

to recoun t to th e kin g with Swift s ighs an d m any tears th e tale of h is m isera e ill- or n e ca se th e reason c h ad bl f tu , u d by t whi h een rec ed a a n s him in his in dom an d h e dec ared s b di t g i t k g , l thi at ar e u rt erm ore h h e h . e sa a was on rem n d n t e l g F h , id th t ly i i g in of s ecau se h e was con den in th e o e of re en e k g thi , b fi t h p v g , aid an d assistan ce an d above all j ustice ; for h e alon e in th e or cou an d ou to e to him S n ce n ot on was h e w ld ld ght giv it , i ly s o n o e o er u us an d ou s a n b u t a so rin c a bl , p w f l , j t pi ki g , l p ip lly h e was th e or of u n ee to om h e as his assa cam e l d G i , wh , v l , , ee n ass s an ce u s ce an d m erc a so h e s a d a in th e s ki g i t , j ti y; l i th t even t of his royal escutcheon bein g richly decorated to his glory an d ra se e den ce ofhis c or e o er in s ou d also p i with vi Vi t i s v k g , it w l n ow b e em bellished with m em orials of th e kin gs whom h e h ad m ade; th e form er wou ld b e prim arily th e acciden tal benefit Of oo or un e ereas th e a er ou d b e th e resu of his own g d f t , wh l tt w l lt dn ess an d th e rea n ess of his ear oreo r h e oo . e sa to g g t h t M v , id ‘ h im : os o er u or God n o s h ow en eard of M t p w f l l d , k w , wh I h rea n ess an d ro a r u es m S r ere a a s ea er thy g t thy y l Vi t , y pi its w lw y g an d m e es es rous to see ee an d do n ot n o was y y d i th ; I k w why it , eca se th e m ore ease m e en was ree an d in all m b u it pl d , wh I f y ros er th e ess do m o ert ro an d e e e r sad p p ity, l y v h w xil , by th i con d on u s m a an d m or s b ut ere u s iti , j tify y f ith y w d ; , if it w th ordain ed from ab ove that I shou ld n ot com e an d do it so well in o h er c rc m s an ces m ore a ou ra e to m e S nce was or t i u t f v bl , i it da n e for m e to see ee ra se God e en for m r n i d th , I p i f rv tly y ui ; an d this gladn ess already s o satisfies m e that I shall n ot return ’ r s n n ro eed n u r er in rd rom s o n e co e e . c a o f thi j u y di t t d P i g f th w , h e s a d a er a s in re to his e on to him for u s ce i th t , if p h p ply p titi j ti an d e m en s o en a h e was a C r s an e en as u on h lp h uld d y th t h i ti , v p other occasion s word h ad been sen t to him by way of an excu se for re u s n ano er s m ar re ues ere s ou d n ow b e n o f i g th i il q t , th h l do or con ra c on a ou ecause h e an d all m en wh o ubt t di ti b t it , b his were resen am on om ere ere n ot an n m en of p t , g wh th w w ti g n o e an d ro a r a se at o e m es His o arn bl y l bi th , dvi d th r ti by h ly w n s h ad com e in order a in his n om s an d at his an s i g , th t ki gd h d ri ns He sa d a th e on they m ight at on ce becom e Ch stia . i th t ly sorro an d ru ra e an et c e h ad ere w t ly g v xi y , whi h th y th by e er en ce arose out of th e ac a seem e a the orce xp i d , f t th t it d th t f P O R T U G U E S E EN T E R P R I S E I N W E S T AF R I C A 83 of his n ecess ity rather than of his faith h ad cause d him to do it . With these h e coupled m an y other sou n d reason s touchin g his u r ose en th e n re e to him in a few or s an d p p . Th ki g pli d w d , e o e rea care and m c is om to e er n e ress n d v t d g t u h w d v ythi g , xp i g great pleasu re at their m eetin g an d even m ore pleasu re at his n a n en on t b e a C r s an ere ore h e a e him o e in fi l i t ti o h i ti . Th f g v h p this world of assistan ce in his cause an d Of restoration to his

n om an d in th e o er a of or an d e ern a sa v a on . ki gd , th th t gl y t l l ti ere on h e d sm sse him an d Bem o m en to S ea to Th up , i i d , y w t p k th e ueen an d to th e r n ce e ore om h e m a e a s or q p i , b f wh d h t S eec in c s re u m en an d er n a u ra p h , whi h with h wd j dg t v y t l h n dign ity h e asked them for favour and assistan ce with t e ki g . Th e ueen an d th e r n ce dism issed ' him s e n him m c q p i , h wi g u h on o r n d n n s en n an o er da Bem o m cam e to a e . o h u ki d s Th , th y, y s ea th e in an d a on e an d a ar an n er re er p k with k g, , l p t , with i t p t , e o n r d for a m ere Bem o m a a n re th y b th co ve se lon g ti e . H y g i coun ted his affairs with great pruden ce ; an d h e also replied very w se an d e ac to th e ue on s ic th e n as e him i ly x tly q sti wh h ki g k d , an d th e n rem a ne er e s In his on ou r ki g i d v y satisfi d with thi . h th e n orde e u -fi hts an d o rn am en s an d h e e d ki g r d b ll g t u t , h l an c - re a s an d an ces an d in or er a h e m i see f y d ss b ll d , d th t ght them h e gave orders for ac hair to b e placed at th e upper en d of ’ th e s a e room o os he n oreo er was th e n s e t . t t pp it ki g M v , it ki g s a Bem o m ore ecom n a C r s an S ou rs b e wi h th t y , bef b i g h i ti , h ld fi t in structe d in m atters of th e faith; for Bem oym was of th e sect of Mafam ede in om he e e ed ecau se Of his e n a wh b li v , b b i g n e our Of an d ea e th e Az an e ues an d h e h ad som e ighb , d l r with , g , n o e e of th e con en s of th e e For s reason eo k wl dg t t Bibl . thi , th logians an d learn ed m en con versed with him an d tau ght an d ad ise d him en as de h u see an d en v . Th it w cided that e Sho ld list to a m ass for th e n an d s m a s was sa in ontifi cal an d ki g , thi s id p with great form ality an d cerem on ial in th e chu rch of San ta ar a de o o os San o Bem o m his m en an d M i T d l t s . y with with earn e C r s an s was in the c o r an d at th e e e a on of th e l d h i ti h i , , l v ti od of Our ord en h e saw all on e r n ees e r b y L , wh th i k with th i an ds ra se in th e act of ra er his an en to th e ca h i d p y , h d w t up p c h e h ad on ea an d s e e er o whi h his h d; thu , lik v yb dy , with his nee on the roun an d ea n ere h ra e en co e . k s g d his h d u v d , p y d Th 8 R O P A S I N S T AF R C A 1 0 —1 6 0 4 E U E N W E I , 4 5 5

h e s a man n ca on s of ru a th e rem orse c id with y i di ti t th th t , whi h h e e er en ce d in his ear in a our h e oo as clear roo xp i h t th t h , t k p f a s was th e on r e God of sa a on en for two a s th t thi ly t u lv ti . Th d y th e n roceede to an ue u c for c u r ose h e ki g p d b q t p bli ly , whi h p p put on h is robes an d h e com m an ded that th e house an d th e a e ere to b e u rn s e a e an d a es r e s es an d t bl w f i h d with pl t t p t i s , di h se ce an d ere ere to b e m n s e s an d an ces all in rea rvi , th w i tr l d , g t perfection ; for th e kin g was deliberately very particu lar an d e ac a ou cerem on ia a o e all in m a ers ou c n his es a e x t b t l b v tt t hi g t t . At th e secon d hour of th e n ight of th e third day Of th e m on th of No em er th e sa d Bem o m an d six of th e r n c a ersons v b , i y , p i ip l p wh o h ad com e him ecam e C r s an s in th e c am er of with , b h i ti h b th e u een c was ecora ed for th e occas on e a ora e q , whi h d t i with l b t orm a ers er h e n h en h e r n ce t . o a e t t e e t f li y His g df th w ki g , qu , p i , th e du e a com m ssar of th e o e wh o was at th e cour an d k , i y p p t , th e bishop of Tan ger wh o at that tim e was th e licen tiate Cal adilh a Dom us o s o of Ce ta wh o in on tifi cal er c . J t , bi h p p , p p orm e th e oflice a se em an d Bem o m rece e th e f d , b pti d th , y iv d n am e Dom oh am for o e of th e n oreo er on the J l v ki g . M v , se en da of No em er th e n u e him a n an d v th y v b , ki g d bb d k ight; twen ty-fou r others Of h is m en were m ade Christians in th e n n - h s n Th e n a e him a coa -Of cou ti g hou se of t e aid tow . ki g g v t arm s con sistin g Of a golden cross on a red field surroun ded by h f h arm s of or a On this sam e da in a t e escu c eon o t e . t h P tug l y, solem n act an d speakin g as a great lord h e ren dered Obedien ce d a m h e n so h e sen an o er s m ss on an o a e o t . p id h g t ki g Al t th ub i i , r n in a n to th e o e ere n h e a e an acco n of his w itte L ti , p p , Wh i g v u t case an d of h is con version to th e faith in words of deep devo n ra s o th e n Th e n e e m n e to e tio an d high p i e t ki g . ki g d t r i d giv h m n arm e cara e s him e an d ass s an ce an d a e i e t . h lp i t , g v tw y d v l Th e ca a n of th e cara e s was ero Vaaz da Cun a wh o pt i v l P h , carried orders to bu ild at th e en tran ce of th e Rio de Canaga Sen e a a or res c was n ot to b e en to th e s a ' [ g l] f t s , whi h giv id h n For s ur Bem o m b ut was a a s to e on to t e . y , lw y b l g ki g thi p pose a great qu an tity of ston es an d plane d tim ber was then pre ared an d a so r es s ere as em e an d a rea n u m er Of p , l p i t w s bl d g t b articles for churches an d for th e busines s of con version ; an d a er aro reac er to the n of th e or e of Sam M st Alv , p h ki g, d r

R O P A S I N S T AF R C A 1 0 —1 6 0 EU E N W E I , 4 5 5

s erved it for th e sam e reason ; yet th e kin g stron gly disapproved of e r n him s n ce e n accom ces in su c an error th i killi g , i , b i g pli h , e ou to a e een rea e as e rea e him eca e th y ght h v b t t d th y t t d , b us e h ad h ad him ree in e r o e u ff r r th y f ly th i p w r witho t o ence o pe il .

A TR E 1 0 1 WAR ET EE Two S . B W N MIN IB 49 .

In s ear on e ou san o r n re and n n e two thi y th d f u hu d d i ty , n e roe wh o ere en em es an d e in th e r c of th e c g s , w i liv d dist i t ity of Sam or e n a n a e erm n e on a e On e of em J g Mi , d t i d up b ttl . th a ac e th e o er re en n a h e was a o re th e tt k d th , p t di g th t f v u d with e c h e s a h e ass red h ad rom th e C r an s wh o h lp , whi h id u ly , f h isti were in th e city; because h e kn ew that th e Christian s were m ore eare am on em an an o ers es ec a in ee f d g th th y th , p i lly d ds f arm s Th e m an n er of was a h e or ere m an of his m en o . it th t d d y , wh o e e n e roes to en e r aces e s an d arm s i w r g , whit th i f , l g w th c a an d com m an e em to o in ron m a era n h em l y , d d th g f t , squ di g t in all other ways SO that they m ight even m ore readily b e taken Th e o er n a th e m om en h e for C r an s . t en t h isti th ki g , t wh ﬁght was a o to e n e e n a th e C r s an s ere com n b ut b gi , b li vi g th t h i ti w i g to th e as an ce of en em n ot a a th e rou an d was sist his y , did w it t , e ea e o a s r e an d h e ﬂed am th e rea destruc d f t d with ut t uggl ; , id g t on of his m en an d to th e accom an m en of a ea c or ti , p i t gr t vi t y m err m en c s a e to his o on en an d m uc h i t whi h thi g v pp t .

PORTED TO THE IS A D OF SAO TH E JEWS TRANS L N OM . 1 493 2

In s ear on e o an o r n re an d n ne - ee th e thi y th us d f u hu d d i ty thr , n e n in orre e ras a e a o de Cam n a3 th e ki g , b i g T s V d , g v Alv r i h f h e s an of Sam om e r an d cce o captain cy o t i l d T by ight su ssi n . o eo er ecau se h e com m an e a all wh o ere m no s M r v , b d d th t w i r , u an d r s ere to b e a en ca e om am on o e yo ths gi l , w t k ptiv fr g th s

I d. 0 . Extract tran slate Pin a, ch . 4 , 2 T lated. a h . 68 . ran s Pin , c 3 Cap tain Alv aro de Cam in h a app ears to h av e h eld th e is lan d from 1 49 3 to H wa a 1 wh en F ern ao de e llo re lace d him . e s oin ted ca tain 49 9 , M p pp p by ro al decre e on 2 un e 1 . O n 2 0 ov em er 1 h e was m ade ov ernor y 9 J 4 9 3 N b 49 3 , g ‘ ’ th e ortress to b e uilt on th e islan d . S ee Ensaios . 11 t . 2 . . of f b , bk , p , p 4 P O R T U G U E S E EN T E R P R I S E I N WE S T AF R I C A 87

Castilian Jews in his kin gdom s wh o did n ot betake them selves away within th e appoin ted tim e accordin g to th e con dition s of e r en ran ce a er com m an n all of em to rn Ch ris an s th i t , ft di g th tu ti , h e en em to th e a s an th e a oro de Cam n a s t th s id i l d with s id Alv i h , n som uc a e n se ara e e o rea on a b e e er i h th t , b i g p t d , th y w uld s bly b tt Christian s ; an d it was as a result of this that th e is lan d cam e to b e m ore en se o a e an d on accoun of s e an to d ly p pul t d , t thi it b g r e c n th iv ex eedi gly .

ACCO TS OF A O SO A ES Do CA PO C STO S UN FF N NN M , U M ER F A VERDE 1 FE R AR 1 6 . OFFI C O C BO . 9 B U Y 49

We m a e n o n a th e en c osure of th e accoun k it k w th t by l t , c h as n ow een seen in ou r e c e uer of on so nn es whi h b x h q , Aff A do Cam o s u re of our ou e o an d c s om s oﬂicer Of ou r p , q i h s h ld u t s an d of Ca o er e for th e ree ears 1 1 1 2 an d 1 i l b V d , th y 49 , 49 493 , wh o received in th e said islan d th e fou rths from th e caravels which th e in habitan ts of th e said islan d e qu ip for Gu in é by r u e of his r e e h e s o n to a e rece e ese n s Vi t p ivil g , is h w h v iv d th thi g nam e e o n am e : re c accr e in o an d d b l w, ly is whi h u d g ld th e ev a a on an d s a e of a es c ere of th e a d o r s lu ti l sl v whi h w s i f u th , an d 1 ea of s a e n d 2 u n a 2 arro es 3 2 2 arrates 4 74 h d l v s , a 3 q i t ls , 3 b , Of I or an d 1 2 a ue res 5 of rice an d m e an d 20 c o s an d v y , 4 lq i ill t, l th a a of co on an d 8 n a s an d a a arro e of scu h lf tt , 74 qui t l h lf b bi it , c ere sen to him rom or u a an d 1 2 u n a s whi h w t f P t g l , 47 q i t l , 3

’ ar o es 20 arrates of co on c h e h ad ou for our r b , tt , whi h b ght a es r es an d 1 6 orses an d on e e of m a a e a e er t p t i , h , pip l gu t "[p pp ] , an d 1 00 m an as of as an d 2 m or ars of a a ree an d 2 1 ill br s , t p f , es 1 2 a m u es 7 of ne an d 2 1 en e sa es e u e pip , l d wi , g t ddl q ipp d with r s s s rs s rr s an d s ra s an d I or s oon an d gi th , bit , pu , ti up t p , 4 iv y p s , a er n s of c e an d ese a c e s for s oc n an d e u 3 g th i g iv t, th rti l t ki g q ip n s s n am e : om ards an d la artixass 2 arre s of pi g hip , ly 49 b b g , b l

‘ ’

a as de u ita a n o . . T late . C rt q c o , 4 ran s d 2 Th e uin tal e ualle d 1 cwt . an d was actuall a out 1 00 lb s . q q , y b 3 w 1 arro be as abou t eq ual to 3 2 lb s . 4 1 art ate was about 1 6 oz s . 5 wa v t 1 alq ueire s eq ui alen t o about 3 gallo n s . 6 7 Harden ed s teel" 2 6 alm u des eq u alled 1 pip e . 3 Wh ile th e om ard Port . bomb arda was a lar e un th e la artixa was a b b ( ) g g , g sm all can n on . R O P A S IN S T AF R C A 1 0 —1 6 0 E U E N WE I , 4 5 5

o er 2 s ee o s 61 babeiras l 8 can n on - a of ea p wd , t l b w , , 39 b lls l d , c s a a u n a of ea an d a so o er triﬂes in ar o s 7 pi k , h lf q i t l l d , l th v i u uan ies n am e : a es am m ers s e e oes m a oc s q tit , ly x , h , l dg s , h , tt k , ’ eed n - oo s ron ars c -a es s c es ron es s s w i g h k , i b , pi k x , yth , i ﬁl , hip s ro s ro s sa s an c ors a areas2 ra n e s ron c a n s h ud , d , il , h , f g , g p l , i h i , c a es oars for cara e s an d barcas 3 r n on e old barca 2 old bl , v l , iggi g , , ’ s s u s an d 2 em es for a er ecau se h e s en hip h ll , 9 pty pip w t . B p t everythin g which h e thu s received on our behalf an d gave u s a ood accoun ereo for is we ac u an d re e him g t th f, th q it f rom O a on n in n . e o em or 0 Nov a on 1 e r ar f blig ti Giv M t , 9 F b u y 1 6 . cen e Carn eIro m ade s 49 Vi t thi .

ACCO TS OF AF O SO DE O RA CAPTA OF ARGUIM UN F N M U , IN CA T E MA 4 S . 1 Y 1 L 3 497 .

We m a e n o n a S m ao Nun es s u re of our ouse o k k w th t i , q i h h ld an d c er of ou r cu om s of Lixb oa h as n ow com e to our ex l k st , c e uer to e a n the accoun hic h e an d oh am de Ra o h q xpl i t , w h J b reda in th e c s om s Of th e s a c oo rom ffon so de o ra u t id ity t k f A M u , n of ou r o se o d of e er n c h e rece e an d k ight h u h l , v ythi g whi h iv d s en rom I 1 u 1 2 to 1 0 s 1 u r n c er o p t f J ly 49 Augu t 495 , d i g whi h p i d h e was factor an d chie f govern or an d captain of ou r castle of ’ Ar uim in th e ar s of n e An d is s o n th e rece of g p t Gui . it h w by ipt th e sa accoun c h as een e am n e in our e c e e r id t , whi h b x i d x h qu , that th e s aid Affon so de Moura h as ren dered a very good ao cou n e er n u all oo s s er o s a es c o an d t . by d liv i g p g d , ilv , g ld , l v , l th o er n s c h e h as rece e for th e s a ra e an d t h e th thi g , whi h iv d id t d barter thereof; an d likewise of those goods which h e received for th e se ce an d ro s on of th e sa d cas e so a n o n rvi p vi i i tl , th t thi g rem a n s o d ree him rom n to . W ere ore we ac an i wi g us h f , quit f f O a on in ora on th e as da of h e m on of . en E t blig ti Giv v , l t y th Ma in th e ear 1 oh am de a rros m a e s y y 497 . J B i d thi .

1 Th e bab eira was th e Portu gu ese n am e for th e p art of th e h elm et wh ich d cov ere th e ch in .

2 Th e a h ell area was a in d of torc h . It was a iec e of iron s h a ed li e a s f g k p , p k , wh ich was xe d on th e to of a s ta e an d th e Portu u ese u s e d to li h t in e ﬁ p k , g g p a le s in it in th e - p p n igh t tim e . 3 Th e barca was a oat of a out 2 ton s carr in on e lar e m ast . b b 5 , y g g ‘ ’ 4 a t s e ita T an sla ed a d u ao n o . t . C r q c , 2 2 . r

0 R O P A S I N S T AF R CA 1 0 —1 6 0 9 EU E N W E I , 4 5 5

have ordered for th e peoplin g of th e said islan d an d likewise th e rea ro s c ou com e rom to our n om s th e g t p fit whi h w ld f it ki gd , if s an d ere eo e in er ec on as we o e h e i l w p pl d p f ti , h p with t e h lp of Our or b e a e reso ed to ran him ce a n r e e L d it will , h v lv g t rt i p ivil g s an d ran c es ere th e eo e an d erson s wh o o ere f his , wh by p pl p , g th , m ay do this m ore willin gly; an d th e privileges are as follows em ur an d easure is a th e sa n a It . O will pl th t id i h bitan ts of th e s a s an erea er an d a a s m a a e an d o cen ce id i l d h ft lw y y h v h ld li , en e er e s to b e a e to o s s to ar er and to wh v th y wi h , bl g with hip b t ra e in all oo s an d a c es ro n an d rod ce in th e sa t d g d rti l , g w p u d id s an to th e m a n an — rom a Rio Rea an d the s a of i l d , i l d f th t l i l n d ern am de POO as far as all th e an of Man icom uo e ce a F l d g , x pt th t they cann ot barter in th e lan d where th e gold is withou t our S ec a com m an an d e m a n ot ar er in th e a an an p i l d , th y y b t s id l d y oo s or a c es or en th e o a er or n er g d rti l , f bidd by h ly f th by us u d h en a r m e u s We a m t e p alties l eady i pos d by . will th t they ay thus ra e in s an in th e m an n er s a e ou ur er a roac t d thi l d t t d , with t f th pp h in g us or sen din g to us or our officers an d ot hers to ask or apply for cen ce for u r ose or for c er s so a e m a a e li this p p , l k , th t th y y h v em em to o to th e s a ar s in e r s accor n th with th g id p t th i hips , di g to ou r ordin an ce with referen ce to those wh o go there from our kin gdom s ; b ut we will that they ask an d apply for th e s aid cen ces an d c er rom th e cu s om Oflicer or rece er om li l ks f t s iv , wh we com m an d to b e appoin ted there to b e ou r deputy in order to co ec an d a er ou r ues c are to b e th e ou of all ll t g th d , whi h f rth a c e c th e n a an of th e s a s an ar er ere in rti l s , whi h i h bit ts id i l d b t th h An d se our flicers om u we a o n t e s a ar . e o id p ts th , , wh th s pp i t ere in th e a s an s a b e rea an d d en to su th e th s id i l d , h ll dy ilig t pply a c er s to th e sa s ers th e re u a on a eac s id l k id hipp , with g l ti th t h s hall carry on e in th e m an n er re qu ire d in each Ship which thus oe ere as on e in th e s s c ou r con rac s o g s th , is d hip whi h by t t g d ar s f u n ee s h e sa cu s om s oflicer ere to th e a o . t th s i p t G i Thu , id t or rece er S a b e ea to co ec th e a e c are to iv h ll r dy ll t s id du s , whi h accr e to u s rom th e sa s c are e e in th e sa u , f id hips whi h quipp d id

s an as soon as e re n rom th e s a ar s of ne e . i l d , th y tur f id p t Gui If th e said Ofﬁ cers are n ot thu s ready to collect th e said dues an d to su th e a C er s th e sa Fern am de e o th e ca a n pply s id l k , id M ll , pt i , s a in e r a sen ce and co ec an d h e s a ee ese h ll th i b supply ll t, h ll k p th P O R T U G U E S E EN TE R P R I S E I N WE S T AF R I C A 9 1

m e W en su c a ens h e S a a se u of it ues s . s d hi lf h h h pp , h ll dvi , sen f r m es c er s us b e su e so a we m a o e . e to th t y d th Th l k , th ppli d , s a b e u com e en an d su a e for our e ce an d for h ll f lly p t t it bl s rvi , their salaries they Shall have double that which a m arin er h as ; an d you shall give them this from th e day when th e said ships leav e th e said is lan d for th e said trade s up to th e day when they ,

re urn an d n o m ore . t , erm ore is our an d easu re en th e am oun of Furth , it will pl , wh t our dues h as been paid on all th e said im ported n egroes an d oo s a th e sa n a an of th e sa an m a se on g d , th t id i h bit ts id isl d y ll e r own accoun s a rem a n s to em to all ersons wh o th i t wh t i th p , an an d des re em n ot on here in th e s a an to w t i th , ly t id isl d others whatsoev er b ut also in all Ou r kin gdom s an d abroad; an d e se in th e sai s an th e ers S a n ot a e to a on if th y ll d i l d , buy h ll h v p y th e sa oo s in ese n om s en e are rou e e id g d , th ki gd wh th y b ght h r , either th e ten th or an y other dues ; an d if they do n ot sell them in th e said is lan d b ut wish to brin g them to ou r kin gdom s or to carr em to o er a s e m a do s ecause e are y th th p rt , th y y thi , b th y e em rom a n to a u s th e s a u es x pt f h vi g p y id d . e m a do s ro e e carr a ce ca e rom ou r Th y y thi , p vid d th y y rtiﬁ t f of cers om we s a us a oin in th e sa d s an s o n ﬁ , wh h ll th pp t i i l d , h wi g a e a e a rea a ou r u e n m er th t th y h v l dy p id d s upo the th e . r erm ore is ou r an d easure a th e n a an s Fu th , it will pl th t i h bit t of th e said islan d s hall n ot b e un der obligation to us to carry or sen d our sa dues b ut a we are to sen for em to th e sa id , th t d th id an at our own c ar e an d e en se isl d h g xp . u erm ore is our an d easu re in th e e en of our F rth , it will pl , v t arm n out th e s a ra es or a ar ereo a s ou we do f i g id t d p t th f, th t , h ld so h s cen ce c we s ran to th e s a n a an s Of , t i li , whi h thu g t id i h bit t th e sa an S a n ot ran s ress or s a su c a arm an d s id isl d , h ll t g t y h f , thi is us en ac e so s th t d that we shall n ot b e rem in ded ofthi . u r erm ore is our an d easu re a erea er an d F th , it will pl th t h ft always th e in habitan ts of th e said is lan d shall b e exem pt an d freed from th e paym en t to us in all our kin gdom s an d lordships Of the en of all oo s c e ran s or rom th e sa t th g d , whi h th y t p t f id s an n ot on of ood c are Of e r own n er an ce an d i l d , ly g s whi h th i i h it a er n b ut a so of oods c e in e c an e for g th i g , l g whi h th y buy x h g o er n s r in an th e s a o m an ner a soe er. e se th thi g y wh t v Lik wi , y h ll 2 R O P A S I N S T AF R C A 1 0 —1 6 0 9 E U E N W E I , 4 5 5

b e exem pted from th e paym en t to us of th e tenth of all goods an d a c es c e b u or se or o a n in e c an e o rti l , whi h th y y ll bt i x h g f r o er n s Of e r own in th e s an s of Ca o er e Sam th thi g th i i l d b V d , ti a o Can areas a e ra or o San ta and ores an d all ot er g , , M d i , P t , Ac , h s an s of h m t e ocean sea an d c e r n to our n o s . i l d , whi h th y b i g ki gd s a b e ro e our offi cers are cer e e ers Thi sh ll , p vid d tifi d by l tt from th e s aid captain that th e said person s are in habitan ts of th e sa d s i i lan d . ur erm ore is our an d easu re a th e n a an F th , it will pl th t i h bit ts an d settlers of th e said is lan d m ay com e to sell to th e in h ab i an s of ou r c of Sam or e all ro s on s ru s an d v e e t t ity J g p vi i , f it g a e c e a e in th e s a s an d an d e s a a e t bl s , whi h th y h v id i l , th y h ll h v o in e c an e An d s ro e all s a es are e ec e g ld x h g . thi , p vid d l ff t d ro our off cer accor n to th e re a on o ern n th e th ugh i s , di g gul ti g v i g m ann er in c are so th e ro s ons c th e m a n ers whi h ld p vi i , whi h ri , wh o o rom our n om s to th e sa c carr in our cara e s g f ki gd id ity, y v l an d s ere ore we com m an our o erseers of our ex ship . Th f , d v c e er oflicers of th e Casa de Gu n ee an d all acco n an s h qu , y , u t t , reas rers c s om O fi cers rece ers m a s ra e es an d t u , u t s f , iv , gi t t s , judg u s ces an d all our Offi cers an d o er a soe er to om s j ti , th s wh t v , wh thi our e er s a b e own an d wh o are co n san ereo a l tt h ll sh g i t th f, th t hereafter they s hall fu lfil an d keep this our letter an d cause it to b e fu lfilled an d kept en tirely as is con tain ed therein ; an d should an one s to so e a e a in n o m ann er erm y wi h di b y it , th t th y sh ll p it ecau se is our s An d for its s ecu r an d ou r rem em it , b this wi h . ity ran ce we com m an em to b e en t s ou r e er n e b , d th giv hi l tt , sig d by d ea e ur en en en in our c of Lixb oa an o sea . us s l d with p d t l Giv ity , on th e twen ty- sixth day of th e m on th of March in th e year of

th e b irth of Our Lord Jesus Christ on e thousan d ﬁve hu n dred . o o Fern am ez m a s L p d de thi .

O D RO A 1 0 1 G L F M MIN . 5 2 .

Va co da am a e ar n rom Restelo2 set co e v ia [ s G ] , d p ti g f , his urs Ca o er e an d on th e as da of e ruar h e an c ore e ore b V d , l t y F b y h d b f h e a e at a a a m n or o a e or a t c p pl ce c lled by our e P t D l [P tud l] ,

1 Gam a h ad s et ou t A ia dec . . da s 1 6 ch . 2 . Extract tran slated. Vasco , , bk , ,

rom is on on th is h is s econ d v o a e to n dia on 1 0 F e ru ar 1 02 . f L b , y g I , b y 5 2 lo on t Restel h e Ta us o utside is on . , g L b

R O P A S IN S T AF R CA 1 0 — 1 6 0 94 EU E N W E I , 4 5 5

W ere ore we ac u an d ree him rom o a n en h f q it f f blig tio . Giv in Lixb oa on 8 arc 1 0 oh am de a rros m a e s , M h 5 3 . J B i d thi .

’ 1 6 . D OGO D ALVARENGA TO G A E SAO ORGE DA I KIN M NU L . J A 1 8 A 1 . G T 1 0 MIN U US 5 3 . ’ Sir D e o d Alv aren a ss th e ro a an ds of our I , y g g , ki y l h y high n ess an d re or a a e rece e i Old in en rom th e rs , I p t th t I h v iv d n l f fi t day Of th e m on th of Novem ber in th e past year fifteen hu n dred an d two u to th e rs een da s of s m on of u us 1 0 p fi t fift y thi th A g t 5 3 , c is a er o of n n e m on s an d on e a o ras whi h p i d i th h lf, d b , n am e 000 r m h m r an s n 00 in a d n ore ly : 5 f o t e e ch di e a d 3 d itio . M was n ot rec e e ecau se cer i ou r n ess a th e in en iv d , b I t fy y high th t l for su c is s o ro en a b e u se ess An d n ow sir s a h tt th t it will l . , , I h ll de er th e c ar e of s ou se u to a o Rodr ue as ou r liv h g thi h p P y ig z , y n ess com m an ds an d m se o to Axem ere high ; I y lf will g , wh I ru s in Ou r or He b e ease to ran m e ea a t t L d , if pl d g t h lth , th t I m a ser e our n ess accor n o m es re S o cou n y v y high di g t y d i . I h uld t as a a ou r rom o r n ess ou ou rem em er to it f v f y u high , if y w ld b write to th e captain to th e effect that h e com plete this house Of Axem in th e wa ou r n ess h as com m an e 2 ecause as y y high d d ; b , t n s are ou r m erc an ise is run n n a rea r s an d so a so hi g , y h d i g g t i k , l are th e eo e wh o es es e n er s c ou an s e er p pl , b id b i g v y i k with t y h lt are on ly holdin g on by th e goodwill of th e n egroes ; SO that for m an y reason s it will b e greatly in your in terest to have it com leted ecau se is a o d n ic es a er ood re rn p , b it h l i g wh h giv v y g tu , an d you r highn ess ou ght n ot to n eglect it b u t to order lim e an d r c s an d e an d m er of c ere are n on e ere so b i k til s ti b , whi h th h , m b n d that it ay e fi ishe . m ir r n ess b e ease to n o a on e S . o It . Y u high will pl d k w th t u 2 2 th e Xer fe wh o is n ow n of Acom an e3 cam e er J ly y , ki g , hith with all h is people to a poin t abou t three bom bard s hots from this fortress in order to clear th e roads to th e fortress there an d to perm it th e m erchan ts to com e ; an d th e captain s en t m e there

“

T orre do Tom o Cor o ch ron olo ic o t . 1 m a o n o . 2 . T ran s lated . b , p g , p , c 4 , 3 — Th is docum en t h as een rin te d in Al uns dacum en tas . 1 . b p g , p p 3 3 4 2 Th is p assage m ay b e regarde d as ev iden c e th at Ax im fort was first built 0 in 1 5 3 . ‘ ‘ ’ 3 Perh a s a Com an e th at is th e Com an i eo le wh o in h a ited p , p p , b h n dom om m n t e ki g of C e da. P O R TU GU E S E EN T E R P R I S E I N WE S T AF R I CA 95 with a guard of eight c ross -bowm en to c on firm th e frien ds hip em an d— Our or b e ra sed— h e are er oo an d with th , L d p i t y v y g d very frien dly with th e fortress ; m ay it please Ou r Lord that it a a s b e so an d a his s o or ard as h e s a s will lw y , th t wi h will g f w , y , a h e o es t e om e a r s an th t h p o b c Ch i ti . em Sir o r n ess b e ease to n o a Sasax It . . Y u high will pl d k w th t y, n of Afuto l was m a e a C r s ian rou th e rea c e er ki g , d h i t th gh g t l v n ess of th e ca a n wh o a o e all o ers es re to ser e ou an d pt i , b v th d i s v y is e care u in ou r n eres an d o n a wa to m a e him a v ry f l y i t t , f u d y k C r s an an d on th e eve of San t a o c was 2 h e h i ti ; y g , whi h July 5 , sen th e car an d m se ere ere ea e Ou r ord a t vi y lf th , wh it pl s d L th t , as soon as we reac ed Afuto an d we ere ere h e was h w Wh , with our cro s ra se on an d all in rocess on an d en our s i d high p i , wh m ss on c th e ca a n h ad en him h ad een com e ed i i , whi h pt i s t , b pl t , h e received th e water of baptism an d was converted to th e faith of Our ord an d en him Six n s e n th e r n c a L , th with k ight , b i g p i ip l m en of th e ace pl . em Sir On h e da of an t a o in h e m orn n h e or ere . t S t It . y y g i g , d d to b e as u in th e m ar e - ace a h ouse of ra er in h tily b ilt k t pl p y , c m ass m b e ce e ra e an d as soon as was n s e whi h ight l b t d; it fi i h d , th e car ut on his e m en s an d Ou r or was ease to vi p v st t , L d pl d oo u on em ere an d all th e r n c a erson s of th e ace l k p th th , p i ip l p pl ecam e C r s an s n c u n two i es of th e n and on e son b h i ti , i l di g w v ki g , om th e ca a n n ow h as in s o ress an d ese r n c a wh pt i thi f rt , th p i ip l person s would b e som e three hun dred in n u m ber; an d as soon as t ese ere m ade C r s an s all th e o er eo e wh o ere h w h i ti , th p pl , w assem ed ere rece e m u c de o on th e a er of b a bl th , iv d with h v ti w t p tism an d cer i ou r n ess a was a on ro s n , I t fy y high th t it w d u thi g to see fathers take their Children on their n ecks an d in their arm s racin to b e rs a se an d ere m u s a e een , g fi t b pti d; th t h v b assem e a ou a ousan rson u ard As soon as we bl d b t th d pe s or pw s . h ad m a e em C r s ian s th e car an d su a arran e d th h i t , Vi I it bly g d e r c a e for em its a ar an d cross c is e in th i h p l th with lt , whi h h ld suc dee re eren ce a n b es r e u s ca n o o er se e c . h p v th t it t th wi d ib d Th , s ir e ie e a th e n of Au a2 oon ecom e a Ch r s , I b l v th t ki g py will s b i

2 ‘ ‘ ’ Perh a s a Futo th at is th e Futo eo le wh o in h a ited th e p , p p , b Fetu in dom k g . 2 Yabi" 6 R O P A S I N S T AF R CA 1 0 —1 6 0 9 EU E N WE I , 4 5 5

an as h e sa s an d o h e n of A om a d a t c an e as a e S . ti , y ; ls ki g , I h v i May it please Ou r Lord that this evan gelisation will b e for His s ervice an d th e s alvation of sou ls an d th e repose of your high

n ess . e s acco n of e er n eca se e e e a I giv thi u t v ythi g , b u I b li v th t it will please your highn ess an d th at it will b e in you r in terest; an d s n ce e er n h as com e to ass ro m e an d ou r car i v ythi g p th ugh y Vi , I assure you r highn ess that h e is a very good m an an d deserv in g of re ard An d th in is ca ed Dom oam an d th e so Dom w . e k g ll J n Manoell for s was eir s , thi th wi h . em eem to m e a ou b e for th e or of God It . It s s th t it w ld gl y an d th e service of you r highn ess that a high m ass ou ght to b e celebrated on ce every ﬁfteen days in that Chapel of San tyago of Afuto so as to n crea e e r e o on an d m a e em e er , i s th i d v ti k th b tt C r s an s ou con s er in o r n eres our n ess h i ti . If y id it y u i t t , y high s ou d r e to th e ca a n a h e m u oo a er th e c a e h l w it pt i th t st l k ft h p l , an d s en d on e m ore r e so a ere b e n o e c se eca se p i st th t th will x u , b u there will b e two available out of three ; this is for th e great glory of God an d th e service of you r highnes s an d th e repose of th e r wh o b re a ere Ma o r or s n ot ca e e . Vi , will w rd d th by y y u l d hip or e to ro e Axem a r es ecau e m en die ere f g t p vid with p i t , b s th o c n ess on Ma m God b e ea e e er to ro with ut o f i . y Al ighty pl s d v p n r a on e one in s o r c t of lo g you royal est te with l g lif . D thi y u i y m r M n n 1 1 0 Sa o e da a o 8 . J g j , August 5 3 DIogo d Alvaren ga T h e n rom M n al o our or t . l d , ki g F j

T F PA O ODR G ES ACTOR IN OLD I E ACCOUN S O I R I U , F L N N 2 A A MAY 1 0 . IN SAO JORGE D MIN . 7 5 7

en rom a o Ro r e We com m an d an accoun t to b e tak f P i d igu z , ou r ou e o of all a h e ece e e h e h ad kn ight of h s h ld , th t r iv d , whil c harge of ou r factory of Old lin en in ou r city of SRJorge da Min a from 2 8 Augus t 1 503 to 2 6 July 1 505; and h e is s hown by it to

’ 1 v a n a is of ecu liar in terest s in ce it is th e earliest Th is letter from d Al re g p , , Eu ro ean rom th e Gold Coast of all th e kn own to h av e been written by a p f , Portu u e s e in letters wh ich h av e su rv iv e d relatin g to th e h istory of th e g Th re m a of c ours e b e oth ers h idden in th e arch iv e s an d erh a s Guin ea. e y, , , p p ’ il on e da b e ev en som e of th e corresp on den ce of Diogo d Az am b uja w l y

rediscov ered. 2 ‘ ’ T ran slated. a n o . 0 1 . Cartas de q u itac o , 5

8 R O P A S I N S T AFR C A 1 0 —1 6 0 9 EU E N WE I , 4 5 5 de anhara P an d 8 de tenez al ereaias of en es s m a ( ) 7 [ j T ] , 93 ll 1 an ets Of an dres an d 1 0 of or u al 2 al uices of coars bl k Fl P t g , 3 q e ea e 1 02 d e d c a s 8 1 rods of ren c in en an d 1 8 1 s e s w v , y p , 3 F h l , h ll ; an d in add ion oo len C ot an d co on clo s a es cora s it w l l h tt th , l v , l , 2 eads of m an sor s caris rom th e ri ers an d o h er artic es b y t , f v , " t l c are u sed in th e ch a e of th e s aid ac or an d ro s ion s whi h p l f t y , p vi for th e u pkeep of th e s aid h ou se ; an d also m an y other thin gs of d erse desc ri on s an d n ds as are r tten an d dec are in iv pti ki , w i l d detail in th e recei of his said accou n ic was e am n ed pt t , wh h x i an d com e in u r u r Wh ere ore plet d o exche q e . f we acqu it an d free th e s aid res o el o rom O i ation in lm . en e r m Ay B t h f bl g Giv A i i , 4 on 1 6 e ruar 1 08 oh am de a rros m a e h s F b y 5 . J B i d t i .

ACCO T F FE A DE LOR HA 1 5 S O RN O ON . E 1 0 UN 5 JUN 5 9 .

We com m an d an ac cou n to b e a en rom ern am de oron a t t k f F L , n i of ou r ou se o d con cern n th e reis c k ght h h l , i g , whi h h e recei ed for cer ain of ou r re en u es n am e : re s v t v , ly i from th e ren t of th e Rio dos Escravos for th e year 1 502 an d a of 1 0 an d reis rom th e ren of th e Rio r m e ro th t 5 3; f t P i i , c is e o in a for th e sa d two ears an d P whi h b l w M , i y ] for th e ren s of th e e er of u n for th e ear 1 02 du r n t p pp G i é y 5 , i g which h e h ad to as sis t th e custom s Ofﬁ cer of th e royal warehou se an d h e did n ot assis h im an d re s ich cam e rom t ; i , wh f 6 2 6 m oios 1 8 arrates of e er c h e rece e in th e cas e , p pp , whi h iv d tl of Sam r e a in a en in Ev ora on 1 un e 1 o d . 0 J g M Giv , 5 J 5 9 . Alv aro da Maia m ade this

I ‘ ’ ‘ ’ Varian t s e llin s are al uice al u ce all u ce . Kim le edition o f th e p g q q j , q j b ( Es er a 0 n tate th at th e al uice w as a in d o f wh ite oo rish m ald . 6 ote s s , p , 4) q k M m Th ere we re v ariou s t es of al u ce s u ch as al uice aban e an tle o r urn ou s . i b yp q , q , al uice taz cum te al uice a ua an d al uice cardda th e artic u lar n am e iv en q , q yq , q , p g m de p en din g ap p aren tly u p on th e typ e o f c loth u s e d to m ake th e an tle . 2 Sh e lls for wh ic h th ere was a dem an d on th e in a an d en in c oasts . , M B h h s ar were lu e s h e lls with Pac h ec o Esm eralda . 2 Ch . 8 s tates t at t e e c is ( , bk , ) b red s trip e s . 3 m I was ro a l u ilt in 1 0 Th e rs t re eren c e t o a ch a el in Axi . t ﬁ f p p b b y b 5 3 , wh en th e fac tory was bu ilt . 4 Th is list of s aleable go ods for th e Min a coas t m ay b e c om p are d with th at iv en in Ha lu t P rinci al nav i ations VI 2 2 an d th at in ar ot Descri g k y , p g , , 5 , B b , p h tion . c . 2 1 . , bk 3 , 5 ‘ ’ a a d ita 0 Ex ra t tran s lated. C rt s e q u cao , n o . 2 2 . t c , 6 m l n t o 60 al u e ire s . A easu re for corn s alt etc . e u iv a e t , , , q q P O R T U G U E S E EN T E R P R I S E I N W E S T AF R I C A 99

THE O FF I CERS OF THE CASA DE GUINETo KING MANUEL E E H A A F A R E DA A WITH REF RENC TO T E FF IRS O S O JO G MIN . CTO ER 1 0 1 5 O B 5 9 .

Sir We av e rece ed ou r e ers rom ou r n e ss ere in . h iv f l tt f y high , wh you com m an d u s to reply to you an d to explain certain m atters con tain ed therein relativ e to th e govern m en t of th e c ity of Sam or e da n a con cern n c we all do as ou r i n ess J g My , i g whi h y h gh com m an s d . In re to a o r n ess sa s n am e : a ou n ply wh t y u high y , ly th t y thi k that th e chief cau se of this n egligen ce is th at th e gu ard u pon th e caravels here is n ot con ducted with th e necessary strictn ess ; an d that you r pleasu re is that we shou ld con su lt as to th e way in

‘ which we thin k th e gu ard over th e caravels ought to b e con ducte d an d e er ou b e se to ch an e th e m en wh o , wh th it w ld wi g n ow u n dertake it an d pu t in their places oth ers Of a differen t u a an d eth er h ere ou to b e m ore m en or ess or q lity, wh t ght l , whether an ordin an ce ought to b e issue d in regard to this m atter for th e b etter perform an ce of you r service ; an d also that we shou ld at on ce write to you r highn ess to tell you h ow m an y u ards h ere are at resen in eir n am es an d s a n for g t p t , giv g th t ti g

h ow lon g each h as serve d, an d to report whether there is anyon e wh o b ou ght th e office which h e n ow holds by you r licen ce ; Sir th e ard c is n ow e in th e cara e s of n a is , gu whi h k pt v l My a was a a s rescr e th e n s ru c on s of ou r hi h n ess wh t lw y p ib d by i t ti y g , n am e : as o en as we can we o n o a cara e e ore an n ly ft , g i t v l b f ythi g is u t on oard an d in our resen ce th e u ards wh o h av e to p b , p g , ee a c o er con u c a orou search e o u n n o k p w t h v it , d t th gh b l w til in rem a n s b e e am in e d er s h as een don e th e to . th g i x Aft thi b , ac or an ds o er th e e s of th e a c es an d th e sa d uards f t h v k y h t h , i g en rem ain in th e c ara e an d e are n ot allo ed to ea e th v l , th y w l v it e h er n or da or at eas on e of t em h as to rem ain it by ight by y, l t h on ard Ea da a n h f h h o . c t a t e e s o t e a c es are b h y ightf ll , k y t h carr e to th e s a d ac or wh o re urn s t em a a n on th e o o i d i f t , t h g i f ll w in da in th e m n re h orn . e o t e cara e se s sa we a a s g y i g B f v l t il , lw y

I o T m h n m Torre d o o Co o c ro olo ic o t . 1 a o 8 n o . . T l r ran s ated . b , p g , p , c , 4 5 M Prin ted for th e rst tim e . am in de ted to r . T urle for drawin m ﬁ I b J . . F y g y att en tion to th is docum en t . R O P A S IN S T AF R CA 1 0 —1 6 0 E U E N W E I , 4 5 5

o on oard an d in ou r resen ce ano er se arc is n er a e g b , p th h u d t k n of all c es s un d es an d o er ar c es c we fi n d u on h t , b l th ti l , whi h p dec W a i k . h t s below deck can n ot b e searched an d rem ain s en tirely th e respon sibility of th e guards by th e m easures taken u to a m e m is a en a e u re h e . u s er s t a d in p th t ti A t t k , r q i d by s i s tru ction s an d en we o as ore an d th e cara e se sa th e , th g h , v l ts il , uards o n in h er s f r Rres ello sir i h r a a as t . s s t e o er g g i g Thi , , d an d o ern m en Of th e roceed n s an d we n su c as is g v t p i g , thi k it h n for o s e W re eren ce to s m a er of o fitti g y ur ervic . ith f thi tt g ld c is ou to a e com e rom na con rar to r e we whi h th ght h v f My t y ul , can n e er resu m e n or e e e ou h e ce a was ith p b li v g t , x pt th t it ro ac in re u rn for a was carr e rom ere con rar b ught b k t Wh t i d f h , t y to you r in structions an d by m ean s of the se guards an d pilots of th e cara e s wh o are re uen an d e en ou arn ed an d v l , f q tly w ll gh w re r m an ed Es i n n w we a e n o e an Vaz as s . o t p i d by t v , fitti g Till h v d sco ere th e m en in ou r ser ce wh o com m suc m s a es i v d y vi , it h i t k an d n e ec e d an d ou m a b e re m on on gl t th ir uty; , th gh it y p su pti ou r ar we do n ot n o for ce a n e er s m ean s in p t , k w rt i wh th by thi s ca e our n ess re e es o rea a sser ce thi s y high c iv s g t di vi . It also seem s to u s that m an y thin gs are carried from here by th e cara e s c o to th e s an d of Sam Th om ee an d a v l , whi h g i l , th t from th e said is lan d they illegally exchan ge these thin gs at Myn a by th e collu sion of those wh o are there an d wh o deal with them ; an d s is an o er oo o e ere th e or er of o r in struc thi th l ph l , wh by d y u on s m a b e O en ro en an d our a c ren dere e e s ti y ft b k y w t h d us l s , n f r re i a re n n o a s a or rem e a d o which the s t p se t s ti f ct y dy . With referen ce to th e chan gin g of th e said gu ards for person s of an o er a we n a a e n ow do can b e one th qu lity, thi k th t wh t th y d an o ers a soe er ro de e are m ore or e s by y th wh t v , p vi d th y l s n er n e r an d m re co ra e ood reliable a d have p cha ce less f a o u g . G m en no n as suc are n ee e for s s ne s an d n ot an , k w h , d d thi bu i s , y o ers a soe er th wh t v . An d th e practice here is so well established for th e reqU Ire ice a oss to n o h ow to m en ts . of you r serv that we are at l k w m ro e for th e au s are n ot i an n e se b ut in th e i p v it , f lt w th ythi g l m s a es m a e th e ards an d ese are suc t a e can i t k d by gu , th h h t th y not an m ean s b e re en e on ce th e m en are e erm ne by y p v t d , d t i d o do a e ou n o t wh t th y ght t .

R O P A S I N S T AF R C A 1 0 —1 6 0 E U E N W E I , 4 5 5

an d ei in of th e m an as an d th e rass hic is a a s in w gh g ill b , w h lw y great qu an tity an d re qu ires m u ch han dlin g; an d with fewer people preparation s for th e departu re of th e carav els cou ld n ot b e u n der a en i ou a de a of m an da s an d s ou t k w th t l y y y , thi w ld u se o er u sin ess of th e Cas a an d is ere ore n ot ex p t th b , it th f e dien o c an h r e d re ecause e am r p t t h ge t e p oc u . B St u Vaaz du in g th e as few da s h as sus ec e d th a th e m ar n ers a e or m a l t y p t t i h v , y a e u t s om e s el s an d catr ns P an d su n dr o er n s in h v , p h l y ( ) y th thi g th e ac s in u u re en th e sa d c o h is i en out we are to p k , f t wh i l t g v , b e resen an d th e sa d ac s n ot b e m ade u e ce t in ou r p t , i p k will p x p res en ce SO a we m a o ser e ev er n c ose in su c a p , th t y b v ythi g l ly h way that hen ce forward n othin g Shall happen in this busin ess con rar o ou r ser ce t y t y vi . With referen ce to th e red WIn es which go for th e su pply of n a ereo ou r i n ess h as een n orm ed a t e are My , wh f y h gh b i f th t h y su c as o b ad an d are u se ess e er as n es or as n e ar an d h g l ith wi Vi g , a ere ou are ad s er ed an d ereas ou com m an th t th by y b ly v , wh y d u s to ﬁ n d ou t at on ce where these win es com e from an d why e o b ad ere an d a so to ascer a n ere e er n es cou ld th y g h , l t i wh b tt wi b e O a n ed s o t a h e ou n ot o b ad an d h ere ou b e bt i , h t t y w ld g t w ld n o d sser ce sir we can n o e a n s to ou r n ess b e i vi ; , t xpl i thi y high , c au s e th e said win es are bou ght an d sen t to Myn a by Jorge de Vascom cellos an d th e ofﬁ cers of th e are ou se wh o ou r w h , by y ’ highn e ss com m an d an d ordin an ce h ave charge of th e bu sin es s of u n all ro s ion s n ot on to n a b u t to o er ar s s pplyi g p vi ly My th p t . We b uy n o other win es than those of Caparica for s ale at Myn a a m r h an dise l an d they are sen t s e c . You r highn e ss m ay order Jorge de Vascom cellos to b e ques i s As for th e u es on ere th e es n es are t on ed a ou . b t thi q ti wh b t wi , it is kn own that thos e from Ribatej o an d th e en v iron s of this C are su c an d is rom ere as Es e am Vaaz s a s a ity h , it f th , t v y , th t s oc s are su ie to n a an d a so for th e u se of th e ca a n s t k ppl d My l pt i , c er s an d m ar n ers of th e cara e s an d h e h as a rea r en l k i v l , l dy w itt r n ess of s m an y tim es to tell you high thi .

1 Th ere w as an O fﬁc er in Ch arge Of win es at S5 0 Jorge da Min a. By decree o f 1 6 un e 1 1 Kin an u e l ordered Ru eite t o iv e 6000 reis to art im J 5 4 , g M y L g M ‘ ’ Affon so wh o was cler O f th e win e s in th e c it of S . or e da in a . T orre , k y J g M

do T om o Cor o c h ron olo ic o t . 1 m a o 1 doc . 8 . am in de ted to b , p g , p c 5 , 5 I b

T . l f th e e ren c M . . F r e or r r J u y is f e . P O R T U G U E S E EN T E R P R I S E I N W E S T AF R I C A 1 03

’ With referen ce to th e bus in ess of Fran cisco Frooez havin g been paid h is salary before h e ren de red h is accou n t of th e ac or of th e Old n en h e was aid his sa ar a on i th e f t y li , p l y l g w th o er C er s an d resi en s wh o cam e Bob adilh a a er e th l k d t , with , ft th y h ad res en ed a cer i ca e rom Ru om e u d e of u n ee p t t fi t f y G z , j g G i , to oam ar n s o in th e su m c e ere to a on J M ti z , h w g whi h th y w p y ese s rou oh am de erre ra wh o en ered th e a th bill th gh J F i , t p y m en s an d s cer ca e s a es a e are n ot isa o ed t , thi tifi t t t th t th y d ll w by He as a e all h e o ers ecau e h n ess w t . s e as you r high . p id lik th B w n ot appoin ted from here to b e factor of Old Cloth b ut su cceede d ere rou th e acan c of Am dre da am a it was n ot th th gh v y G , realised th at an yon e els e b u t th e factor Of Myn a wou ld hav e to r n er an ac oun an d for s reason a e his s a ar s o e d c t thi h v l y t pped . Now as soon as we saw s or er rom ou r n ess h e was , thi d f y high , sum m on ed to this Casa an d pressed e ither to retu rn h is s alary or to prov ide th e Casa with secu rity u n til h e h ad ren dere d ac In re h e su rren dere d m se a rison er n a e cou n . a d a t ply , hi lf p , g v pledge of fulfilm en t to re nder accou n t or to refu n d his salary by com m an d of ou r i n ess wh o s a l - b e o e e in s as in y h gh , h l b y d thi all o h er m a ers for th e ood of our ser ce t tt g y vi . oh am Ra e o is ta in th e n s ru c on ic was ere in J b ll k g i t ti , wh h h s Casa for th e rec on of th e ca a n ac or an d Officers of thi , di ti pt i , f t Sam or e c ou r n ess orders u s to sen ou an d is J g , whi h y high d y , it a co of a c was ere an d n u es a co of th e py th t whi h th , i cl d py register of som e letters an d paten ts which you r highn e ss sen t ere a er th e s a d n s r c on h ad een m a e No ot er co th ft i i t u ti b d . h py rem a n s ere an d ou d b e n for ou r n ess to order i h , it w l fitti g y high to b e re urn ed for cou d n ot b e co e e n es a c e at it t , it l pi d b i g d p t h d m Lixb oa on c o er 1 n Wr en ro 0 . o ce . itt f , 5 O t b 5 9 W en ran c s co Froez was a d Esteu am Vaz was in h F i p i , I , n ra com m an of our n ess Sy t by d y high .

Esteu am Vaaz Ruy Gom ez ' Alu aro B arroso Yohao de Ferreira er rom th e Casa da n a n ow in re Lett f Mi ply . l r h n To ou r o d t e . , ki g h sa d u n ee From t e Ca e G i . IO R O P A S I N S T AF R CA 1 0—1 6 0 4 E U E N W E I , 4 5 5

A EDE DE GO OS To G A E SAO R E DA M M I KIN M NU L . JO G 1 A. 2 2 A AR 1 1 0 MIN J NU Y 5 .

Sir Th e cara e n — . v l S a ti jlafanssa m ay God guide it safely th e c a a n e n o o ere ra carr es six ousan ﬁ ve h un pt i b i g Di g P i , i th d re do ras for on e u n re d an d r m ar s reac e s d d b h d thi ty k . It h d thi c on e da e ore th e e ar u re of th e S anta ruz was ity y b f d p t C . It es a c e in e e en da s e n a rea s an d th e S anta d p t h d l v y , b i g g t hip , Cruz re en e d its e ar u re for on e da p v t d p t y. You r h ighn ess wrote m e a letter ab ou t th e holdin g in th e Ships of th e fairs for th e sale of goods which they brin g for th e ro s on of th e res en s an d ou sai a e s ou d b e e p vi i id t , y d th t th y h l h ld in accordan ce with th e clau se of th e regu lation s which states that they are to b e on th e Shore an d by two person s ; an d I have written to you r highn ess to say that they can n ot b e held on th e s ore ecau se th e an d is soh ot a n o-on e cou en u re th e h , b l th t ld d ea for er on ou co er n an d ou b e n ecessar h t v y l g with t v i g , it w ld y for th e ca a n th e o cers an d th e res den s to b e resen pt i , fﬁ , i t p t . Th e a r if on th e s ore wou b e an n erm n a e ran sac on [ f i , h ,] ld i t i bl t ti , hin derin g th e departu re of th e caravels an d en dan gerin g th e ‘ ’ s ecu r of s o e 2 ecau se of n ercou rse e n cut off b e ity thi l dg , b i t b i g een th e res en s an d th e m ar n ers an d a so th e n e roes an d tw id t i l g ; , as a e r en to o r n ess s cou n ot b e on e I h v w itt y u high , thi ld d with ou t a a e in th e dra r d e of th e m oa so a th e n e roes g t wb i g t , th t g m a n ot a roac th e rramada3 or ere th e res en s are y pp h , wh id t , ou a com m ss on an d ere ore s a n ot a o s s with t i i ; th f I h ll ll w thi hip ,

1 T orre do T om o Cor o c h ron olo ico t . I m a o 8 n o . 2 . Prin ted for b , p g , p , c , 7 i m tilat d th writin in lac es ille i l an Th e M . d th e rst tim e . S s a l u e e e d ﬁ b y , g p g b , h av m it om th e gram m ar extrem ely c on fu s e d. D ou btfu l p ass age s e been o ted fr n de de Goios wrote in th e v a e circum locutor s le th is tran slatio . am e u t M g , y y m n i H was of m an y O f h is c on te p oraries in th e Portugu es e colo al s erv ice . e un us ually illiterate . ‘ ’ 2 Portu uese casa wh ich am ede used to si n i th e actor with in th e g , M g fy f y castle Of 8 5 0 or e da in a rath er th an th e castle as a wh ole . J g M , 3 C m m R . xer o men taries Th is referen c e to a ram ada s ee s to con ﬁr C . Bo ( m ‘ o Ra Fre re de Andrada wh o in a ootn ote . 1 2 write s Th ere f y y ; f (p 7) , “ " I w a a is n o exact En glish tran s lation for ram ada th at I kn ow of. t s kin d of v sm all v e sse ls roo or sh e lter of lan s ran ch e s an d olia e etc . lace d o er f p k , b f g , , p ’ ’ drawn u on a eac h to rotect th em a aren tl rom th e sun . Goios s p b , p ( p p y) f rem arks about th e m oat an d th e drawbridge of 8 5 0 Jorge da Min a form th e en c e th e exis t n e earlie st refer to ir e c .

1 06 R O P A S I N S T AF R CA 1 0 —1 6 0 E U E N W E I , 4 5 5

Then in a m em oran dum I proposed to him with other thin gs that h e s hou ld s peak to you r highn ess abou t this to ﬁ n d ou t e er on e s ou d b e e d in a m an n er m ore to ou r ad an a e wh th h l h l y v t g . av e seen n o re to h s an d is n ecessar to earn th e I h ply t i , it y l s es of ou r i n ess in is m a wi h y h gh th tter. ‘ ’ This lodge is at presen t in good health by th e grace of Our or SO a we av e n o m ore an ree s c m en in h e in L d , th t h th th i k t ﬁ rm ar r i f . om s ou r C o Sam or e on anu a 1 1 0 2 2 r . y F th y ity J g , J y 5 ss th e an ds of our h n ess I ki h y hig . ' am ede de GO OS I To ou r or th e in M J l d k g .

letter rom Mam ede de Go os to th e in con cern in on e received A f j k g, g from his m aj esty ab out th e fairs which were to b e h eld for th e goods b rou ht b th e shi s for th e rov ision of th e residents to th e effect g y p p , th at th e air cou ld scarcel b e on th e sh ore ecause th e lan d was v er f y , b y h ot an d th e eo le could n ot wal th er xce t n d m p p k e e p u er sh elter. Fro i f n th e C t o S . or e on 2 2 a u ar 1 1 0 . y J g , J y 5

ACCO TS OF OAO D PORT FE R A 2 o O . 2 R 1 1 0 UN J 7 B U Y 5 . We n ow com m an d an accoun t to b e taken from th e wife an d e rs of oh am do or o s u re of ou r ouse o of e er n h i J P t , q i h h ld , v ythi g which h e receive d an d spen t from 1 5 Ju ly 1 486 to th e en d of th e ear 1 ur n ic h e was ou r cus om s oflicer of ou r y 493 , d i g wh h t S lave s from Guyn é in this our City of Lixb oa; an d also of every in ch h e s en in th e ee s n am e : in th e ee of re n th g whi p t fl t , ly fl t i forcem en t for th e c ity of Cepta [Ceu ta] an d in th e fleet Of arac e an d Maam ora3 a is to s a ea of s av es L h th t y, h d l an d reis c u r n th e ole of th e sa d er o , whi h d i g wh i p i d h re e e an d s en s o a n c u ed du r n th e rs e c iv d p t . [Thi t t l i l d ] i g fi t two years of his receipt reis as freight on ou r s hips for s om e passen ge rs wh o cam e in them from Min a an d th e s an d of Ca o er e an d rom Fern am ou ren o our i l b V d ; f L c , reasurer of u n cen e are an d Es e am Vaz an d t G i é by Vi t Alv z t v ; , re s rom Berth olam eu arc on e Floren tim c i f M hi , , whi h

1 n R in a Probably th e c h ieffac tor i S O Jorge da M . 2 ‘ ’ Extra t tran s lat d. Cartas de u ita Ro n o . 0 . c e q c , 4 4 , 3 m n h n c a In 8 in R . arach e an d R . a ora o t e oroc c a o st . 1 K oh n L M , M 4 9 g J II organ ised two sm all exp edition s with th e in ten tion O f bu ildin g a fort an d a town on th e an s o f th e R . arach e . S ee E . Presta e Th e P ortu uese b k L g , g pion eers p . 1 7 8 . P O R T U GU E S E EN T E R P R I S E IN W E S T AF R I C A 1 07 h e owed by virtue of his con tract of th e Rios dos Escravos ; an d re s th e s a e of ea Of s a es c h e so at i by l 39 h d l v , whi h ld ar ou s r ces An d re s c h e receiv e dur v i p i ; i , whi h d in th e ears 1 8 an d 1 0 in c u n re s ic h e g y 4 9 49 , [ l di g] i , wh h re cei e rom Bartolam eu arc on e Floren tim in ar a v d f M hi , , p t p y m en t of th e reis which h e owed for his con tract of th e R os for th e ear 1 0 an d re s c h e rece e d i y 49 ; i , whi h iv by h e s o a ar u r th e sa e of 1 6 ea of s av es c t o s ces . l 9 h d l , whi h ld v i p i An d du rin g th e year 1 492 reis from Berth ola m eu arc on e loren tim wh o a e em e ore an to th e M hi , F , p y d th b f h d n as an n a an d ar a m en of th e su m for c th e ki g , i iti l p t p y t whi h R os h ad een ren ed to h im th e add t on rom th e ear i b t , with i i f y 1 493 up to that of 1 495 ; an d reis for th e s ale of 2 57 in h e i r ea of s av e s c ere s o at ar ous r ces t sa ea . h d l , whi h w ld v i p i d y in Lixb a n e r ar 1 1 0 aro da a am a e en o o 2 . Giv , 7 F b u y 5 Alv M i d

ACCO TS OF ESTEVAO ARRADAS ACTOR OF SAO ORGE UN B , F J 1 DA A ARCH 1 1 0 . MIN . 2 2 M 5

We m a e n o n a oRo Vaz de em os accoun an of ou r k k w th t J L , t t ouse o d h as n ow com e to ou r e c e uer to e a n th e ac h h l , x h q xpl i Coun c ou r com m an d h e oo rom Es e am arra as t whi h by t k f t v B d , n Of ou r ou se o of e er n c h e recei ed an d k ight h h ld , v ythi g whi h v s pen t durin g th e period when h e was ou r factor in ou r city of Sam Jorge da Min a; an d th e receipt of h is accoun t shows that h e b egan to receive in th e said factory on 2 0 Au gu st 1 504 an d n is ed on 1 0 an u ar 1 0 an d us h e ser ed for two ears ﬁ h J y 5 7 , th v y , ou r m on an n da Th e sa d rece s o s a du r f ths d twe ty ys . i ipt h w th t in th e sa er o h e rece i e m ar s oun ces I dram g id p i d v d k , 4 , , 1 2 grain s Of gold from th e said m in e ; an d also h e rece iv ed lam bes da m ez ana h am b els of ess n a of ar ou s sor s [ M i ] v i t , al araaias tenaz es al ereaias of en es 6 al ueires2 an d j [ j T ] , 9 g , ’ al araaias d a uara P S a n o s 2 0 u r n a o s an d j g ( ), h vi g b wl , 5 i l p t c am er o s s e s ro s an d on e r of h b p t , h ll , d thi d in en of all n ds m an as of rass an d co er 0 l ki , ill b pp , 44 ead of s av es m a e an d em a e an d a so m an o er oods an d h l , l f l , l y th g a c es c h e is s o n to av e rece e c we h a e rti l , whi h h w h iv d , whi h v

1 ‘ ’ 2 Cartas de uitac Ro n o . 1 8 1 . Tran slated. A in d of m an tle . q , k 1 08 R O P A S I N S T AF R CA 1 0 —1 6 0 E U E N WE I , 4 5 5

n ot n am e ere eca se e ere m an an d of m an ua es d h , b u th y w y y q liti ; an d forasm u ch as th e said Estevam Barradas h as ren dered us a v er oo acco n de er we ac u an d ree him y g d u t with liv y, q it f r m i o O a on . en in m e m r 1 r on 2 2 a c 1 0 . f bl g ti Giv Al i i , M h 5 ORO Vaz de em os a u n an f ou r us m s cco o o e o a e . J L , t t h h ld , d thi

THE OFFI CERS OF THE CASA DE GUINETO KING MANUEL C E SAO R E DA A E TE ER 1 1 0 1 O C R G O G P . N NIN J MIN . 2 7 S MB 5 We have receiv e d a letter from you r highn ess in reply to o er c we ro e ou ou c n th e affairs Of n a th , whi h w t y t hi g My , by which your highn ess com m an ds u s to sen d to th e factor an d oflicers th e landaees h am b els P im tadas2 an d u r na o s for [ ] , p i l p t , w ic e sen We a e a rea r en o o r n ess m an h h th y t . h v l dy w itt t y u high y tim es to say that som e days ago th e s aid pimtadas were n ot in th e Casa on accou n of c ou com m an e us to m a e as e as , t whi h y d d k h t a m atter of hon our an d for other reason s ; an d when we replie d a a n to s ou ro e to sa a oh am de la Serra h ad s o n g i thi , y w t y th t J h w h ow ese m n e u a a n rem in ou r th ight b e obtai ed . W wo ld g i d y highn ess that in this Casa there are n o pymtadas which we can sen to n a an d s n ce ou r oflicers ri e rom ere to s a d My , i y w t f th y a ou em o can n o b e o a n e rom th e m erc an s th t with t th g ld t bt i d f h t , wh o do n ot ask for o er n en we ra ou r ness to com th li , p y y high m an care to b e a en so a ou r se ce m a com e to b e fu l d t k , th t y rvi y e in su c a wa a e are o a n e s n ce e are so fill d h y th t th y bt i d , i th y n ecessar An d we are sen n th e u r n a o s an d c am er o s y . di g i l p t h b p t by th e caravels in th e qu an tities requ ire d an d of th e kin ds re L m r 1 1 Wr en rom ixb a n Se e e 0 . u e s e . o o 2 q t d itt f , 7 pt b 5 Estevam Vaz Ruj Gom ez Aluaro Barroso YORO de Ferreira

T u h e re erse o o r or th e n . On t . [ v ] l d , ki g e n From th e Casa d Gui ee . m h asa a n a Fro t e C d Mi .

1 P n t d r T orre do Tom o av eta 1 m a o 1 n o . 1 . Tran slate d. ri e fo th e b , g 5 , c , 4

ﬁrst tim e . 2 n does a sort of rin ted Chin t r calico rom the East n dies . Pi ta , p z o , f I

R O P A S I N S T AF R C A 1 0 ~ 1 6 o E U E N WE I , 4 5 5

sen d it to ou n ot to om m as c an d ro s of rass an d s y , it ti d b addles all th e arn e ss for orses ecau se ere are n on e ere an d with h h , b th h , som e ead- s a s an d s u rs or oise e es an d s om e oods h t ll p with t t y , h of Ipre [Ypres] sem m aneiras (P) an d dec orated with crim son

S . u r er a e to re or to ou h a t ere is n ot s uc a ilk F th , I h v p t y t t h h thin g as a cov erlet of Alem tejo or of Galv eu [Galway] for th e freem en or b eds an d coarse cloth for th e suits of th e said res den s i t . so s rs ere is n o in k ere or th e m a erial for m a in Al , i , th h t k g it , an d I ask you as a favou r to sen d som e or som e of th e m aterial for m a n it an d read for th e ar e ﬁ sh in - n et ic ou ki g , th l g g wh h y s en ere as a reat in dn ess ecau se it is de ica e an d ro en t h g k , b l t tt , an d e cas e er da ecau se we a e n o n e se to eat th y t it v y y, b h v thi g l reason ofth e ou ros a n n o m ea by M h vi g t .

“ S rs as ou as a a our n ot to with old an n rom a i , I k y f v ythi g f th t cara el ecause in add on to ou r rea n ee ar sin rom our v , b , iti g t d i g f ac of th e said ar c es an d rom th e da u se of em ou r l k ti l f ily th , people here are very few in n u m ber am on g m an y black m en a art rom ose da e ec rom raff c for th e eo e of p f th I ily xp t f t i , p pl s an d are c ose an d e arr e dai an d we are e osed thi l l by th y iv ly , xp to dan er rom th e s a es s n ce we are so few so ask ou as g f l v i . Al I y a favou r to sen d th e ship or ships with th e e qu ipm en t at on ce an d s ee ecause in ad i ion to th e a oresaid reason th e p dily , b d t f s , n e roes are n an d m an are os for ere are m an ere g dyi g y l t , th y h , an d m ore in th e n er an d we recom m en d ou in ou r a ou r wi t , y y f v to see a e r n su ﬂic1en a er rom Ar uim on th t th y b i g t w t . F g , 9 No em er I I O v b 5 . Fran cisco de Alm ada Gon calo de Villalobos

W ereas s rs e ou at th e e n n n of s e er a h , i , I t ll y b gi i g thi l tt th t I s i a e on e u n red an d ir ead of s a es a e n ow to t ll h v h d th ty h l v , I h v n o ou a a er s e er h ad een n s e o a tify y th t , ft thi l tt b ﬁ i h d , I b ught u er r wh o en cam e a o e er an d u s ere rem a n f rth thi ty , th lt g th , th th i in s ou se on e u n red an d Si a ar rom ose c thi h h d xty , p t f th whi h I a e ec ecau se th e Alarv e s oors are all two a s o r d ily xp t , b [M ] d y j u is n e rom is cas e ic is th e n eares e can b e . ere y f th tl , wh h t th y Th ‘ ’ a rea n ee of oo a an a an d n en s of a uer an d ere is g t d g d b s li L q , th P O R T U G U E S E E N T E R P R I S E I N W E S T A F R I C A

l an all o e r ar i e s ask ou as a a gre at dem an d for s add e s d th t cl . I y favou r at On ce to despatch th e s hips th at th ey m ay get this e u m en an d let em r n all a ask in a un dan ce b e q ip t , th b i g th t I b , k m a r f orm We rem ain e sed cau se I do n ot as as a tte o f . xpo to dan er ecau se ere are few of ou r m en am on m an ac g , b th g y bl k i n er are n o rs m en an d th e ou ses are ra a d e e e . , h f l th f tt Fran cisco de Alm ada Gon callo de Villalobos

Sirs a er s accoun of th e ac or h ad een com e ed an d , ft thi t f t y b pl t s n ed th e s e ard n orm ed m e a t ere was n o reac e n ot ig , t w i f th t h t l , daI of Th e tra e is rea and ese Alarv es are n ot on e can a . it d g t , th f reason ou de sire th e in ou r ord to m a e ro s m en o . If y k g , l , k p ﬁt , ou s ou at on ce sen on e I e of reac e ecau se m an a s y h ld d p p t l , b y d y r or or Ala es eat in s ous occur when thi ty f ty rv thi h e . Fran cisco de Alm ada Gon callo de Villalobos

60 ea of s a es cam e rom Ar u im an d 1 60 rem a n ere h d l v f g i th . TO th e factor an d Oﬂicers of th e Casa de Guyn é of ou r lord I th e n ki g .

ACCO TS OF FER AO DE E O CAPTA OF SAO UN N M LL , IN T E D DECE ER 1 1 02 HO S A . M I L N 9 MB 5 .

We com m an d an acco n to b e a en rom Fern am de e o u t t k f M ll , n oblem an of our household an d captain of ou r is lan d of Sam om e Of th e m an as c h e rece ed rom an Th , ill , whi h iv f Ofﬁcer of th e Casa da Min a for th e barter of th e s laves an d th e e er in th e r ers 3 of th e sa d s an d as is dec ared in e a p pp iv i i l , l d t il by a con tract which we have m ade with him ; an d als o of th e m an i as c h e rece e i e se rom our ac or of en m ll , whi h iv d l k wi f f t B i , n am e : 0 rom Fran des an ers 0 of co er 600 of ly 55 f [Fl d ] , 53 pp , rass an d th e rem a n n 1 0 of ic co er an d on e of ese b , i i g 4 th k pp , th is cou n ted as two of th e others ; an d also of reis in m on ey for th e aue of ese ar c es n a e : 0 re s c was th e V l th ti l , m ly 44 i whi h

1 Portu u es e m easu re for li i g q u ds . 2 ‘ ’ Cart as de u itacRo n o . 8 T ran l e q , 2 2 . s at d . 3 Th e riv ers Of th e m ain lan to wh ich th e is lan ders h ad een em owe re d, b p d o t s en d sh ip s for trade . R O P A S I N S T AF R C A 1 0 —1 6 0 EU E N W E I , 4 5 5

a ue of 2 2 co ars e r n s 2 00 re s for 1 0 e ers 1 0 v l ll with th i li k , i f tt , 4 reis for 7 iron s for takin g n egroes of those which they m ake in en im 0 re for on e an sa 0 re s for on e sc e for B , 4 is h d w, 4 i yth cu n 60 re s for roun a oc s 0 re s for on e m a oc tti g , i 3 d p dl k , 4 i tt k , an d th e rem ain in g 400 reis for on e lon g an d sm ooth chain with a ra m en of an o er c h e a so rece ed rom th e sai f g t th , whi h l iv f d ac or of en m He ren dere a er oo acco n of all th e f t B i . d us v y g d u t said m an illas an d th e aforesaid m on ey an d therefore we a u an r him rom a on i n rem c d ee O . en n Sa a q it f f blig ti Giv t , on e m er 1 1 0 9 D ce b 5 .

ACCO TS OF ASTIAO FER A DES ACTOR IN E UN B N N , F B NIN . 0 APR 1 1 1 2 IL 5 2 . We n ow com m and an accoun t to b e taken from Bastiam Fer man de n i of ou r o se o wh o was ac or in en of all z , k ght h u h ld , f t B y, m one an d oo s s a e an d o er ar ic es c h e rece e d y g d , l v s th t l , whi h iv an d s en in on e ear e m on s an d e e a s u r n p t y , ight th tw lv d y , d i g which h e held th e office ; an d also of those articles whic h h e received by th e death Of Duarte Lopez; an d of other articles whic h h e received from Fern am de Espan ha2 an d th e Ofﬁ cers of th e Casa da Mina; an d a sim ilar accoun t of those which h e r u h e ar e r of th e sa oods e n rece ived him self th o gh t b t id g . Giv L r 1 1 ero ern an e m a e s in ixb oa on 2 0 2 . . , Ap il 5 P F d z d thi

DE RA TO G A E SAO ORGE DA AFFONSO CAL I KIN M NU L . J A A AR 1 1 3 MIN . 2 J NU Y 5 3

ir ter res ec n th e ro a an s of ou r S . Af p tfully kissi g y l h d y high n ess re or sir a s n ce r n a rs e er to ou r , I p t , , th t i w iti g th t ﬁ t l tt y n e s e e n a e ou an accoun of affa rs ere on th e high s , wh r i I g v y t i h a da of anuar th e n of Afu to etu an d th e n of l st y J y, ki g [F ] ki g ,

Au a Yab iP cam e ere . ese r n ces a ter n o a e py [ ] h Th p i , f givi g h st g s r Nun e an d on so Seram ere e com ed u to Pe o z Af , w w l with f ll

1 ‘ ’ Extract tran slated. Cart as de q uitac RO , n o . 5 74 . , 2 a T reasurer of th e Casa da Min . 3 To rre do Tom o Cor o ch ron olo ico t . 1 m a o 1 2 n o . 2 . T ran s b , p g , p , c , 7 M T Prin t ed fo r th e rst tim e . am in de ted to r. . . urle for draw lat ed. ﬁ I b J F y m in g m y atten tion to th is docu en t .

1 1 R O P A S I N S T AF R C A 1 0 —1 6 0 4 EU E N WE I , 4 5 5

etu an d th e n of Au a Yab iP an d a so all e r n s [F ] ki g py [ ] , l th i k ight , ss th e an s of o r n e s an d a e n o n m ore to ki h d y u high s , I h v thi g re or a ou s e ce a a God to rolon th e e p t b t thi , x pt th t I pr y p g lif an d ro a es a e of ou r n ess e en as ou r i ness es res y l t t y high , v y h gh d i . rom na on an u ar 1 1 r m h n f 2 . o t e s e a o o r F My , J y 5 3 F rv t y u ness wh o sse ou r ro a an s high , ki s y y l h d . Afon so Caldeyra To ou r ord th e n l , ki g . — — From th e late Afonso Caldeira whom God preserve which ero Nun e e ered 1 1 . P z d liv . 5 3

PREPARATI ONS FOR THE DESPATCH OF MISSIONAR IES TO E G A E R Y LE TE N . To U 0 OVE ER B NIN KIN M NU L I . 2 MB 1 5 I 4 I

We th e n com m an ou Ru e e rece er Of th e rea , ki g , d y y L it , iv t su r of ou r cou an d th e C er of ou offi ce to e er o y rt , l k y r d liv t Bastiam de ar as rece er o t e reas r of th e Casa da n a V g , iv f h t u y Mi , two of th e s e m en s c are m a e in ou r rea r ilk v st t , whi h d t su y, with their albs an d with all their appurten an ces an d com plete in everythin g; an d also on e cloak of cam let of whatever colour you n n an d all s is to o to en an d th e r es s om thi k fitti g; thi g B y , p i t , wh we are sen n ere S a a e em ese a c es ar n . e ot di g th , h ll t k th If th rti l m ade in th e reasu r we com m an ou at on ce to cut em out t y , d y th an d m ake them from such s ilks as you thin k su itable in price an d co o r an d a so rom th e cam e an d ou a e er th e l u l f l t , y sh ll d liv whole to th e said Bastiam de Vargas; an d th e bis hop Of Cafy Safi a ess an d con secra e th e a es m en s We com [ ] sh ll bl t s id v t t . m an ou to do s c ecau se th e S in c th e a d y thi qui kly , b hip , whi h s id is soon o de ar An d s or er o e r es s are to o t . er p i t g , p t by thi d , t g th th e ac n o e em en rom th e a Bastiam de ar as with k wl dg t f s id V g , m a e th e c er of Offi ce ere n h e s a es a e er n d by l k his , wh i t t th t v ythi g h as een re s ere on rece an d s n e o we com b gi t d up ipt , ig d by b th , h e u r o n n e in Lixb m an d t accoun an s to set to o acc . o oa t t it y u t D , on 0 No em er 1 1 2 v b 5 4 . Th e secre ar m ad s Th e n t y e thi . ki g

1 m i m a o 1 6 n o . 1 1 T T orre do T o o Cor o ch ron olo co t . I . ran s b , p g , p , c , 7 Prin te d for th e rst tim e late d. ﬁ P O R T U GU ES E EN T E R P R I S E IN W E S T AF R I C A 1 1 5

Two com e e es m en s of s an d on e c oa of cam e pl t v t t ilk l k l t , c Ru e e h as to de er to Bastiam de ar as an d h ic whi h y L it liv V g , w h are o o en to g t B y .

ECE PT RO AST AO DE VARGAS 6 DECE ER R I F M B I . MB I Bastiam de Vargas have received from Ruy Leite two vest m en s n am e on e of a n s a n saoaste ra P of lac t , ly , t w y ti with y ( ) b k dam as all its a u en an ces n ed uc ram an d k with pp rt , li with b k e e e an d red tw s e S and alb an d th e dg d with whit i t d ilk , with its ; other Of dyed dam ask with savas teyra of satin with all its ap u en an ces n e c ram an d e d e h s e p rt , li d with bu k g d wit twi t d silk , and with its alb ; an d in addition on e Cloak of cam let with sav a ste ra of sa in of ru e s n e u c ram an d e e i y t B g , li d with b k dg d w th w s e S of h e sa o ou rs ese two es m en s an d th e t i t d ilk t id c l . Th v t t c loak are n ow registered by receipt u n der th e n am e of th e said Bastiam de ar as m e oh am de erre ra c er of his Oﬂice V g by J F y , l k in Lixb oa on 6 ecem er 1 1 , D b 5 4 . Bastiao de Vargas JOhRO de Ferreira

2 ACCOU TS OF O A L PE 1 DECE ER I 1 . N G NC LO O S . 7 MB 5 4

We com m an an acco n to b e a en rom on a o o e d u t t k f G c l L p z , kn ight Of our household an d cus tom s Officer of our slaves an d th e en e rom n an d ac or of ou r s an s of e er tw ti th f Gui é f t i l d , v y thin g which h e receive d an d spen t in th e said custom s an d fac or es du r n th e er o of ree ears c e an on 1 t i i g p i d th y , whi h b g anuar 1 1 1 an d en d m e 1 1 Th e J y 5 ed on th e last day of Dece b r 5 3 . rece Of his s a accou n c was a en an d e am n e in ipt id t , whi h t k x i d our cus om s ou se th e o ersee of our e c e uer s o t h by v rs x h q , h ws a h e rece ed u r n th e a d er o re s an d h e th t iv d i g s i p i d i , rece e s sum rom th e er on s n am ed e o a is to s a : iv d thi f p s b l w, th t y re s rom Rui om e reas rer of th e Casa da n a i f G z , t u Mi , for as m uch of th e twen tieth of gold as cam e from Min a du rin g

1 T orre d T m Co T ran s o o o r o ch ron olo ico t . I m a o 1 6 n o . 1 1 . b , p g , p , c , 7 lated . Prin ted for th ﬁ rst tim e e . ‘ ’ 2 Cartas d itacRo e u n o . T q , 2 97 . ran slated. 1 1 6 R O P A S I N S T AF R CA 1 0 —1 6 0 EU E N W E I , 4 5 5 th e o e sa ee ears 1 in c were n c ed re s wh l id thr y , whi h i lud i which h e receive d from him for th e expen ses of his Ofﬁ ce ; reis which h e received from certain persons for th e en ie of a es an d o er a c es c e rou to tw t th sl v th rti l , whi h th y b ght these kin gdom s ; reis from certain passen gers wh o wen t to Serra Leoa [Sierra Leon e] an d live d am on g th e n egroes ; reis which h e received as part of th e fou rths Of som e a es of e rs c e rou to ese n om s sl v th i , whi h th y b ght th ki gd ; re s c h e rece e d rom oa da Afon seca eca se h e i whi h iv f J h , b u arm e th e ou r s en e s an d en s of th e an of th e f d f th , tw ti th t th l d s an of San om e SRO om e for two ears c e an on i l d t [ Th ] y , whi h b g th e day of San Joha 1 5 1 1 an d en ded on th e equ ivalen t day in 1 1 an d s sum n c u e th e on e er cen ic h e a e 5 3 , thi i l d d p t wh h p y d; re s rom uar e onso an d a e e o ecause e i f D t Af Du rt B ll , b th y arm ed th e s an d of An n a Bom c en e on th e da of f i l , whi h d d y Sam oh am 1 1 an d s sum n c e th e on e er cen 0 J 5 3 , thi i lud d p t; 5 5 re s rom th e Coun Of or a e re ecau e h e arm e th e h ur i f t P t l g , b s f d e la orc e a of th e an of Sam NicolRo San a a2 an d z l [ h ll ] isl ds , t Luzi n os Ih eos P for on e ea c en e on th e da of Sam ( ) y r, whi h d d y oh am 1 1 th e on e er cen re s rom n on o J 5 3 , plus p t; i f A t i Ro r u e ascaren as an d NicolRo Rodr e eca se e d ig z M h igu z , b u th y arm ed th e s an s of San a o o o an d a o2 for ree ears f i l d ti g , F g M i th y , which began on th e day of Sam Joh am 1 5 1 0 an d en ded on th e e u a en t da in 1 1 us th e on e er cen re s q iv l y 5 3 , pl p t; i which th e said Gon calo Lopez received for him self by th e s ale of ’ 1 2 o en an d oa s s ns c cam e to him rom th e an ds , 35 d z 4 g t ki whi h f isl du rin g th e said thre e years of his receipt at variou s prices per dozen ; 58 reis which h e also received for him self for th e sale of m oios 1 8 a ue res of corn at a o r ce 57 , lq i v ri us p i s; re s e n th e a ue of ea of s a e m a e an d em ale i , b i g v l h d l v s , l f , c h e rece e rom Ru i om e rea rer of th e Ca a da whi h iv d f G z , t su s n a u r n th e sa ree ears of his rece re Mi , d i g id th y ipt; is rom ab am de a an d oh am de Cra o ecau e th e ra e of f J Lil J st , b s t d Serra eoa was arm e ou t to em for ree ears c e an L f d th th y , whi h b g on th e day of Sam Joh am 1 5 1 0 an d en ded on th e day of Sam

1 Th e Kin g of Portugal always receiv ed o n e twen tieth of all gold bro ugh t m fro Min a. 2 S RO NicolRo S an ta u ia o o an d aio were all in cluded in th e Ca e , L z , F g M p d Ver e group o f is lan ds .

1 1 8 R O P A S I N S T AF R CA 1 0—1 6 0 E U E N W E I , 4 5 5

e en es of of ce . An d 1 1 m oios a ue re of co n xp s his fi 3 , 4 lq i s r , e eo m oios a u e re h e rece e rom wh r f 55 , 3 lq i s iv d f Anton io Go n o th e c s om s Oflicer of th e an of Sam u e 1 68 di h , u t isl d Mig l , m oios 1 a u e res rom Gon alvez th e cu om s c , 5 lq i f Luis c , st Ofli er of ra a in th e s an d of erce ra 1 m oios 6 a e res rom P i i l T i , 43 , 4 lqu i f ran c sco ar n th e cu s om s Oflicer Ofth e s an of rac o a1 F i M ti z , t i l d G i s , 60 m oios rom n on o da e a th e cu om Of cer of a a 1 f A t i V ig , st s fi F y l , an d th e rem a n n 8 m oios rom o o GirRo th e c m i i g 4 f Di g , usto s 1 of cer of th e s an of Sam or e . And 2 n a 2 arro e fi i l d J g 5 qui t ls , b s , 1 arrates an d a u ar er of red corn c h e rece e r 9 q t , whi h iv d f om th e con rac or of Serra eoa as th e en e of 1 n a so t t s L , tw ti th 5 3 qui t ls . Al , m an o er n s of ar o s n as is con a n y th thi g v i u ki ds , t i ed in th e rece c are n ot en m era e reason of e r en ipt , whi h u t d by th i l gth . By th e en c osu re of h is acco n h e is s o n to a s e l u t , h w h ve p n t th e o e of th e a m on e an d th e a oresa a t c e an d as h e wh l s id y f id r i l s , ere ore we ac an d ee him r ought . Th f quit fr f om Obliga in m e r m on 1 e em on en c e 1 1 . ti . Giv Al i i , 7 D b r 5 4

B ILL OF LADING OF GOODS DELIVERED To GONCALO FER DE F R TRADE AT TO A PO T AR I s O GU M . 8 L NAN FI IN . JU Y 1 5 1 5% Let those wh o see this bill of lading kn ow that it is true that on a o ern an e rece e rom EsteVRO da am a3 ca a n G c l F d z iv d f G , pt i of cas e of Ar u m s m erc an e an d e e com this tl g j , thi h dis th s m odities in or er to o to rs e ra e at Pom te de Tof a in , d g pu u t d y th e cara e e on n to th e Ca e an os 4 e h e o v l b l gi g st lh , whith r g es by er his ord .

irstl he received 1 6 m oios of corn an d ane as5 1 6 m om s ane as F y, 9 f g 9 f g

1 l Terc eira Graciosa a al an d SRO S . i ue or e are all islan ds in M g , , , F y J g th e Azores group . 2 i ; T orre do Tom o Cor o ch ron olo co t . 2 m a o No . 8 Tran s b , p g , p , c 5 9 , 9

Prin ted for th e rst tim e . late d . ﬁ 3 Estev RO da Gam a h ad been c ap tain of Arguim sin ce early in Nov em ber im m ediate re dece ssor was Pe az de A ei 1 . His ro V lrn da A . B 5 1 4 p ( aiRo , do o o chron olo ica relati as a ra a D acum entas C rp g v Ma cc s p . 1 3 0 ; Rev is ta 1 Lusitana, x , 4 h an t m h Th ese Castilian m erc s ust av e receiv ed licen ces to trade . 5 in o n A Portu guese m easure of gra c n tain i g 4 alq ueires . P O R TU GU E S E EN TE R P R I S E I N W ES T AF R I CA

An d 1 0 alb ernaz es1 ornam en ed ith oc sil 1 0 ieces , t w ﬂ k k p 1 40 Moorish alquj ces 1 00 pieces [sic] 24 traz cum tes 2 24 pieces 1 2 h alf taz cum tes 1 2 pieces 30 Moorish covados 3 of camdada4 30 cov ados 1 2 pieces ofbardate5 1 2 pieces 20 alquices ayquas6 20 pieces 1 2 cham ber pots 1 2 pieces 1 2 sh aving bowls 1 2 pieces 4 pairs of silvered stirrups 4 pieces [sic] 4 b ridle -bits “4 pieces 6 pairs Of silvered spurs 6 pairs 1 dozen caps 1 2 pieces 1 doz en togas Ofbardate 1 2 pieces

‘ 20 cov erlets of Alem tejo 20 pieces 4 alambes [h am b els] 4 pieces I ream of pape r 1 piece 2 pairs of silvered headstalls 2 pairs 2 pairs ofgilt h eadstalls 2 pairs 2 pairs ofgilt spu rs 2 pairs 6 silver m arks 6 m arks 50 com b s an d 50 needles 1 00 pieces 1 an e a 1 al ueire an d 1 loa ieces f g , q f 3 p 42 an d on e h alf ofpack-cloth 42 rods an d on e h alf I ortu uese covado I Moorish and 1 rod ieces P g , 3 p 3 pipes ofwater and one quarter 4 pieces 7 barrels 7 pieces 6 pairs of collars with 6 couplings an d a key 1 2 pieces 6 fetters with 6 rings 6 pieces

1 Th e albernoa or albarn oz was a t e of urn ous m ade with coars e , , yp b , woollen c loth an d n t d o ye d . 2 ‘ ’ ‘ ’ ‘ ’ ‘ Varian t orm s are traz cum tes taacum tes tascantes an d al uices f , , , q ’ ‘

taz cun tes . Th e az un w m n t t c te as a kin d O f Moorish a le . 3 Th e cov ado was a Portu u ese m easure con tain in ard or 1 Flem is h g , g y ,

4 ‘ ’ ‘ ’ ‘ ’ Camdada c a A e cloth erh a s andad or ana de candado . t of , , p yp , p p ex orted rom An twer an d ossi l ta in its n am e rom th e town of p f p , p b y k g f Con dé in N F . ran c e .

5 Pach eco reco d E a a itan ts of th e r s sm er lda . 1 ch . 20 th at th e in h ( , bk , ) b ‘ kin gdom of Fez (Morocco) bough t ﬁ n e h an dkerchiefs an d oth er coarser ’ on es whi h t n a ric c h e call bardateis . B ardate s eem s to h av e een a c otto , y b f b , m ostl m an u ac tu red in E t y f gyp . 6 ‘ ’ ‘ ’ Al uices a u T term a ua was as or sim l a uas were h ai s . h e q yq , p y yq , k yq a aren tl a Portu u ese ren d rin r h ai s pp y g e g of th e Arabic wo d for k . 1 2 0 R O P A S I N S T AF R C A 1 0 —1 6 0 E U E N WE I , 4 5 5

1 axe an d I scyth e 2 darts for ﬁsh in g with th eir h afts 1 h an d- un an d I h an d- u n with its ram rods g , g 1 kettle for n egroes an d 1 copper kettle 1 0 b arrels full of biscu it 2 b ales Of pack-cloth 47 b ags which go with corn 1 pile oftwo m arks an d som e scales for weigh in old and ei ht wei hts 1 0 ieces g g , g g p 6 m an acles 6 pieces 2 spears 2 pieces 6 m usket -b alls oflead 6 pieces 3 cowhide shields 3 pieces 1 h am m er 1 piece 1 can ada ofwine 1 piece

ecause is rue a th e a oresa rece e all ese oo s B it t th t f id iv d th g d , a e him s of a n m a e m e acom e o e o I g v thi bill l di g , d by , J B t lh , f in s cas e on c er o s cas e an d s n e o . on e l k t hi tl , ig d by b th D thi tl , 8 1 1 1 acom e o e o July 5 4 P) . J B t lh Gom callo Fernam dez

BILL OF LADING OF GOODS DELIVERED To GONCALO

FER A DES FOR TRADE AT ETE O TAS ARGUIM . N N S M U . 1 1 2 30 JULY 5 5 . Let those wh o see this bill of ladin g kn ow that it is true that on a o ern an e m as er of th e s S amta Catarina G c l F d z , t hip , rece e rom Es e am da am a ca a n of s cas e ofAr u iv d f t v G , pt i thi tl g j , e e com m o es in or er to o to ursue ra e in th e a th s diti , d g p t d s id a i n c ara e t Se e ou as er h e s n ow o . v l t M t , whith g i g

irstl h e received m oios 8 al ueires of F y, 33 3 q earn 33 m oios 38 alqueires An d 0 allbernaz es orn am ented with oc sil 0 ieces 4 , ﬂ k k 4 p 1 4 alquj ces taz cuntes 1 4 pieces 1 8 h alf taz cuntes 1 8 pieces

‘ ’ 1 m u st b e an e rror Th e MS . con tain s j ulha de bxio (July But this for ul 1 1 ec au s e Pero Vaz de Alrn eida was c a tain of Ar uim on J y 5 5 , b p g 3 Nov em ber 1 5 1 4 an d Estev Ro da G am a did n ot take up h is dutie s un til after ‘ ’ th is date . S e e Braan c am Freire A en te do Can cion eiro in R evis ta p , g , L m . usitana to x1 . , p 3 1 4 . 2 Tran s Torre do T m c o m n o . 8 o o Cor o c h ron olo i t . 2 a o b , p g , p , c 5 9 , 9

late d. Prin ted for th e first tim e .

R O P A S IN S T AFR C A 1 0—1 6 0 E U E N W E I , 4 5 5

BILL OF LADING OF GOODS DELIVERED TO GONCALO FER NANDES FOR TRADE AT A TERO E ARG IM 1 EPT N T U . . 5 S EMBER 1 5 I 5 I Let those wh o see this bill of ladin g kn ow that it is true that on a o e nan e m as er of th e cara e for rade c h e is G c l F r d z , t v l t whi h n ow o n to u rsu e at Am ton io Ro a his or er rece e g i g p t by d , [ iv d] 20 a all u ces taz cuntes et ecause is ru e t a h e h lf q j [ a ] . B it t h t h as re ce e all th e sa ar c es a e him s of a n iv d id ti l , I g v thi bill l di g , m a e m e acom e o e o c er of s cas e an d S ne d by , J B t lh , l k thi tl , ig d by i r I em r 1 1 o n A u on Se e . . o e n s ca e of b th D thi stl g j , 5 pt b 5 5 Jacom e Botelho Gon callo Fernan dez

2 F R 0 OCTO ER 1 1 . ACCOUNTS O ANTONIO DO PO TO . 3 B 5 5 We n ow com m an d an accoun t to b e taken in our Cus tom s ouse rom n on o do or o s re of our o e o an d H f A t i P t , qui h us h ld , form erly receiver Of our twen tieth an d s laves in our city Of Lixb oa Of all th e m one an d ar c es c h e rece ed du r n , y ti l whi h iv i g th e as ear 1 1 n am e : in m on e re s an d I p t y 5 4 , ly y i , ras o 1 e e a an ce an d ron e s 1 cro s o b s b wl , k ttl , 3 b l s 7 i w ight , s b w for a n n e roes 1 ac of s cu an d 1 ad on a u n a t ki g g , 4 s ks bi it diti l q i t l , I o s of Oil I e e 1 ar uibanca3 1 lassb ox 1 2 n e roes 5 p t , k ttl , g , g , g , 2 a u e re of ou r 1 C e - cat 1 0 arrates of s ces lq i s ﬂ , iv t , 5 pi , s n 1 m oios 2 a ue re of corn 8 u n a s an d 6 arrates ki s , 97 , 3 lq i s , q i t l of uraella orc e a 2 arro es of sam ue dadra am 4 an d [ h ll ] , b g g , Th r e f his accou n u n I arro e of a r . e ec o q i tals an d b p st y ipt t , which was exam in ed in our said Cu stom s House by th e over eer of ou r e c e u er s s a h e ren ere u s a oo acco n s x h q , how th t d d g d u t of e er n ere ore we ac u an d ree him rom v ythi g . Th f q it f f

in Lixb oa on 0 c o e 1 1 . n r o a on . en blig ti Giv , 3 O t b r 5 5 A d é Th e a re s h e ece e rom Rodriguez m ade this . s id i r iv d f

1 Torre do T om o Cor o ch ron olo ico t . 2 m a o n o . 8 Extrac t b , p g , p , c 5 9 , 9 ,

P in ted r th r t tim e . tran s lated . r fo e ﬁ s 2 ‘ ’ Extract tran slated. Cart as d uitacR . 1 0 . e q O , no 3 , 3 Ta le or s eat with drawe r u n dern eath . b , , ‘ ’ ’ 4 D ra n A e n ain ed rom th e Dracaena draca orm erl o s lo d . r s i o t g b o b f , f y u sed in m edicine s . P O R T U G U E S E EN TE R PR I S E I N W E S T AF R I C A 1 2 3 various person s in c lu din g reis from Duarte Rodriguez an d Giam Rodriguez as pen alties for goin g to Serra; re s rom Ch ristovam de aram an d his a n ers con rac or i f H p rt , t t s of Serra Lioa; reis from m aster Felipe an d Diego Lopez for th e trade of Quan tor an d Gam b ea; reis rom Carllo con rac or of th e m a e ue a m a a e a f , t t l q t [ l gu t ] ; re s rom uar e e o an d ua e ffon o ren ers of i f D t B ll D rt A s , t th e s an Of n n o Bom i l d A .

DUARTE P RE E 0 TO ER EN . 2 OC I S TO KING MANU L . B IN B 1 1 6 1 5 . M os an d m n an d r n ce our or . a God M t high ighty ki g p i , l d y n crea e ou r ro a a Sir o r ne s b e ease to es te . i s y y l t , y u high s will pl d n o h ow ero aroso a e m e a e er rom our n ess k w P B g v l tt f y high , which m ade m e rej oice that your highness s hou ld b e m in dful of so hum ble a m an as I; an d n ow I ren der accoun t to your high n e s in re ar m e Sir r r to th e e er c ou en . e e s g d l tt whi h y s t , with f en ce to what you say abou t m ybein g in very great favour with th e n of Ben m is ru so ecau se th e n of Ben m ki g j , it t ly ; b ki g j is ea ed a s a in a o r of ou r n ess an d h e pl s with wh t I id f v u y high , , desires to b e your verygood frien d an d speaks of n othin g save what con cern s Ou r Lord an d you r in terest; an d s o h e is very a an d e se all his n o em en an d his eo e an d o r gl d , lik wi bl p pl , y u ness s or n a Th e a o r c th e high will h tly k ow bout this . f v u whi h king of Benjm accords u s is du e to his love of your highness ; an d thus h e pays us high hon our an d sets u s at table to dine his son and n o ar of his cou r is en rom u s all with , p t t hidd f but th e oors are o en Sir en ese r es s arr v ed in Ben m d p . , wh th p i t i j , th e delight of th e kin g of Benjm was so great that I do n ot kn ow h ow to e c e an d e se a of all his eo e an d h e d s rib it , lik wi th t p pl ; sen t for them at on ce ; an d they rem ain ed with him for on e o e ear in r Th e r e an e rem n e him of h e wh l y wa . p i sts d w i d d t em a of our hn es s an d h e re ed to us a h e was er b ssy y hig , pli th t v y sa s e b u t s n ce h e was at war a h e cou do ti ﬁ d with it; i , th t ld n o n u n h e re urn e to Ben m ecau se h e n eede d e su re thi g til t d j , b l i

1 T do T m orre o o Cor o ch ron olo ico t . 1 m a o 2 0 n o . 1 8 . T ran s b , p g , p , c , lat d — e . Th i s docum en t a u a . 6 . is p rin ted in Alguns d c m en t s , pp 3 9 5 1 2 R O P A S I N S T AF R C A 1 0 - 1 6 0 4 E U E N WE I , 4 5 5 for suc a ee m s er as as oon as h e was in Ben m h e h d p y t y this; s j , ou u h is rom se to our ness an d h e ou so w ld f lﬁl p i y high , w ld behave as to give great pleasure to your highn ess an d to all you r n m SO was a at h e en d of on e e r n m o . t a i th e on of ki gd it th t , y , th s th e n a e son an d som e of his n o em en—th e Augu t , ki g g v his bl — greatest in his kin gdom so that they m ight becom e Christian s ; an d also h e ordered a c hu rch to b e bu ilt in Benjm ; an d they m ade them Christian s s traightway; an d also they are teachin g em to ea and o r n e b e ease to no a th r d , y u high ss will pl d k w th t r d arn re r ir th e n f B n m e are e oo e e s . o o e s o e th y v y g l r M v , , ki g j o e to n s his war his m m er an d we s a re u rn to h p s ﬁ i h t su , h ll t Benjm ; an d I shall give your highness an account of everythin g n Sir u ar e res an d oh am b r n h o a a a e . So th t h pp s , I D t Pi , J y , res en in th e s an of r n c e an d Gr or o a ren o a id t i l d O P i ip , yg y L u c , ac m an an d orm er th e se an of ran c s uo a ren o bl k f ly rv t F y q L u c , all rem a n in th e e ce of our n e s an d we a e sub i s rvi y high s , h v m itted ro osa s on o r e a to th e n of Ben m an d we p p l y u b h lf ki g j , hav e described to him h ow your highn ess is a great lord an d u c m a e him a rea or on e in s ar on 20 h ow o an . w y k g t l d D thi ,

October I 5 I 6 . Duarte P11‘es T or h e n o our l d t ki g .

RESTRI CTIONS IMPOSED UPON THE TRADE OF THE CAP 1 BY ORDER OF G A E . 1 1 VERDIANS KIN M NU L 5 7 .

d m m u Ru Gam es . We an co an a as oon as o Dr. y will d th t s y a e seen ou a or er to b e roc a m e in a C h v this , y sh ll d it p l i d th t ity an d to b e set up on gates an d in pu blic places that we think e of s co of our ro on c we or an on e w ll thi py p hibiti , by whi h f bid y to carry from these kin gdom s or other parts to th e islan d of Sam tiagu o or of Poguo [Fogo] of Cabo Verde an y Of those oo c a e een or en in th e ra e of Ser a S erra g ds , whi h h v b f bidd t d s r [ i eon e an d n n er a n of su ren e to our co of th e L ] Gui é , u d p i r d r urt s n c e are carr goods an d th e hip o whi h th y ied . m ore n o s m a o rom ere in em . u r er a c It F th , th t hip , whi h y g f h th e n om or o er ar s s oe er to th e s a d s an of Sam " ki gd , th p t v , i i l d ti

1 To rre do T om o liv ro de re isto de le is do Rei D . an oel. Prin ted in b , g M — T t . arcellos 1 8 . ran sla ed B , , 4 5

1 2 6 R O P A S I N S T AF R C A 1 0 —1 6 0 EU E N W E I , 4 5 5

ar ous r ce an d a ere are s -e to b e so c v i p i s , th t th ixty ight ld whi h are s o defective an d broken that we thin k th ey have been badly an d e i . us we cer to ou rom h s ac o on 1 6 h l d Th t fy it y f t i f t ry, c o er 1 1 8 O t b 5 . Fran cisco de Mes qu ita

G A E To A TO O PORTO CARRE RO CAPTA KIN M NU L N NI I , IN OF ARGUIM DECE ER 1 1 8 1 . 2 MB 5 .

To An rr We h e n s n r ton o o o Ca e ro . t e ou ee n s y P rt i ki g d y g ti g . We are n ow c om m an n u ar e or es wh o o n at di g D t B g , is g i g resen as ca a n in s c we are sen d n to n a p t pt i this hip whi h i g My , to m ake for that factory s o that you m ay deliver to him forty or fifty head of s laves in order to tran sport an d deliver them to our a or f h s n a W ere ore e recom m e f ct o t e aid My . h f w n d an d com m an d ou to e er to th e s a d u ar e or es or to an o er y d liv i D t B g , y th erson wh o oes as ca a n of th e s a s th e s a s a es p g pt i id hip , id l v . You s hall take his receipt for them un til you are given an other m m h f na oreo er m m or a ro t e a ac or o . we co an f lly f s id f t My M v , d you hen ceforward to s en d to th e factor in all ships th e slaves for c our offi cers of th e Casa da n a r e to ou W a e er whi h My w it y . h t v e ask of ou e r e ers ou s a do as th e et ers th y y by th i l tt y h ll , if l t ere o rs ecau se s is our s an d for s we s a an w u , b thi wi h , thi h ll th k ou an d ou are to ro e e er a ou r aid an d u c des y ; y p vid v y f v , q i k a c ic m a b e n ecessar as we are con en ou i p t h , wh h y y , fid t y w ll . Alm e m n ecem er 1 1 8 anu de u r Wr en in r o 2 . e o a itt y y , D b 5 M l M m s ade thi . Th e sa s a e c ou are s to e er to him are to id l v s , whi h y thu d liv , m f em as oss e er can b b e all m a es or as an o . e e l , y th p ibl If th e en ea ou s a e er s n m er to him an d e are s v ty h d , y h ll d liv thi u b , th y to b e th e es to b e h ad ere an d e are to b e n e er o s b t th , th y ith b y h s a a e 2 n or Old m en b ut t e be t youths av il bl . Th e kin g fAr m a ou th e s a es for n a To th e captain o guy b t l v My .

1 T orre do T om o Cor o ch ron olo ico t . 2 m a o n o . 2 . T ran s b , p g , p , c 7 9 , 5

m m t M T . F rle fo d in de ed to r . . u r raw t d Prin ted for th e rs t ti e . a la e . ﬁ I b J y in g m y atten tion to th is docum en t . 2 D uart e Borjes wou ld n eed th is sp ec ial auth ority to c all at Arguim for h s Clau s es in th e ro al ordin an ces strictl or ade th e ca tain s of t e s lav e . y y f b p P O R TU GU E S E E N T E R P R I S E I N WE S T AF R I CA

RECEIPT FROM DUARTE BORJES FOR SLAVES DELIVERED TO HIM AT ARGUIM AR 1 1 1 . 4 JANU Y 5 9 .

uar e Bor es ca a n of th e sh S am t l ansa n ow on its D t j , pt i ip y yf , wa to n a ac n o ed e an d adm e a h e h ad rece ed y My , k wl g d itt d th t iv om Am ton io Portocarreiro ca a n of s cas e of Ar u m fr , pt i thi tl g y , r -ﬁ v e ea Of s a es m a e an d em a e c h e is ran thi ty h d l v , l f l , whi h t s o n in order to de er to th e ac or of h e sa n a an d as p rti g liv f t t id My , a r e recor ereo h e a e him s rece s n e him t u d th f g v thi ipt , ig d by an d m a e b e m l z 1 1 e N co Ro Am tune on anuar . d , y , 4 J y 5 9 Duarte Borjes NycolRo Am tun ez Thirty-ﬁ ve head Of s laves appear on th e receipt s ide Of th e ledger Of JohRO Gago for th e year 1 5 1 9 on folio 2 1 6 in an en try which s tates that h e received them from Am ton io Portocarreiro ro th e sa a e or es e er to an e de Sam e th ugh id Du rt B j by d liv y M u l d , ac or in n a r e f t My . It is t u .

ACCO TS OF GASPAR DE V A O OS ACTOR OF OLD UN ILL L B , F E IN SAO ORGE A A FE R AR 1 1 2 D 6 . LIN N J MIN . B U Y 5 9 We com m an d an accoun t to b e taken from Gaspar de Villa o os n i of our o se o d an d ac or of Old n en in our L b , k ght h u h l f t li c t of Sam or e da n a for th e two ears an d two m on s i y J g Mi , y th an d en t a s c e an on 1 ecem er 1 1 6 an d en ded tw y d y , whi h b g 3 D b 5 on 2 arc 1 1 u r n c h e was en ru s e th e M h 5 9 , d i g whi h t t d with rece of th e sa d ac or r n th e s a er od h as een ipt i f t y . Du i g id p i , it b oun d h a h e rece e th e o o n o an d ar c es n am e : f t t iv d f ll wi g g ld ti l , ly sh i s destin ed for in a or SRO Th om e to c all at oth er orts e ith er on th e p , M , p d r n h ou twar o o t e return v o a e . It is tru e th at th e were erm itted to , , y g y p en t er in te rm ediate ort s if th e wan ted to sh elter rom storm s or were in p , y f , b ad n ee d of re airs wh ile sh i s of th e con trac tors were allowe d if th e were p , p , y oin to ta e on oard c ar oes of s lav es to ut in to Bez i uich e an d Portu dal g g k b g , p g in m to O ta eal an d h ides . But oth erwise c a tain s of all sh i s s en t to Gu in ea b , p p w ere in stru c t e d to p roceed on ly to th eir p orts of destination an d th en to return s trai h t ac Th e u os e o h n g b k . p rp f s u c s trict i j un c tion s was to p rev en t - sm u lin . S ee As ard na ﬁ es del R e D a Man oel e m V . gg g p y , , 9 3 4 1 Torre do T om o Cor o ch ron olo ic o m t 2 a o n o . 2 . Tran s b , p g , p T , c 7 9 , 5 l t d P in t ed or th a e . r f e rst tim e . am in de ted to Mr. . T ut le for draw ﬁ I b J . F y in m tt en ti n i g y a o to th s docum en t . ‘ ’ 2 Cartas de uita RO n T q c , o 2 73 . ran slated. 1 28 R O P A S I N S T AF R CA 1 0 —1 6 0 E U E N W E I , 4 5 5

2 6 m ar s 6 oun ce 2 ram s 66 ra n s of o th e sa e of 7 k , s , d , g i g ld , by l th e oods ere ec are n am e : 1 1 al arvias of e er n g h d l d , ly 4 j v y ki d , alambeis of e er n d co er e s alambeladas l 1 al uice v y ki , 4 v l t , q , an d o er n s c h e ece e u on e er rom Bal th thi g , whi h r iv d p d liv y f a ar de a rro wh o was ac or of th e a Old n en an d t s B i s , f t s id li , ec are in rece Th e sa rece c was e am n e d l d his ipt . id ipt , whi h x i d in ou r e c e uer ou r o erseers e eo s o e a th e sa x h q by v th r f, h w d th t id as ar de a o os th e ac or h as ren ered u s a er oo G p Vill L b , f t , d v y g d accoun Of th e sa o an d o er ar c es ere ore we t id g ld th ti l . Th f ac u an d ree him rom O i a ion q it f f bl g t . i en n E ora on 6 e r ar 1 1 oam do or o m a e . Giv v , F b u y 5 9 . J P t d this Althou gh it states above that th e period of his receipt en ds on arc 2 is for two ears an d ree m on an d e een da s M h , it y th ths ight y , c e ns on ecem er 1 as sai an d en s at th e en d of whi h b gi D b 3 , is d , d arc 1 1 M h 5 9 .

CO A D BY FERNAO LOPES CORREA GOVER OR OF MM N , N SAO ORGE DA A 1 ARCH 1 1 2 J MIN . 2 M 5 9 .

Fern am o e Correa ca a n an d o ern or of s c Of I , L p z , pt i g v thi ity Sam or e da M n a com m an ou an e de Sam de at J g j , d y , M u ll , resen th e ac or in to set to th e acco n an d e enses of p t f t it , u t xp oam ram uo th e ac or at Axem on e n red an d o -n n e J F q , f t , hu d f rty i e ec e sm a c am er o s c h e so at ar o s r ces d f tiv ll h b p t , whi h ld v i u p i ,

in addition to th e ﬁfty which you sen t him from here for sale . W ere ore b e a e to o r accoun th e recor h f , this will dd d y u t with d of th e clerks of th e expen se which I order them to set to your acco n on e m e OhRO de Se xas c er of s ac or on u t . D by , J y , l k thi f t y , r 1 1 2 2 Ma ch 5 9 . JohRo de Seixas Fern an do Lopez Correa

Certiﬁcate for th e lord captain from th e factor of Ax em about on e u re an d or -n n e e ec e o s 3 an d the com m an h nd d f ty i d f tiv p t , d of h e a a n t c pt i .

1 S trip ed cov erlets . 2 T orre do Tom o Cor o ch ron olo ico t . 1 m a o n o . 8 . T ran s lated. b , p g , p , c 9 , 5 rle for drawin m T . u P in d h r im m in de te d to Mr. . r te for t e ﬁ st t e . I a b J F y g y i n o h is m n t atten t o t t docu e . 3 8 A re e ren ce to do c . f . 3

1 0 R O P A S I N S T AF R C A 1 0 —1 6 0 3 EU E N W E I , 4 5 5 accou n s of th e m an as an d oo s c e e for th e t ill g d , whi h th y giv s a s a es an d on th e rece s de th e a s av e so a e id l v , ipt i s id l s , th t th y m a ren der an accoun of em or of th e o d for c a er y t th , g l whi h ft ards e rese th e a es us we e ou n o e r . c e eo w th y ll sl v Th giv y ti h f, an d we com m an d you at on ce to caus e n otice hereof to b e given to s ac or wh o is s er n at res en an d erea er to o ers thi f t , vi g p t , h ft th , that we will that they shall keep an d observe this as s tated herei An d you shall cau s e this to b e copied in th e book of th e regu latIon s of that factory an d in that it m ay b e kn own to al we com m an d th e j u dge of of s so a h e m a n o a we u s or an d we com thi , th t y k w wh t th f bid; m an d ou r officers of th e Casa de Guinee to en ter a copy of this in th e oo of th e re u a on s of th e sa Casa an d to n ser a b ks g l ti id , i t n o e on th e ac of s s o n h ow e a e a en a co Of t b k thi , h wi g th y h v t k py in th e m an n er s a e an d to sen to ou on th e rs S of it t t d , d it y ﬁ t hip h d on cern s ou Y u ar o u se s ear s n ce o c es an c . o e t ca thi y , i it t u y e an d O ser e in h e m an n er s a e on e i this to b e k pt b v d t t t d . D n E r 1 Am n i n o m ade s ora on 2 0 a c 20 . to o o s . v , M h 5 Af thi

D ARTE PACHECO PERE RA GOVER OR OF SAO ORGE DA U I , N J R A DE F G E REDO 8 A G ST A To THE ACTO O O . MIN , F , J I U I U U 0 1 1 52 .

u ar e Pach e u o Pire ra n o em an of th e ou se o of I , D t q y , bl h h ld ou r or th e n ca a n an d o ern or of s c of Sam l d ki g , pt i g v thi ity or e da n a com m an d ou am de e redo th e ac or of J g Mi , y , J Figu i , f t r or th e in to ro de on e in tada rom on a o Vaz ou l d k g , p vi p f G c l , 2 on e s ron a erea a ree ro s of nabal n en on e red ca t g li y , th d li , p , an d on e c am er ot ic or er to b e i en to th e in of h b p , wh h I d g v k g h e cam e s Accanees P an d two m a al ereaias for two of his t A [ ] , s ll j

n ts sin ce s is th e cus om an d e are to b e en , k igh , thi t , th y giv by r of ou r or th e n u on th e arr a of ca a n s in orde l d ki g , p iv l his pt i n a so com m an d ou to ro e on e m asana 3 on e this city; a d l I y p vid ,

1 T orre do T om o Cor o c h ron olo ico t . 2 m a o 1 n o . 2 . T ran s b , p g , p , c 9 , 7 E d A v do as to Esm eralda de situ arbis d Prin te d in R . . e e e late . z B

xxii. p . 2 nav al lin en was a in d of an cien t lin en cloth . Nab al (Po rt . ) k 3 i A bam be l of Masou a [Me s s n a] . P O R T U GU E S E EN T E R P R I S E I N WE S T AF R I C A 1 3 1 sm a al ereaia two ro an d a a fof nabal nen an d on e red ll j , ds h l li , ca c or er to b e en to th e n of th e Ab erm us p , whi h I d giv ki g Ab aan P eca e th e ord n an ce of ou r sa or re u res a [ ] , b us i id l d q i th t h e b e en e e n s n c e h e a en s to b e s u a e on th e giv th s thi g , si h pp it t d road of th e m erchan ts 1 ; all these thin gs I com m an d you to give an d e er to am e ra om am n ow s en n ere to d liv J Vi y , wh I di g th Visit them again ; an d I com m an d you to give h im for his e en se for m e an d for two s a es wh o carr ese oods xp s hi s lf l v , y th g for him an d for on e n er re er wh o oes him s ix sm a , i t p t , g with , ll alj ereaias; an d therefore with th e record of th e clerks of th e e en se c or er em to ssu e on ou r e a s i xp , whi h I d th i y b h lf, thi w ll b e se o o r a o n as e en se s a e m e asco da t t cc u . y u t xp M d by , V Ma er Of s a n 8 u us 1 0 ta c c o o 2 . , l k thi f t ry, A g t 5

Duarte Pach equo Pyreira Vasco da Mota

THE A E T THE A E A R E DA A 1 A G T S o S S O O G . 8 S M M . J MIN U U 1 520a

ar e Pach e uo re ra n o em an of th e ouse o of ou r I , Du t q Pi i , bl h h ld ord th e n an d ca a n an d o ern or of s c i Of Sam l ki g , pt i g v thi ty or e da n a com m an d ou am de ue redo th e ac o of J g Mi , y , J Fig i , f t r our or th e n to ro e two ro s an d a a of nabal l d ki g , p vid d h lf n en for on e ron r n c com m an to b e Iven to a n i t li i i g , whi h I d g k gh of Afuto e s n ce in s wa th e s e ce of our ord th e [F tu] , i thi y rvi l n b e a an ce ere ore th e re cor of th e c er s ki g will dv d . Th f , with d l k Of th e e en se c or er em to ssue on o r e a s xp , whi h I d th i y u b h lf, thi b e set to o r accoun as e enses will y u t xp . a e m e asco da Mata c er of s ac or on 1 8 M d by , V , l k thi f t y , s 1 0 Augu t 52 . Du arte Pacheco Pyreira Vasco da Mata

1 Th e m ean in g of th is is th at th e territory of th e kin g of th e Ab e rm u s lay acros s th e trade route n orm all ta en th e m erch an ts wh o rou h t old , y k by b g g rom th e in terio own h f r d to t e coast . 2 T rre d T m o o o o Co o ch ron olo ico t m o n . T an sl t d r . 2 a 1 o . 2 r a e . b , p g , p , c 9 , P in t d in a r e sto . xxii. B , p R O P A S IN S T AF R CA —1 6 0 EU E N W E I , 5

APPO INTMENT OF AFFONSO DE ALBUQUERQUE AS CAPTAIN OF SAO ORGE DA A 1 1 J MIN . 4 JULY 52 2 .

D m Yoh am etc To all m h o . to o ou r e er al com e [ ] wh t is l tt sh l , we m a e kn o n a we con si er n th e i e an d oo en e k w th t , d i g v rtu g d s s of dam Afom so de Alb o u er u e a n o em an of ou r o se o d q q , bl h u h l , an d ﬁrm ly believin g that h e will serve u s well an d faithfu lly in everythin g com m itted to his care an d with such diligen ce an d cau on as is e ec e of him an d in con s era on of his s e ce ti xp t d , id ti rvi an d m er s we are ease to a o n him ca a n of ou r c of it , pl d pp i t pt i ity Sam or e da in a for th e er o s a ed in ou r re u a on s an d J g M p i d t t g l ti , h e is to hold th e post in th e sam e m an n er as did Duarte Pach equo n ow all ro s er u s es o ers on ou r an d till , with p ﬁt , p q i it , p w , h s e es ordain ed for an d con a n e d in th e sa re a on s lib rti , it t i id gul ti , an d ou r provisoes which h e carries for this ; an d thu s we m ake is n o n to th e s a d u ar e Pach e u o an d we c om m an h im th k w i D t q , d , u on rece of s e er to e er u th e or ress of th e sa p ipt thi l tt , d liv p f t id c ity to th e s aid dom Affom so with everythin g in it without om i n an n an d u s we com m an t h e ac or officers tti g ythi g; th d f t , residen ts an d any others whatsoever presen t in th e said city to hold th e said dom Affom so as th e captain thereof an d to obey h im in e er n h e or ers as is u sua don e in re ar to ou r v ythi g d , lly g d captain s ; forasm u ch as we graciou sly gran t th e s aid captain cy to th e sa dom Afon so as s a e d in s ou r e er c we id , t t thi l tt , whi h h im o b e en i en in Lixb oa on in th e com m an t . d giv G v , 4 July r of h e ofOur or esu s C r s 1 yea t birth L d J h i t 5 2 2 . s Ean e m ade this .

ACCO TS OF GO A O DA FO SECA CAPTA OF UN NC L N , IN M T E 6 A G S T 1 2 2 2 . ARGU I CAS L . 2 U U 5

com m an of th e n m ord an d a er— m a God ess By d ki g , y l f th y bl h im — an accoun was a en rom on a o da Fom se u a n o e t t k f G c l q , bl m an of our ou se o d for th e er o u r n c h e was h h l , p i d d i g whi h

1 T orre do T om o Ch an c ellaria de Dom ORO liv ro 1 . 1 8 V . b , J III , 5 , f 4 — iii. T m a h av e een a in t d in a to . xxn xx his ov ern or T ran slate d. Pr e s B , p p g y b n atural $011 of th e great Affon so de Albu q u erq ue . ‘ ’ 2 6 0 Extr an s lated as d u ita RO n o . act tr . Cart e q c , . 4 ,

1 R O P A S I N S T AF R CA 1 0 —1 6 0 34 E U E N W E I , 4 5 5

“ em for ou r s er ce an d e r eo e an d e r allmadias l th vi , with th i p pl th i con e n to th e cabecas th e ood for all ou r s s 2 an d u er v yi g w hip , f rth m ore S n ce m an of em b u on a ar e s ca e in a ac or , i y th y l g l th t f t y , an d all en eral m a e u rc ases of Old lin en c is ou g ly k p h , whi h b ght em an d so in e r allmadias oreo er we are o a by th ld th i . M v , t ld th t ere are r c m en am on em an d a s a es m a b e h ad th i h g th , th t l v y rom em an d all of em are at ou r com m an or m a b e f th , th d , y , s hou ld they b e treated well an d protected with that m oderation in un s m en an d a so in n s ru c on c is m ee an d ro er p i h t l i t ti , whi h t p p for ou r service an d their secu rity; these m en tell u s that for all e r ser ces e n e er a e n or e ec rom u s an o er th i vi , th y ith h v , xp t , f y th reward than that we shou ld protect them an d com m an d them to b e m a n a n i e F r n m s us a e n u s c . o s reaso see to i t i d j ti thi , it th t you shou ld n ot take it for gran ted that ou r in terest would b e prom oted by you r expellin g them abroad; an d if it is don e to u n s em seem s ars ecause rom e e n em two p i h th , it h h , b f xp lli g th dan ers m a resu ea s an d ro er es In th e case of an g y lt , d th bb i . y o ers s o e eser e un m en e are to a a ﬁ n e th , h uld th y d v p ish t , th y p y to a c u rc 3 or som e n s m ar a e u a e we recom th t h h , thi g i il ly d q t ;

‘ 1 D n a an T n ativ s w it m an escri tio . use o C oes . h e e r es os sort f , B ( p , p b oats c alled canoas ; th e large st Of wh ich are about th irty foot lon g an d six road: rom th is s i e th e o down to th e sm alle s t s ort wh ich are a ou t b f z y g , b h h th irtee n or fo u rte en foo t lon g an d th re e or fou r broad. T e biggest O f t es e ’ bein g c ap able of c arryin g a reason able m erch an t -m an s boat ladin g; th e y are row e d in ro ortion to th eir s i e two th re e fi v e s ev e n n in e elev e n p p z , by , , , , , or teen row e rs wh ich wh en th e ex c e ed two m u s t alwa s b e an O dd fif ; y , y n um er ecaus e th e are o li e d to s it in cou les an d an Odd on e is re uisite b , b y b g p , q to s teer . n ste ad of oars th e u s e a s ort Of addles m ade li e a s ade h av in I , y p k p , g a h an dle abou t th e s am e len gth ; with wh ich p addlin g th e wat er with an - w With th e leas t u n de r h an d stro e th e ee th e can aa in a v er s i t c ou rse . k , y k p y f ’ s ort of can oas with two or th re e m en in e ach th e en erall o afi shin . , , y g y g g 2 m n h t h e e fo th e Port . cab eca a c h ie or h ead a . T e re eren ce o t tim r r , f, f b s h i s is in teres tin ec au se it is rem in is c en t of a c on dition of affairs wh ich p g, b D in t e i h teen th cen tu r wh en th e n orm all existe d e ars a terwards . ur h e y y f g g y, exac t le gal p osition of Eu rop e an s on th e coast as ten an ts of th e n egroes was s till v a ue it w as c u s tom ar for th e n e roes to re serv e to th em selv es th e g , y g ri h t to Cu t wood an d th eir Eu ro ean ten an ts c ould n ot afford to i n ore or g , p g ov erride th is ri h t for ear of an ta on isin th em E. C . artin Th e B ritish g f g g ( M , w a ar rom this ch an ce Wes t African S ettlem en ts p . It ould p p e f p h rase in th e abov e docum en t th at a sim ilar custom was O bserv ed by th e n egroes on th e Gold Coast ev en as early as 1 5 2 3 . 3 Th is is alm ost certain ly a refe ren ce to th e c h u rch of S an tiago at Min a edic ated o Prin Hen r th e av i ator d t ce y N g . P O R TU GU E S E EN T E R P R I S E I N W E S T AF R I C A 1 35 m en an d com m an d ou ere ore to rea em e e an d to d y , th f , t t th b tt r dispen se with ban ishm en ts to th e bes t of your ability; you shall ra er ro ec em an d d rec em to a e th e wa m os th p t t th , i t th t k y t n for our s er ce a in care a e do n ot e ar rom fitti g vi , t k g th t th y d p t f eca se s is in th e n eres of ou r ac or ere an d e it . B u thi i t t f t y th , th y are n ot to o a ou re or n a e ou n ot a ou ou g b t , p ti g wh t th y ght b t y an d o er se es es os n em an d th e ser ce c we it; th wi , b id l i g th vi whi h rece e rom em th e m erc an s n ot com e s m a iv f th , h t will with i il r

n ew n s s n ce e com e en th e an is o em . thi g , i th y wh l d with ut th T m r 1 er 1 n on o Wr en in am ara o a on c o 2 . itt [Th ] , 3 O t b 5 3 A t i ff n m A o so ade this . Th e n J . ki g T ff o dom A on so . ’ To dom on s o d Alb u uer ue n o em an of th e ro a Aff q q , bl y l an a a n ofth e ro a C Of n a household d c pt i y l ity Mi .

GRANT OF THE FACTORY OF SAO JORGE DA MINA To FE AO ARDOSO DECE ER 1 1 1 RN C . 2 9 MB 53 .

Dom oh am etc To all to om s m e er S a com e J [ ] wh thi y l tt h ll , I m a e n o a cons er n h ow Fern am Cardoso n i k k wn th t , id i g , k ght an d n o em an Of m ouse o h as ser e m e e an d a bl y h h ld , v d w ll f ith as e s m s er ce an d s n rac ou s to re ar him fully , b ﬁt y vi , wi hi g g i ly w d ,

‘ m y will an d pleasure 18 to m ake him a gran t of th e factory of m y city of Sam Jorge da Myn a for th e period an d after th e m an n er con a n e in m re a on s an d h e S a b e ace in t i d y gul ti , h ll pl d ossess on ereo ro ed r h e com es th e con d p i th f, p vid fi st pli with i tion s which h ad to b e Observe d in regard to th e s aid factory in re ous ears ccor n u s m a e s n o n an d p vi y . A di gly , I th k thi k w , I com m an d th e captain an d officers of th e said city that in th e m an n er stated they shall place him in possession of th e said ac or an d a o him to ser e for th e s a m e an d o th e f t y, ll w v id ti h ld a a o n m en ou an ues on an d ou an em s id pp i t t , with t y q ti with t y ar o e n ace u on him ere o ore s n ce is m ran b g b i g pl d p h t f , i this y g t; an d I com m an d th e factor an d offic ers of th e Casas da Im dia an d n a to re er s in th e a Casa an d to e him his My gist thi s id , giv

1 T T m m orre do o o av eta 1 a o n o . 2 . T ran s late d. Prin ted for th e b , g 4 , c 3 , t ﬁrs tim e . 1 6 R O P A S IN S T AF R C 1 0 —1 6 0 3 EU E N WE I A , 4 5 5

assa e en th e m e com es an d to u and ee is e e p g wh ti , f lﬁl k p th l tt r as is con tain e d here in ; an d h e shall swear in m y Chan cery on th e o os e s e an d ru to ser e th e sa d ac or Dom h ly g p l w ll t ly v i f t y . n os Pa u a m a e s on 2 ecem er in th e ear of th e r j g y d thi , 9 D b y bi th of Ou r Lord Jesus Chris t 1 53 1 Th e kin g

11 HE F E 2 8 KING JOHN 1 TO T COUNT O CASTANH IRA. AR 1 1 JANU Y 533 .

en h in en n You are e u n an d r . t e s ou ree s Co t f i d I k g d y g ti g . w ll aware that Ch ristov am Bram dan wis hes to ren t th e fourths an d en e s of th e s an of Sam tia uo do Ca o er e tw ti th i l d g b V d , with referen ce to which h e m ade som e observation s which go with ou eca se th e ren n of em m a b e effec e to this to y . B u ti g th y t d m ore a an a e ere s n ce ere are er on s ere wh o are dv t g th , i th p s th m a n of ers in s m a er s ron re com m en ou to ex ki g f thi tt , I t gly d y am in e th e said observation s an d to listen to th e said Ch ristovam Bran dRO con cern n em an d to asce a n et er ere is an i g th , rt i wh h th y o e se ere wh o m a s to a e a s are in s to com b dy l th y wi h t k h thi , m an d th e said lease to b e publicly proclaim ed an d to let it b e au ction ed to him wh o gives m ost for it an d as s eem s b est to you ; becau se what you do in this m atter I Shall regard as well on e an d as su c s a com m an to b e rm an d effec e d , h I h ll d it ﬁ ly tiv ly d h ad een a o n e m e ero Am rri uez o e e as . b y , if it b pp i t d by P q ’ in E ora n 8 u a 1 F rn am d Alv arez m a e s o 2 an r . . e d thi , v , J y 533 J e m a e caused this to b d . Th e kin g

To h e Co n of Cas an e ra a ou th e ou an d en et t u t t h i , b t f rths tw ti hs of h e s an of Sam a o c Ch ristov am Bran dRo es res t i l d ti g , whi h d i to ren t; if they are auction ed there to som eon e wh o offers m ore for em ou r n es re ar as e one an d th , y high s will g d this w ll d will b e O ser e com m an d it to b v d . [On th e reverse] By th e kin g ’ TO dom Am ton io d Ataide Cou n of Cas an e ra c an ce or , t t h i , h ll th e ro a er of y l exchequ .

1 F 0— l ord . . an s ate , pp 8 1 Tr d.

1 8 R O P A S I N S T AF R CA 1 0 —1 6 0 3 EU E N WE I , 4 5 5 to write to m e to tell m e with whom you hav e exam in ed them an d a ou in ou to b e on e a ou em so a wh t y th k ght d b t th , th t with o r re o an d re c ou are to en d m e as c as y u p rt ply , whi h y s qui kly ou can m a com m an a to b e don e in s m a er c y , I y d th t thi tt whi h b e es an d m os rom o e m ser ce will b t will t p t y vi . ero Am rri uez m ade s in E ora n e em er 1 o 2 S . P q thi , v , pt b 533 John Th e kin g

To th e Co n of Cas an e ra a o th e no es c or e da u t t h i , b ut t whi h J g Co a m a e st d . n h e re r e h n [O t ve s ] By t e ki g . ’ To dom Am ton io d Ataide co n of Ca an e ra c an ce or , u t st h i , h ll of th e e c e uer x h q .

THE SA E T THE SA E I A AR 1 1 M o M . 5 J NU Y 534 .

Co n n u m . an d r en th e sen o ree n s . e u t f i d . I ki g d y g ti g It W re eren ce to th e u s n e s of th e ee of n a for th e ith f b i s ﬂ t Mi , ’ reason s c em am d Alv arez a an ce to m e is m whi h F dv d , it y s a th e a eon S am aham o sa in n o o er wi h th t g ll j sh uld il it , if th naao2 com es to this City which you thin k m ay serve this pur ose s ou an o er arr e s a b e ease b e p ; but h ld th iv , I h ll pl d if this don e an d s in ace Of h e sa a eon oreo er o n a t . it il pl id g ll M v , wi g to th e n ee c e s s in n a on accoun of th e on er o d whi h xi t Mi , t l g p i d u r n c n o s s a e a e er s ron recom m en d i g whi h hip h v s il d thith , I t gly d you to com m an d that ﬂeet to b e m ade ready as qu ickly as pos him o ro e th re a on s s e . so ou are to or er t e u ibl Al , y d p vid g l ti , s ne ou a o a th e ca a n - m a or an d th e ca a ns ig d by y , b ut wh t pt i j pt i are to do on th e o a e an d s a sen him m ro so to th e v y g , I h ll d y p vi effec a e are to o ser e em en re as m e h ad t th t th y b v th ti ly , if I ys lf m u s er th e eo e om s ne e . An d ou are to sc s e ig d th y di th p pl , wh ou n ou to b e e in th e cas e of n a an d a so y thi k ght l ft tl Mi , l whether som e caravels ought to rem ain there for som e tim e ; an d you s hall then order provision to b e m ade in accordan ce

1 — F d . or , p p . 1 5 3 6 . Extract , tran slate d 2 I . e . nau a lar e t e Of sh i of etween 00 an d 1 000 ton s with ore an d , , g yp p b 4 , f aft castles an d suita f r h av s as ch olars are n ot a reed u on th e ble o e y e . S g p p rec ise diffe ren ce betwe en th e nau an d th e galleon . P O R T U GU E S E EN TE R P R I S E IN W E S T AF R I C A 1 39

a ou ec e an d ou s a or er s to b e dec are in with wh t y d id , y h ll d thi l d th e regu lation s ; wherefore I s hall regard as well don e what you do in s m a er ecau e n o a ou a e to a en d to thi tt , b s I k w th t y h v tt i s m ser ce th s as befit y vi . ’ m Fern am d Alv arez a so a e m e an accoun Of th e a en Ite . l g v t tt on c ou or ere to b e en to th e naao S am Ro ue an d ti whi h y d d giv g , h ow you ordered it to b e exam ine d s o that it m ight b e fu rn ished an d equ ipped to rem ain in this part; this I think very well don e an d n ecessar s ron recom m en d ou a th e rea es y . I t gly y th t with g t t poss ible speed you order it to b e fu rn ished an d e qu ipped an d er e arm ed ar er an d e er n n e cess ar s o a v y w ll with till y v ythi g y , th t m a e rea in a r f r a e er m r An d it y b dy th t po t o wh t v befits y se vice . an naao arr es s c as can ser e in th e n a ee s a b e if y iv u h v Mi fl t , I h ll

' ' pleased if that naaa S am Rogue an d th e galleon S aa j aaa are o e u e arm e an d m a e rea in a or in or er to b th q ipp d , d d dy th t p t , d s s in a e er a en s an d i n ec sar 1 ero Am r as i t wh t v h pp s es y . P

ri ues m a e s in E ora . On I an u ar I q d thi , v , 5 J y 534 .

’ Fern am d Alv arez ca se s to b e r en u d thi w itt . Re o h e oun o a an e ra ply t t C t fC st h i .

THE AR IM T E THE A E To THE SA E 6 A AR GU RAD . 2 S M M . J NU Y ‘ 1 535

Coun an d r en th e n sen ou ree n s as on e om t f i d . I ki g d y g ti g wh ear o e a e een n orm e a cer a n ers ons es re I d ly l v . I h v b i f d th t t i p d i to en a e in th e ra e Of Ar u n c u n in th e Rio de g g t d g y, i l di g it Can aga [Sen egal] ; an d - b ecau se I s hall b e gratiﬁed to s ee that on e in s m a er ic m os rom o e m ser ce d thi tt wh h will t p t y vi , I ’ s ron recom m en ou to or er Fern am d Alv arez c er of t gly d y d , l k a Casa to b e sum m on e an d to earn rom him h ow m u c th t , d , l f h th e said trade an d river have ren dered in past years an d th e e en ses c a e een n curre ere n an d a so wh o are xp , whi h h v b i d th i , l

1 Kin g JOh n III was con cern ed at th is tim e about th e Fren c h c orsairs wh o i t He was sh ort of w ere cru sin g Off h e Portu guese coast in great n um bers . warship s an d p robably wan ted to use th e S 670 Raque an d th e S ub j ada to p rotect h is coasts an d safe gu ard h om e waters rath er th an to sen d th em to Gu in ea as art of th e n n a in p a u l M a ﬂeet . 2 ord . 0 . Tran slated F , p 2 4 . 1 0 R O P A S IN S T AFR C A 1 0 —1 6 0 4 E U E N W E I , 4 5 5

th e persons wh o desire to un dertake this an d in what m an n er; ecause h e n o s all s an d h e can in orm ou m nu e Of b k w thi , f y i t ly th e agreem en t an d term s which they desire to arrange; an d you shall write to tell m e what you thin k I ou ght to com m an d to b e on e a ou th e sa ra e ero Am rri ues m a e s in E ora d b t id t d . P q d thi , v , on 6 an r 2 J ua y 1 535 . John ’ ern am d Alvarez cau e s to b e r en F s d thi w itt . Th e kin g

To th e coun of Cas an e ra con cern n th e rade ofAr u t t h i , i g t g y. On th e re erse h e n [ v ] By t ki g . ’ To dom Am ton io d Ataide co n of Cas an e ra c an ce o , u t t h i , h ll r of th e o a e c e uer r y l x h q .

TRADE OF CA O VERDE I A DS THE SAME To THE B SL N . SA E A AR 1 1 M . 2 9 J NU Y 535 .

un a d r n the n sen ou ree n as one om Co t n f ie d . I ki g d y g ti gs wh e ar o e com m an e th e re to b e e am n e c I d ly l v . I d d ply x i d , whi h th e ac ors an d Of cer of th e Casa da n a on so de f t fi s I di , with Af orres a e to th e n o e of or e da Co a a ou th e affa r T , g v t s J g st b t i s with which you are ac qu ain ted relatin g to th e islan d Of Cabo er e an d accor n to th e sa re seem s a th e rea er V d ; di g id ply , it th t g t part of th e said affairs are of con s iderable m om en t to m y service ; an d that provis ion s hould b e m ade after th e m an n er or da Cos a But ecau s e th e oflicers sa ree noted by J ge t . b di g with him in re ar to som e of em am ease to com m an th e g d th , I pl d d s a or e da Cos a to o ere all th e a ers so a id J g t g th with p p , th t , w ere s u s n es m a b con c u e e ou are n o e . whil y th , thi b i s y l d d I stron gly recom m en d you to order to b e presen t th e factor an d Oflicers of th e Ca a an d a so on o de orres th e s a s , l Af s T , with id or e da Cos a an d ou are to com m an em to e am n e all J g t , y d th x i h is a ers an d to s cu s his n o es in e a s en n to him p p di s t d t il , li t i g upon th e m atter; an d whatever they agree u pon shall b e forth r en o n an d ec e th e erm s of th e re a ons with w itt d w d id d by t gul ti , with all n ecessary declarations ; an d on doubtful poin ts they s hall

1 d . 2 0 . Tran slated For , p p 4 5 .

R O P A S IN S T AF R CA 1 0 —1 6 0 EU E N WE I , 4 5 5

THE A TRADE THE SA E T THE A E A G ST MIN . M O S M . 2 9 U U 1 1 536 .

Coun an d r en th e n sen ou ree n s as on e om t f i d . I ki g d y g ti g wh dear o e W ereas cer a n u e s on s h a e een ra se in m I ly l v . h t i q ti v b i d y exche qu er on th e part of th e con tractors of th e islan d of SR Th om ee in regard to th e au ction in g of th e price of th e s ix u n re ea of S a es c th e s ai con rac ors h ad to e h d d h d l v , whi h d t t giv for th e rade of n a m easu re is a ou order th e a c on t Mi , y pl th t y u ti Of th e said price to b e postpon ed u n til th e ﬁfteen th day of th e m on Of Se em er n e a ou con d on ou to b e th pt b xt , lth gh by iti it ght e at th e en d Of s m on of us so a u r n s h ld thi th Aug t , th t d i g thi m e th e s a d u es on s m a b e se e an e da Co a m a e ti i q ti y tt l d . M u l st d in E ora on u I 6 2 . this , v , 9 A gust 53 John Th e kin g

To th e coun of Ca an e ra a ou th e au c on of th e r ce of t st h i , b t ti p i th e s a es c th e con rac ors of th e s an of SRTom ee a e l v , whi h t t i l d h v to e for th e rade of n a an d com m an to b e os on e giv t Mi , I d it p tp d u n Se em er 1 a ou ou to b e e at th e en d of til pt b 5 , lth gh it ght h ld s m on thi th . On th e re ers e h e n o n [ v ] By t ki g . J h . ’ To dom Am ton o d Ata de co n Of Ca an e ra c an ce or y y , u t st h i , h ll of th e ro a e c e er y l x h qu . In ano er an a s a c on is to b e a s e on th e [ th h d] Th t thi u ti dju t d , last day ofAu gust

6 GO D H DDE I A THE SA E TO THE SA E. 2 L I N N MIN . M M EPTE ER 1 2 S MB 536 .

Cou n an d r en th e n sen ou ree n s as on e om t f i d . I ki g d y g ti g wh dear o e a e seen th e e er c ou ro e to m e in I ly l v . I h v l tt whi h y w t , ’ which you say that Afon so d Alb oqu erqu e told you that two or ee m en wh o are in a c ere a are a in n a e thr , th t ity , w w th t Mi igh teen 01 twen ty thousan d cruzados or pesos of gold were buried in a cer a n lace an d a u on an a reem en e n m a e t i p , th t , p g t b i g d with em c e ere sa s ed e en s a e th e ace th , with whi h th y w ti ﬁ , th y th t t d pl

1 — 2 - Fo 6 Tran slated. T . 6 lat d rd . rd . 2 6 . ran s e . , p p 7 Fo , pp 2 75 P O R T U GU E S E EN T E R P R I S E I N WE S T AF R I C A 1 43

ere th e o d was an d a e a ran e ou to e on e wh g l , th t th y r g d with y giv an ou er m c for th e d en ce c ou fifth . I th k y v y u h ilig with whi h y nform ed m e for a ou a e on e in th e m a er an d for i , wh t y h v d tt , n u r e er a ou s ron recom m en d ou what you n ote i yo l tt b t it . I t gly y to m a e th e erson s wh o ea a ou or osoe er k with p sp k b t it , with wh v discusses ou su c an a reem en as ou ease in it with y , h g t y pl , which you m ust n ot give them m ore than on e half of what is oun d an d es des s ou e n ot b e th e sam e erson s as f ; b i , h ld th y p ou an d r e en ou are to do a ou n r b ght bu i d it , th y wh t y thi k ight an d in m y in terest in this m atter; an d everyth in g you do I s hall ’ To on so d Allb o u er ue ou are order to b e en tirely obeyed. Af q q y to say on m y behalf that I than k him very m uch for th e advice c h e a e ou b ecause was th e deed of a erson wh o whi h g v y , it p des ired to serve m e well; an d that I recom m en d him that in th e a reem en c m a e h e is to a e rou e ose g t , whi h is d , t k t bl with th erson s wh o s ea him to m a e em s a s e a p , p k with , k th ti fi d with wh t is s s n ce th e o is m ne an d e cann o a e or a e ju t , i g ld i th y t t k it h v it an ood t e As soon as ou a e com e e d th e a reem en t by y g ti l . y h v pl t g , ’ ou are to ad se m a er d Alb o uer u e a ou a h e is to do y vi st q q b t wh t , s n ce ou n o a is n in u c a u s n e s Fern am i y k w wh t fitti g s h b i s . ’ d Al arez m a e s in E r n 6 Se em er 1 6 v a o 2 . d thi , vo , pt b 53 Th e king Re to th e co n Of Cas an e ra ply u t t h i . On th e re erse th e n [ v ] By ki g . ’ o dom n on o d Ata de coun of Ca an e ra c an ce or T A t i y , t st h i , h ll ofth e ro a e c e uer y l x h q .

PA O N ES SE T To SAO THO E S A D THE SA E UL UN N M I L N . M TO THE SA E O CTO ER 1 1 M . 2 2 B 536 .

C un an r n e een h n o t d f ie d . I hav s t e ews from th e is land of Sam om e and at on ce com m an Paullos Nun e T , I will d z to a s ron recom m n set s il . I t gly e d you to order arm s to b e pu t in ese s s an d e er n es de c ou n n ecessar th hip v ythi g b i s whi h y thi k y . An d a los Nunez is n a e to o in s em arca on h e if P l u bl g thi b ti , shall go in th e ﬁrst which goes after it; an d I will com m an d him

1 d 8 —0 x or . . E tract tran s lated F , pp 2 9 9 , . 1 R O P A S IN S T AF R C A 1 0 —1 6 0 44 EU E N W E I , 4 5 5 to de ar at on ce so t a h e oes in s ss Fern m p t , h t g thi if po ible . a ’ d Alv arez m ade s in E ora on 2 2 c o er 1 6 thi , v , O t b 53 . Th e kin g Re to th e coun of Cas an e ra ply t t h i . On th e re erse th e n o n [ v ] By ki g . J h . ’ To dom n on o d Ata de co n of Cas an e ra an d a A t i y , u t t h i Ch n cellor ofth e ro a c y l ex hequer .

’ NEGRO S G IN SAO THO E S A D THE SA E To RI IN M I L N . M THE SA E 2 OcToBER I 6 I M . 5 53

Coun an d r en th e n sen ou ree n s as on e om t f i d . I ki g d y g ti g wh ear o e Cer a n fﬁ c es a e ar sen a o h e e ar I d ly l v . t i di ulti h v i b ut t d p u re Of a os Nun e ere a ears a h e co n ot a e t P ll z , wh by it pp th t uld h v e a e at on ce ecau e h e e s to b e ro e th e ca d p rt d , b s b g p vid d with p tain c of th e an of Sam Tom ee an d Of all th e an in th e y isl d l d , sam e wa as th e ca a ns of o er s an d an d s can no b e y pt i th i l s , thi t , s n ce th e corre e or wh o carr es his u s a o ers is a rea i g d , i u l p w , l dy on wa an d for o e ou n reason c ou m s n o his y, th r s d s whi h y u t k w e ccor n m eas re an d se ce is h a th e cor w ll . A di gly , y pl u rvi t t , if re e or h as n ot e ar e et ou are to c ss th e of cers g d d p t d y , y dis u with ﬁ of th e Casa an d ersons wh o ou to b e con ersa , with p ght v nt with is m a er a h e th e corre e or m a an d o to do in th tt , wh t , g d , y ught th e s an a a n s th e re e n e roes in order to ac em i l d g i t b l g p ify th , e th e sa a os N n e or an o er is n ot ere an d ou whil id P ll u z , th , th ; y are to or e him to b e en n s ru c on s a ou s s n e d r giv i t ti b t thi , ig d by you ; because I am writing to h im to com m an d him to obey it As soon as th e orm an d m an ner of can b e dec e en re . ti ly f it id d , i N n e or som eon e e se is o o ero Am rri ues th e s a a o t . d P l s u z , l , g P q 6 m a e on 2 c o e 1 . d this , 5 O t b r 53 The king r To th e coun t of Castan hei a. h n [On th e reverse] By t e ki g . ’ To dom Am ton io d Ataide co n of Ca an e ra an d c an , u t st h i h ll h e ro a c e er ce or oft y l ex h qu .

1 T ran sl ed ord . 2 0 . at . F , p 9

1 6 R O P A S I N S T AF R CA 1 0 —1 6 0 4 EU E N WE I , 4 5 5 wr e an accoun of th e o a e in ues on com m un ca n a so it t v y g q ti , i ti g l som e of m r en s wh o oo ar in with y f i d t k p t it . av n rea m acco n an d re ec e u on rea sed im H i g d y u t , ﬂ t d p it , I li m ediately that these writin gs of m in e were n ot worthy of bein g read by su ch a great an d distin gu ished m an of s cien ce as Sign or — Hieron im o whose learn in g is proved by th e b ooks written for him which you r excellen cy gave to m e on m y departu re from Ven etia; an d I h ad alm ost decided to put m y writin gs aside an d let n o on e see em en , ou r u r er en uir in re ar to m th , wh y f th q y g d y O i a on a e m e cou ra e m a in m e rea se a did n ot bl g ti g v g , k g li th t , if I c om our re u es s c to m e are e com m an s ply with y q t , whi h lik d , I shou ld appear unm in dful of th e m an y kin dn esses an d courtesies a e rece ed rom ou c are n eed n n e I h v iv f y , whi h i d i ﬁ it . Then I decided rather to b e regarded as ru de an d ign oran t th an as un grateful an d disobedien t; an d I am therefore sen din g ou a few n o es c m ade on o er occasion s a ou th e y t , whi h I th , b t variou s people wh o live in th e coun try n orth of Ethiopia: trust in a b e un ers oo a as am a sa or an d n ot g th t it will d t d th t , I il accu s om e to r n t e are escr e s m an d rou t d w iti g , h y d ib d i ply ghly, an d a en e a e een rea eseec ou to e em th t wh th y h v b d , I b h y hid th , so a su c m s a es as a e m a e u re out of O e en ce th t h i t k I h v d , p ly b di to ou r is es an d n ot ou t of re m uo sn ess n ot cau se y w h p su pt u , will u rse m e e er m e ou read s you to c v y ti y thi . Th e s hips that set out to brin g su gar from th e islan d of San om e ea e s on a th e ca a of th e n om of Porta ello Th l v Li b , pit l ki gd g ca e in an c en m e Olissi o e rees a o e th e e u a or ( ll d i t ti pp ) 39 d g b v q t , u sually in th e m on th Of February (althou gh som e leave at all f h e ear e s a s o - sou - es as far as th e tim es o t y ) . Th y il uth th w t Can ar e s an s ca e th e an c en th e o n a e es an d i i l d , ll d by i ts F rtu t Isl , reac th e s an ca e a m e 2 8 e rees a o e th e e u a or h i l d ll d P l , 5 d g b v q t , c is ar of th e n om of Ca a Ca e 0 ea ues whi h p t ki gd stigli [ stil ] , 9 l g r m n or in r a ca ed a o di Boiador s from a p o o t y Af ic ll C p . Thi s an h as an a un an ce of ra es m ea c eese an d su ar an d i l d b d g p , t , h g ;

en e reac e a e co ere 2 0 ea ue or 1 000 m es . wh th y h it th y h v v d 5 l g s , il s ar is m os dan erou s s n ce th e sea is er rou an d Thi p t t g , i v y gh is er lou s at all m es of th e ear b ut ar cu ar in ecem er p i ti y , p ti l ly D b , an d a o e all en th e n or -eas n d o s c com es b v wh th t wi bl w , whi h across th e sea an d oes n ot ou c an an ere straight d t h l d ywh . P O R T U G U E S E EN T E R P R I S E IN ‘W E S T AF R I CA 1 47

S al island; why it is so called; the island of B onaoista and the island of Mario [Maia] ; the wonderful number of goats in all the s a o Verde i lands of C p .

an d of a m e two rou es m a b e ta en th e From this is l P l t y k . If s hips have been provision ed with salt ﬁ sh (of which th ey take ood care a a s to a e en ou t e o a on th e s an g lw y h v gh), h y g l g by i l d of Sal c is on e of th e s an ds of Ca o er e s o ca ed rom , whi h i l p V d , ll f ri s is an d is 1 de re on e of th e prom on tories of Af ca. Thi l 65 g es n or of th e e ua or an d is alwa s reach ed o ards th e sou h th q t , y t w t es On reac in it e av e cov ered 2 2 ea u es rom th e w t . h g , th y h 5 l g f is an d of a m e W h a oo n s o a e can b e aecom l P l . it g d wi d thi v y g l h s is s an is un n a i e as is arren is ed in 6 or 8 a . p d y Th i l d i h b t d , it b , an d h e on an m a s to b e ou n ere are oa s S n ce th e t ly i l f d th wild g t . i an d is e o sea- e e th e s ea r ses in th e a oon s an d cree l b l w l v l , i l g ks en e er th e ea er is oo an d as th e su n com n rom th e wh v w th g d ; , i g f ro c of can cer asses er en c ar a o e it th e a er soon t pi , p p p di ul ly b v , w t r es n is rm e is a en s in all th e s an s of Ca o d i a d salt fo d . Th h pp i l d p ~ erde an d a so in th e Can ar e s an ds b ut m ore ere an V , l i [i l ] , h th elsewh ere ; an d it is for this reason that it is called th e is lan d of a e en re is th e s an of on a s a an d n fa m S . e ot r ro s l Th th i l d B Vi t , f thi th e s an of a o in ic ere is a a e m ore an two ea ues i l d M i , wh h th l k th l g on an d e in ro or on u l of s a drie th e su n l g , wid p p ti , f l lt d by , u san d s s s i ll i en o to a o . s a s a a a e to a e ugh ﬁll th hip Thi lt v il bl , l k ' th e waters of the s ea; an d subjects of th e kin gdom of Portogallo n n ll r In all h e s n f a rde a o at a fo . t a s o C o e of p y thi g it i l d p V , c ere are 1 0 th e oa s a e ree or o r ou n at a m e whi h th , g t h v th f u y g ti , r n The oun ds are e er o m o s . e c ou s to eat an d are v y f u th y g ki d li i , f n d a Th e oa r n ea at a s . s s a er t ty g t d i k w t .

Haw those who sail to A rica can obtain a store o sh in our hours f fﬁ f , and what the coast is like from Capo del B oiador to Capo Bianca a e Blan ca [C p ] .

But th e c o to San om e a e n o sa ﬁ sh an d if ships whi h g Th h v lt , s to ta e ro on on oar e m a e e r wa o ards wi h k p visi b d , th y k th i y t w

‘ ’ th e r can coas to th e r er n o n as th e r er de oro Rio Af i t, iv k w iv ll [ do u ro a o e c r n s th e ro c of can cer s o - sou O ] , b v whi h u t pi , uth th W en t e S r eas . ca e a e co ered 1 1 0 ea ue t h h y ight Af i , th y h v v l g s . Near s coas th e ea er is ca m an d th e sea n ot rou thi t , if w th l gh , 1 8 R O P A S I N S T AF R CA 1 0 —1 6 0 4 EU E N W E I , 4 5 5

e ea e n e s in th e sea for a ou our ours or e e ro on th y l v t b t f h , ls d p l g e e nes m an oo s a ac ed c e ca c fl xibl li with y h k tt h , with whi h th y t h all th e fi sh they n eed; b u t th e lin es can n ot b e let down for long in th e a er sin ce m m e ia e fi sh of all n s ar e an d sm a l w t , i d t ly ki d , l g l , s a o th e oo s : a ros c in en e a ou ca alberi w ll w h k p g , whi h V ti y ll , carui an d oneras c is a ar er fi sh an a ri er fat an d , , whi h l g th p g , v y , dar in co ou r W en e are cau e are s a n . o th e k l h th y ght , th y lit l g ac on e an d sal ed an d e m a e a er su s an ia oo for b kb t , th y k v y b t t l f d sa ors On is o a e on e s es an en orm ous n m er f fi il . th v y g e u b O sh ca ed tiburoni ic are er ar e i e un n an d a e two ll , wh h v y l g , l k t y, h v ro s of e rem e s h ar ee reed for oo e a a s w xt ly p t th . G y f d , th y lw y o o e er S e see s a o n e er n a is ro n f ll w v y hip th y , w ll wi g v ythi g th t th w

’ o er oar an d for s reason e are eas to ca c we v b d; thi th y y t h . But or o es do n ot a o em to b e ca a ou e as e P t gh i ll w th ught , lth gh th y t t good; as we believe that they are poison ous ; althou gh all th e Castilian sailors on voyage s to th e terraﬁ rma of th e West In dies ca c an d eat em th e s s do n ot run n o ca m ea e t h th . If hip i t l w th r by ’ wa of th e r er dell oro e o a on th e coa o a s Ca o y iv , th y g l g st t w rd p an co to see ca m s eas an d rom ere as far as r n Ar Bi , k l , f th A gi [ u m On e n c is use u to n o is a th e o e g i ] . thi g whi h it f l k w th t wh l coas of r ca s a n rom Ca o del Boiador a is Ca o t Af i , t rti g f p , th t , p della Volta (b ecause those wh o s ail to th e is lan ds Of Can arie reac s ca e of r ca in 2 e rees on e r re u n and h thi p Af i , 55 d g , th i t r , tu rn ac is all low n an d arren as far as Ca o an co th e b k) lyi g b p Bi , os on of c is 0 e rees e con nue as far as r n p iti whi h 2 5 d g . Th y ti A gi , ere ere is a ar e art an d a cas e e on n to our n wh th l g p , tl b l gi g ki g , u n f is o ern ors s with a popu lation r led over by o e o h g v . Thi r n is n a e or oors an d n e roes an d th e A gi i h bit d by M i [M ] g , r r n is a s o n fron tier dividin g Be be ia an d th e n egro cou try t thi p i t .

The island o S an acaba San a o and the reat cit called f j [ ti g ] , g y R b 1 i era .

Bu r rn u r a e r m h e s an Of Sal we en t to e to o o . o t tu v y g F i l d , w t is 1 d e rees to th e s an of San aco o or Ca overde . i l d J b , p This 5 g

‘ ’ 1 Th is re feren c e to th e c ity O f Ribeira Gran de is on e of th e in h eren t pie c es ir Gran de of ev iden c e en a lin a date to b e iv en to th is de sc ri tion . Ri e a b g g p b , as ex lain ed a ov e was iv en th e statu s of a c it in I an d we m a th ere p b , g y 5 33 , y fore p res um e th at th e auth or o f th is desc rip tion began to write after th is year.

1 0 R O P A S I N S T AF R C A 1 0 - 1 6 0 5 E U E N W E I , 4 5 5

and kings of these lands ; how the people worship their kings belica ing that they have descended from heaven ; an d of some of the ceremonies and customs of the kingdom of B enin on the death of the kin g .

To n ers an th e n e ro raffic on e m n o u d t d g t , ust k w that over all th e African coast facin g west there are various countrIes an d ro n ces suc as u n ea th e coas of Mele ete th e n om p vi , h G i , t g , ki gd of en n th e n dom of ManicO o six e rees r m B i , ki g g , d g f o th e ‘ e ua or an d o ar s th e s o o e ere are m n q t t w d uth p l . Th a y tribes an d n e ro n s ere an d a o com m un e c are ar g ki g h , ls iti s whi h p tly m o h am m an an ar ea en es ar ed d p tly h th . Th e e con stan tly m akin g ar m n m s es Th e n s are ors w a o g the elv . ki g w hipped by their sub ects wh o e e e a e com e rom ea en an d s ea of j , b li v th t th y f h v , p k em a a s rea re eren ce at a s an ce an d on th lw y with g t v , di t bended n ees rea cerem on su rro n s em an d m an . of es k G t y u d th , y th e n s n e er a o em se e to b e een ea n so as n ot o ki g v ll w th lv s s ti g , t destroy th e belief of their su bj ects that they can live without h e un an d e e e a oo . e ors t s r s are im f d Th y w hip , b li v th t spi it d a a er ea e o o the sun m or a an t . m on o ers t l , th t ft d th th y g A g th , ere is in th e n om of en n an an c en c om O ser e th ki gd B i i t ust , b v d to th e re en da a en th e n e th e eo e all p s t y, th t wh ki g di s , p pl assem e in a ar e e in the cen re of c is a er e bl l g ﬁ ld , t whi h v y d ep a h e o m an a th e m ou e h e er t t o t . ca t e o w ll , wid b tt th th Th y st b dy Of th e ea n n o s e an d all en s an d ser an s d d ki g i t thi w ll , his fri d v t a e ro n an d ose wh o are e to a e een m o ear g th r u d , th judg d h v b st d to an d a ou re th e n s n c es not a few as all are f v d by ki g (thi i lud , an xious for th e hon our) voluntarily go down to keep him com an W en e a e on e so th e eo e ace a rea s on e p y . h th y h v d , p pl pl g t t of h e e an d rem a n da an d n On o er h e m o t . v t uth w ll , i by it y ight th e secon da a few e es rem o e the s one and ask o e d y, d puti v t , th s

e o a e n o an d an of em a e a rea on e to , b l w wh t th y k w , if y th h v l dy g e e s NO On the r da h m e s r e h e n an d th r i . t e a e v t ki g; ply , thi d y, s s ion is a e an d som e -on e en re e a so-an d-s o que t sk d; th pli s th t , m en on n a nam e h as een th e rs to o an d so-an d-so ti i g , b fi t g , is con s ere ra e o to b e th e r th e secon . d It id d highly p is w rthy fi st , an d h e is spoken Of with th e greatest adm iration by all th e : fi eo e and con ere a an d e e . e ou or ve p pl , sid d h ppy bl ss d Aft r f r P O R TU GU E S E EN T E R P R I S E I N WE S T AF R I C A 1 5 1

e ie W a s all ese n or na e eo d . en s is a aren to d y th u f tu t p pl , h thi pp t ose a o e s nce n on e re to e r u es on s e n orm th b v , i ply th i q ti , th y i f e r n ew n wh o ca ses a rea ﬁ re to b e near the e th i ki g; u g t lit w ll , m r u an m a s are roas e es ar where n u e o s i l t d . Th e e given to th e eo e to eat an d h e rea cerem on is ec are to b e th e p pl , with g t y d l d h e a o ern e r e n an d a es t o to . t u ki g , t k th g v w ll

The Negroes of Guinea are unmethodical even in their way of eat ing; they live long; certain superstitions among some of the negroes in this country; melegete spices; the tailed pepper; certain bushes with stems that have the ﬂavour of ginger; soap made with oil of lms nd th ash s pa a wi e .

Th e n egroes of Gu in ea an d Ben in are very haphazard in their f ea n e a e n o set m es for m ea s an d eat an d a o . h bits ti g Th y h v ti l , r n o r or fi ve m es a da r n n a er or a n e c d i k f u ti y, d i ki g w t , wi whi h m a m e a e n o a r e ce for a few they distil fro p l s . Th y h v h i x pt r s s ran s on to of th e ea an d n on e ro s an d th e res b i tly t d p h d , g w ; t of h e o es are c m e e a r ess e e for th e es ar t b di o pl t ly h i l . Th y liv b t p t of 1 00 ear an d are a a orous e ce at cer ain m es of y s , lw ys Vig , x pt t ti ear e m ea as h ad e er th e en eco e er e . e y wh th y b v y w k , if th y f v Th y are en e an d reco er a n a rea dea of oo in e r th bl d , v , h vi g g t l bl d th i s s m Som e of th e ne roes in s coun r are so su ers ous y te . g thi t y p titi th at they worship the first obj ect they see on th e day of re f l alled m ele ete er e h e sor m of cov er . n o an t c t y A ki d p g , v y lik gu ws on coas n a a b ut in av o r e e er ro . of It li , fl u lik p pp , g this t A ki d e er a so ro s ere c is er ron ou e th e p pp l g w h , whi h v y st g , d bl ren of th e e er of Ca c an d c ecause h as a st gth p pp li ut, whi h b it m al s em a ac e to ca e us o o es imien ta dal s l t tt h d it, is ll d by P rt gh i p ba a is er a e e in a e ra e a . is er c s , th t , p pp with t il It v y lik ub b h p , b ut h as su ch a s tron g flavour that an oun ce of it h as th e sam e effec as a a ou n of com m on e er an d as is or en t h lf p d p pp ; it f bidd , er r 1 is e a e ea ena e for a er n on s coas . ere th h vy p lti s g th i g it thi t Th , n e er e e a secre ade in an d as is so in n erra v th l ss , t tr it , it ld I ghilt En an at ou e th e ce of com m on e er our in ee [ gl d] d bl pri p pp , k g , f l

“ in g that it wou ld ruin trade in th e larger quan tity [of com m on e er c is a en e er ear rom Ca c deci ed th a p pp ] whi h t k v y y f li ut , d t

1 Kin an uel or ad th e trade in en in e er in 1 06 g M f b B p p p 5 . 1 2 R O P A S I N S T AF R CA 1 0 —1 6 0 5 EU E N W E I , 4 5 5 n on e ou b e a o e to rade in e a so row certain sh ld ll w d t it . Th y l g _ us es s em s as on as ean s s ee s n s e c b h with t l g b , with d i id , whi h av e n o a ou r b ut th e s em en c e ed h as a e ca e h fl v ; t , wh h w , d li t n er a ou r Th e n e roe em to . s ca em unias an d use gi g fl v g ll th , th , e er th e s a e er en e eat fi sh of c e g th with id p pp , wh th y , whi h th y are er on d Th e s m de f as m oil a so for . oa a o es an d a v y f p h p l , l dden th e sa n is er effec e in en n th e an s bi by id ki g , v y tiv whit i g h d , an d so a so is c o m a e of flax c is com m on u se as l l th d , whi h ly d soa p .

Why the fathers and m others of these negroes send their own chil dren to be sold and what the take in exchan e and how these , y g ; slav es are taken to the island o S an acabo where the are sold in f j , y cou les that is the sam e number o m ales andfem ales the coast o p , , f ; f M na and wh the catho c k n her i li i has built a castle t e . , y g

All th e coas as far as th e n om of an con o is e t , ki gd M i g , divid d n o two ar s c are ease e er o r or ﬁ ve ears to wh o i t p t , whi h l d v y f u y e er m a e th e es o er a is to b e a e to o to con rac in v k s b t ff , th t , bl g t t ose an s an d or s an d ose in us ness are ca e con th l d p t , th this b i ll d rac ors ou am on us e ou b e n o n as a altadari t t , th gh g th y w ld k w pp , an d e r de u es an d n o o ers m a a roac an d an on th i p ti , th y pp h l d s sh are or e en b u or se 1 rea cara an of n e roes com e thi , v y ll . G t v s g ere r n n o d an d r Som e of thes a es a e S a e fo s a e . h , b i gi g g l l v s l l v h v een ca re in a e o ers are s en e r aren s wh o b ptu d b ttl , th t by th i p t , thin k they are doin g their c hildren th e b es t servic e in th e world by s en din g them to b e s old in this way to other lan ds where ere is an a u n dan ce of ro s n s e are ro as n a e th b p vi io . Th y b ught k d as e are orn o m a es an d em a es e ce for a ee s n th y b , b th l f l , x pt sh p ki c o an d e a e ass r ar es of ar o s co ou rs an d l th; th y h v gl os i v i u l , ar c es m a e of as co er ras s an d otton c loth s of ti l d gl s , pp , b , c dif ferent co o rs an d o er S m ar n s u se ro ou E l u , th i il thi g d th ugh t thi i e con ac o th e an of San op a. Th se tr tors take th e s laves t isl d aco o e re e are ou m erc an ca a n s rom J b , wh th y b ght by h t pt i f

1 utta ues ta o é a in due orti le uali si T q c s tafi no al regna di Manicongo divis p , q a tano o ni o anni a chi iu a er sce cia e il ater andar a can trattar a fi g 4 5 p fi i , p ’ a o arrendadori quellc m arine £95 p orti 69 si chiam ano quelli ch e tagliano questa c ri , ’ cam e saria a resso v oi dir a altadari 69 altri ch e i loco comm essi non si pp pp , , ' - asson o accos tar Cf di m on r a ra m rin e ne v ender ne com rar . p s s ta s p dette a , p

1 R O P A S I N S T AF R C A 1 0—1 60 54 EU E N W E I , 4 5 5

ene Of ra e 1 an d ese c ar e th e u e a ou b ﬁt this t d , th dis h g d ti s b t c a e r en at en SO a ou s ou b e u in whi h I h v w itt l gth , th t y h ld f lly orm e Bu r h n . t to e urn to t e Sa om e o a e er ea n f d t Th v y g . Aft l vi g th e slan of San aco o we en ou -eas in th e d rec on of i d J b , w t s th t i ti th e Rio ran e 1 1 de rees n o of E is o a. sa a s G d , g rth thi pi It id th t thi th e r er c th e an c en s ca ed th e Ni r an d a is a is iv whi h i t ll gi , th t it ran c h e o n r In r e of t N c ru s es a . r croco b h il , whi h w tw d this iv es sea orses are oun ose ee th e n e roes a u e dil , h , f d , wh t th g v l e en n ow ear n em as r n s in th e e e a e highly v , w i g th i g b li f th t th y r e m rom a ous s a e r ses on h sam will p eserv the f v ri di e s s . It i t e e a s as th e N o an d s ai n e on s r er th e coas we d y il , li g b y d thi iv by t , see a er m oun a n ca ed Serra Lion a th e ta of c v y high t i ll , p whi h a a s en a en se c ou c ca ses con n a is lw y hidd by d l d , whi h u ti u l un er an n n Th e n o se rom th e sum m of m oun th d d light i g . i f it this a n r r m s ou a s ea s c ou n e er t i can b e hea d 40 o 50 ile t t . Thi l d v sa ears e en en th e su n is s ron es an d a ses er en di pp , v wh t g t p s p p di u larl a o e ese s s Of ours a a s rem a n in s of c y b v it . Th hip lw y i ight th e coas om e s an ce rom an o ser n th e os on t , but s di t f l d , b vi g p iti of th e sun an d s a n sou -eas u n e a e co ere 80 , ili g th t til th y h v v d s e are en e rees n o of th e n e Of th e leagu e . Th y th 4 d g rth li e u a or ere e at on ce u rn eas - so - eas ee n th e q t . H th y t t uth t , k pi g coas of E o a a a s on th e e u n e reac th e s an t thi pi lw y l ft , til th y h i l d run e do not en of San om e a o e c n e . Th , b v whi h this li s If th y th see th e an e a e on to a e n th e n e in or er to l d , th y h v ly p ss b hi d li d do s o e en a e co ere 60 ea es rom th e rs . Th y will th h v v d 4 l gu , f ﬁ t

e ree eas a o e m en on e as far as s an . 4 d g s t , b v ti d , thi isl d

How when the Rio Grande is reached one be ins to see four ver , g y bri ht stars in thefarm o a cross which are called the Crusero and g f , , ' how on the sland o S an Thame there has been seen at ni ht after i f g , rain an a earance like the Iris such as the sun makes in the da , pp , y

time .

In t a c is e een th e ro c an d the s a n e his p rt , whi h b tw t pi id li ,

‘ e n e er a e b ad ea er ecause ere are n o s orm s as a th y v h v w th , b th t

1 Th e Ordinances o Kin Manuel re uired . ch . 1 1 2 c lause 1 th at f g q (bk 5 , , ) ‘ ’ n t trade with th e arts lan ds or s eas of Guin ee with out th e n o p erso was o p , , licen c e an d au th orit of th e in an d im osed th e en alt of death an d y k g, p p y con ﬁscation ofgoods upon th ose wh o p lun dered th e sh ip s Of th e con tractors . P O R TU GU E S E EN TE R P R I S E I N WE S T AF R I C A 1 55

r In m ar of th e coas Of E o a for u e in th e o cs . an r l t pi y p ts t thi pi , 2 0 m es roun d an th e sea is 0 a om s ee en o n il l d , 5 f th d p ; th , g i g ar er a a ere th e sea is e an d ee our or ese f th w y , wh wid d p , P tugu o a e a lo oo In c e n o e da da th e pil ts h v g b k , whi h th y t y by y o a e an d th e s an ce co ere th e n s an d th e os on of v y g di t v d , wi d , p iti th e sun To reac th e s an as we oun ou rse es e rees . h i l d , f d lv , 4 d g n or of th e e ua or th e o o n n s are u se u n am e " th q t , f ll wi g wi d f l , ly , ar n o th e sou - es w n s ro s ou n an d Pon é te G bi [ th w t i d] , O t [ th wi d] , es n d As we reac th e Rio de Oro m en on e a o e [w t wi ] . h ll , ti d b v , c is d rec u n der th e ro c of can cer we e n to see o r whi h i tly t pi , b gi f u in h e rm f a cross s ars of on er S e an d r an ce t o O . t w d ful iz b illi , f e are 0 e rees s an rom th e sou o e an d we ca e Th y 3 d g di t t f th p l , ll d em il crusero Un er th e a d ro c e a ear to b e er th . d s i t pi , th y pp v y n ear an d o n n an n s rum en ca ed th e balestia o the , by p i ti g i t t ll [P rt . 6 m m balestilha c ross - s aff at one of ese s ars at th e oo of th e , t ] th t , f t cross to th e s ou we n e a we m us b e a wa e een , th , k w th t t h lf y b tw h e 1 W en we are n h e s an of San om e ese s ars t o e . i t p l s h i l d Th , th t a e b e m u u r er a a fe ears a o a en o ar to c . w pp h f th w y A y g , ph m en on s m ar to a Of th e ra n o c th e sun m a es , i il th t i b w whi h k by Rainb a da was seen at n arou n th e m o n a ter ra n th e made b y, ight d o f i ; but the m o o o c m n r m m n re e m i m u c l urs o i g f o the oo we like whit st . I st o n ou t a a er ea n th e S ra of Gib ralterra n or of p i t th t ft l vi g t it , th th e r can coas as far as th e ro c of can cer th e des are n ot Af i t , t pi , ti R er ron . On ass n th e ro c on e reac es th e io ran e v y st g p i g t pi , h G d , hic h as a so een ca e N r c is 1 1 e rees n o of w h l b ll d igi , whi h d g rth th e e a or s r se of th e e is a aren at th e en ran ce qu t . A light i tid pp t t to th e er an d is s m ar to a in or o a o as h e su n riv i il th t P t g ll . But t a es er en cu ar a o e ra n s so m u c in E o a a p ss p p di l ly b v , it i h thi pi th t th e s a r er r ses an d ecom es ur d at th e s am e m e as th e id iv i , b t bi , ti Nilo; an d th e red an d turbu len t waters of this river ﬂow as far as r m es n o th e sea In th e s an of San om e ere thi ty il i t . i l d Th , th are on two a om s m re d in ly f th o ti e than Ven etia.

1 By Obs ervin g th e h eigh t of th e South ern Cross with th e aid of th e cros s s taf th e Portu ues e w ere a le to determ in e latitude s in th e sou th ern h em i f, g b s h ere at n i h t . Th e m eth od was n ot v er satis actor th ou h aster oh n p g y f y, g M J , th e cele rated ilot wh o assisted Ca ral s eem s to h av e m ade u se o f it b p b , , wh ile oh n de is oa an oth er am ous Portu u ese ilot also attac h e d im J L b , f g p , p ortan ce to th e m eth od an d ev en p roduc ed a Regim en t of th e S outh ern Cross

[c . 1 6 R O P A S I N S R 1 0 —1 6 0 5 EU E N WE T AF I CA , 4 5 5

Descri tion o the island o S an Thomé nowada s inhabited b p f f , y y man traders the island called il P rinci e the island o Anobon y ; p , f , and the cit called Pouoasan y .

Th e s an of San om e c was sco ere 80 or 0 i l d Th , whi h di v d 9 ‘ ears a o th e sea-ca a n s of our n an d c y g by pt i ki g , whi h was un n o n to th e an c en s roun 6 . 0 a an m es i k w i t , is d It is It li il n dia m e e a is on e de ree z an d is s ua e n er th n t r, th t , g ; it t d u d e li e of th e e a or an d a wa e een th e n or an d s ou o es Th e qu t h lf y b tw th th p l . a an d n s are of e u a en an d on e n e er sees th e d ys ight q l l gth , v least fferen ce e e th e su n is in can cer or ca r co n Th e o e di , wh th r p i r . P l S ar cann o b e een n n a e on e can see t t s , but by tur i g littl it; an d th e cons e a on ca e il crusero a ears er far a a To th e t ll ti ll d pp v y w y . ea of s s an 1 20 m es d s an ere is a s m a s a st thi i l d , il i t t , th ll i l n d r n c e called Il Prin cipe [O P i ip ] . This islan d is in habited an d cu a e at th e re en m e an d th e ro s m a e rom s ltiv t d p s t ti , p fit d f it ’ sugar trade go to th e kin g s eldest s on ; this is why it is called l r n c e We - so - es ere an o er s I . an d c is P i ip st uth w t , th is th i l , whi h An n i u n n a e ca e ob o . s er roc an d ere is m c i h bit d , ll d It v y ky, th u h s n an d th e eo e of San om eo en o ere to is fi hi g; p pl Th ft g th fish . It 0 ea es a a 2 e rees sou of th e n e o ar s th e o o e 4 l gu w y , d g th li t w d s uth p l . ere are nn m era e croco e ere an d o on ou s sn a es Th i u bl dil s h , p is k . W en th e s an of San om ewas sco ere was co ere h i l d Th di v d , it v d by a rea ores of a s ra er reen ee of a o s n s g t f t t ll , t ight, v y g tr s v ri u ki d , h sk ese ree n reac n u to t e . s a e o an d th e hi g p y Th t h v fruit , ran c e do not e o e ofour rees ro som e m es s e a s b h s , lik th s t , g w ti id w y an d som etim es straight upwards ; all grow down wards towards h roun u r n th e as few ears rea c ear n a e een t e g d . D i g l t y , g t l i gs h v b c a Pou oa n h m a e in ores . c e c e sa as een d this f t A hi f ity ll d b built , n e - n - a Th e e u with a good port faci g ast orth e st . hous s are b ilt of ere is a s o ere 3 an d th e re en o en an . one wo d pl ks Th bi h p h , p s t

4 Th is is on e of th e con fu sin g p assages in th e n arrativ e wh ich m ake it so Th e islan d o 5 0 Th om e w difﬁ cult to date it accurately . f 8 as discov ered at th e — — ear iest in 1 1 an d less th an 8 0 ears a terwards 1 0 Ram u sio rin ted l 47 , y f 5 5 p t i descri tion of th e islan d . Th e an on m ou s ilot re s on si le for it was h s p y p , p b , a m an h n tem a i as v agu e in his c hron ology s y of is co p or r es . 2 Portu gu ese pilots gen erally reckon ed 7 0 Italian m iles (or 1 7} leagu es) to

de ree of latitu de . Pach eco too 2 wh ich was m ore acc urate . O ur ilot on e g k 7 , p m app ears h ere to follow th e rule of Ptole y th at th ere w ere 60 to on e degree . 3 n tern al ev iden ce rov in th at th is n arrativ e was n ot written e ore 1 I p g b f 5 3 5 , h om e ecam th e seat o th e ish o ic of Con o th e year in wh ich 8 5 0 T b e f b p r g .

1 8 R O P A S I N I C 1 0 —1 6 0 5 EU E N WE ST AF R A , 4 5 5 n o b e s a a n Th e ear is u of c a am ne an d red in t own g i . th f ll l i co ou r is er c e s arc c a an d ecau se of th e l ; it v y thi k , lik t hy h lk; b ea dew c a s con in ous e er n i oes n ot h vy , whi h f ll t u ly v y ght , it d cr m e too m u c is e so wax an d for reason u bl h , but lik ft , this e er n a an e in ou r s es roo of th e oo ness v ythi g th t is pl t d it fl i h . P f g d of s an d can b e e er en ced th e n e roes s o cu i a n thi l xp i , if g t p lt v ti g for a m rees m m e a e r n u an d ro a e s o e . fi ld h rt ti T i di t ly sp i g p , g w m n m n s as high in a few days as they wou ld at hom e in a y o th . This growth h as to b e cut down an d bu rn t; an d in places where s h as een don e is a er ood in to an s ar can es thi b , it v y g th g pl t ug , c a e m on s to r en Th e can es c are an e in whi h t k 5 th ip . whi h pl t d an ar r h e n n n f n ose an e in J u y a e cut at t e b gi i g o Ju e . Th pl t d e ru ar r en at th e e in n n of u an d so e er m on F b y ip b g i g J ly , v y th e are cut an d an e an d n o arm at all is don e to em th y pl t d , h th by th e su n passin g perpen dicu larly in th e m on ths of March an d Se em er ecau e at ese season s ere are con nu o s ra n s pt b ; b s th th ti u i , an d c o d o ercas s ies c are er a ou ra e to th e l u y , v t k , whi h v y f v bl ro of th e can es s is an ro ces m ore an I 0 o g wth . Thi l d p du th 5 th u s an d arro es on e arro e ein e u a o 1 lb s ross of ou r t . b , b b g q l 3 g e en of s is ren dere to our n an d s su a w ight . A t th thi d ki g , thi u lly am oun s to rom e e to ou r een ousand arro es an d ere t f tw lv f t th b , th ar m n h r h r n a ere are e a y w o do n ot ren de t e fu ll pe ce t ge . Th a o 60 ac or es ere ere is ru nn n a er ere e b ut f t i , wh th i g w t , wh th y r n th e can es an d m e th e su ar ro n n o u e cau g i d lt g , th wi g it i t h g l dron s er is oi e e ou r n o m ou ds con a n n I . Aft it b l d , th y p it i t l , t i i g 5 lb s an re n e m ean s f fi re In m an ar s of th e to 0 d o . 2 . , fi it by y p t s an ere ere is n o a er th e r n in is on e an i l d , wh th w t , g i d g d by h d by n m f orse Th s r an d rou n canes e roes or ean s o s . e e g , by h t ipp d g d are ro n to th e i s of c ere are an en orm o n m er th w p g , whi h th us u b ; an d e ea n n o n s s ar can e ro rem en o s th y , ti g thi g but thi ug , g w t d u ly fat an d have su ch s weet an d wholesom e flesh that it is con s idered e er an c c en m ea an d for s reason is a a b tt th hi k t , thi lw ys en to th e s c giv i k .

Descri tion o how the su ar in this island is not too hard or too dr p f g y, and o how the dr it f y y .

Man y experts have been brou ght here from th e islan d of a e ra to m a e th e s ar ar e an d er in s e of all M d i k ug h d r whit , but pit P O R TU GU E S E EN T E R P R I S E I N WE S T AF R I C A 1 59

Th e cause is sa b e rs e r care s cann o b e ac e e . to th i , thi t hi v d id , ﬁ t , th e rea so ness an d r c n ess of th e so c m a e th e su ar g t ft i h il , whi h k s g so us as us n es ro n in c so a e th e a our of ft , j t with vi , g w ri h il , h v ﬂ v Th e secon d reason for s is th e m di of th e air in s it . thi hu i ty thi n h e su ar o dr e W ere er th e s an c oes ot a o t t . i l d , whi h d ll w g y w ll h v sun is th e a m os ere in s s an is n ot as u s in a , t ph thi i l d , with Vill di is is a a s so e c Con d h ot an d dr b ut h ot an d m o s . e i , y, i t Th lw y , x pt in th e m on s of un e an d u u s en th e n ds o th J , July A g t , wh wi bl w E ar dr and res E en ese n ds o e er in rom o a e . g f thi pi y f h v th wi , h w v ,

are ' n ot en o to dr th e u ar an d th e an a on or ers ugh y s g , pl t ti w k f dr n c as o o s a e ere ore e e a m ean s o . h v th f d vis d yi g it, whi h is f ll w e u a s e er of oards in th e am e wa as we Th y b ild high h lt b , s y

b u th e roo of a h ouse n em care o e er a o e b ild f , ﬁxi g th fully t g th b v h e n a oor an d n o n o s n s e s an d at t e o . sid s , with ly d wi d w I id thi , e u a a orm six ee m a e of an s ace a th y b ild pl tf f t high , d pl k pl d d s an ce of ou r ee a a an d o er s e ace ram es on i t f f t p rt , v thi th y pl f h e as e s of su ar are co ec e o s of er dr ood which t b k t g ll t d . L g v y y w are aced n der is a orm c en e n do n ot pl u th pl tf , whi h , wh th y bur , m a e am es or sm o e b ut m o der i e c arcoa an d in k ﬂ k , s ul l k h l; this h e s ar as ou in a s o e en ee wa e dr t e . y th y y ug , th gh t v Th y th k p it n er co er of oo en oar s in aces ere th e am air u d v w d b d pl , wh d p can n o en er an d se at on ce en th e s s com e for e t t , ll it wh hip , if th y a e to ee for two or ree ears ou u h v k p it th y , it w ld liq ify .

Descri tion o how the merchants who come to live in this island p f , , are urged by the factor of the king to buy as much land as they can u t v ate at chea r c s How am roots are the ch e ood o the c l i i e . i f , p p y f f

On ly two-thirds of this islan d have been cleared of trees so far an d de o ed to th e cu a on of su ar But as a n m er of , v t ltiv ti g . u b m erc an s of S a n a an d o o a o an d eo e of o er h t p g P rt g ll , p pl th n a ion ali ie s are se l n ere th e ac or of th e n em t t , tt i g h , f t ki g is o ered to let em b u an c ea as m c of as h e p w th y l d h ply , u h it n s e b e a e to cu t a e ese eo e at on ce b u thi k th y will bl l iv t . Th p pl y a n m er of n e roes an d n e res se an d set em to or on u b g g s , th w k th e an a on s a is clear n th e an d an d an n su ar pl t ti , th t , i g l pl ti g g can e a er rn n th e rees ic a e een cut o n , ft bu i g t wh h h v b d w . A

" m as er does not e his s a e an n a e er e or t giv l v s ythi g wh t v . Th y w k R O P A S I N I 1 0 —1 6 0 EU E N WEST AFR CA , 4 5 5 for him all th e ee an d on on Sa r a o w k , ly tu d ys do they work t a n a n on e r own accoun Nor oes a m a er rou e g i livi g th i t . d st t bl to e em c o es or oo or ro e em s e er for giv th l th f d , p vid th with h lt , e a en to all ese n s em se es ar rom a scra th y tt d th thi g th lv . Ap t f p of co on c o or a m re i c e co er th e in tt l th , p l ﬁb , w th whi h th y v ecen ar s of e r o e m m e o en an d o en o n a . d t p t th i b di s , b th w g k d e eat th e ee s c a e een escr e a o e c are Th y s d whi h h v b d ib d b v , whi h e C ic ea r n din em n o ou r an d rom s e lik h k p ; g i g th i t ﬂ , f thi th y m a e a n of rea or b un coo n o h m r Th e k ki d b d by ki g it ver t e e be s . am roo is e r s a e d e e r n a er or a m ne of y t th i t pl i t . Th y d i k w t , p l wi , ’ c ere is an a un an ce an d s ee an d oa s m whi h th b d , h p g t ilk .

Descri tion o how the Mori build their houses in the woods where p f , the hav e to live because o the su ar canes y f g .

ere are m an es in s s an m u c ar er an d m 0re Th y big fli thi i l d , h l g ro esom e an ose we a e at om e ar cu ar n ear t ubl th th h v h , p ti l ly ore s an d ere rees ro c l ere is n ecessar for f st wh t g w thi k y, wh it y t ose wh o cu a e th e su ar to e eca e e re u re th e h , ltiv t g , liv , b us th y q i oo all th e m e for o n Th e n e roe on acco n of w d ti b ili g it . g s , u t ese e u e r o ses in th e o o n wa e set u th fli s , b ild th i h u f ll wi g y. Th y p ou r eces of ood th e on e e can fi n d in a s are an d f pi w , l g st th y , qu , m ake a roof over them of pieces of wood fasten ed together an a h s n r s ra above d t t e ides with a ki d of g ass like coarse t w . en m ean s of a ad er m an e c s an al Th , by l d with y st ps , whi h t ds m os r e m o n at n to s ee carr n e r t up ight , th y u t ight l p , yi g th i c dren em eas In wa e a ear to a o d th e hil with th ily . this y th y pp v i e In th e C of Pou oasan th e es do n ot ann o th e in h ab i fli s . ity , fli y In a n ears an s ecause ere are n o oo n ear at an . ce t t , b th w ds h d rt i y , tiny black an ts appear in su ch quan tities that they overrun an d es ro e er n e fi n d con s m n all th e u ar in th e d t y v ythi g th y , u i g s g Th orz as e s en ra n a aren e sa ear. e s z b k t , but wh it i s pp tly th y di pp m am a e also do uch d g .

Descri tion o the a a a or am root and o the various wa s o p f b t t y , f y f n an o know n when it s ri lanti it d i i e . p g , f g p

Th e roo s c th e S an s n an s ca batata are ca e t , whi h p i h I di ll , ll d i name am s th e n e roes of San om e who c a e g [y ] by g Th , ultiv t s r oo e a e a ac n on the out them a thei principal f d . Th y h v bl k ski

R O A S I N I 1 0 —1 6 0 E U PE N WEST AF R C A , 4 5 5 an d dan gerous paths that it c an on ly b e clim bed with th e rea es diffi cult l r h e m n d m on . oun t to of s oun a n a a g t t y A d p thi t i , g t s den se m ass of rees ere is a a s a n d of m s an d hi t , th lw y ki i t; en th e sun is a o e th e n e or in th e ro cs s m s is wh b v li , t pi , thi i t s e at all m es of th e da an d oes n ot e en sa ear at vi ibl ti y, d v di pp n is n u h e erm n i een on . ot n e t an en s o s c are s ight It lik p t w , wh h th e sum m s of er m oun a n s s m s con s an con it v y high t i . Thi i t t tly en ses an d orm s a er on th e ea es an d ran c es of th e rees d f w t l v b h t , an d so abun dan t is this water that stream s flow down from every s de of th e m o n a n som e ar e om e sm a accor n to i u t i , l g , s ll , di g e er h e n o er wh th t water flows m ore freely to on e s ide or to a th . m Th e n egroes irrigate th e sugar plan tation s with these strea s . ere are a so m an r n s in s an d c are u se for Th l y sp i g thi isl , whi h d irrigation ; an d throu gh th e cen tre of th e city of Pouoasan there r n s sm l s m h a o s u a a rea of t e c eares a er e s . l t l t w t , wid but h ll w Thi a er is en to s c eo e ecause is e rem e an d w t giv i k p pl , b it xt ly light res an d th e eo e e e e rm a for th e oo n ess f h , p pl b li v fi ly th t , but g d an d e ce en ce of th e a er of s ream an d of th e o e x ll w t thi st , th r s r n s th e s an ou n b e e in c ot . p i g , i l d ld liv d

Descri tion o the trees and o the use ulness o the alm on which p f , f f f p , row cocoa-nuts g .

os of th e rees on th e s an are and do n ot ear r M t t i l d wild , b f uit; an d en e are cu t do n th e r n s are sua ou n to b e wh th y w , t u k u lly f d o Th e eo e e e e a s due to th e rea m o s re holl w . p pl b li v th t thi is g t i tu in th e s an d ose wh o s e e ere rom S a na a e ro i l . Th ttl h f p g h v b ught em o es eac es an d a m on ds an d th e re en with th liv , p h l , t ss wh d an ed ro a an d eau u b u t e d , n ot ear ru an pl t g w t ll b tif l , th y o b f it; s a m ree this happen s to all trees which have stone fruit . P l t s a e een rou rom th e coas of E o a an d e ear th e h v b b ght f t thi pi , th y b fru it which is called cocoa-n ut; which in Italia is called In dian

’ nut Th e ern e of s ru i en s res is e ce en to eat . k l thi f t , wh it i f h , x ll t , an d m an y thin gs are don e with th e liquid In th e nut to m ake it e ic ous to th e a a e a n an o en n in th e a m ee d l i p l t . M ki g p i g p l tr , h e ace a o rd n der an d rom a c ear e t y pl g u u it , distil f it l , whit u d c at r a ears to b e a e ca e n e c liq i , whi h ﬁ st pp d li t wi , but whi h r e soon becom es harsh an d after several days turn s sou . Th y

Th e Pico de 8 50 Th om e P O RT U GU E S E E N TER P R I S E I N WEST AF R I C A 1 63

a e e n to an th e n of ra s c in one ear ro s h v b gu pl t ki d g s , whi h y g w as a as a ree an d c ro uce un c es of a ﬁ - e r t ll t , whi h p d s b h g lik f uit , c in essan r a e an dr a in E o E a e whi h Al d i [Al x i ] , gitt [ gypt] , I h v

mus and c in an e ca ab llana M us e ear e ca e e . h d th y ll , whi h this isl d th y ll a es [d t P] .

The reason wh the seasons in the island are di eren t from ours y ff , and which weather is most harm ul to ne roes and which to white f g ,

Th e ea on in s s an are er fferen rom o rs s n ce s s s thi i l d v y di t f u , i th e sun a ses ec o er ea ce a ear in arc an d p s dir tly v h d twi y , M h Se em er ese m es on e can s ee roo of a th e sun is pt b . At th ti , p f wh t a a o n a is a n a ou r to se rom th e se a lw ys d i g , th t , dr wi g up v p it lf f , an d u rn n n o ra n en th e sun is direc o er t i g it i t i . Thus , wh tly v ' ea th e air is a a s clo an d eav an i rain s ar an d h d , lw y udy h y, d t h d , en th e sun m ore d s an th e da s ro c earer an d ca m er wh is i t t , y g w l l , an d for this reason th e people look u pon March an d Septem ber f h e ra n d o m a Ce a n as two n ers eca se o t ns a o s . wi t , b u i gl y d y rt i ‘ ’ m on s in ac e ca m on s of th e n an d ese are th , f t , th y ll th wi d , th Ma un e u an d u u s en th e sun in th e n or ern y, J , J ly A g t , wh is th S n s and en th e ou s o -eas an d s ou - es n s ig , wh s th , uth t th w t wi d , s an are e do n o e h are ecu ar to . e t e t e which p li thi isl d , f lt Th y f l n o -ea nor an d n or - e n s e n s e ere all rth st , th , th w st wi d , b i g h lt d by ‘ f r ca As a e a read a en th e a a o . a o e th t p rt Af i I h v l y s id , wh b v m en one n o in ese m on s th e n e roes n in ti d wi ds bl w th th , g , livi g s an d wh o o n a ed as a e ee th e co d n en se an d thi isl , g k rul , f l l i t ly, s is er n u r o s to e ea an d m an of em a thi v y i j i u th ir h lth , y th f ll ill an d die for the e eo e wh o com e rom S a n a an d . But , whit p pl , f p g , for e r c ren wh o a e ffe en con s u on s rom th e th i hild , h v di r t tit ti f n e roes s is th e m os em era e s eason of th e ear an d e g , thi t t p t y , th y r e in ere are cer a n m on s c e ca th e h ot th iv it . Th t i th , whi h th y ll m on s a is ecem er an ar an d e r ar eca se at th , th t , D b , J u y F b u y , b u ese m es th e sun e n in th e ro c of ca r corn does n ot th ti , , b i g t pi p i , it a o th e n s ec ar to th e an to o an d s n ce ere ll w wi d , p uli isl d , bl w, i th n o n th e ea n e cr a e eca e of th e a ou r is wi d , h t is i d s ib bl , b us v p , c one ees con n a e n ra n u In s h ot season whi h s ti u lly b i g d w p . thi , th e n e roe ee ron an d in e ce en s r s an d carr on all g s f l st g x ll t pi it , y e o an d n o ea on is m ore easan for em th e th ir w rk , s s pl t th . But 1 6 R O P A S I N I 1 0 —1 6 0 4 E U E N WEST AF R C A , 4 5 5

e eo e ee er e a an d e a e an d en t e do whit p pl f l utt ly w k xh ust d , wh h y n ot et e er e a e an amiction ro o e en re g f v , th y h v th ugh ut th ir ti o an d can ard a an o o C o es e ce for b dy , h ly w lk . M y g with ut l th , x pt a s n e arm en an d a e to a e a c to su o em e i gl g t, h v h v sti k pp rt th . Th y a e n o a e e for an d es re on r n all h m e oo to t e . h v pp tit f d , d i ly d i k ti eca se ere is too m c oo in e r em m an a e B u th u h bl d th i syst s , y h v em se es ed in th e ore ea or arm a s seas n s th lv bl f h d t thi o . Thi bleedin g is th e special rem edy for all th e in habitan ts of th e s an ac an d e i l d , bl k whit .

Customs in the cit o Pauoasan in the hot season and how the y f , ‘ ’ malfrancese ex sts n th s island and how the cure i i i it. , y

In th e c of Pouoasan is th e cu om r n th e m ity , it st , du i g hu id an d n es eason c a s for a few a s th e ea e wi dl s s , whi h l st d y , h t th n bein g so in tense that they feel as if they were in a cau ldron of o n a er for o r or ﬁ v e am es to m ee an d eat o e e b ili g w t , f u f ili t t g th r in on e ar e room on th e ro n oor e r om en and l g g u d ﬂ , with th i w c dren Eac am r n s oo re are at om e c hil . h f ily b i g f d , p p d h , whi h is ace on a on a e an d so ee e an d do th e eo e ee pl d l g t bl , f bl ill p pl f l a e are m ore n to eat oo rou n e o rs th t th y willi g f d , b ght by ighb u ,

‘ an a re are in e r own om e So m ean s of ar o s th th t p p d th i h . , by v i u e ces c e a e ou out e en re e e few d vi , whi h th y h v th ght , th y du th s e us n a s No on e a em to do an or ou s e th e xha ti g d y . tt pts y w k t id ouse an d th e roun is so h ot a e ear a ou e c h , g d th t th y w d bl thi k n e s of ea er on th e s o es of e r s oes c soc s in s l th l th i h , with thi k k s e a ru e th e e n a an s of Pouoasan s ffer rom id . As l , whit i h bit t u f an a ac of e er e er 8 or 1 0 a s ecom n rs h ot en tt k f v v y d y , b i g ﬁ t , th co d an d s as e offin a o two o rs m ore or e acco l , thi p s s b ut h u , l ss , rd in h n u on f th e ers on s a en to all ose g to t e co stit ti o p . Thi h pp s th wh o e ere erm an en an d e are e ree or o r liv h p tly , th y bl d th f u m s a ear Th e rs ou of e er c a ac ran er e . ti y ﬁ t b t f v , whi h tt ks st g s

’ wh o com e ere in s s o e er is e rem e ser o s an d as h hip , h w v , xt ly i u , l ts e are ed ou an accou n e n a en of for 2 0 days . Th y bl with t y t b i g t k oun ces n ear a u u of oo e n a en rom th e e n of , ly j gf l bl d b i g t k f v i h e arm en e a e een e e are en rea soa e t . W h th y h v b bl d , th y giv b d k d in a er a an d a e oil an d en th e e en da h as w t , s lt , littl , wh s v th y a sed e a un th e o r een an d en n es s e p s , th y w it til f u t th , th , u l th y a e a re a e e e n to reco er an d are en m ore oo to h v l ps , th y b gi v giv f d

1 66 N IN I 1 0 -4 6 0 EU R O P EA S WEST AF R C A , 4 5 5

ro u ce a u car run to ea an d o s o p d f ll , but s l f, gr w high with ut a n an ra n in th e ear a n so e in f eren m on s h vi g y g i . H vi g w d it di f t th ou ro u c n ra n th e n a an s of th e s an wh o a e with t p d i g g i , i h bit t i l d , h v ou dee a ou sa a is ecause of th e r c n ess th ght ply b t this , y th t it b i h of th e so a o a e an d n ot ra n is ro e Th e am e il th t f li g g i p duc d . s a en s to n es c are ro n in th e ouses in San om e h pp vi , whi h g w h Th , ecause ou d b e use ess to tr to cu a e em ou t of oor b it w l l y ltiv t th d s . In th e co r ar s of th e ouses e m a e a n of er o a u ty d h , th y k ki d p g l , d rodu ce ra e s a s in su c a wa a som e ra es r en p g p t lk h y th t g p ip , s om e se m if in e r s a e an o ers ear ers s e as d o . th i wild t t , th b fl w Thi e do ce a ear in an u ar an d e ar an d in s th y twi y , J y F bru y , Augu t an d Se em er s are ro u ce ce a ear at th e sa pt b . Fig p d d twi y id season s an d are m os e c o s e on s ear r once a ear , t d li i u . M l b f uit y , in u an d u s an d um n our s a all s ea on ere t . J ly A gu t , p pki s fl i h s s Th is a rea an of ar e cra s rou ou th e s an e th e g t qu tity l g b th gh t i l d , lik s ea- cra ose rom th e m oun a ns are e er an ose rom b . Th f t i b tt th th f h e a n b e ea en r ere are ar t n b ut o s can . pl i , b th ki d t Of bi ds , th p trid es m oc n r s s ar n s ac r reen s arro s g , ki g bi d , t li g , bl kbi ds , g p w c n n n m r m s o arro s E er so an d u e a e c e . whi h si g , i bl i hi v us p t v y rt of fi sh can b e cau b ut th e chie e a o e all are e c o s a ght , pp b v , d li i u t

’ er a in un an d u e een s s an an e c n season s e . t i , J J ly B tw thi i l d d th r can coas on e sees su c a an of a es ar e an d Af i t , h qu tity wh l , l g f s is h ow a e sm a a is a on der u n to s ea o . ll , th t it w f l thi g p k Thi I h v oun d s s an on th e ﬁ v e occas on on c a e e f thi i l d , i s whi h I h v visit d it with ships to carry su gar; an d if your excellen cy is n ot s atisﬁed s con u se an d -com o e n orm a on of m n e th e with thi f d ill p s d i f ti i , a a am a seam an not accus om e to r n an d f ult is th t I , t d w iti g; I a u an s l te you an d kiss your h ds .

D OF U W BY F H ESCRIPTION G INEA , RITTEN A RENC CAP c I 0 1 TAIN . . 54 .

scr o o ea De ipti n of the c ast of Guin .

u n i h e r f r ca con ou s to ar a a and b e G i ea s t pa t o Af i tigu B b ri , n at Ca o er e c is s u a e n ear e ree on u e gi s p V d , whi h it t d ly 5 d g s l git d

‘ ’ Extract tran slated rom Dis corso d un ran c a itan o di m are ran c es e , , f g p f ’ del luoco di Diepp a sop ra le n av igation i fatte alla terra n uov a dell In die occiden tali Guin ea Th is Discourse was rst rin ted in Ram usro , ﬁ p , P O R TU GU E S E E N T E R P R I S E IN WE S T AF R I CA 1 67

’ as d 1 3 e rees a tu e n or is th e r E a e an . o e o t 4} d g l ti d th It l w thi pi , where there are m an y kin gs an d where m an y differen t lan gu ages Th e eo e o e e r n e u r o e o e are s o en . o e p k p pl b y th i ki g , lik p pl b y ur n an ou r r n ces an d e are o a ers e r c o es o d . ki g p i , th y id l t Th i l th in fferen s a es s o a eac on e is d eren di t h p , th t h iff t r m a erde th e r er of n n R o C po V to iv Ma ico go [ . cas e or or ress e ce for on e ca e th e tl f t , x pt ll d ‘ cas e o e a n a Séio or e da na ere th e n of t ll d ll Mi [ J g Mi ] , wh Ki g Portogallo h as 2 5 or 30 subj ects to trade an d ch an dise th e ne roe wh o com e rom with g s , f n e roe r n on o c e a so a e g s b i g ly g ld , whi h th y l t k Melegh ette [Malagueta] an d to th e river [Con go] or to th e Rio Cestiz ere ere is m a e th e ea e s ra e in th e s a d di , wh th d gr t t t d i above this river [Con go] on th e side of th e is n o or or o e e em en c is e f t th r s ttl t, whi h h ld for them selves rather than for th e Fran ces i [Fren c if they

— Navi ationi e m a i v ol. III I . 2 2 . Its au th or is un n own . Th ere g gg , ( pp 4 3 3 k were a n um er Of Die e c a tain s wh os e ex erien c e of n av i ation wou ld b pp p , p g A m a a m li l u e tion a P . G f h av e en led th e to rodu ce it . n ot un e s s de b p k y gg , by

arel in h is ean An o . 6 is th at it was th e wor of ean Parm en tier f j g p 3 , k J , th e c elebrated Fren c h cap tain wh o exp lored Guin ea an d Brazil betwe en m v a Th u ll text o I 5 2 0 an d I 5 2 6 an d in I 5 2 9 ade a oy ge ev en to S um atra. e f f th e Dis course as reserv ed Ram u sio do es n ot disclos e wh en it was , p by , n But inh eren t ev iden ce su es ts a date som ewh ere etween I writt e . gg b 5 3 5 an d I an d v er ro a l 1 for th e auth or states th at th e Atlan tic 54 5 , y p b b y 5 39 , ‘ se aboard of North Am erica was exp lored I 5 years ago by Giov an n i da Ver ’ ’ ra an o . Verra an o s ex edition of cours e was un dertak en in I 2 . zz z p , , 5 4 ' N Th e auth or of th e ourse ollow d th e Ptolem ic Ac tually 3 . Disc f e tradition in rec on in lon itu de asin h is calc ulation s u on a rim e k g g , b g p p H e lai s th i n th e in tro m eridian p as sin g th rou gh th e Can ary islan ds . e xp n s i ‘ du ction to his work : S O th at we can ﬁ n d out wh ere lan ds are situated an d m eas ure distan ces m ore easil it is n ecess ar to n ow th e lon itu de an d th e y , y k g latitude of v arious re ion s . Acc ordin to th e cosm o ra h ers lon itu de s tarts g g g p , g rom th e m e ridian of th e Can arie islan d un de r th e lin e of th e e u ator an d f q , I h n m goes towards th e e ast . t goes straig t roun d th e world in a circ le a d c o es m di This c i t is v id in t 0 d e an d ach bac k to th e eri an p oin t . rcui di ed o 3 6 egre s e of th ese de ree s is e u al to 1 lea ues accordin to m o dern n av i ation or g q 7 g g g , 1 lea u es accordin to th e Porto h esi Th is lin e of course is in th e on e 75 g g g i , , z ’ at r an d c n t n of th e eq u o o cern s h e lo gitude . 3 Rio dos Cestos th e n am e ein deriv ed rom th e Portu u ese term cesto , b g f g , ‘ a wic er as et . Pach eco Esm eraldo . 2 ch . 2 ex lain s th is : th e n am e is k b k ( , bk , ) p due to th e fact th at th e n egroes of th is coun try c om e to th e sh ip s to s ell e er which is v er ood an d v er len ti u l h ere in as ets wh ich th e p p p ( y g y p f ) b k , y ’ n t d else wh ere on th a do o o e co st wh ere this p epp er is s old . 1 68 N I N I 1 0 —1 6 0 E U R O P EA S WEST AF R CA , 4 5 5

wish to carry from those places such m erchandises as m ele e a m a a u e a e er i or i es or o er oods e gh tt [ l g t p pp ] , v y , h d , th g , th y m u s b u em rom th e eo e of th e cou n r an d e m us t y th f p pl t y, th y t a dutii du es I to h n an d r n ces of h e c un r In s p y [ ] t e ki g p i t o t y . thi an d e ar er on e ar c e for an o er ecau se th e eo e l , th y b t ti l th , b p pl a e n o m one an d th e or s of th e an are v er eased en h v y , l d l d y pl wh th e ran s o th ere z F ce i g .

Th o h c s m ad on the oast o u nea e v yage w i h i e c f G i . From Capo Verde to th e river Gam bra [Gam bia] th e distance is 0 ea ues an d th e coas r n s ou -eas an d th e on e is 3 l g , t u s th t , l gitud 8 de rees eas an d th e a u e e rees n or 3 rom th e % g t l tit d 35 d g th . F river Gam bra to Capo Rosso [Cape Roxo] th e coast ru ns south for 0 ea es an d Ca o Rosso es in 1 0 e rees on e an d 3 l gu , p li d g l gitud d r e a u e rom Ca o Ros o to th e Rio ran e is 1 2 eg e s l tit d . F p s G d

h e oas ru ns eas Th e Rio ran in I 1 11 2 ea ue s an d t c . e es 5 l g , t t G d li 2 r m h Ri r n Serra Lion a er r e rees a u e . o t e o a e to e a e d g l tit d F G d , th u ea es Serra Lion a es in 8 e rees a e rom ab o t 75 l gu . li d g l titud . F Serra oma to th e Rio di Ces e is lea ues an d rom th e Rio Li t 45 g , f e o Ca o e e a m e Ca e a m as is ea e Ca o di Cest t p d ll P l [ p P l ] 43 l gu s . p e e a m e es in 1 8 e rees on e an d de rees a e 4 d ll P l li d g l gitud 3 g l titud , n s an d rom Ca o e e a m e an d th e c oast ru s ea t west . F p d ll P l to Ca e e e Tre u n e Ca e ree o n s is 1 1 ea u es an d p d ll P t [ p Th P i t ] 3 l g , a th e wa th e coas r n s ea an d a u ar er n or -eas an d h lf y t u st q t th t , a eas an d a uar er sou - eas Ca o e e re th e res t of th e w y t q t th t . p d ll T u n e es in 2 e rees on u e an d e rees a u e an d P t li 3 d g l git d 4 d g l tit d , rom s ca e to th e Rio e a o is 1 0 ea u es an d th e coas f thi p D lg d 5 l g , t - n s r er is ua e in e rees run s n orth east a d east . Thi iv sit t d 3 2 d g

I It was an un written law on th e Gu in ea coast th at Europ ean traders h ad to iv e re s en ts to local n e ro ch ie s e ore th e were allowe d to e in g p g f , b f y b g

’ o i h w D e i ti n . 2 ch . descr e s o th e n e ro art erin . ar ot scr es as b g B b ( p , bk , 9) b g , on as th e le t th eir can oes t o com e a oard th e sh i s of th e traders alwa s s o y f b p , y ‘ ’ ‘ ’ n sis ted u on rec eiv in a resen t c alled a dass or i e ore th e i p g p , y , b zy , b f y would exc h an ge th eir goods for th ose of th e Eu rop ean s . 2 This referen ce to th e w e lc om e giv en to th e Fren ch by th e n egroes is rep eated in oth er con tem p orary Fren ch ac coun ts of con dition s on th e c oast of Gu in ea an d it m u st b e attrib ute d to n ation al re udice an d en v of th e , p j y

Portugu ese . o 3 m i t r 1 1 N Ap p aren tly a s ake fo 3} . ° ’ 4 tuall 2 2 N Ac y 4 .

N I N I 1 0 —1 6 0 EU R O P EA S WES T AF R C A , 4 5 5

THE TO THE N I 1 . 2 0 SAME SAME 4 OVEMBER 54 . Th e fleet which th e m ost s eren e kin g despatched to th e coas of a a u e a e m ore an en - fiv e a s a o a er t M l g t l ft th tw ty d y g , v y fi n e ee in c m ore an sev en un dre m en s a ed th e fl t whi h th h d il , ca a n ear n th e orders of c a e r en to o r ex pt i b i g , whi h I h v w itt y u cellen c is n o n a m m e a e a er e h r m y. It k w th t i di t ly ft th y ad s ailed f o en ce a rea m s or n e e e em an d n ee e as a h , g t i f tu b f ll th , i d d it is f lt rea m s or un e ere for on e s am on em en to th e g t i f t h , hip g th w t o om n ot on e erson e n sa e of all on oar Th e o er b tt , p b i g v d b d . th s s se ara e an d is n o n a two ut n o a a an d of hip p t d it k w th t p i t G lizi , th e res n n is no n r a N o . om s o 2 o em er I 0 t thi g k w F Li b , 4 v b 54 .

THE TO THE OF TO EDO U Y SAME CARDINAL L . 2 JAN AR 1 1 2 54 . I hav e already written that th e fleet which th e m ost seren e kin g h ad despatched to th e coast of Malagueta h ad m et with so rea m is or n e a h ad een ro en u an d e e n g t f tu th t it b b k p , b li vi g em se e to b e os e h ad ro n o er oar all a e th lv s l t , th y th w v b d th t th y carr e an d th e s s e n se ara ed a ere an d ro en in i d; hip b i g p t , b tt d b k s ut n o a a en ce is s a a b e cu bit , p i t G lizi , wh it id th t it will diffi lt even to brin g them back to Lisboa; an d th e m os t seren e kin g an Th e h as s en t order to b rin g them to Lisboa as best they c . n h as e s er m u c o eca se th e ee is es ro e ki g f lt thi v y h b th b u fl t d t y d , an d becau se it is im possible to sen d an other there from hen ce for n ne m on on acco n of th e n s c re a is i ths , u t wi d whi h p v il , it was a b ad m e f r so oo a ee to b e a in ose a s . o s id , th p rt It ti g d fl t m 1 1 es ro e . rom m e r on 2 an ar d t y d F Al i , J u y 54

VAz RK OF THE F Y OF CA O V To JORGE , CLE ACTOR B ERDE , 1 0 UN KING JOHN I I I . SANTIAGO . J Sir In th e m on th of Novem ber I highness to say that there h ad arrived in this your city of Sam tyago a roun d — i ar . 1 . Extract . B gg , pp 4 3 4 2 — T wa ardin al of Toledo. i ar . 1 1 2 . Extract . uan av era s c B gg , p p 7 J 3 T orre do Tom o Cor o ch ron olo ico t . 1 m a o 2 n o . 8 . T ran s b , p g , p , c 7 , 3 A stract rin ted in arc ellos S ubsidios 1 lated. Prin ted for th e rst tim e . ﬁ b p B , , , — 1 1 6 1 9 . P O R T U G U E S E EN TE RP R I S E I N W E S T AF R I C A 1 7 1 s e s of th e em eror in th e hip , q p Casa da n ews an d to give warn in g that s hips were bein gm ade ready in Fram ca in order to s ail on th e route of th e ocean sea an d to wait for th e ships from th e Am t lh as n es an d th e m en of s i h ad com e v ia th e y [A till ] , thi sh p islan ds of Can aria to this islan d to learn whether they h ad s hip m ade its way direct to th e It appeared that th e Fren ch s s ere n ot en read an d hip w th y , un favourable weather m ade for th e islan d of an d ere e se e on e s c was on its wa to Fram des th th y iz d hip , whi h y a car o of co on an d a so an o er ic th e con rac ors with g tt , l th , wh h t t had sen rom s ac or to b u co on for th e rade an d e t f thi f t y y tt t , th y took from it in m on ey an d m erchandise a sum exceedin g on e m on re s e carr e th e s em an d a er lun illi i . Th y i d hips with th , ft p m m e n d a n m a e e e se ures er n e e e e . d i g th , th y l ft th b hi H vi g d th s iz , they set a course for this is lan d; an d before they reached this c e cam e u on a s e n th e s an d an d e s e e ity , th y p hip b hi d i l , th y iz d

upon th e coast.) r e in th e or id p t , a ac ecause tt k , b e saw th e s s a ou th e c ou d a e een com th y hip , lth gh ity w l h v b y th e an d between th e which h ad com e rom Sev lh a to a e a es for th e An as an d e oo f y t k sl v tilh , th y t k it ou do n an n ur e er to th e cre or to th e car o with t i g y i j y ith w g , except that they took from it win es an d biscu its in exchan ge for our in ca s of th e sam e a ue c e a e an d e ﬂ sk v l , whi h th y g v it , th y in form ed th e crew of th e ship of Castella that they were operat in on a a n s th e u s An d as oon as e reac e g ly g i t Portug e e . s th y h d Gu n é on th e coas e oo a e on n to the in h ab i y , t th y t k ship b l gi g an s ofth e s an c was en a e in a e an d e ro e t t i l d whi h g g d b rt r, th y bb d _ th e crew an d put them below th e deck an d n ailed down th e a c a s u on em an d r n om ar s at em e h t hw y p th , by ﬁ i g b b d th th y sen em to th e o om of th e sea ere e er s e an d t th b tt , wh th y p i h d , on ose of th e cre esca e wh o a ene to b e on an ly th w p d h pp d l d , 1 2 N I N I 1 0 - 1 6 0 7 EU R O PEA S WES T AF R CA , 4 5 5

an d a shipm aster s ix or seven other en gaged in barte with oars an d artillery they forced them to en ter in to th e Rio dos Barb acijs R . Sa m an d e rem a ne in th e en ran ce of th e b ar for [ lu ] , th y i d t een a s on th e a c for en e sa ed ut S Of ﬁft d y w t h wh th y il o . A hip s rade c h ad een e ed s ac or was e thi t , whi h b quipp by thi f t y , lik se ca re an d e un ere an d s e th e orses on wi ptu d , th y pl d d it l w h oar an d s ran a ea in th e s s o a ou n to th e b d p g l k hip , th t it w ld si k m Th r ll e a o o . e c e of s a es ca e c use en e b tt w thi ship p d , b , wh th y saw em se es rro n e th e s s e a an on e s th lv su u d d by hip , th y b d d hip , an d m a e for th e an e th e sa Fram deses h ad on e to d l d , Whith r id g b uy hides in order to pay for m alagueta for which they said they were goin g; an d they s aid an d reported that they in ten ded to com e to th e sa coas eac ear an d a e n en e to id t h y , th t th y i t d d kill an d to plun der whom soever they m ight m eet an d to avenge th e death of a captain Of a ship wh o h ad been captu red on lan d in

‘ or o aser o a s ren c ca a n e s a h ad P t D [P rtud l] . Thi F h pt i , th y id , een a en to s an an d e e h e h ad e An d accor n b t k this i l d h r di d . di g to th e m em er of th e cre of th e Cas an s wh o h ad een b s w tili hip , b a en r son er e sa a th e ca ain of th e s a d ee a t k p i , th y y th t pt i ﬂ t is ro er of th e ren c m an wh o e in s an for e b th F h di d this i l d , thus th y m a e n o n an d a accor n to a e earn e th e s a d it k w , th t di g wh t th y l d id captain happened to b e a person of n obility an d quality an d s o e rea sorro at the dea of th e sa ren c ca a n h w d g t w th id F h pt i , r an an d so he 18 desirou s of in ﬂictin g Inj u y u pon this isl d . Itemt\At th e tim e when th e ships were capture d In th e is lan d of Fo uo ro e to o r ness to e ou h ow n ee u g , I w t y u high t ll y df l it was that th e coast s hou ld b e gu arded durin g th e m on ths of e r ar a c r an d to Ma 2 an d th th e con F b u y, M r h , Ap il up y , rac ors s ou b e i en au or to e en th e coas eca se t t h ld g v th ity d f d t , b u ’ o e se u ne ou b e os an d ere o b e n o ra e th rwi G i w ld l t , th w uld t d , an d n either th e in habitan ts n or even th e con tractors wou ld e u s s on acco n of th e an er to e r oo a d v es q ip hip , u t d g th i g ds n li , r sin ce in deed they dare n ot despatch ships from this facto y .

Port . z ab ra a t e of v ess el used for shin or riv ateerin an d , yp ﬁ g p g, to 2 00 ton s burden . 2 Th e season wh en trade on th e Guin ea c oast was m o st ac tiv e .

1 N I N I 1 0 —1 6 0 74 EU R O P EA S WE ST AF R CA , 4 5 5 was u l an d ere u se n ot to b e on e in t s s an d Ou r ord b i t , th d hi i l , L God was ere ser ed an d He a e ea to h e an for h e th by v , g v h lth t l d t m an ol races an d ra ses c are of ered Him It n y h y g p i whi h f . o ly rem ain s to ask Ou r Lord God to prolon g you r life an d give ros er to ou r ro a es a e in Hi m m s o ser ce . en ro p p ity y y l t t h ly vi A . F s ou r C of Sam t a u o d Ca o rde on 1 0 une 1 o e 2 . thi y ity y g b V , J 54 Jorge Vaz To ou r or th e n l d ki g . rom or e Vaz c er of h e a r f Ca erde t c o o o . F J g , l k f t y b V

OAO O S U To H I II ARGUIM J GOMES O RO KING JO N . 8 NU Y I 1 JA AR 543 .

Sir a e r en a e er r . I h v w itt l tt to you highn ess in which I h aVe in form ed you r highn ess h ow th e Castelhan os cam e from Gan aria to raid this coas t with three ships an d began to trade ; an d h ow I foun d this castle so denu ded of all thin gs that I lacked th e m eans to u t em to rou ccor n to m n orm a on p th t . A di g y i f ti rom th e ou ros e ou s om e r ea of s a es an d f M , th y b ght thi ty h d l v ; on e n ight in a storm a s hip cam e to them on th e coast an d it was lost with all th e goods it carried; an d th e crew were all s aved e ce two m en wh o en on th e m a nan d ere th e o ros x pt , w t i l , wh M u a u re em On e of em ecam e ou ro an d th e o er c . a pt d th th b M , th th e ou ros ro ere to m e an d am n ow sen n him M b ught h , I di g by s s to th e corre e r of h e r e thi hip g do t e court to b t i d . I have n ews that they are goin g to retu rn here up to th e en d of arc o r i n ess direc m e h ow to act in s M h . Y u h gh will t thi m a er e are a o e on s coas ere b e n o ra e tt . If th y ll w d thi t , th will t d e for s cas e for e o d a e e er n eca se e l ft thi tl , th y w ul t k v ythi g , b u th y give th e Mouros 2 0 dobras per s lave an d further they carry captives which they barter away in exchange for s laves . I brou ght from Portu gal by special order of your high n eSs a ouro en to m e ran c sco de Llem os th e n er re er M , giv by F i , i t p t , wh o told m e that you r highn ess h ad com m an de d this Mouro to go to Tu m b iequ atum [T left here an d h e was on

I 8 . T ran s Torre do Tom o Cor o c h ron olo ico t . m a o 1 n o . b , p g , p 3 , c 5 , 7 d P n te d h m m T urle for draw M . . . ri or t e rs t ti e . a in ted to r late . f ﬁ I deb J F y n m att ion h i i g y en t to t s docum en t . P O R T U G UE S E E N T E R P R I S E I N WE S T AF R I C A 1 75 his wa ere for a o our m on an d h e re urn e to sa a y th b ut f ths , t d y th t T m b ica um sic Bu r m ouro wh o h e h ad een to uu t . t o a b ( ) f M , erson a accom an ie h im earn ed a h e h ad n ot een p lly p d , I l th t b r an th e con n es of u n ou r ness is o d a farthe th ﬁ G i é . If y high t l fferen s or ou m a n o a s th e ru ecau e di t t y, y y k w th t thi is t th; b s I a e earn ed rom ouros of th e m a n an wh o h ad a rea h v l f M i l d , l dy een ere a th e s o e e o r n ic on e can o b th , th t h rt st p ri d du i g wh h g from here to Tuum b ucatum (sic) is ten m on ths to one year; an d h e was on his wa ere for ou r m on s as Am ton io Llo ez yth f th , p ,

th e c er of s ac or can e er e a n to o n ess . l k thi f t y, b tt xpl i y ur high th e resen m e ere is a oo ra e at s ca e an d At p t ti , th g d t d thi stl I d f s a s ou r n e s s ou com m an th e have 2 60 hea o l ve . Y high s h ld d oﬂicers of th e Casa da d ia to provide this castle with n eces s ar oo s eca se is so a s oc e in all n s as a e y g d , b u it b dly t k d thi g , I h v r n ss a e Ma Our or G d n crease th e told you high e bov . y L d o i royal estate of your highn ess an d give you lon g life an d good ea ss th e an s of ou r n e s a e ere on 8 h lth . I ki h d y high s . M d h , 1 s d 1 s es ecause m ore anuar . en 0 a J y 543 By this hip I s 5 l v , b o can n ot g . Jam Gom ez 0 Souro T ou r h e n for er ce o lord t ki g his s vi .

RREA DE H I I I ANTONIO CO SOUSA To KING JO N . S 0 O I 1 N . A TIAGO 3 CTOBER 544 .

Sir On 1 6 c o e a cara e of Fram cez es arr e at . O t b r, v l iv d this s an d of Sam t a u o a er two ar e s s of th e sa ram i l y g , ft l g hip id F cez es h ad passed this way an d h ad in ﬂicte d m uch dam age upon is s an and on a of o uo a n m an s s an d th i l d up th t F g , by t ki g y hip un er n em an d s n n em s a cara e of ram pl d i g th i ki g th . Thi s id v l F cez es cam e to ut n o th e or of ra a c is two ea ues p i t p t P y , whi h l g rom s c ere c ase two n ro e em on f thi ity , wh it h d ships u til it d v th th e coas an d arran e to s a in th e s a or eca se s t; it g d t y id p t , b u thi port lies on th e route of all ships destin ed for these islan ds an d a so for Sam tom e 8 5 0 om e an d Bras ll c er orce l [ Th ] y , whi h p f

1 Torre do T om o Cor o ch ron lo ic o t m T s o . I a o n o 8 . ran b , p g , p , c 75 , . 5

s late d . Prin ted for th e rst tim e . A strac t rin ted in arcellos S ubsidios I ﬁ b p B , , , — 0 1 1 9 2 . 1 6 N I N I 1 0 —1 6 0 7 E U R O P EA S WE ST AF R C A , 4 5 5

a en to ca at the a o so a all are e to b e e z e h pp ll s id p rt, th t lik ly s i d , u n e ss a a en c n ow recoun to ou r ne s l th t h pp s whi h I will t y high s . cara e rom th e All u arv e oade m erc an ise cam e A v l f g , l d with h d , n o th e sa or ere th e s a ren c cara e was n an d i t id p t , wh id F h v l lyi g , was at on ce a en th e ram cez es wh o Ut e of e r it t k by F , p ight th i n m er in am on om was e r oa s a n en m en cam e u b it g wh th i b t w i . Th to re or s to m e in s c ere am ser n as ca a n p t thi thi ity , wh I vi g pt i for ou r n ess an d as s oon as earn e a h ad a en ed y high ; I l d wh t h pp , en to a ar e s c was in th e or of s c oaded I w t l g hip , whi h p t thi ity , l with a cargo of m erchan dise belon gin g to a certain Lourem co ar e a n a e of the s an of Made ra an d o him a M qu z , tiv i l d y , I t ld th t an ed to o in his sa c was urn s ed ar I w t g id ship , whi h f i h with til er a a n s th e sa cara e of th e Fram cez es an d h e re e to l y , g i t id v l ; pli d m e a ou e him secu r for th e s o e er th t , if I w ld giv ity hip t g th with th e oo s c h e h ad in h e ou carr m e in th e a s g d whi h it , w ld y s id hip ; an d I provided him thus with secu rity both for the goods an d for th e ship out of m y own property for th e service of you r n ess as b e seen a cer ca e c sen our high , will by th t tifi t , whi h I d y n ess rom e e an d as oon as h ad ro e c ecu r high f h r ; s I p vid d su h s ity , ssu e o out of th e or a n a cara e in m com an I i d f rth p t , t ki g v l y p y an a e m an of c om lace in and en with ld r this ity, wh I p d it, I w t in s earc of th e cara e of th e s a d Fram cez es c u h ad h v l i , whi h th s captured an other carave l; an d th e n ext day in th e m orn in g I en to a ac em an d th e ren c cara e at on ce fled an d w t tt k th , F h v l I en in rsui of Th e o er cara e c e ere a n w t pu t it . th v l , whi h th y w t ki g a on ca e n ot ak e th e wa of th e ren c cara e s n ce l g ptiv , did t y F h v l , i n ot flee rom m e an d o ere th e sa a derm an om it did f , I rd d id l , wh was a n i h m e in th e a d cara e to o to s cara e I t ki g w t s i v l , g thi v l , which th e Fram cez es were thu s takin g alon g captive with eight h of e r m en on oar an d to a e ac to s c . e th i b d , t k it b k thi ity This an d h e oo an d ou to s c th e sa thus did , t k it br ght it thi ity with id e Fr m ez e An d en in u rsu Of t e r o er cara el ight a c s . I w t p it h i th v u n l ‘ e ere en ea ues rom s s an ere we re ti w w tw ty l g f thi i l d , wh fi d om ar s at em an d th e a e b efel em c o ness b b d th , f t th whi h y ur high m a order to b e een in th e oc m en a o s c en y s d u t b ut thi , whi h I s d ou er ea n th e a cara e for th e rea on to b e een In y . Aft l vi g s id v l s s s th e ocu m en re rn e to s c t ere o n d th e a d t , I tu d thi i y, wh I f u s id h e ei Fram cez es om u o ere to b e a en . a a t ght , wh th s I rd d t k I w it

1 8 N I N I 1 0—1 6 0 7 EU R O P EA S WEST AF R C A , 4 5 5 e v er n is o errun em an d th e reason for s is a ythi g v with th , thi th t t is corre e dor e en s su c a o rs to em Ou r or ro h g xt d h f v u th . L d p on th e i e an d ro a es a e of ou r i n ess for m an ears l g l f y l t t y h gh y y . rom s ou r c t of Sam t a o o a on 0 c o er 1 F thi y i y y g , t d y, 3 O t b 544 . Am tonio Corea de Sousa To ou r or th e n l d ki g . rom th e ca a n of th e c Of Sam t a uo F pt i ity y g .

‘ ’ NEw GOLD MINES SOME FIFTY LEAGUES FROM SAO ORGE E F J DA MINA . KING JOHN II I TO TH COUNT O NH F U Y 1 1 1 CASTA EIRA . 5 EBR AR 55 .

To m r en th e co n of Cas an e ra th e n s en ou y f i d , u t t h i . I ki g d y ree n s as on e h om dear o e o o de Sousa2 wh o was g ti g w I ly l v . L p , en ca a n of th e C of 8 5 0 or e da n a ro e m e a e er th pt i ity J g My , w t l tt , ic sen d ou ere in re to ose c sen him wh h I y h with , ply th whi h I t a o th e n ew m nes of o d c h e sa are a o b ut i g l , whi h ys b ut ﬁfty ea ue rom n a an d accor n to a h e r es seem l g s f My ; di g wh t w it , it s to b e a u s ness to n es a e ecause th e r c an b e ascer b i i v tig t , b t uth tain ed ou m u c e en se You see th e e er rom o o with t h xp . will l tt f L p de Sou s a an d e er n h e s a s in ou n a is in v ythi g y it . If y thi k th t it m n eres to s ea a ou th e m a er om e of m oﬂicers y i t t p k b t tt with s y , or an o ers rom om ou can et m ore n orm a on with y th f wh y g i f ti , do so th e secrec c ou see h e u s n ess re u res You with y whi h y t b i q i . s hall write at on ce to te ll m e what you thin k ou ght n ow to b e on e in re ard to an d e er ou d b e in m n ere to d g it , wh th it w l y i t st obtain m ore in form ation from th e captain an d m y officers wh o are at resen in n a ecause ou e e e s ou to b e p t My ; b , if y b li v thi ght on e e ers can o in th e s s c are n ow e n m a e d , l tt g hip whi h b i g d m a e s in Alm eir on read for n a. n re Soare y My A d z d thi , y, 5 February 1 55 I Th e kin g h n e m ne To th e coun of Cas an e ra a ou t e w . t t h i , b t i s n h re rse th e n [O t e ve ] By ki g . ’ To dom n on o d Ata de cou n of Ca an e ra c an ce or A t i y , t st h i , h ll f th e ro a e c e u er O y l x h q .

1 F Tran s l ted. ord . 6 . a , p 37 2 Po s s i l Dio o o es de S ousa wh o was a terwards Portu ues e am as b y g L p , f g b s ador in on don wh ere in 1 h e rote sted v i orousl a ain st in terlo in L , 5 5 5 p g y g p g

En glish exp e dition s to Guin ea. P O RTU GU E S E EN T E R P R I S E IN W E S T AF R I CA

THE OF U THE TO THE . 2 TRADES G INEA . SAME SAME 7 F U Y 1 1 1 EBR AR 55 .

To m r en d th e co n Of Ca an e ra th e n sen d ou y f i , u t st h i . I ki g y ree n as on e om ear o e a e se n th e e er c g ti gs wh I d ly l v . I h v e l tt whi h ou ro e to m e on e r ar 2 in re to th e on e sen ou y w t F b u y 4 , ply I t y with reference to th e slaves which go from th e is lan d of San om e for th e n as an d th e rea on s c ou e ere Th A tilh , s whi h y giv th in for th e n egotiatin g of th e con tract of the said islan d by m y oflicers On accoun of th e su s an ce oft h e cuss on s ou . t b t dis i with y on is m a er e ore ou r de ar ure for Lixb oa an d of th e in th tt b f y p t , form ation about this business which you s ay you have gain ed sin ce ou ere t ere m is a th e sa an of San y w h , y will th t id isl d Thom e an d its trade should b e farm ed out for som e years by m Officers m w n ar s o an e n to se a su c . ro n o o u c e y F w d , y b gi th t h m a er as con cern th e a ra e are ut in su c or er s o a tt s s id t d p h d , th t all m ay thus b e don e upon th e term in ation of th e lease ofAfon so de ore An d e eren e h e ra e of Gu n e an d th e . c to t T s with r f t d y , ou s an d en e s of th e s an of Ca o er e for c f rth tw ti th i l d b V d , whi h ou sa som e a e een m a e on e of c is of en y y bids h v b d , whi h tw ty five o an c a os at c am ou n ou n th e ease th us d ruz d , whi h t y thi k l ou n ot b e a b ad ar a n in th e e en of n o er ein w ld b g i , v t high bid b g m ade for m is a ou a let for th e sa d am ou n it , y will th t y sh ll it i t , e en m ore is n ot en for ccor n for th e reason s v if giv it . A di gly, which were considered respectin g this bus in ess before your e ar re re ar as m n eres a th e sa ra e s ou d d p tu , I g d it y i t t th t id t d h l b e arm ed out for s om e ears an d a so s n ce seem s a th e f y , l i it th t ra e ou b e ro a eased a h e s a sum You s a t d w ld p fit bly l t t id . h ll write to tell m e when you thin k th e firs t ships can depart for in a so a m a r e to o o Soare a ou th e us n ess M , th t I y w it Di g z b t b i ofth e n ew m n e i s . Adriam c o m a e s in m e r m on 2 e r a 1 I Lu i d thi , Al i i , 7 F b u ry 55 Th e kin g Re to th e co n of as an ir ply u t C t he a. On th e re erse th e n [ v ] By ki g . ’ TO dom Am ton io d Ata de co n of Cas an e ra c ance or y , u t t h i , h ll ofth e ro a e c e er y l x h qu .

Ford 8 - , pp . 3 2 3 . Tran s lated. N I N I 1 0 —1 6 0 E U R O PEA S WE ST AF R CA , 4 5 5

S A RoIz F IN SAO ORGE M TO U IM O , ACTOR J DA INA , Q EEN H SAO OR E 1 I 1 . G M A CAT ERINE J DA INA . 2 PRIL 557 .

a am ro e i h s in M d . I w t to your h ghness last year by t e s hip c Gu as ar An ri uez en as ca a n -m a or an d a e ou whi h p q w t pt i j , I g v y an accoun of h ow h ad two C e - ca s c es re to s en d t I iv t t , whi h I d i d our n es him an d s a d a eca e on so Gon y high s by ; I i th t , b us Af a e de Botafo u o th e su er n en den ou n ot e m e er c l z g , p i t t , w ld giv p m ss on to do s on accoun of ose c h e h ad s en ou r i i thi , t th whi h t y n ess a n a e s m n ow sen d n em w s ot o to do o . a high , I ll w d I i g th by ao erre ra wh o is c er on oar th e s on c ran Ad F i , l k b d hip whi h F cis uo de Saa oes as ca a n o h e is carr n es es a ca e q g pt i . Als yi g b id g h a few r s a s ra o r ne s to acce s wit bi d with t il . I p y y u high s pt thi r u e as rom a oor m an wh o if h e d s re an n it to t ib t f p , , e i s ythi g , is b e able to s erve your highn ess referen ce to th e an d ou r ord th e n ou en a eet eac ear s o a l , if l ki g w ld s d h y , th t h e cou e en e a a n s th e co a rs wh o com e er to ld d f d it w ll g i t rs i , hith an d do n ot a o ra e to b e ursu e ere as e a e on e it ll w t d p d h , th y h v d de in ac or But as s ear m u c m on e cou b e m a . thi y , h y ld this f t y s coas is n ot ro ec e rom th e corsa rs n o m on e can b e thi t p t t d f i , y m a e o n to th e low r ces c e Offer th e n e roe > d , wi g p i whi h th y g SL May Our Lord prolon g th e life an d royal estate of your high n ess for His o s e ce rom s or res an d c of Sﬁio h ly rvi . F thi f t s ity d or e a n a on 1 2 r 1 . J g Mi , Ap il 557 Sim ao Roiz rom h e a or of in F t f ct M a. To u r a h e ueen o l dy t q .

rom S m ao Ro th e ac or of na. F i iz , f t Mi

SAO ORGE FRANCISCO PIRES To QUEEN CATHERINE . J DA M 1 A 1 2 I . NA . 7 PRIL 557

a m ro e to our n es s Guas ar An rri ues to M da . I w t y high by p q teFr u h o s oas is o err n cor a s an d to u m a XO w thi c t v u by s ir , s b it th t

1 T o rre do Tom o Cor o ch ron olo ic o t . 1 m a o 1 0 1 n o . 1 8 . T ran s b , p g , p , c , F l o r draw T . ur f M . e in de ted to r. Prin t h e rs t tim e . am lated . ed for t ﬁ I b J y

in g m y atten tion to th is do cum en t . 2 T an s T orre do T om o Cor o c h ron olo ico t . I m a o 1 0 1 n o . 2 . r b , p g , p , c , 3 T t le for draw Mr. . u m in d ted to . P in h im e . a e lated. r te d for t e ﬁrs t t I b J F y m in g m y atte n tion to th is docu en t .

S E C TI O N II

S O M E EA R LY CA S T I L I AN V O YAG E S T O WE S T A F R I CA

1 86 N I N I 1 0 —1 6 0 EU R O P EA S WEST AF R C A , 4 5 5

th e one an d m a a of th e or uese c ron c er h sty i p rti lity P tug h i l s , from whom h e is obliged to draw m ost of his in form ation abou t th e sco er an d con es of u nea an d s o h e on er di v y qu t G i , h uld w d e er a e all ese ers a e om ed e en s c wh th , ft r , th writ h v itt v t whi h m e e th e ac e em en s of e r own coun m en In ight b littl hi v t th i try . o n of ac his sus c on s ou d n ot b e u n oun e for ere p i t f t , pi i w l f d d , th are records which prove that th e An dalusian s were activ e at this m e in or an s n o a es to u nea ese recor s a e een ti g i i g v y g G i . Th d h v b co ec ed ran s a e an d r n ed e o in s sec on e ll t , t l t d , p i t b l w thi ti . Th y show that between 1 453 an d 1 480 An dalu sian s eam en an d raders sen m an s s to th e Wes r can coa an d a th e t t y hip t Af i st, th t o ern m en of Cas e c a m e e c s e os sess on of nea g v t til l i d x lu iv p i Gui . But they are too vague an d too fragm en tary to perm it the e u c on n ot n ece sar n correc a th e Cas an s con r d d ti , s ily i t , th t tili t i bu ted su bstan tially to th e work of expl orin g th e coast Of u n ea G i . No less rem arkable than th e refusal of th e orthodox historian s to give du e credit to th e An dalus ian voyages is th e blin d ob stin acy of m ost seven teen th an d eighteenth century writers on s u ec ar a So sa s oo a m os a on e in reco n s n thi s bj t . F i y u t d l t l g i i g that th e An dalusian s h ad played som e part in th e open in g up f es r ca In his Histor o Portu a h om e e o W . l c e c t Af i y f g , whi h pl t d in 1 6 0 h e e cr e a o a e of r s s rom Ca e to 4 , d s ib d v y g thi ty hip f stil n ea c h e a e e h ad een m a e in 1 8 1 Gui , whi h ll g d b d 4

th e Castilians contrar to th e las ar icles of eace sent a eet to , y t t p , ﬂ a u r in sen t s u dr n und r th rade on the coast of Guine . O a a o e e t k g q , r rr a m H m et with 0 shi s com m an d of Geo e Co e to o stru ct th e . e g , b 3 p of Cas tile u on th e coast called Mina an d a er a sh ar en a em ent p , ft p g g , ‘ o tained a com leat victor rin in se eral ofth em to Lisbon . b p y, b g g v

’ Th e m aj ority of Faria y Sou sa s con tem poraries either negatived or n ore a h e sa n ot rou n to e am ne or n a ig d wh t id , t bli g x i igi l ean ar o o e Descri tion e in 1 2 recor s . d J B b t , wh s p , publish d 73 , form s the m ost com prehen s ive accoun t ofWest Africa produ ce d r n th e e en een an d e een cen u e m s e du i g s v t th ight th t ri s , dis i s d ‘ ’ c rom antick re a on i - con cea ed corn ar n a su h l ti s w th ill l s , gui g th t

1 aria Sousa The his tor o P ortu al tran s . . Stev en s F y , y f g ( by J ; p . 2 9 7 . E AR L Y C AS T I L I AN VO Y AGE S T O W E S T AF R I C A 1 87 ‘ e er r He was u er an d a so e ron . th y w e g oun dless . tt ly b lut ly w g His m s a e was n e cusa e eca se e en in his da at ea on e i t k i x bl , b u v y l st o th e or n a sou rces rom c ar a So sa ro a f igi l , f whi h F i y u p b bly r hi m r r n rm n was a a a e in r n 2 e s o e accu a e o a o . d w t i f ti , v il bl p i t ’ Wron as was o e er Barb ot s e seem s to a e een g it , h w v , vi w h v b en era acce e On e of th e resu was a at th e e nn n g lly pt d . lts th t b gi i g of th e n n e een cen r en th e econ scou n of San i t th tu y, wh s d Vi t tarem produ ced his scholarly m onograph on th e discovery of th e We r can coas 3 re eren ce to a ser e of Cas an st Af i t , his f i s tili o a e to u nea etween 1 an d 1 4 was in a sm a wa v y g s G i b 475 479 , ll y a re u n h su e San vol tio ary con tribution to th e stu dy of t e bj ct . ’ tarem s m ethods are n ow recogn ised as havin g been far m ore _ oro He was on e of th e th ugh than those of his predecessors . n eers h “ f r ans ore pio of t e m odern scien tiﬁc school o histo i . M recen t in vestigations have gen erally su bstan tiated his argu

1 ‘ ar t D i on 1 6 w it llows an el de Faria Sousa o escr ti . 2 r es as o : u B b ( p , p ) f M y , in h is histor reten ds th at con trar to th ese articles of eace th e Castilian s y, p , y p , , in th e ear 1 8 1 sen t a e et to trade on th e c oast of Guin ea wh ere u on y 4 , fl ; p , Kin Al h on so of Portu al sen t a s uadron to o stru ct th em un der th e g p g q b , c om m an Of Geor e Correa wh o m et with th irt sh i s of Castile on th e d g , y p ’ c oast of in a an d a ter a sh ar en a em en t ob tain d a com leat v ictor M , f p g g , p y, rin in s ev al th m n Bu t this s eem s to b e a roun dles s n ar b g g er of e to Lisbo . g ’ rativ e of th at auth or s accordin to th e u sual v an it O f th os e eo le n o , g y p p , S an ish h istorian ta in th e least n otic e of an such ac tion esides it p k g y ; b , app ears th at th e crown s of C astile an d Portu gal w ere th at year 1 48 1 in erfect am it an d oin tl ttin out all th eir m aritim e ower a ain st th e p y, j y fi g p g Tur s an d Kin Al h on so die d e ore th e en d of th at ear eside s Az am k ; g p b f y ; b , ’ ’ b u a s ex edition m en tion d a ov e th at s am e ear con tradicts th is in v en j p , b y , tion s o th a N do fi n d an ; t th ere is n ot th e least likelih ood in th at story . or I y m ore in wh at th e sam e auth or sa s th at in th e ear 1 8 th e Castilian s s en t y , y 47 , to th e said coast a eet of th irt -fi v e sail un der th e com m an d of Peter de fl y ,

‘ Cob ides wh o rou h t a reat u an tit of old in to S ain s u ch fle ets w ere , b g g q y g p ; ‘ n ot at all us ual in th ose da s an d if an h ad een oth er auth ors m ust h av e y , y b , m ade m en tion of th em ; w e will th erefore add n o m ore of s uch rom an tic k relation s th is ein en ou h to iv e th e reader a cau tion n ot to b e too h ast , b g g g , y ’ in ivin cre dit to v ain - l w Noth in c ould b e les s a ro riate g g g oriou s riters . g p p p or m ore sin u larl un ortun ate th an th e c on c lu din sen ten c e in th is ass a e . g y f , g p g ’ Barbot ev iden tly kn ew n oth in g wh atev er of Palen cia s Chronicle of King Henr I V o Cas tile a wor whic h at th at w e was still in MS . y f , k 2 ’ D am iao de G hr undo do nom e oes s C onica do princip e Dom f oam seg , wh ich c on tain s an acc o n t P C b ides w as u of th e exp edition of e dro de o , u lish ed in is on in p b L b 1 5 67 (doc . 3 ’ Recherches sur la priorité de la decouverte des pays situés sur la c6te occi ’ den tale d Afrique ( 1 4 Recherches — , pp . 1 9 8 20 1 1 88 N I N I 1 0 —1 6 0 EU R O P EA S WEST AF R CA , 4 5 5 m en an d a e e ec a con rm e o s o of a a ts , h v sp i lly fi d his b ld upp rt F ri Sou a y s . San tarem was con cern ed to dem on strate that Kin g Ferdinan d an d een a e a o n r er of S a n en coura e e r sub Qu Is b ll , j i t ul s p i , g d th i jects in An dalus ia to sail to Guinea durin g th e war of Cas tilian S cce on 1 In ac Cas an en er r e in We u ssi ( 475 f t , tili t p is st r ca was n ot con n e to a o fi v e ears b ut em race a Af i fi d sh rt y , b d r f n ear a a cen r T see i i roun e o o . o n ts e ac p i d ly h lf tu y it tru b kg d , we m s r rem em er a n th e Co um n e o a es u t fi st b th t u til l bi v y g , Castile was a bitter an d en viou s rival to Portugal in th e struggle n a u r m a r n m f h e en cen r for co o e c . o o t e l i l s p y Du i g st fift th tu y , — th e govern m en t an d th e people of Castile an d m ore specifi — cally th e m aritim e people of An dalusia en gaged as com petitors in a race for Africa an d African trade with th e Portu Th e race e an in a s r e for o e on of th e gu ese . b g t uggl p ss ssi Can ar s an ose eo ra ca o on was m o an y i l ds , wh g g phi l p siti i p rt t becau se they afforded a base for m ore am bitious voyages across ‘ ’ h ce s ea was en con n ue o n th e coas of Bar t e O an . It th ti d d w t across h e s n a a ar r a bary an d t fi hi g b nks off th t p t of Af ic . By th e m dd e of th e cen r th e com e ors h ad reac e Sen e i l tu y, p tit h d am a an d en ears a er e ere n for th e ead g bi , , tw ty y l t , th y w fighti g l h r f h - r i na Th e even alon g t e sho es o t e gold bea in g reg on of Mi . An dalu sian s were han dicapp ed at th e start by lack of en thu a ers th e or uese h ad in th e erson of th e siastic le d hip . This P tug p n s r n r n ce en r th e Na a or an d en a e em to i pi i g P i H y vig t , it bl d th r re h Bu th e n da push ahead eve ywhe except in t e Can aries . t A u an o o e o e e n an d n ot e th e race l si s f ll w d d gg dly b hi d , did giv up un til their atten tion was diverted by Colum bus westwards to r r o a e n a f c an recor re m e ca. e to e o A ri Th i fi st v y g Gui , whi h y d m a n was n e a en r n th e n er of 1 — an d rom i s , u d rt k du i g wi t 453 4 , f en n 1 80 m an o a e om e recor e an d som e ou th u til 4 y v y g s , s d d d bt

es n reco e ere m a e in e of o ese o o on . l s u rd d , w d , spit P rtugu pp siti In 1 80 th e o ern m en of Ca e a ree to ren e 4 , g v t stil g d sur d r its c laim to Guin ea in return for recognition by Portugal of its r n m rom se ro e s a s claim to th e Cana y isla ds . But this co p i p v d ti a or to n e er for e th e o u ese o ec e to th e f ct y ith , whil P rt gu bj t d re ence of e r r a in th e Can ar e th e a er con s e e p s th i iv ls i s , l tt id r d ac that th e division Of territory un duly favoured th e form er . E h

1 0 N I N I 1 0 —1 6 0 9 EU R O PEA S WE ST AF R C A , 4 5 5 assum e o e er a was th e rs e e d on sen om , h w v , th t it fi t xp iti t fr n a us a to u nea On h e con ra o h e er se an d . t r t e A d l i G i t y , b th l tt it lf th e c rcum s an ces in c was r en n ca e a ot er i t , whi h it w itt , i di t th t h Ships m ay have previou s ly left sou thern Spain for Gu in ea in th e a e of h e f r c sa e t or u uese . s ee o ca a e s w k P t g Thi fl t v l , whi h il d u r n th e n er of 1 — was ro a th e as an d ar es d i g wi t 453 4 , p b bly l t l g t of se era c u r n th e re ou s few ears h ad een v l , whi h , d i g p vi y , b d re c e to th e an s e on Ca e o a or an d th e m e i t d l d b y d p B j d , by ti it h ad com e ed its o ar o a e th e s ca e of Cas an en er pl t utw d v y g , l tili t prise on th e coast of Gu in ea h ad becom e s o con siderable n er o n traflic th e or u u ese ou a e ca e it— a i t l pi g , P t g w ld h v ll d th t Kin g Affon so V of Portugal decide d it was high tim e to check So h e or ere Ca a n Palen i n r e h e cara e s on it . d d pt i c o to i te c pt t v l e r re u rn an d at th e sam e m e h e s en to o e N c o as th i t , , ti , t P p i h l V ‘ to see con rm a n u n ea k fi tion of h is Claim to overlordship i G i . Palen cio m an aged to captu re on e of th e An dalusian ships an d h e oo his r e to s on Th e n of Cas e res on ed t k p iz Li b . Ki g til p d by re ar n th e s e u re as an n ar on a e ou ra e He e a g di g iz u p d bl t g . h ld th t h e an d his eo e h ad a r or r u n e ccor n h e to a. p pl p i ight G i A di gly , ‘ ca e a m ee n of h is coun c ere was ec e n ot to ll d ti g il , wh it d id d allow th e Kin g of Portu gal to m ake war either in Berberia ’ ar ar or in u n ea doc He ac e on s o c [B b y] G i ( . t d up thi p li y by o n th e o ro s ro es a read u o e an d o o n l dgi g vig u p t t , l y q t d , by f ll wi g s u an em a s to h e o ese cou r er a n thi p with b s y t P rtugu t . Aft h vi g collected eviden ce to prove that th e con qu est of th e lan ds of r ca e on e to h im h e s en am assa ors to ffon so wh o Af i b l g d , t b d A V , ‘ were in structed to dem an d that th e Portugu ese shou ld n ot con tin u e prej u dicin g th e crown of Castile by appropriatin g its ’ an cien t an d exclu sive right of n avigatin g in th e seas Of Gu inea h e r u se But doc an d to rea en war u on him e . ( . th t p , if f d o n e soon a e ar s an d s cces or n en r J h II di d ft rw d , his u s , Ki g H y d n ress h e m a e h e sam e o r Un der e r di ot t t . IV, p tt r with vig u th i n ew r er wh o d s a e er e n eres in e r r can ul , i pl y d v y littl i t t th i Af i

e e on s th e n da s an s dro e ac in th e race . e xp diti , A lu i pp d b k If th y s con n u e to ou t s s for n ea e a e e e till ti d ﬁt hip Gui , th y h v l ft littl e den ce of e r ac e o er an a few re eren ces ere an d vi th i tiviti s , th th f h ere to an occa on a n er o er ee n o an d e n arm s th si l i t l p , s ki g g ld s lli g

1 — la e . 2 2 . B k , pp 3 E AR LY CAS T I L I AN VO Y AG E S T O WE S T AF R I CA 1 9 1

es d c an d to th e e e o m en of a ra e in to th e n egro ( o . d v l p t t d ‘ orc e a ee a c en rom c a u r e d e was o a n e h ll w d , li h f whi h p pl y bt i d , an d h e Ca e er e s an s doc Th e between Seville t p V d i l d ( . r e a ea e ere em orar rom th e rea Portugu ese fo g d h d . D liv d t p ily f th t of arm e n e en on th e n a an e ere a e to d i t rv ti by A d lusi s , th y w bl con tinu e their exploration of th e coast un til Ruy de Sequeira h ar Ca er n e . was n ot u n t e w h ad even reached Cape St . th i It til of Castilian Succession that the An dalusian s again seriously m challen ged the . Before considerin g th e resum ption on a large scale of An da u s an en er r se in u nea in 1 o e er we m a O ser e l i t p i G i 475 , h w v , y b v on e s trikin g peculiarity in th e accou n ts given by Span is h h e ear er ase e e r ers am d ar c ar r er of t . w it s li ph All th s w it , p ti ul ly on so de a en c a e ress rea n n a on at th e resum Al P l i , xp g t i dig ti p p tion of th e Portu guese in seekin g to expel th e An dalusian s from u in ea e all m a e u e c ea a in e r re ec e G . Th y k it q it l r th t , th i sp tiv e s eir cou n r m en cou a an ce a c a m m c s er or vi w , th t y ld dv l i u h up i to a Of h e o u u ese u r e a Cas e en o e an th t t P rt g . All g th t til j y d an c en an d e c s e r of n a a n to u n ea a r i t x lu iv ight vig ti g G i , ight whic h all th e Portuguese chron iclers seem to have s tu dious ly an d s a n u n ore Th e off c a e s of Cas e as set di d i f lly ig d . i i l th si til w or in a decree ssued ueen sa e a on 1 u u s 1 : f th , i by Q I b ll , 9 A g t 475

the in s of lorious m em or m ro en itors rom wh om com e k g g y, y p g f I , always enj oyed th e right of th e con quest of th e parts of Africa an d Guinea an d lev ied th e fth on all m erch an dise which was u rch ased , ﬁ p in th e said arts Of rica an d Gu inea u ntil our adversar of Por p Af , y tu al intru ded en a in as h e h as an d is en a ed in th e said g by g g g, , , g g , con uest an d h e lev ied th e ﬁ th of th e said m erch an dise th e con q , f by s ent wh ich m roth er th e lord in don Enri ue— m a h e rest in y b , k g q y lor — ave him for it do g y g ( c .

Surely this claim m ust have been based on a s ubstratum of fact" It is diﬂicult to be lieve that su ch a thesis wou ld have been so con en ad an ce u n ess ere ou n ed u on th e ac e ﬁd tly v d , l it w f d p f t , w ll n o n to con em orar es a An a u s an n a a ors h ad ar k w t p i , th t d l i vig t p tici ated in th e e ora on of th e u n ea coas Yet a ar rom p xpl ti G i t . , p t f th e records a read m en on e ere are n o o ers Cas e can l y ti d , th th . til oas n o rara n o car c ron c er f as an o a es b t Azu , eful h i l o C tili v y g down th e coast of Guinea durin g th e secon d quarter of th e 1 2 N I N I 1 0—1 6 0 9 EU R O P EA S WEST AF R CA , 4 5 5

een n r Th e d n - fift th ce tu y . expe itio of 1 453 4 affords us th e first defin ite eviden ce of th e part which th e An dalusian s m ay have a e d in th e ro re s of sco er som e of em e ore pl y p g s di v y . Did th xpl th e coast between Cape B oj ador an d th e Gam bia"Did others approach th e coast from th e Can ary islan ds "Is it n ot m ore than oss e a n a us an s erm en cas n e r n e s on th e p ibl th t A d l i fi h , ti g th i t an off Ca e o a or m a n ot a e som e m es o a e b ks p B j d , y h v ti v y g d er s ou ’ "er a s ere are recor s ear n on ese furth th P h p th d , b i g th n eres n s ecu a on s in th e m n c a arc es of th e or s of i t ti g p l ti , u i ip l hiv p t n a us a records ose u n can ce h as so far esca ed th e A d l i , wh f ll sig ifi p n otice of s tuden ts in ten t on ly u pon in vestigatin g th e Colum bin e o a es In th e resen s a e of e en ce en ere is so m c v y g . p t t t vid , wh th u h a es e an d so e a is e n e n o suflicient th t is sugg tiv littl th t d fi it , an s er can b e en to an of ese ues on is C ear to w giv y th q ti s . But it l th e editor of this volu m e that th e subj ect Of An dalu sian parti cipation in th e early voyages of West African exploration holds out in fin ite prospects for him wh o is prepared to com b an d ran sac th e S an is arc es k p h hiv . VOYAGES UNDERTAKEN DURING THE WAR OF CASTI LIAN SUC I N 1 —80 Th e n eres d s a e Cas an s in Wes CESS O , 475 . i t t , i pl y d by tili t r ca re e in 1 an d was con n o s m a n a n e u n Af i , viv d 474 ti u u ly i t i d til 1 80 o of th e records r n e e o s ra e th e e en s 4 . M st , p i t d b l w, illu t t v t of s o er o for at n o o er m e in h er n u s e thi sh rt p i d , th ti disti g i h d im perial history did Castile evin ce such a lively in terest in West Th e r ca or so een a es re to a e an d occu n ea. Af i , k d i t k py Gui vigour of h er on s laught u pon h er rival durin g these six years m ay b e large ly attribu ted to th e spread of exaggerate d reports a ou n a an d th e or n e to b e m a e in o to th e s r ed b t Mi f tu s d g ld , pi it and m a n a e ea ers en een sa e a an d to th e i gi tiv l d hip giv by Qu I b ll , a In outbreak of a succes sion war between herself an d Portug l . Ma 1 n ffon so of o a n a e Ca e n en y 475 , Ki g A V P rtug l i v d d stil , i t t on en orc n his c a m to th e ron e of a e a c h e up f i g l i th Is b ll , whi h ’ ase on e ro a to s a e a n ece an d r a th e b d up his b t th l I b ll s i iv l ,

1 An dalusian fish erm en seem to h av e v isited th e fishin g ban ks off th e n orth west coast of Africa regu larly du rin g th e s e con d h alf of th e fifteen th cen tury . Th e ir exp edition s were a con s tan t sourc e Of fric tion between Castile an d l Eustach e de la Fosse reco rds th at th e S an iards w ere accustom ed Portuga . p e e als o Al uns docu to go to th e Rio do O uro ev ery year to fi sh (doc . S g 6 tos . 1 . m en , p 2

1 N I N I 1 0—1 6 0 94 EU R O P EA S WEST AF R CA , 4 5 5

o on of th e o uese in u n ea en e in a r ua n p siti P rtug G i , d d vi t l muti y 8 an d a dispu te between th e leaders abou t th e spoils (docs . 3 Th e m ore am bitiou s plan to expel th e Portugu ese from Min a o a a e Th e c ron c er u ar is r e recor s se era t t lly f il d . h i l P lg , it t u , d v l ro a e o a es an d ou seem a a con s era e su m p ﬁt bl v y g , it w ld th t id bl of gold m u st have been brou ght b ack to th e ports of An dalus ia du r n th e war ears th e ro s e n n crea ed th e ac i g y , p ﬁt b i g i s by f t that Castilian m erchan ts discovered that th e n egroes of Min a ere n to acce s e s su c as co d b e o a n ed for n e w willi g pt h ll , h ul bt i xt to n o n in th e Can ar es in e c an e for e r o s doc . thi g i , x h g th i g ld du t ( ere er s a n s u ar e ac eco But th w e los es as well as g i . D t P h

‘ ere ra for e am e describ eS h ow on e of th e n er o er was P i , x pl , i t l p s rec e on th e a a u e a coas doc m u c ea er o w k d M l g t t ( . A h h vi bl w to th e An dalu sian s was th e en tire defeat in 1 478 of a large arm a a of e rs th e o ese e la off th e coas of d th i by P rtugu , whil it y t n a ocs ere can b e n o Of th e a en c t Mi (d . 93 Th doubt uth ti i y Of s o a e for is ecor e con em orar o tu ese thi v y g , it r d d by t p y P r gu c ron c er an d e a ere can b e n o ou a th e n a h i l s , qu lly th d bt th t A d s an s m s a e s ffere a er ser o s re erse eca e e en lu i u t h v u d v y i u v , b us v ’ h e a r o c ar a m h n m d ona t p t i ti Pulg d its is cou try an s defeat . A diti l blows were de livered by th e Portu guese upon their adversaries in th e e nn n of 1 80 en two o er An a s an cara e s b gi i g 4 , wh th d lu i v l ere se e at n a a ou is m e th e m a n s ru e w iz d Mi , lth gh by th ti i t ggl or s er or in n h m Th e f up i ity Gui ea ad co e to an en d (doc .

fact was that th e Portuguese were too stron g for th e An dalu sian s . Ju s t as th e Castilian s were able effectu ally to repulse their a ac s u on th e Can ar es so e ere a e su ccess u to tt k p i , th y w bl f lly re sist all attem pts of th e Castilian s to dislodge them from Min a a a u a Th r h r Of s cces on and e . e es was a en t e wa M l g t ult th t , wh u si cam e to an en d Ca e a e u h er c a m to nea an d , stil g v p l i Gui , by th e term s of th e treaty of Alcacovas (4 Septem ber 1 479) Kin g Ferdin an d an d Queen Isabella recogn ised that all lan d south of Ca e o a or was or u ese n ffon so su s c o p B j d P t gu . But Ki g A V , pi i us as ever lest others should still seek to share in th e ri ches of th e em pire which h e was bu ildin g u p for him self an d his people so of th e ca e e erm n e to m a e assuran ces o s re uth p , d t i d k d ubly u orce m eas res a a n s n er o ers In r 1 80 h e by f ful u g i t i t l p . Ap il 4 , n c ed h is son r n ce o n to em o er all his ca a n in i stru t , P i J h , p w pt i s E AR LY CAS T I L I AN VO Y A G E S T O WE S T AF R I C A 1 95

Guinea to cast th e crews of all ships foun d s outh of th e Can aries n o th e sea doc i t ( . It m u st b e adm itted that records of these voyages are n ot very an den ce h as s m s a . c e os een os an d c sub t ti l Mu h vi p ibly b l t , u h ro a rem a n s dden Th e n o n ocu m en s are ra p b bly still i hi . k w d t f g m en a th e c ron c es es ec a ose of Cas e are un t ry; h i l , p i lly th til , ru o Th e e en ce r n e e o m s accor n b e t stw rthy . vid , p i t d b l w, u t di gly se cau on d scre on an d cr ca s We m a n e er u d with ti , i ti iti l kill . y, v th eless ar u e a th e sca e of n a s an o era on s in u n ea , g th t l A d lu i p ti G i was rea er an a of c we a e n s u a roo is g t th th t whi h h v i di p t ble p f. It m ore than probable that th e available m aterial abou t these ‘ o a es re ea s on a ar of th e ru e s or m ore ar cu ar v y g v l ly p t t t y, p ti l ly re eren ce to the s ora c ra s of th e m en of a os an with f p di id P l . M y of these raids were un official an d som etim es con trary to official ‘ o c for n er nan a so u e foreb a e ra du en p li y , Ki g F di d b l t ly d f u l t ’ ra e th e m en of u n ea doc s e n s o re t d with G i ( . Thi b i g , p paration s in th e ports m ust have been as secret as possible ; an d m a b e resum e d a th e m ar n ers con cern ed a ter a su c it y p th t i , f cessfu l ra d oo care to des ro all r en ecords for ear i , t k t y w itt r , f a e r s ou a e ar s b e s c ose But ru m ou r h as th t th i guilt h ld ft rw d di l d . a oose on u e an d m ar n ers are n o or ous n e r a e ccoun s l t g , i t i i b i t s . A t of e r c an es n e e e on s ro a s or e an d cer th i l d ti xp diti , p b bly di t t d tain l n com e e e en u a reac e th e ears of h e c ron ers y i pl t , v t lly h d t h icl u ar an d a en c a an dt e re e e em P lg P l i , h y p s rv d th . is n ot ro o e er m It p p s d h e to atte pt an elab orate . recon struc on of eac of th e vo a es un er a en th e n a u sian s du r ti h y g , d t k by A d l — in th e er od 1 80 for th e docum en s an s er for g p i 474 , t will w em se es an d th e reader ear n in m in d eir m a on s th lv , , b i g th li it ti , m a do s h e is for m se Th e r . c ca rea er y thi , if w h , hi lf iti l d will o ser e a of all th e con em oraries wh o de cr ed ese b v th t t p , s ib th o a es on so de a en c a m a b e sin ed v y g , Al P l i y gl ou t as th e writer wh o es th e m os re a e an d m os de a e ac ou n His giv t li bl t t il d c t . Chronicle o Kin Henr I Va Castile on rem a n in M ac e S . a f g y f l g i d , f t which probably partly explain s why historian s of th e discovery of th e con quest of Gu in ea have s o n eglected th e con tribution as e was n o u of C til . It t n til 1 904 that Paz y Melia began to prin t an ed on of th e or an d th e e rac s ran s a e e o e iti w k , xt t , t l t d b l w, hav een a en rom e of th e c ron c e a en ia b t k f this t xt h i l . P l c (1 423 1 6 N I N I 1 0 - 1 6 0 9 E U R O P EA S WES T AF R CA , 4 5 5

was orn in Se e ra e e in a on h is re rn ecam e b vill , t v ll d It ly, tu b ro a s or o ra er an oﬂice c h e re a n e n er n y l hi t i g ph , whi h t i d u d Quee sa e a ose co r h e re uen e an d en the a o en I b ll , wh u t f q t d , sp t l st d z ear of his e in his n a e o n com os n r n e He y s lif tiv t w p i g his ch o icl . was u s an n a us an an d h e e am on th e m en o e th A d l i , liv d g , wh s e h e e cr e He c a m s n o s . ee to a e een one of xpl it d s ib d l i , i d d , h v b th e two Oﬂicers appoin ted by Kin g Ferdin an d to see that th e captu re d prin ce of Gam b ia was released an d return ed to his

‘ own cou n r doc r n e e n o ree r m n t y ( . His w iti gs w r t f f o ational re ce and h e did n ot o e th e o u ese B h e . ut was an p judi , l v P rt gu m n a en r er an d m e ca e a n s a on e . du t d , flu t w it , , withi li it , truthful He en era a o e an a c e a era on of th e n m a e g lly v id d f t sti x gg ti s ki d d , for e am e his coun r m an u ar wh o en s o far as to x pl , by t y P lg , w t c a m a som e n a s an s erm en r en out of e r s a l i th t A d lu i fi h , d iv th i u u l co rse a con rar n h ad acc en co e e th e o u by t y wi d , by id t dis v r d g ld ear n re on of n a doc Th e re e an b i g gi Mi ( . l v t Chapters in ’ Palen cia s chron icle m ay accordin gly b e accepted as a fairly true record of th e achievem ents of th e An dalu sian s in Guinea u r h ar f Cas an su cce on d in g t e w o tili ssi . IMPORTANCE OF THESE VOYAGES WITH REFERENCE TO THE DIS E F E E R D Th e m or an ce of ese o a e COV RY O TH N W WO L . i p t th v y g s es n ot so m u c in th e o a es em se es or e en in e r con li h v y g th lv , v th i trib ution to ou r kn owledge of con tem porary con dition s on th e Wes r can coas c con r u on n ot rea as in th e t Af i t (whi h t ib ti is g t), light which they Shed upon th e se quen ce of even ts leadin g u p m e m a e a n an c ear to th e first voyage of Colu bus . Th y k it bu d tly l that th e Colum bin e voyage of 1 492 was n ot th e resu lt ofa sudden reso e on th e a of er n an an d a e a to a e a an in lv , p rt F di d Is b ll , t k h d n Cas e h ad a ea een en a e in oversea exploratio . til lr dy b g g d dis cov er for m ore an ear h er a o rom n a s a y th fifty y s , s il rs f A d lu i n en ee n e r wa cau ou s s ea an d er havi g be f li g th i y ti ly , but t dily p s isten tl in th e a e of th e or ue e o - e ar to y, w k P tug s , s uth w stw ds ards an d er a s e on th e can an s an d o a s w , p h p b y d , Afri isl d , s uthw rd h e h d ou n a er e ea e effo n e o a or. s a beyo d Cap B j d But f d , ft r p t d rts , a s a e in th e Can ar es sh e cou n ot o ercom e th e e s th t , v i , ld v ruthl s o on of h er r a o a ose er ere e erm ne opp siti iv l , P rtug l , wh rul s w d t i d at all costs to p reven t others from s ailin g to th e parts of h er Ne er e es r n h e c o on a m re in nea. t oversea e pi Gui v th l s , if du i g l i l

1 8 R O P A S I N S T I 1 0 —1 6 0 9 E U E N W E AF R CA , 4 5 5

em its a ue was su se uen th , v l b q tly vin dicated in th e service of Co um u s l b . We m ay con ﬁden tly assert that m any Of th e m ari n e s wh o ass s ed th e en oe r r , i t G se explo er in his ﬁrst great en ter r se m u a e een ra n e an d s n e r o es p i , st h v b t i d di cipli d in ea lier v yag to n ea Th r Gui . e oute taken by Colum bus as far as th e Can aries was of cou rse a a en scores of Cas an sa ors for ears , , th t t k by tili il y

e ore an . is n ot m ro a e a th e e er co rse b f h d It i p b bl th t w st ly u , c h e set e on th e Can ar es h ad een o o e acc en whi h b y d i , b f ll w d , id t a Or e era e a of th e wa his n a us an re lly d lib t ly , p rt y, by A d l i p dece ssors . is oss e m oreo er a a n n on h ad It p ibl , v , th t M rti Pi z served his appren ticeship in n avigation by m akin g voyages to u n ea con rar to h e s f th e or u es Th e am e t es o e . G i , t y wi h P tug s , o e er cann o b e a f o u m us s a r e are o C . o o h w v , t s id l b M t uth iti s a ree a h e ro a s e n a b u t h e m us g d th t p b bly vi it d Mi , if did , it t a e een in a or u u ese ra er an in a as an s h v b P t g th th C tili hip . His — residen ce in Lisb on du rin g th e period 1 474 85 places an in su era e O s ac e in th e wa of ou r a su m n a on th e ace p bl b t l y s i g wh t , f of n m a e eem e a e os s nam e a thi gs , ight h v s d lik ly p ibility , ly , th t h e voyaged to Min a o n a Castilian ship durin g th e su ccession

war. Th e lon g struggle between th e Portugu ese an d th e Anda s an s for em re in th e r can s an s ar ar an d u n ea lu i pi Af i i l d , B b y G i was r u a en de in 1 80 en th e wa to u n ea was vi t lly d 4 , wh y G i Th e n a orm a c ose o Cas e Bu t was n ot or o en . f lly l d t til . it f g tt A d u an s s rren ere an - race an d n far n o th e l si u d d with ill g , u til i t six teen th cen tury in terlopers from Span ish ports still con tin ued to en e h r n a 1 r n an an a e a r n o t e o e er . e d v tu i t f bidd w t s F di d Is b ll ,

1 Th ere are m an y records of in terlop in g Sp an ish v oyages in to Guin ea dur - P h Coleccion v111 1 - 1 —6 rin ts in th e eriod 1 1 8 . ac eco g p 494 5 5 ( , xxx , 3 5 7 , 344 ) p two records re latin to a s lav in ex e dition to Guin ea or an ised durin th e , g g p , g g aut um n of 1 Alon so de orales of Cadi ern an do an an o of 494 by M z, F M z

' Gran d Can ar an d oren o an e Artero a ren e ade Portu u es e ilot . It y , L z Y z , g g p w ould a ear rom a docum en t rin ted in Al uns docum en tos . 1 2 an d pp f , p g (p 3 ) dated rom is on on 2 F e ruar 1 0 th at u st e ore 1 0 s om e Castilian f L b 7 b y 5 3 , j b f 5 3 e a an d th e is lan d of F ern an do P0 in con trav en tion ship s h ad saile d to Gu in , ’ of th e treat of T oledo of 6 arch 1 80 . Fran c isco d An drada in h is y M 4 , h h ow a Chronica do re D . 060 III is on descri es t . c . y 7 (L b ; b (p 4 , 37) m erch an t of S an lu car n am ed An ton io de Pes ue ra s en t a sh i to in a in , q y , p M

1 5 47 an d in March 1 549 e q uipp ed an oth er sh ip to m ake a s im ilar v oyage . Kin oh n of Portu al was in orm ed of th es e re aration s an d s en t on e g J III g f p p ,

Vasco ouren o in ursuit of th e in terlo er. ouren o cau h t him at th e L c , p p L c g E AR L Y CAS T I L I AN VO Y AG E S TO W E S T AF R I C A 1 99

o e er ere or un a e e it s on an d m a n a on h w v , w f t t ly gift d w h vi i i gi ti , an d en Co um us a roac e th e cou r of Cas e his , wh l b pp h d t til with ‘ ’ ro osa s to iscov er n ew s an ds an d m a n an d th e m ore p p l d i l i l , adven turou s Spirits am on g th e pilots of Palos were able to plac e at his disposal th e fu ll weight an d advan tage of kn owle dge an d er en ce c e h ad a n e in th e u n ea n av a ion exp i whi h th y g i d G i ig t . Th e r Co m ne o a e seen rom s an e was n ot an ﬁ st lu bi v y g , f thi gl , so a e e e on an d in som e a s n ot e en a ion eer i l t d xp diti , w y v p n ure m a ra er b e con s ere as an n e ra ar of a ve t . It y th id d i t g l p t er m o em en of o ersea e ora on n a e th e n da wid v t v xpl ti , i iti t d by A u s an s c h ad a ere m om en um eac su ccess e l i , whi h g th d t with h iv n th e coas of u n ea Th e m er an a e s h e voyage dow t G i . A ic voy g wa t m a o e r ac e em en s in u n a W en in 1 80 e r cli x t th i hi v t G i e . h 4 th i activities in th e region sou th of Cape B oj ador h ad b een arrested th e or u ese e h ad rec e e r a e se an d by P t gu , th y di t d th i g z , wi ly with r u con se uen ces rom th e Can ar s an s es ar across f uitf l q , f y i l d w tw d a cor n m b e ass ed in n u n th e oce n sea. c a e co c o A di gly, it y rt l si that no estim ate of th e im portan ce of these An dalus ian voyages to u n ea rom 1 to 1 80 ou b e ade ua e an d com e e G i f 453 4 w ld q t pl t , un ess oo n o accoun n ot on e r con r on to th e l it t k i t t , ly th i t ibuti sco er of u n ea an d th e e e o m en of its ra e b ut a so di v y G i d v l p t t d , l that they form ed a part of th e true historical backgrou n d to th e f m e a th e O en n f h r u e n a discovery o A ric . If p i g o t e o t to I di was th e n a resu of or u u ese e ora on in u n ea th e dis ﬁ l lt P t g xpl ti G i , cov ery of that to Am erica was e qually th e direct outcom e of an en er rise In u n a An dalu si t p G i e .

Can aries an d s ei ed h is sh i a roc edure which for a tim e th reaten ed th e z p , p relation s of Portu al an d Castile e cau se th e Can aries h a en ed to elon g , b pp b g

to Cas tile an d n ot to Portu al. oreov er in D ec em er 1 8 th ree sh i s g M , b 5 5 , p were e u i ed in Sev ille to o to Gu in ea Torre do T om o av eta 1 m a o q pp g ( b , g 5 , c

1 8 n o . It is of in teres t to n ote th at Portu u es e ren e ades as s iste d th e , g g

Castilian s in th e v o a es of 1 1 an d I 8 . y g 494 , 5 49 5 5 DOCUMENTS

— . THE VO AGE OF 1 11 F To 74 Y 453 4 . KING JOHN O CASTILE AFF OF P RT A 1 0 A R O . KING ONSO V O UG L . VALLAD LID P IL I 4S4 ’

oreo er m os ear n an d m os e o e ne e M v , t d ki g t b l v d ph w, ro er an d en we n orm ou a cer a n ca a e cer b th fri d , i f y th t t i r v ls with a n of ou r su ec s an d n a ra s n a an of ou r c es Of t i bj t tu l , i h bit ts iti Se a an d Ca Ca ere com n e r m erc an e vill liz [ diz] , w i g with th i h dis rom th e an c is c a e n ea c is of our con u e f l d whi h ll d Gui , whi h q st; an d en e arr e a ro m a e n on e ' lea ue of our , wh th y iv d pp xi t ly withi g c of Ca e n n ou r or s an d r s c on ere ity liz , b i g withi l d hip ju i di ti , th cam e a a n s em Palen cio o r ca a n a a n er of a g i t th , y u pt i , with b li g ﬂeet 2 an d orce of arm s h e se e on e of th e sa cara e s , by f iz d id v l , ou r assa s su ec s an d n a u ra s wh o ere com n in with v l , bj t t l , w i g it , o e er th e m erc an se an d th e oo s c e ere t g th with h di g d , whi h th y w n in an d h e n e e ll ou r n oms e e r n co a t . b i gi g it; v y d o y ki gd Lik wis , ou com m an de our sa assa s su ec s an d n a ura s to b e y d id v l , bj t t l a en an d e r on er an d th e s a cara e was con sca e t k h ld p is , id v l ﬁ t d rom em an d all c e ere r n n in an d e se f th , whi h th y w b i gi g it; , lik wi ou r com m an a en o e s en oese m erc an e n a by y d , G v [G ] h t , b i g res en in th e sa c of Se a wh o was com n in th e s a id t id ity vill , i g id cara e in com an ou r sa assa s su ec s an d n a ra s v l p y with id v l , bj t tu l , hi n ff A d m oreo er in th e ear as as 1 h ad s a s cut o . n h d v , y l t p t , 453 , Palen cio an d ar m Correa an d o ers of o r assa s sub M ti , th y u v l ,

" ects an d n a u ra s en to ou r sa s as de Can ar a an d carr j t l , w t id I l i , , y F r c reason we ask in arm s m a e war u on em . o g , d p th whi h ,

1 Fra artolom e de las Casas Historia de las Indias ed. Don Gon alo de y B , ( z — Th i le t wa Extr c t tran s late d. s t er s Re ara . 1 c h . 1 8 . 1 0 . a p z; bk , , p p 4 5 , res um a l in clu de d in th e c orres on den c e of th e Colum us am il to p b y p b f y, T o w m l ed in 1 6 1 b u t it wh ich Las Cas as h ad ac c es s . h e His t ria as co p et 5 ,

rem ain ed in m an u s c rip t un til 1 87 5 . ’ 2 Valiner de arm a a Th i wo ld b e th e sam e as th e barinel used th e d . s u by I tw e n an d 0 ton s in urden Portu u ese . t was a in d O f s loo e e 2 g k p , b 5 5 b ,

e u i ed with s ails an d som etim es also ro elle d oars li e a alle . q pp , p p by , k g y 2 00

R O P A S I N S T I 1 0 —1 6 0 EU E N W E AF R CA , 4 5 5

u r s t b it . Thi reply cam e to th e king at th e tim e when h e left ‘ Esca on a an d b ecau se I h e was in dis osed an d ecau e om l , [ ] p , b s fr a ere h e a e se era a s h e en to e n a ere Avil , wh st y d v l d y , w t M di , wh h e rem a n e u n th e s da of un e of s s a ear an d i d til ixth y J thi id y , s th e n rm s ea re orse ere ore all th e s ness till i ﬁ ity t dily g w w , th f bu i of th e kin g was [n ot "] 2 regulated an d govern ed by th e said s o of C en ca an d th e s a r or of u a a u e bi h p u id p i G d l p .

A OTHER U OF THESE EGOT AT O S 3 N ACCO NT N I I N .

n o n of Cas e s a e in ose few Ki g [J h II til ] , di pl y d th a s ch recede his ea er e n s of his rr a e d y , whi p d d th , div s sig i it bl o on On e of em was a on ce o s en d as am ass r disp siti . th t t b ado s to h e n f r an Ram re m t Ki g o Po tugal D . Ju i z de Guz an an d th e cen c a o of u r os SO a in n on uan n ue li i d B g , th t , u i with D . J I ig z , re ou s s en to th e m on arc c e an d u n c e En r ue p vi ly t h it d , his l D . iq r n ce en r th e Na a or of or u a e m em an [P i H y vig t ] P t g l , th y ight d d th e fulﬁlm en t of th e agreem en ts con clu de d between th e kin gs of Cas e an d or u a to en d th e ars c e a e til P t g l w , whi h th y w g d , agreem en ts which h ad b een sham eless ly violated by th e latter in appropriatin g on ly for him self an d his subj ects th e power of m akin g war on th e Marroqu ies an d on all other Arabes or EtiO es wh o n a ed th e r can coa s of th e e erran eo p , i h bit Af i st M dit an d th e cean o as c a rero a e e a n e on to th e O , if su h p g tiv p rt i d ly Portuguese ; thus it is that th e m ost an cien ts rights h ad em trusted exclu sively to th e kin gs of Castile an en terprise of such m a n u e con ce n to em th e osse ss on of las s a or g it d , di g th p i i l s Af tun adas o n a e s an s or Canar as c th e n of Por [F rtu t i l d ] i , whi h Ki g ‘ a h ad en re to s u e s ran s ress n th e m tug l v tu d di p t , kilfully t g i g li its h e a an ce For all ese rea on arn n was to b e en of t . lli th s s , w i g giv a th e e ce se of su c a war c h ad cau se ra e as ers th t x s s h , whi h d g v dis t sea to th e Cas an s m u s b e a an o e or re ara on by tili , t b d n d , p ti o n an b e m a e was es re to o ser e th e sh uld i st tly d , if it d i d b v a an e a ree on th e a er of o r n ce or on th e lli c g d up by f th s b th p i s; , b e ec are con ar war o . tr y, w uld d l d

’

om o a sim ilar w d a ears t b e wan ted in th e text . C , or or , pp o 2 ‘ ’ T ext corrupt . Th e word no s eem s to b e re dun dan t . 3 Palen c ia dec . 1 . 2 c h . 1 0 . Extract tran slated . , , bk , , E AR L Y C A S T I L I AN VO Y A G E S T O W E S T AF R I C A 203

A 1 IN U . c 1 0 6 . CASTILIAN INTERLOPER G INEA . 4

W e we ere at Za a us sou of Ca e er e e e hil w [ y , j t th p V d ] , th r cam e a cara e rom am a c rou u s n orm a on v l f G bi , whi h b ght i f ti a a cer a n m an n am e De ra o was com n a er th t t i , d P d , i g with v y r c aden cara e ere on o o om es m m e a e i hly l v l , wh up I [Di g G ] i di t ly e out th e cara e of on a o erreira an d or ere him in fitt d v l G c l F , d d ’ th e n s n am e on a n of ea an d con sca on of all ki g , p i d th , fi ti his oo to o to Ca e er e an d to oo out for a cara e g ds , g p V d , l k th t v l , r in c h e an d oo an d we o n ea oo . whi h did , t k it , f u d g t b ty it I or es a c e th e ca a n o e er on a o Fer f thwith d p t h d pt i , t g th with G c l re ra to th e n an d ro e to th e n an acco n of all e e i , ki g , w t ki g u t th s en ev ts . an d n on o da No en e a o of Za a an d sa e I A t i li th l ft th t p rt y , il d two a s an d n e n o ar s or u a An d d y o ight t w d P t g l . I with e rem e a ou r m a e m wa to s on an d a er s om e m e xt l b d y y Li b , ft ti th e n en to o o W ere a De ra o wh o h ad carr e ki g w t Op rt , h th t P d , i d arm s to th e oor an d om on a o erre ra h ad a en M s , wh G c l F i t k r son er la in ron s an d th e n or ere a e s o p i , y i , ki g d d th t th y h uld m ar e him in a ca an d a e s o m a e a rn ace of tyris rt , th t th y h uld k fu fi re and o him n o his or an o d . , thr w i t it with sw d g ld

E E EE A DEGREE TRAD B TW N SEVILLE ND SANTIAGO ISLAND .

F FF F RT A A TARE . 0 O KING A ONSO V O PO UG L . S N M 3 SEPTEMBER 1 469 2

ffon so etc To as m an as s a see s e er we m a e D . A [ . ] y h ll thi l tt , k a h e n an e ern an o m m os c ear an d e o e n o n t . k w th t i f t D F d , y t l b l v d ro er ro e to u s to e u s h ow h e h ad m a e a con rac for b th , w t t ll d t t th e arsella [orchella] from his is lan ds of Cabo Verde with Joao de u o an d e ro de o Ca an m erc an an d in h ab i L g P d Lug , stili h ts an s in th e c of Se a on con on a e carr th e a t t ity vilh , diti th t th y y s id arsella in s s of Cas e s n ce ou b e m ore ro a e for hip til , i it w ld p ﬁt bl em to a e to oa ere n an d a on acco n of cer a n th h v l d it th i , th t , u t t i

’ 1 Dio o Gom es De rima inventione Guineae rin ted in Cron e s edition of g , p , p ’ o — I th e o a es Cadamo t . H a or s tran slati n . t V s o 1 0 1 2 . Extract . R . . o y g f , pp M j is n ot a solutel cert ain th at D e Prado was a Castilian in terlo er b ut it is b y p , — h i h l ro a le . On th i oin t s see la e . 2 . g y p b b p , B k , p p 3 4 2 — arcellos S ubsidios 1 . T ran slated. B , , , 3 3 4 20 R O P A S IN S T I 1 0 —1 6 0 4 EU E N WE AF R CA , 4 5 5

n u r e an d am a es c cer a n of th e eo e of th e n i j i s d g , whi h t i p pl ki g om s Of Cas e a e n c e or erea er m a n c on ou r d til h v i ﬂi t d , h ft y i ﬂi t , up na ra s 1 e are a ra es som e res ra n r re risa b e tu l , th y f id l t t i t o p l directed again s t their person s an d in this way even again s t th e c are occu e in th e s a con rac of ursella an d ships , whi h pi d id t t , a a n e r oo s an d cre s and a orasm c as e s g i st th i g d w , th t , f u h th y wi h , e es s to ra e in ou r n om s h e h as e oned us as a b sid thi , t d ki gd , p titi a ou r to e him for s u r ose ou r s e con c an d we f v giv thi p p af du t; , havin g seen that which m y s aid brother thu s wrote to u s an d s en to ask u s for an d s n to S o n n ess an d a o r to t , wi hi g h w ki d f v u him are ease to ran ro a ec r to th e a oao de u o , pl d g t y l s u ity s id J L g an d e ro de o an d to all e r m erc an se s an d P d Lug th i h di , hips cre s so a e m a o an d b e in the s a con rac i w , th t th y y g id t t w th c er s of m sa ro er an d e se a an s an d cre s l k y id b th , lik wi th t y hips w a soe er wh o r n e r own m erc an se to our n om s wh t v , b i g th i h di ki gd an d carr rom ese n dom s to orei n a s m a b e a e to y f th ki g f g p rt , y bl o an d com e an d b e resen in ou r or r ers a ers an d g p t p ts , iv , w t an chorages in s ecu rity withou t them selves or their said m er ch an dise s an d cre s suffer n an re r sa re ra n or , hips w i g y p i l , st i t em a o ecau e of th e ea e ro er e an d n r es b rg , b s d ths , vil bb i s i ju i ,

' which those m en of An dalu sia or of other parts of th e kin gdom of Cas e a e n c e or m a erea e n c on our sub til h v i fli t d , y h ft r i fli t , up ects s nce th e sa oao de u o an d e ro de o an d e r j , i id J L g P d Lug th i s s an d cre s are n ot u of ese r erm ore we sec e hip w g ilty th ; fu th , ur h im o o de Se a his ac or an d all his o er ac ors an d , Di g vilh , f t , th f t ; , u r erm ore we com m an all ou r c e m a s ra es an d u e f th , d hi f gi t t j dg s an d law Oflice rs an d an o er off c a s an d ersons a soe er y th i i l p wh t v , to whom th e cogn isan ce of this pertain s an d this letter of s ecur s a b e s o n an d all ca a n an d m a ers an d ity h ll h w , pt i s st m ar n ers of th e S s of our n om s a accor n as is a i hip ki gd th t , di g s id , e a n ot a e or m a e or a o to b e m a e an re r sa th y sh ll t k , k , ll w d , y p i l , em a o or re a n accor n as a a a n s th e b rg str i t , di g is s id , g i t de u o an d e ro de u o or a a n s e r m erc an se an d L g P d L g , g i t th i h di ac ors or a a n s th e sa o o de Se a an d th e s an d f t , g i t id Di g vilh ship c e s as on as th e sa c on rac of ursella c e a e r w , l g id t t , whi h th y h v

1 Th is app ears to b e a referen ce to th e p lun derin g of Santiago islan d by An dalusian raiders b ut th e e s n o c n rm ator ev iden c in oth r docu , r i o ﬁ y e e men ts .

2 06 R O P A S I N S T I 1 0—1 6 0 EU E N WE AF R CA , 4 5 5

rom e r s c e co do o for th e ece s of f th i hip , whi h th y uld with ut , pi o c ose a e m An d a rea sum Of o g ld whi h th s vag s gave the . g t g ld a n een s ecu e in s an ner e re rn ed to S a n h vi g b r d thi m , th y tu p i , an d they m ade kn own especially in 'th ose ports of An dalu cia this c e h ad oun an d e e e th e o c e h ad whi h th y f d , th y t st d g ld , whi h th y rou an d a n ecom e e oun to b e re . s b ght , th y f d it pu Thi h vi g b n o n som e e on s of ose or s e u i e a cara e an d k w , p rs th p t q pp d v l em e e en red e ese m en e se th s lv s v tu to go on that voyag . Th lik wi cam e ac m c o c e h ad e c an ed for old b k with u h g ld , whi h th y x h g c o es an d f r l r Th e re or of was l th o o d brass an d for coppe . p t this s pre ad so widely throu gh those ports of An dalu cia that all were keen to go to that lan d; an d it happen ed that from one voyage ten ou san e o of o ere er e eac eso e eo was th d p s s g ld w d iv d , h p wh r f o two florin s of ra on an d a o e all h e wh o carr e out w rth A g , , b v , i d very great shells of th e sea dem an ded twen ty or thirty pesos of that gold for each shell; an d all wh o were able to secu re them em barked a qu an tity of those shells ; these s hells were obtain ed in th e or s of th e s an of Can ar a an d on e s e c s e p t i l ds i , h ll , whi h u d to b e re ar e as se e s cam e for a rea on in th e c of g d d u l s , th t s ity Sevilla an d in those ports of An dalu cia to b e worth twen ty reals of a e on accoun of th e ea em an W c e s e for em pl t , t gr t d d hi h xi t d th in order to carr em to a an y th th t l d . s a n een n o n h e n an d een an d s eein Thi h vi g b k w by t ki g qu , g th e ro c was to b e h ad in a us n ess e oo a an p fit whi h th t b i , th y t k h d therein ; an d they com m an ded that n o on e was to go to those a s o e r cen ce so a e m rece e th e p rt with ut th i li , th t th y ight iv fifth ar of a O a n e ere c er a n e to em as to th e p t th t bt i d th , whi h p t i d th , or s of th e an ea c s om re enu e accr e rom l d l d . A gr t u t s v u d f this ou rce to e r e c e u er Th e eo e wh o en to o e ar s th i x h q . p pl w t th s p ts s e ec sm a s s an d cara e s eca se ere ere cer a n l ted ll hip v l , b u th w t i n W a in lets throu gh which they h ad to en ter in to that la d . h t e carr e an d th e eo e of o e a em an e ere old th y i d , p pl s th s p rts d d d , w an d read a e c o es c e ac e an d Co er m or ars th b r l th , whi h th y l k d , pp t , rass can es c an d rass m an as an d a o e all e b dl ti ks , b ill ; , b v , th y carr e a an of ose s s c ere in m c em an i d qu tity th hell , whi h w u h d d in ose ere . was sa a e ere rec ous eca e th It id th t th y w p i , b us th r c m an n er o s e rom th e an d o e sa a e dist i ts y thu d b lt f ll f sky , th s v g s e e e a an m an w a e er wh o carr e one of o e s e b li v d th t y h t v , i d th s h lls , E AR L Y CAS T I L I AN VO Y AG E S T O WE S T AF R I C A 2 07

r Th e m e c o a was protected from th e thun de bolts . ti whi h it to k s to o to ose art was two or ree m on s for e al hip g th p s th th , th y a s en ra o n ere an d on th e re u rn ourn e e w y w t st ight d w th , t j y th y m h f An d en e arr ed in o e took seven or eight on t s . wh th y iv th s ar s an d en ere n o th e n e s s oon ose sa a e eo es p t t d i t i l t , th v g p pl ou com e to h em eac on e th e o c h e h ad an d w ld t , h with g ld whi h , r h n s c e carr ed an of would exchan ge it fo t e thi g whi h th y i . M y o e wh o en ere in rea er on th e wa eca se th e an th s w t w g t p il y, b u l d is er arm an d eca se of th e ea e dran m c a er v y w , , b u h t , th y k u h w t an d e ate th e ru of ose s an s c e o n on th e th y f it th i l d , whi h th y f u d e m e se wh o cam e wa b ut h e wh o esca e ca r c . o y; , p d , b i h All th , rom o e ar s an d en a ed in a raff c sa a en e e f th s p t g g th t t i , id th t , wh v r som e s s arr e in a an th e eo e of th e an ou hip iv d th t l d , p pl s l d w ld on ca e r o ces on e to an o er eca se e e in so ll with th i v i th , b u th y liv d th e e s an d all ou re a r to o e or to e c an e e r fi ld , w ld p i th s p ts x h g th i o s raff c s n ce was e rem e ro a e was or e g ld . Thi t i , i it xt ly p fit bl , w k d so m an s s rom Cas e an d or u a c en to a by y hip f til P t g l , whi h w t th t an th e n s we a e descr e a ose a a es re l d with thi g h v ib d , th t th s v g g w m ore e er en ce and ra se th e r ce of a o of e rs xp i d , i d p i th t g ld th i , an d n ow they did n ot give it with su ch great liberality as they a e to th e fi rst com ers b ut ose wh o en ere a a s g v it ; th , w t th , lw y m ade r o kn er an d rom a ea o . We do n t o e s g t pr fit w wh th thi l , f en ce th e o was carr ed was th e an of ar Tars s wh g ld i , l d T sis [ hi h] , or th e an of Ofi r r c m en on e in th e o l d [Ophi ] , whi h is ti d H ly Sc e in th e rd oo of n s 2 a an rom en ce e riptur thi b k Ki g , l d f wh th y brought gold to Kin g Salom on for th e work of th e tem ple that h e built .

A F H - AGE M 1 3 VO To . LEMIS CASTILIAN Y INA . 475

ou r ea e a n h n h R in F l gu s lo g t e coast beyo d t e io de S . V cen e ran o n is th e ra a dos Escra os c t [G d Butu P i t] P y v , whi h

1 ’ Pulgar s c laim th at his coun trym en disc ov ered Min a m ay b e regarde d as p rop agan da by th e official ch ron icler in sup p ort of th e Castilian c laim to West A ri B ca. u t re eren ces suc h as th is sh ow th at h e was in osse ssion of f f , , p au th en tic in orm ation a out th e Gu in ea n av i ation drawn resum a l rom f b g , p b y f An dalusian s wh o h ad sail d to in Th e retu rn v o a e om in a too e M a. y g fr M k lon er th an th e out v o a Hi e ec ause of adv erse curren ts an d win ds . s g y g , b de sc ri tion of th e oods traded in a l is i p g on th e M co ast is a so correct . S o h s statem en t th at s om e of th n e egroes u s e d sh ells as fetish es . 2 3 ’ 1 Kin s . Es l im 2 2 mera da l s t n la n c . Ext ract . K e ra t io . 2 h s . g , ( b ) , bk , 3 2 08 R O P A S I N S T I C 1 0 - 1 6 0 EU E N W E AF R A , 4 5 5 exten ds for two leagues or m ore ; its n am e is derived from th e fact that certain slaves were obtain ed by barter here when this an d was d co ered b ut n ow is a ace of e ar er eca se l is v , it pl littl b t , b u on th e coast before and after it m ore pepper an d slaves are fou n d an on s ar f h e s ore se In h e ear of Ou r ord th thi p t o t h it lf. t y L 1 a s was e out em n s in an ders t a 475 , hip fitt d by Fl i g Fl , wi h Ca an ca a n wh o are to s a e r m erc an d e to stili pt i , d d il with th i h is n h r e a a se en or e ears e ore t e cas e of S o w s . Mi v ight y b f tl . J g built e o a n e fi v e or o s an ou oon s as e Th y bt i d six th u d d bl , but th y did n ot ear th e ea e com m n ca on s Of th e o a ers wh o f h vy x u i ti h ly f th , gran ted to th e kin gs Of Portugal that n on e of any other race than th e Portu guese with th e perm ission of th e kin gs of Portu gal s o s a er an d as e n ot ear th e ro on s of h uld il thith , th y did f p hibiti th e o o er C rc God a e em a b ad en d for on H ly M th hu h , g v th ; e r re u rn rom n a en e ere o o e ra a dos th i t f Mi , wh th y w pp sit this P y Es cra os as th e n d was en ca m an d in th e e e v , wi th l w st , th y an chored in twen ty-fi v e fathom s ; but as th e bottom all alon g s coas u of roc cut rou e r a ser r n thi t is f ll k , it right th gh th i h w du i g th e n an d a n o n rom th e sea dro e e r ight , wi d bl wi g up f v th i ship h was rec e Th e n e roes en ate th e on t e eac ere . b h , wh it w k d g th - h orm h e re We earn s rom r fi v e em n w o e t c . thi ty Fl i gs , f d w l t thi f th e n e roes em e e an d rom e ro on a es Ne o wh o g th s lv s f P d G c lv t , in th e followin g year wen t there as captain of a s hip an d Ob tain ed in ar er n ear all th e o c th e em n s h ad b t ly g ld , whi h Fl i g f e r c o e em an d som e o . with th , th i l th s

APPOINTMENT OF RECEIVERS OF THE CUSTOMS OF GUINEA A T 1 1 S 1 G S . AT V . EVILLE . ALLADOLID 9 U U 475

T h e re a e u e co n m ar ses on a a e etc . o t D Is b l [ ] p l t s , d k s , u ts , qui , ran ees m as ers of th e r ers r ors com m an ers an d g d , t O d , p i , d om m an er o ern ors of cas es an d of or e un a deputy c d s , g v tl , f tifi d , or e an d o a ed o se an d m em ers of m counc f tifi d , p rt ll , h u s , b y il , es of m au en c a an d us ces of th e eace n o ar es o er judg y di i j ti p , t i , th ces an d oflicers a soe er of m ou se o co an d justi , wh t v y h h ld , urt c an cer an d to co n c s ces a erm en n s es res h y, u il , justi , ld , k ight , qui ,

1 — F o o d docum en tos ineditos xxxvm 1 6 . . . Pac h eco C lecci n e 3 J , ,

T ran slat e d.

R O P A S IN S T I 1 0 —1 6 0 EU E N W E AF R C A , 4 5 5

an v o f ou th e a o esa m a a e to o or en or rom s y y b v id y d r g s d , f thi m e or ar s s a o or sen an erson or erson s ou r ti f w d h ll g d , y p p with y s s to th e a ar s of r ca an d n ea ou th e cen ce hip s id p t Af i Gui , with t li an d s ec a com m an d Of m a rece ers a oren am e wh o p i l y s id iv f d , o m o er su f c en for th e m a er u n er en a of ea h ld y p w f i i t tt , d p lty d th an d th e oss of all th e oo s of eac an d e er on e of ou wh o l g d h v y y , oes th e con rar to m e c e u er an d reasu r an d rom d t y, y x h q t y; f this tim e forwards by th e sam e deed they are to b e con fiscated an d applied to m y said exche quer; an d it is m y desire an d pleasure that this shall b e en forced again st person s an d other thin gs an d oo s c are en an An d r erm ore an g d whi h tak by l d . fu th I will d com m an a an er on a soe er wh o se e sea an d th t y p s s wh t v , iz by y ship whatsoever an d m erchan dise that m ay go an d com e to th e s aid parts of Africa an d Gu in ea withou t th e licen ce of m y said rece er s a a e an d a e for em se es th e ou of th e iv s , h ll h v t k th lv f rth s aid ships an d th e victu als an d provision s an d th e third of th e m erchan dise which m ay go an d com e in th e said ships an d in e ach on e of them ; an d that th e m asters an d captain s of th e said ships an d of each on e of them s hall b e m ade prison er by those wh o s e e th e a s an d s a b e carr e r son er an d thus iz s id ship , h ll i d p i in sa e cu o to th e a c of Se a an d e are to b e f st dy s id ity vill , th y delivered to m y s aid receivers so that they m ay hold them r son er an d in s a e c s o in th e a c of Se a an d m p i f u t dy s id ity vill , y s aid receivers shall fulfil an d execu te m y pleasure again st them ; an d a o e wh o u e e s c s s s a n ot e an th t th s , th s s iz u h hip , h ll divid up y of th e sa m erc an se an d n or a e th e a rd as e r id h di thi gs , t k s id thi th i ar of a ran em n e a e ro an d p t wh t I thus g t th , u til th y h v b ught delivered th e whole to m y said receivers in th e presen ce of a c n o a an d en e a rece e th e o e ar of a publi t ry , th th y sh ll iv wh l p t wh t m f e r s a r com m an ese m sa b elon gs to the o th i id thi d . I d th y id receivers that they s hall give an d deliver to them their said third e u An d s m sa e er corri without any delay or xc se . by thi y id l tt I m and th e s ces of th e eace con a es m em er of th e ju ti p , st bl , b s en - o r ors n s e u res Oflicers an d om es tw ty f u , jur , k ight , sq i , h u en os of th e s a d c of Se a an d eac of em wh o n ow b i ity vill ; h th , are or rom s m e or ards s a b e in off ce a on e n , f thi ti f w h ll , i , th t b i g re qu ired on behalf of m y said receivers they shall give an d cause to b e en e er a o an d a s s an ce c th e rece er m a giv v y f v ur s i t , whi h iv s y E AR L Y C AS T I L I AN VO Y AGE S T O W E S T AF R I CA 2 1 1

s eek an d need from them with referen ce to what is contain ed in s m e e an d a n e er on n or on an ar of s a thi y l tt r, th t ith it y p t it h ll they im pose or allow to b e im pose d an em bargo or an y other m e m en n asm u c as s m ee for m ser ce an d th e i p di t , i h thi is t y vi un iversal good of m y kin gdom s ; an d likewise I com m an d th e s aid j ustices of th e peace an d other j ustices whatsoever of th e said city Of Sevilla as well as of each an d all other cities an d o n an d ouses of th e sa sea or s wh o s a b e re u ire t w s h id p t , h ll q d by s m e er or th e s a co ereo a e s a ee thi y l tt by id py th f, th t th y h ll k p and u an d cau e to b e e an d u e d a so u e ao f lfil it s it k pt f lfill b l t ly , cor n to its con en s an d a e s a n ot a o an o er di g t t , th t th y h ll ll w y th or o ers to rac se a a n s a sa s or a a n an n th p ti g i t wh t it y , g i st ythi g h e a d Dr n on c er a ns or m a er a n to e ce t . whi h p t i y p t i it , x pt s i A t Rodr e an d on a o de Coron ado or e r e u an d a igu z G z l , th i d p ty, th t they shall cau se this m y letter to b e pu blicly proclaim ed in th e squ ares an d m arket-places an d in other u su al places of th e said an d o n s an d ou ses an d of eac of em s o a m a city t w h h th , th t it y com e to th e no ce Of all m en an d ere m en m a n ot b e a e ti , th by y bl to preten d or allege an y ign oran ce that they did n ot kn ow it or that it h ad n ot com e to their n otice ; an d n either you n or they S a in an m a ner rac se to th e con rar u n er a n of m h ll y n p ti t y , d p i y displeasure an d loss of Oflice an d con fiscation to m y exchequer of th e goods Of those wh o practise to th e con trary; an d further I com m an d him wh o produces this m y letter to sum m on them n er th e sa en a to a ear e ore m e in m cou wh er u d id p lty pp b f y rt , e er m a b e n th e rs een a s o o n a on v I y , withi fi t fift d y f ll wi g th t which h e su m m on s you ; un der which I com m an d any public no ar a soe er wh o is ca e for s u r ose or t to t y wh t v , ll d thi p p , f thwi h e him wh o s o s s e er a e s m on n e his own giv , h w thi l tt , t ti y sig d with an so a m a n o a m com m an h as een o e ed h d , th t I y k w th t y d b b y . en in th e n o e o n of a ado on th e n n e een da of Giv bl t w V ll lid , i t th y th e m on th of Augu st in th e year of th e birth of Our Lord Jesu s C r s one o an o r un re an d e en -fi e h i t th us d f u h d d s v ty v .

th e een I , qu .

Alfon so a a ecre ar of ou r a th e u een ca se I , D vil , s t y l dy q , u d this to b e r en h er com m an w itt by d . R O P A S I N S T I 1 0—1 6 0 E U E N W E AF R C A , 4 5 5

’ ’ ZIINIGA S ACCOUNT OF THE APPOINTMENT OF CUSTOMS 1 1 RECEIVERS . 475 . For years m en from th e ports ofAn dalu zia frequented th e n av a on to th e coas s of r ca an d u n ea en ce e ere ig ti t Af i G i , wh th y w in th e a of r n n ac n e ro s a e of c ere ere a h bit b i gi g b k g l v s , whi h th w rea n u m er in s c Se e an d for ears con s dera e g t b thi ity [ vill ] , y i bl ro s accru e to th e ro a e ch e uer r m th e s on p fit d y l x q f o fifth . But ar rom th e as ears of n en ri u e n on so w ds f l t y Ki g D . H q , Ki g D . Al of or u a h as n r e in s n a a on an d all ra e was P t g l i t ud d thi vig ti , t d carr e on th e ort u e e th e m en of Se a ro e n b ut i d by P ug s , vill p t sti g; they were n ot heard u p to th e m om en t when th e war provided an occasion for th e recovery of this right; an d th e kin g an d een rom a a o d on u u s 1 2 s en a com m an to qu f V ll d li , A g t 5 , t d Se a an d to all ese o s a th e o ese s ou b e vill , th p rt , th t P rtugu h ld arre rom a rade an d a s s ou b e e u ed to b d f th t t , th t hip sh ld q ipp navigate to it; their order was well received; an d to b e em ployed abou t their n avigation an d to set about th e colle ction of their s e a o n e as e es an d rece er dr n on fifth , th y pp i t d d puti iv s . A t Ro r e de o on e of e r co n c an d onca o de Coro d igu z Lill , th i u il , G l n a o n a an an d a erm an of Ez a Ec a W s i . d , i h bit t ld j [ ij ] ith thi arran em en a nu m er of cara e er oon a e an d a g t , b v ls v y s s il d , th t e ro a e ra e was re -e a e v ry p fit bl t d st blish d .

RAIDERS FROM PALOS SEIZE A NEGRO PRINCE IN GUINEA . EE I T M E D DE VA ERA TORDE QU N SABELLA O OS N IEGO L . 1 MAY 1 63 SILLAS . 5 47 .

osen e o de a e a a e een n orm e a ce a n in M Di g V l r . I h v b i f d th t rt i habitan ts of that town of Pu erto de San ta Maria an d of th e town

1 — Ex a tran s O rti de ZIfIﬁ i a Annales de S evilla . . tr ct z g , p p 3 7 3 4 , ’ Th v al h Annal i n e c n da for Die o O rti de ZIIﬁ i a lated . e u e of t e se s s o l s o r y y, g z g —8 0 w o c n i s a t r h en B t h e u sed c on tem orar ( 1 63 3 ) r te two e tur e f e t e ev t . u p y c h ron ic les an d do c um en ts wh ich h e cites an d h e s en t a reat art of h is li e , p g p f in S ev ille as sem lin m aterial rom u lic an d riv ate arch iv es in re ara , b g f p b p p p tion for h is wor an d s o th e An nals are en erall relia le . k, g y b 2 Th e order for th e ap p oin tm en t Of re c eiv ers of th e cu stoms is date d August ’ h n ot en 1 doc . Th is order of Au ust 1 to wh ich ZIIfii a re ers as e 9 ( g 5 , g f , b n It is os si le th at h e m isread th e date in th e m an uscri t in th e S ev ille fou d. p b p Altern ativ l it i o s i l th at h e n ew of an oth er doc um e t order archiv es . e s s e n y, p b k , in th e exc lu s ion of th e Portu u es e rom Gu in ea which h as n ow e en lost . g g f , b 3 - o 6 8 . T ran slated . B oletin de la Real Academia de la Hist ria, LXIV 3 7

2 1 R O P A S IN S T I 1 0—1 6 0 4 E U E N W E AF R CA , 4 5 5

all as th e a er of Don on so an d on a a e I o e e f th Alf D Is b l , sp k bri fly of h ow a er th e ea of Don aro de n a1 th e n e , ft d th Alv Lu , ki g wish d to u s m se an d as h e a a en e rom a ream h e j tify hi lf, , if w k d f d , e erm n e am on o er re o u on to en am a sa or o d t i d , g th s l ti s , s d b s d s t Portugal to n otify Kin g Don Alfon so that h e Should n ot con tinue prej u dicin g th e crown of Castile by appropriatin g its an c en an d e c s e r of n a a n in th e s ea of n ea i t x lu iv ight vig ti g s Gui , an d m a n war u on th e oors an d o er eo e of ca ki g p M th p pl s Afri , eca se a was th e r e e of th e n s of Ca e an d e n b u th t p ivil g ki g stil L o . On ly th e ab an don an d th e indolen ce of th e Castilian s h ad en coura ed th e o ese to a e war in arr eco orocco g P rtugu w g M u s [M ] , an d to na a e e or s ro th e sea of n ea re en n vig t lik l d th ugh Gui , p v ti g c e ra all o er eo e rom c s n Off o e coa with ru l w th th p pl s f rui i g th s sts . Th e ea of Don u an cause th e em ass to ea an d d th J d b y br k up , his cces o Don En r ue as h as een een in a re o s su s r, iq , b s th t p vi u ly n arra e a o ed th e or u ese m ore ee om for e n c t d , ll w P t gu fr d th ir i ur on oo n so low as to ask th e n of o a t a th e si s , st pi g Ki g P rtug l h t ec of Ca e o n ot b e m o e e en e ar e in subj ts stil sh uld l st d , wh th y riv d nea to ra e th e n a es o e a a a e a Gui t d with tiv , pr vid d lw ys th t th y p id h of h e ro s Th e n so en ce of th e Por to Don Alfon so t e fifth t p fit . i l tugu ese rose so high that they were in th e habit of puttin g to ea som e of th e Ca an s om e cau e on th e d th stili , wh th y ght b y d Can ar as c u e or e an d in or er to n e e a i , with r l t tur , d i stil p rp tu l er or in th e res e e to m a m o ers c n off e e t r t th y us d i th , utti g th ir l gs Soon in th e e of e r re m on e at and an s . h d h ight th i p su pti , th y em e to a e th e Can a as e on n to th e c o n of Cas e t pt d t k ri , b l gi g r w til n a e r an d o of em e on n o a by i disput bl ight , f ur th b l gi g by r y l gift a ll e en th e anc en r s an d h to r a e n . a o t e p iv t i dividu ls At v ts , i t l d hip o n a m ean n of th e oc m en es cr e and os rigi l i g d u ts thus pr ib d it , p S r a e are or n a e to th e s e on con rm e . ssi fi d it pi itu lly , th y sub di t diocese of Seville in such a way that their bishop is a suffragan o e Th e o ese m a e as m an as o of th e see f Sevill . P rtugu d y f ur dif feren t attem pts to dist urb our people in th e possession of th e an s an d er ra e an a c s n ers on for ee of em isl d , v y g v r hy till li g , thr th

1 am s d c n o astile . Alv aro de Lun a was gran dm aster of St . J e an o stable f C He ecam e th e s ecial av ourite of oh n ov er wh om h e esta lish ed an b p f J II , b un riv alled ascen dan c an d h e e cam e v irtual ruler of th e coun tr . In 1 y, b y 45 3 , h owev er h e lost av ou r an d was executed. , f E AR L Y C AS T I L I AN V O Y A GE S T O W E S T AF R I C A 2 1 5

-th e m ost im portan t on accoun t of th e nu m b er of th e n atives — an d th e richest on accoun t of th e fertility of their soil do not ro ess th e C r s an re on e en o er to su ers o s p f h i ti ligi , liv giv v p titi u an d crue r es an d res s o e en ce to th e rece of Cath o l it , i t b di p pts

In order to set a boun d to these insu lts an d cruelties from th e or u e e n Don ern an o sen a s ron ee of n da P t gu s , Ki g F d t t g fl t A c an s or ers to rea e r arro an ce an d to u m e th e lu i with d b k th i g , h bl r de r n m Th e c th e r c es of u n ea h ad n s e i e . p i , whi h i h G i i pi d th An dalucian s o u o e e an d e a ee of s j yf lly b y d , , whil fl t thirty hips was e n re are in th e o of Se e som e s erm en of b i g p p d p rt vill , fi h a os a rea accus om e o ar e e e on an d o n a e P l , l dy t d t w lik xp diti s f rtu t a a n s th e or ese o n e o e m ar ne s Of er o de g i t P tugu , j i d with th r i r Pu t [ San a aria an d arr e in two cara e s at th e coas s n eares t M ] , iv d v l t t ‘ to u n ea e a a err or a of th e Az an e as en e G i . Th y c ll th t t it y th t g [Az by which n am e they distin guish those of citrin e colour rom o r m e en a er Th e f the s of a darker colou r an d of custo s v d rk . con on of ese n a es en e ee em se es on diti th tiv , wh th y f d th lv fish a on e is er en e 1 an d as e a a s a n arm e th e l , v y g tl , th y lw y w lk u d by a oon s e s er em se es to b e e e o fficu l g , th y uff th lv s iz d with ut di lty by ar e an d n arm e m en Th e m ar n ers of th e two cara e s w lik u d . i v l ec re 1 2 0 Az an e as an d ca r e em to n a c a es s n s u d g r i d th A d lu i , d pi i g th e or ers of n Don ern an o Wh o a so u e or a e d Ki g F d , b l t ly f b d rau u en ra e them en of nea let a on e th e m a n f d l t t d with Gui , l ki g ca es of em an d com m an e em to a ac em se e s to ptiv th , d d th tt h th lv th e r Th e s u r oyal fleet an d to obey th e adm iral im plicitly . di t b an ces of th e tim es em bolden ed th e m en of Palos to carry out h s e o 2 an d ro o e m oreo er the ns o en or of t i xpl it , , p v k d v by i l t w ds on a o de Estufi i a o ern or of th e o re s of a os e G z l g , g v f rt s P l , th y fitted out three other caravels an d put into th e coasts of Guin ea th e n en on of oa n s a e with i t ti l di g l v s .

1 - h at all Cf. F ern an d s D F ern an des states t e escri tion . . Valen tim , p , pp 5 2 4 th e p eop le wh o liv ed on th e African coast from Argu im south as far as Guin ea were c alled Az en e u es an d th at th e oors calle d th em Az en e ues schir g , M g me ras ecaus e of th e ﬁ sh which th e cau h t an d ate . Th e were c alle d y , b y g y schirm e ros to distin u ish th em rom th e oth er Az en e u es wh o in h a ited th e y g f g , b in terior a d an d a Az schirm e ros were a e o le l n s en g ged in trade . Th e en egues y p p of v er low c on diti n y o an d de sp is e d by th e Moors . 2 Th i lav s s e raid was un dertaken p resum ably early in 1 475 . 2 1 6 R O P A S I N S T I 1 0—1 6 0 EU E N W E AF R CA , 4 5 5

Th e n of t a re on ro re u en af c th e ki g h t gi , th ugh his f q t tr fi with ort e e to om h e a ere his r on ers of war for P ugu s , wh b rt d p is trifles e e h e e s n a s of e a t e s s re or u u e e . , b li v d th t hip w P t g s Aft r ig l eace h ad een m a e o s es th e n om e of his p b d by b th id , ki g with s m en en tere d in to th e first caravel an d en qu ired wh o com m an de d d h e r in rror en an t e or u ese con rm e him in his e . it , ply P t gu fi d Th , h e a ree to th e a er of s a e for ras r n m a o a g d b rt l v s b s i gs , s ll v l ea er s e d c o es of e se co ours an d o e o ec l th hi l s , l th div r l , th r bj ts , which th e poverty of th e in habitan ts cau sed them to covet rea r h e n ca e on e ca . o ce e a e th e c an es t g tly T l b t ex h g , ki g us d lf an d s ee to b e ro for th e ea of h a da an d h e ac h p b ught f st t t y, cepted for th e followin g day th e hospitality of th e patron of th e c ara e He a eare on h c urr n e a rea v ls . pp d t e bea h s ou d d by g t m u e an d m oun e to th e s ro ers ultit d , t d hip with his b th , his d h e m er th e c ose r en s an t o o er of h is eo e . l f i d , st p w ful p pl Aft eas was en e th e a ron n e h im to th e n er or of f t d d , p t i vit d Visit i t i th e s an d en th e reac e o s m ar n ers c ose th e a c hip , th t h r u i l d h t h a an d a n arm e e secu e 1 0 n o e of en w ys , , h vi g d , th y r d 4 bl s spl did e physiqu . n ce on th e ea th e n com a n n of th e c ue O high s s , ki g, pl i i g r l r a a r h e e o him c n en e w o o n th e S . t i k , g i qui d w d hips Th y t ld H e n n S an ar s . e e to n o e er e o e a p i d wish d k w wh th th y b y d y ki g , an d en h e was o a e o e e a m o n o e on e h e , wh t ld th t th y b y d st bl , expressed his confiden ce that h e would free him from such an n u us ca i iq ito ptivity . On arr a at a o th e An dalucian s e to o ce him to iv l P l s , wish d f r l in h e r am h e e e a c o on h e r a e . w k t wd gst t othe sl v s But r sist d , an d said that they shou ld take him either draggin g by a rope or on orse ac eca se h is m s or ne m b e e er er e or h b k , b u i f tu ust ith t ribl n e n a de Es ufi a m s re o on er . o o t i o e dig ifi d G z l g , v d by thi s luti v ily of ro a r or erc an ce s rre on anx e a o th e y l spi it , p h pu d by i ty b ut r m Th n n m u ure an so or ere a orse to b e rou . e f t , d d h b ght ki g i bly m o n e on an d o n e ore th e s a e h e e an to u t d up it , , g i g b f l v s , b g m arch a m a air with j estic . W en n Don e n an o earn e all h e com m an e h Ki g F r d l d this , d d a h as th t t e kin g b e im m ediately restored to his n ative lan d . But th e execution of th e order was deferred owin g to th e dis turb an ces of ose a s h e or ere us oc o n on o Ro r e th d y , d d , d t r A t i d igu z

2 1 8 R O P A S IN S T I 1 0—1 0 EU E N W E AF R CA , 4 5 5 6

him to the n his ness en e n in h ki g , high th b i g t e town of Medin a

del Cam o . Th e n rac s n his u a um an an d r e p ki g , p ti i g su l h ity vi tu , not on era e him b u t or ered him ly lib t d , d to b e hon ourably c o e an d m o n e an d en him to or a l th d u t d , s t P tug l .

COMMAND OF THE SHIPS TO GO ON THIS RAID To BE TO AR DE A ERA E GIVEN C LOS V L . KING F RDINAND TO M E D DE VA ERA RGO M 1 . S . 2 6 AY 1 6 OS N IEGO L BU 47 .

n a er W e was n a r ose e o de a. i a rece ed M Di g V l hil I M d ig l , I iv ou r e er c was o o r m essen er an d was y l tt , whi h br ught by y u g , I very pleased to learn from it of all th e thin gs which have h ap en e d on th e sea an d Of th e c or c Our o wa p , vi t y , whi h L rd s ease to e o er th e eo e an d ee of th e or ese pl d giv us v p pl ﬂ t P tugu , an d Of h ow e o r s on C ar e h ad con c e m e in w ll y u , h l s , du t d hi s lf th e m atter; an d it is good to thin k that h e cou ld n ot have don e h e h ad n ot h ad s o a an an d ous a a er o r m es it, if v li t virtu f th . Y u en er cou n ot b e es a c e ecau e th e n of th e ca s g ld d p t h d , b s givi g p tain c for c ou as e th e of th e a m ra an d n ot y, whi h y k d , is right d i l m ne e ar s cam e to a a o ere was e a n e i . Aft rw d , I V ll d lid , wh I d t i d on for a s or e an d th e s a a m ra cam e ere an d ly h t whil , id d i l th ; I at on ce as e him to e th e ca a n c to our s on as ou h ad k d giv pt i y y , y a e for an d h e a ee to do an d was en n ers oo sk d it , gr d it , it th u d t d h m a e th e n ece sar arran em en s er com n that e would k s y g t . Aft i g to s c rece e o r o er e er a m essen er rom thi ity , I iv d y u th l tt by g f e o de errera an d th e m a er ere n a e een u Di g H , tt s th i h v b f lly ar an e ask an d com m an ou a a s to n orm m e of e er r g d . I d y lw y i f v y n d s a ere rece e a s n a s er n c a en s a ce . thi g whi h h pp , I h ll th by iv ig l vi om u r o on 2 6 Ma ofth e ear 6 Fr B g s , y y 7 h e n I t ki g . A n a ar de r n o . By com m an d ofth e ki g . G sp y con tem p oraries credited h im with th e discov ery of som e of th e is lan ds of H receiv ed th e ca tain c of S an tia o islan d rom Kin Affon so Cap e Verde . e p y g f g V an d with h is roth er arth olom ew an d h is n e h ew Ra h ael settled at , b B , p , p ,

H w as s till ca tain in 1 6 b ut h e died in or e ore 1 . Ri eira Gran de . e b p 47 , , b f , 49 7 In th e latter ear art Of th e islan d was ran ted to h is dau h ter Don a ran ca y , p g g , B ’ d Aguiar. 1 r 68 . T ran slated . B oletin de la R eal Academia de la Histo ia, LXIV ( 1 3 E AR LY CA S T I L I AN VO Y AGE S T O WE S T AF R I C A 2 1 9

QUARREL BETWEEN CARLOS DE VALERA AND THE MAR U OF Z 1 I OUT OF THE Q IS CADI , AR SING RAID . KING F TO M E D DE VA ERA EPTE ER ERDINAND OS N IEGO L . 7 S MB 1 476

com m an e th e m ar u to r e o c n th e ar e I d d q is w it , t u hi g qu r l e een m e an d ou r son C ar e de a era e e e a b tw hi s lf y , h l s V l ; I b li v th t th e said m arquis will do what is reason able an d will follow m y com m an oon as th e race of God h e ee h as re rn e d . As s by g t ﬂ t tu d en ce rom u n ea ou are to a v e m e th e rea es th f G i , y d is with g t t oss e s ee of e er n c h a oc u rre rom Bitoria p ibl p d v ythi g whi h s c d . F on th e se en of Se m er v th pte b . h e n I t ki g .

A T E F THE E D DE NO H R ACCOUNT O RAID . MOS N IEGO VA E E I 1 6 L RA To QUE N SABELLA . 47

W en th e war o tu a e an eca e of th e es re h with P r g l b g , b us d i a e to s e e ou e u e two cara e s an d em I h v rv y , I q ipp d v l , with th I en m son C ar es de a era wh o e n in San ucar ea er s t y , h l V l , , b i g L g to set sa was n orm e a a er rea o u ese il , I i f d th t v y g t P rt gu ship , ca e la B orralla was er soon to com e to or a rom ll d , v y P tug l f an oa e en s s co er oca e an d s s of rea Mil , l d d with ut il , v s , br d s ilk g t a ue an d at on ce ro e to C ar e or er n him to do his v l ; I w t h l s , d i g es to a se a orce c ou b e ff c en to a e a b t r i f whi h w ld su i i t t k th t ship , an d h e j oin ed with th e galleys of th e coun t of Pallares and of o en Aluaro de Na a an d som e m as ers of cara e s M s u , with t v l , which your highn ess h ad com m an ded to b e equipped to sen d to a e was en an d Ou r ord was e se Guin ea. B ttl giv L pl a d through your in terven tion that th e Portugu ese should b e de ea ed an d o er o n W en th e s a e en s e e en e f t v thr w . h id v t w r d d ,

1 Rodri o Pon ce de eon ar uis of Cadi 1 was on e of th e g L , M q z ( 443 m h e a h n Aff n V a m ost p ow erfu l An dalusian arc r gr n dees . W e o so of Portu g l in v aded Castile in Ma 1 th e m ar uis at rst av e out th at h e wou ld y 47 5 , q ﬁ g s upp ort h im an d later did a great deal to in terfere with th e p rep aration s of a a l a in a in h c t th e exp edition of Carlos de Valera. He p l yed e d g p rt t e redu ion

of Gran ada. 2 e Ext ac t tran s late d. B ole in de Re l A em ia la H LX IV 6 . t la a cad d is toria, , 3 9 r , 3 i M osén Die o d Val a d. A . Balen ch an a E s o de e de . p t las g e er ( J . ; pp - 0 Extra t tran s late d. 7 4 . c , R O P A S I N S T I C 1 0 —1 6 0 E U E N W E AF R A , 4 5 5

sen to b e th e n our o to b e ea e to v e th e ca I t g ki g , l rd , pl s d gi p tainc of u n ea to C ar es de a era m son an d h e a e him y G i h l V l , y , g v s in or er to re ar m e On wa h e oo r cara e s thi d w d . his y, t k thi ty v l an d ree s s an d h e e em for e en m on s in c th hip , k pt th s v th , whi h tim e h e con ten ded for thirteen islan ds of Gu in ea [Cape Verde an an d h e oo th e ca a n n on o da No om th e isl ds] , t k pt i [A t i li] , wh n of o u a h ad ace e e for ose ran om th e Ki g P rt g l pl d th r , wh s Gen oese m erchan ts were obliged to give him within four m on ths from then on e thousan d doblas to b e available in el pu erto [Puerto de San ta Maria] ; but h e did n ot wish to receive th e o as an d h e ro h im him an d sen him to o r d bl , b ught with t y u m a e e ou ere in th e o n of a r an d h e ro j sty , whil y w t w M d id; b ught rom a ace 00 a es of om 1 6 ere a o e as his f th t pl 4 sl v , wh w ll tt d are an d th e m ar of Ca s Ca oo e e off him an d sh , quis li [ diz] t k th s ; th e duke of Medin a Cidon ial m ade him pay m aravedis for th e dam age which h e h ad done in th e islan d of An ton io San a o ec ar n a a o n w s w . [ ti g ] , d l i g th t it his

VOYAGE OF FER AO GO ES T M 1 2 O . N M INA 476 . It was very pain ful to th e Portuguese that th e An dalucian s ere n er n th e m ar m e e e ons re ar e for c a w hi d i g iti xp diti , g d d su h on m e as e r own e e an d a th e en em was a a l g ti th i privil g , th t y v il in m e of th e ro an n a co ec e em se es as g hi s lf p fits , u lly ll t d by th lv an d cu m ccor n ern an om e ere a o . h dit ry by right st A di gly, F G z , wh o was won t each year to pay Kin g Don Alfon so c a o of o e a en to th e am e n m er of ca in ruz d s g ld , quiv l t s u b du ts , exchan ge for th e sole right ofsen ding a fleet to Gu in ea an d reap in th e ro rom s c a a e ec n e to a th e ren as g p fits f u h tr d , d li d p y t , lon g as h e did not recover his privilege an d in face of th e proba b ility that th e expedition s wou ld each tim e becom e m ore pro for h e o er An dalucian n r n ce Don n du ctiv e t s . e p w ful Th , p i Jua e e m n e a ern an om e a e e n e em e rom the d t r i d th t F G z , ft r b i g x pt d f r u e S o o Off to u n ea en S s ece n t ib t , h uld g G i with tw ty hip , pr di g

1 Don En ri u e de Gu m an D u e of e din a Sidon ia was th e q z , k M m ost ower ul of th e An dalusian m arch er ran dees an d durin th e earlier p f g , g ca e h e tt a a o He dis la ed a p art of h is r er t bi er riv l of th e M rq uis f Cadiz . p y - c los e in terest in Gu in ea durin g th e years 1 47 5 8 2 . 2 Palen cia dec . 111 . 2 ch . . Extrac t tran s lated. , , bk 5 , 5 ,

R O P A S I N S T I 1 0 —1 6 0 E U E N W E AF R CA , 4 5 5

n on Ro r e de o an d m e to s ee out all A t d igu z Lill ys lf, k with en ce th e o om s n ece sar for th e s ness an d to s en to dilig b tt s y bu i , d u n ea su ﬂicien t s s to com a th e en em en or G i hip b t y . Tw ty P tu uese S i s h ad a rea on e an d ese ere n o n to o e g h p l dy g , th w k w th s n a e ecau se th e re uen a r a s on e r coas s h ad tiv s , b f q t r iv l th i t created frien dly relation s b etween them an d th e crews; an d thus was n ecessar to s ren en ou r ee s was n ered o it y t gth ﬂ t . Thi hi d w in to ac of m ean s an d we cou et th e n ece sar oan s rom g l k , ld g s y l f th e eo e of Se e on d ffi u n a e u a e p pl vill ly with i c lty . By givi g d q t secur an d so n erse eran ce we at en s ccee e in ity by u d p v , l gth u d d e u n r esse s for u n ea for ar e on e ere q ippi g thi ty light v l G i , l g s w n su a e for th e n a a on of ose seas o er c cara e s u it bl vig ti th , v whi h v l cr e ra rom th e sea of Ca Th e re u rn o a e is accom uis pidly f diz . t v y g lish ed on er o an d th e s a ere is so n ea a p ly v y sl wly , t y th u h lthy th t m an a s c an d ose e r es as a esu of see n for o y f ll i k l th i liv r lt ki g g ld . Those wh o survive com e b ack with their face s darken ed an d suffer a rea re c on in e r s ren b ut e do n ot g t du ti th i t gth , th y refrain from m akin g on e or m ore voyages to this sepu lchre of o d as on a h e n m d ea is h e o er s t ess co es to an en . So t g l , l g ill gr t p w ofgreed in th e hearts ofm iserable m ortals "

’ P A O T F THE TO S 1 6 1 ALENCIA S CC UN O RAID ANTIAGO . 47 . Th e preparation of th e expedition of Carlos de Valera con tinued; but it was on ly with difficulty that 2 5 caravels were d s esse s 2 e e h ad o ass a em e e es a con a a . t ss bl d , b sid 3 V s g v l Th s ist th e sm a on es at th e Ca o de eon S erra eon e P ecau se ll p L [ i L ] , b on ce this poin t h as been passed th e n avigation b ecom es difficu lt f r r n h a o coa s of u n ea o s s of rea au o to t e . hip g t d ght , wi g sh ll w st G i Th e re rn o a e to Cad roa s a so a or o s for cara e tu v y g iz d is l l b i u v ls , ﬁ h m r an ce of th e ee s becau se of th e stron g surge an d t e s all esist k l .

' es e s c n a a e rom Cadiz towards n ea e ea V s l whi h vig t f Gui glid sily , as o n a for th e re rn e n eed ron s a and d w hill . But tu , th y st g ils a ou ra e n eca se con rar n s o th e e a f v bl wi ds , b u if t y wi d bl w, d l y is s o con s era e a a ou u on m os occas ons som e 2 0 id bl th t , lth gh p t i a s are suﬂicien t for th e m es of th e o a o rn e d y il utw rd j u y ,

1 T an lat 6 ch . 6 r s ed Palen cia dec . I I I . 2 . , , bk , . 2 o n s Sh ip s from Gu ip uscoa an d Biscay p r v i ce . E AR LY C AS T I L I AN V O Y AGE S T O WE S T AF R I CA 2 23

Th e they are won t on th e return to b e delaye d for four m onths . m os ro ou s season is our n er en th e u n ea sea is t p piti wi t , wh G i h rs m os ea 1 Th e An dalu cian s an d m ost peacefu l an d t e ai t h lthy . Vascon adian s e s e in a o d n t ese d fficu e g , littl kill d v i i g h i lti s , de a ed e r ar ear n to tr to o ercom e em eca se l y th i st t , f i g y v th , b u on th e m en of a os n e of old th e u n ea sea m en wh o ly P l k w G i , sin ce th e begin n in g of th e war h ad b een won t to fight with th e or ese an d to a e a a rom em th e s a es ac u red P tugu t k w y f th l v , q i by h ss oo s Car o de a e a n crease d th e t e barter of worthle g d . l s V l r i ee ese m ar n ers e e n a on th e wa h e o fl t with th i , b li vi g th t y w uld n u es re u rn n r m u n ea u s th e e coun ter th e Portug e t i g f o G i . Th An dalucian s not s to carr an car o o er an arm s in did wi h y y g th th , ‘ or er to a e a a rom em li re orce th e o e er an d d t k w y f th by p f g ld , p pp s a es c ern an om e th e ca a n ofth e or u e e ee l v , whi h H G z , pt i P t gu s fl t , m a ot in ar er for rifles Our ca a n his n a ight h ve g b t t . pt i with A d lucian s an d Vascon gadian s wou ld have un doubtedly succeeded in his es n if th e ee h ad e e an c or in n er en d ig , fl t w igh d h wi t , wh th e or u ese sa e rom th e or of s on But th e diffi P t gu il d f p t Li b . cu lty first of gatherin g together th e ships an d afterwards th e lack of ade quate reven ue resulted in th e greater part of th e May of a ear 1 6 e n s en in e ara ons ca se of rea er th t y 47 b i g p t pr p ti . A u g t de a was m oreo e th e of th e m en of Se e c n rar l y , v r, ill will vill , o t y to a of th e n Th e du e of e n a S on a Don En r ue th t ki g . k M di id i , iq de u m an h ad e e a o an m e a th e arm a a G z , b gg d th us d ti s th t d s ou d n ot b e a sem e an d a n to re en o ed en ce to h l s bl d , , f ili g p v t b i th e or ers of Don ern an o h e en m es en ers to th e n an d d F d , s t s g ki g u een as n em to e him th e or s of th e s an of q , ki g th giv l d hip i l d n on o c an ce ou r m en cam e to ossess Th e n A t i , if by h p it . ki g , n ot kn owin g h ow that gran t would in fu tu re prove to b e ro esom e for th e resen e e on h ad n o O ec on to t ubl p t xp diti , bj ti on ce n o him On th e o er an th e m ar s f Cad c t . o di g it th h d , qui iz ,

1 Palen cia dis la s a con sidera le n owle d e of th e Gu in ea n av i ation p y b k g g , n owle d e which h e m u st h av e O tain ed rom ex erien ced S an ish ilots k g b f p p p . T h e v oyage to Min a cou ld gen erally b e com p leted in s h orter tim e th an th e ’ re turn v o a e . But Palen cia s tim es are n ot ac curate . Norm all it too a y g y, k m t Dio A m on th or ore o reach Min a. go de zam buj a left Lisbon on 1 3 D ec em er 1 8 1 an d reac h ed in a on 1 an uar 1 8 Th e v o a b 4 M 9 J y 4 2 . y ge from En lan d to in a n orm all occu ied a out two m n th His rec n g M y p b o s . ko in gs of n - dista ce are gros s ov er estim ates . 2 2 R O P A S I N ES T I 1 0 —1 6 0 4 E U E N W AF R CA , 4 5 5 wh o at a m e s ecre es ouse th e cau e of th e or u uese th t ti tly p d s P t g , n ot on ly hin dered as m u ch as h e could th e prom pt departure of th e ee b ut a so re ou s sen two c ara e s rom Cad fl t , l p vi ly t v l f iz to arn ern an om e th e o u ese ca a n of th e re ara w H G z , P rt gu pt i , p p on in n a s a an d to e him e er to m a e u se of h em in ti s A d lu i , t ll ith k t th e n a a or erc an ce ou r ee was n ot en cou n ered v l fight , , if p h fl t t , to o em to are in his ro h ld th sh p fits . ’ e dro de EstIIfi i a a ou in ords h e m a e a re en ce of P g , lth gh w d p t e n in a ou r of th e e edi on in ac n dere a e n b i g f v xp ti , f t hi d it , b tti g th e ran n an d cun n n of on a o de Estufi i a th e u su r er ty y i g G z l g , p of th e ords of a os as a re ar for a n en him aid in l hip P l , w d h vi g l t n ro er For a on m e n a h ad o e h his o e . o o o t e Vi l t bb y l g ti , G z l pp s d u n on of th e m en of a os th e o er cara e s a read i P l with th v l , l y d s was a Ca e of om e e a es a c e an . d p t h d , thi us s d l y W en at as ou r m en e e an c or e s et e r cou rse h l t w igh d h , th y th i o ar s th e s an d of An on o No se ara e rom th e rs t w d i l t i lli , p t d f fi t prom on tories of Gu in ea [Cape Verde] by a sm all arm of th e cean Th e a of t e sun are n s h r n d es ern o . h ot o ot e e a w t r ys th , , on e u en e r n a an s a e n ot a ac s n an d is c s q tly, th i i h bit t h v bl k ki it s orc n am n ot s re e er s s an was n ot un duly c hi g . I u wh th thi i l d a c th e an c en eo ra ers ed to ca e u a or o th t whi h i t g g ph us ll M r , Aut o a b u t we can n er rom en ce oo th e n am e n on o l l , i f f wh it t k A t i , by a In th e re n Of s Don on so of which it is kn own tod y . ig thi Alf a ere cam e to Se e o er en oese ra ers on e Portug l , th vill with th G t d , n on o de No an d rom ere h e en to s on an d A t i lli , f th w t Li b , , throu gh lon g dealin gs with Don Alfon so an d with his u n cle n En r u e r n ce en r th e Na a or h e oo ar in th e Do iq [P i H y vig t ] , t k p t on s of th e or u u ese to n ea an d in e r ran s expediti P t g Gui , th i t h n es of h e co n r In one f h e o a e t e a t . o t action s with tiv u t y v y g s , they arrived at a fertile an d well -watered islan d which was n ot d an d er u a e th e en oese a m an of rea influ people ; , p s d d by G , g t n He m an a e so m on em e reso e to a . en ce a g th , th y lv d i h bit it g d it

’ well that in a s hort tim e th e popu lation attain ed to great pro h e u im e a ﬁ n e o e on th e an an d cam e to s perity; b ilt h s lf h us isl d , m ean s o of th e ro ce of a r cu u re rom c b e rich by b th p du g i lt , f whi h n avigators wh o m ade their way towards Gu in ea were won t to u re re m en an d of th e oo s Of o er ra ers ex ﬁ n d usef l f sh t , g d th t d r on en ce was a all a e th e an th e changed for p ovisi s . H it th t g v isl d

2 2 6 R O P A S IN S T I 1 0 —1 6 0 E U E N WE AF R CA , 4 5 5 re urn to n a u c a a h ad a en e in th e e e on to t A d l i , wh t h pp d xp diti n ea Gui .

APPOINTMENT OF LUIS GONZALEZ AS CHIEF CLERK OF ALL H FOR U TORO 6 DECE ER 1 1 S IPS G INEA . . MB 476 .

Don ern an o an d on a sa e etc In e of th e m an F d D I b l [ . ] Vi w y, ood an d o a s er ce c ou u s on a e ou r secre g l y l vi s , whi h y , L i G z l z , ar a e ren ere an d a ren der u s an d as som e re ard t y , h v d d , d ily , , w for em an d u n ers an n a ou r n eres s are ro th , d t di g th t i t t thus p m o e ou r an d easu re is a ou a e an d o for e t d , will pl th t y h v h ld lif th e off ce of c e c er Of all cara e s an d eac of em an d of i hi f l k v l , h th , an s or s a e er c en ce orwar s a na a e y hip ship wh t v , whi h h f d h ll vig t in ou r s eas in an m an n er a soe er in or er to o to ra e in y wh t v , d g t d an o or s r ers a s seacoas s an s aces ar o rs y p rt , p t , iv , b y , t , l d , pl , h b u , an d s an ds a oe er c are in th e a s ro nce an d i l wh ts v , whi h p rt , p vi s ords f n r - e n a e s s O ea an d e on of S e a o . e l hip Gui , b y d , i r l Lik wi , if an on e or m ore cara e s or s of ou r n om s an d o y v l , ship , ki gd l rd s s s ou s a in th e sa a s as ee s or to ra e or to hip h ld il id p rt ﬂ t , t d , o ose o er cara e s an d s s c o ere rom th e n pp th v l hip , whi h g th f ki g om s of o u a or rom an o er ar w a oe er S n ce d P rt g l f y th p ts h ts v , i it c an n ot an d ou ght n ot by right to b e free for any to go out or to re urn n ess a c er is carr e on th e cara e or s wh o can t , u l l k i d v l hip , . exactly learn h ow h e s ails in th e s aid parts of Gu in ea by ou r s ec a cen ce an d com m an an d to th e en d a en su c a p i l li d , th t , wh h h as a com m ss on to o to th e s a ar s of n ea h e m a ship i i g id p t Gui , y see th e n s c carr es to ar er a a an d on th e re rn thi g whi h it i b t w y , , tu , in th e sam e m an n er e oreth e s is u n oa e an d as soon as , b f hip l d d it arrives in th e port an d place where have to b e un loaded an d d e th e m erc an se or s a es o d or a e or an o er ivid d h di l v , g l pl t , y th n a oe er c carr e rom eac an d e er of th e thi g wh ts v , whi h it i s f h v y sa ro n ces an d ar s of u nea h e m a see an d n o e er id p vi p t G i , y k w v y n c u oa e or e ere o e n o rau or thi g whi h is th s l d d divid d , wh f r f d dim inution or an y other deception m ay b e suffered in th e ﬁfths an d ro a r s c we a e to a e rom an m e c an se y l ight , whi h h v h v f y r h di a soe er as e a es as o or a e or o er e e s an d wh t v , w ll sl v g ld pl t th j w l nd a e e m a b e thin gs of whatsoever num ber an d quality a v lu th y y ,

1 — Pach eco Collecion XXXVI I I 2 . T ran slated. , , 37 4 E AR L Y CAS T I L I AN V O Y AG E S TO WE S T AF R I CA 2 27 n otwithstan din g that we should have m ade a gran t of th e fifths an d r ts e on n to u s or of an ar or arce a oe e igh b l gi g , y p t p l wh ts v r ereo to ou r or a m ra or to an o er rea n or re th f, l d d i l y th g t k ight p late whatsoeverof ou r kin gdom s an d lordships ; for which pur ose we a ran ou u o er so a ou m a an d ou p sh ll g t y f ll p w th t y y, y s a o rse a o n him wh o m a e erc e o r a or t for h ll , y u lf pp i t y x is y u uth i y s r ose or ou s a e u e rou ou r rocu ra o in thi pu p , y h ll d p t th gh y p t r you r n am e in each of th e caravels an d ships which shall thu s n a a e in n ea to ra e or as a war ee as is s a a c e vig t Gui t d fl t , id , l rk wh o m ay exercise that sam e power an d au thority as we give you an d you exercise an d would exercise if you were present there ; sin ce we are su re of th e fidelity an d respect which you always o e in our ser ce we ur e com m an ou to a o n suc sh w d vi , f th r d y pp i t h qualified person s as Clerks to go in each an d every of th e ships and caravels as will faithfully dis charge th e said Office of clerk s - ev en as ou ou rse ou sc ar e ou ere hip , y y lf w ld di h g it , if y w resen an d we com m an a th e c er om ou a o n in p t; d th t l k , wh y pp i t eac s s a b e en a s are c accor n to th e h hip , h ll giv th t h , whi h , di g c s om ar a e in s c s s is on to b e en a o e an d u t y us g u h hip , w t giv , ll tt d m An d assign ed to hi wh o bears th e charge an d Oflice of clerk . u erm ore we es re a ou e erc se th e a a or f rth , d i th t y x i s id uth ity , c we s e an d an ou so ree an d en re a whi h thu giv gr t y , f ly ti ly th t , if there should happen to sail for th e s aid parts of Gu in ea to ra e or as a war ee or n er an o er co o r or re e an t d , fl t , u d y th l u p t xt , y an d cara e c oe n ot carr a c er a o n e ou ship v l , whi h d s y l k pp i t d by y , accor n to th e en or of s re en a or e ore u s an d di g t thi p s t uth ity , b f before th e m em bers of our coun cil an d before anyj u dge whatso ever of th e cities an d town s an d houses of ou r kin gdom s an d or s ou m a ro ec e th e ca a n an d m as er an d o l dship , y y p s ut pt i t pil t , an d an o e erson a soe er wh o s a a e res m e to y th r p wh t v , h ll h v p u d n avigate through ou r seas to sail in Gu in ea an d in th e ports an d r ers an d a s ereo ou carr n him th e c er iv b y th f, with t yi g with l k , whom you wished to b e deputed and n om in ated there for you to ee a c o er an d a e n o e e of th e s an d r k p w t h v , h v k wl dg , fifth ights due an d e on n to u s an d ou s s ec a e act con b l gi g ; , if y u p t th t th y trar to s a or c we e ou we e re ou y thi uth ity whi h giv y , d si y , by e of re en a or c we e ou to ca se th e Virtu this p s t uth ity whi h giv y , u s s an d th e oo s c m a com e ere n to b e ace hip , g d whi h y th i , pl d 2 28 R O P A S I N S T I 1 0 —1 6 0 E U E N WE AF R CA , 4 5 5

n er an em ar o un ou are as u re a e er n con u d b g , til y s d th t v ythi g tained in ese resen s is n o n and O ser e an d for eac th p t k w b v d , h an d everypart an d parcel of this we give you fu ll power with all its e en en c es n c en ce em er en c es an d con n ec on s e en d p d i , i id s , g i ti , v e b e su c n s of s c ua a in law or o e ise if th y h thi g u h q lity th t , th rw , you m ay or s hall have to do an d have to declare that they requ ire our special c om m an d : an d we com m an d that this ou r letter shall b e pu blicly proclaim ed in th e accustom e d places Of th e c es of Se a an d ere an d Ca an d in th e o n s of San iti vill J z diz , t w lucar de Barram eda an d of El Pu erto de San ta Maria an d Palos an d of u e a ere m a com e to th e c n o ce of all H lv , wh by it y publi ti an d sun dry person s of whatsoever estate or con dition or pre em n en ce e m a b e an d to om th e a oresa con en s er i th y y , wh f id t t p a n r m a e a n in an m an n er a soe er An d we t i o y p rt i y wh t v . wish an d it is our pleasure that you s hould enj oy this our letter of ran ree an d u an d s e er or a c Of g t f ly f lly; by thi l tt , by opy it s n e a c n o ar we com m an d our or a m ra of th e ig d by publi t y , l d d i l s ea an d his de u an d an o er erson s a soe er wh o n a p ty y th p wh t v , vi a e ro th e s a seas all coun c s u s ces m a s ra es g t th ugh id , il , j ti , gi t t , u ce of th e eace con a es a erm en n es u res j sti s p , st bl , ld , k ights , q i , officers an d hom es bu en os of all th e cities an d town s an d place s of ou r n om s an d or s as e ro a as a a ca to ki gd l d hips , w ll y l bb ti l , ee and e ecu e for ou an d cau se to b e e an d e ecu e for k p x t y , k pt x t d ou s ou r e er an d e er n con a n e in an d eac y , thi l tt v ythi g t i d it h section an d part of it; an d we com m an d them n either to act n or rac se n or to erm o ers to act or rac e in an m ann er p ti , p it th p tis , y con rar to th e en or of s our ran c we m a e ou an d t y t thi g t whi h k y , h e au or t c we e ou in th e m ann er as is sa an d t th i y whi h giv y , id; they are rather to give an d cau se to b e given to you every favou r an d aid c ou a n ee or c is n ee e an of th e , whi h y sh ll d , whi h d d by y C er a soe er om ou s a n am e an d a o n in eac of l ks wh t v , wh y h ll pp i t h th e said caravels an d ships ; an d n either one n or any ofthem Shall

rac e in an m an n er to th e con rar un er a n of ou r/ s p tis y t y, d p i di pleasu re an d loss of office an d con ﬁscation of goods to our ex c u e an d reasu r an d s for eac erson wh o s a s to heq r t y , thi h p thu f il r orm an d e ec e s an d ur er we com m an him wh o pe f x ut thi ; f th d , o s em ou r e er or a co of n e as is s a to s h w th this l tt , py it , sig d id , sum m on them un der th e said pen alty to appear before u s in our

2 0 R O P A S I N S T I C 1 0 —1 6 0 3 E U E N W E AF R A , 4 5 5 e er of ou to om s m e er s a b e s o n or a co of v y , wh thi y l tt h ll h w , py d u n e a c n o ar ree n an d an s . no a it sig by p bli t y , g ti g th k K w th t I have com m an de d an d com m an ded certain res iden ts of th e town of Palos an d of other town s an d houses of th e s eacoast an d of other cities an d town s an d houses of th e said seacoast an d of n a u c a an d of o er a s of m n om s an d or s s A d l i , th p rt y ki gd l d hip , a e m o ce a n of e r s s to la n a del Oro th t th y ight g with rt i th i hip Mi , an d ese m e a e m ade re or to m e s a n a e an d th n h v p t , yi g th t th y their servan ts an d factors pu rpose to proceed an d n avigate throu gh th e s eas an d for th e ports an d haven s of m y s aid kin g om an d ords s an d e e an e r oo s and d s l hip , lik wis by l d with th i g d m erchan dise to contract an d sell and exchan ge an d buy cloths an d trin kets an d iron an d s teel an d pieces of iron an d woollen s an d o er m erc an e an d a e ear es ou th e a ore th h dis , th t th y f l t y , f s a Or on e or om e of ou or om e o er erson s s o a e id , s y , s th p , h uld t k em rom em se es or rom e r a ser an s an d ac or th f th lv , f th i s id v t f t s , or s ou con s ca e em or s to con sca e or la an em h ld ﬁ t th , wi h ﬁ t y ar o on e r sa an d oo s an d m erc an e c b g up th i id ships g d h dis , whi h they exchan ge an d carry throu gh th e seas an d for th e ports an d a en s of m s a n dom s an d or s s or an d as e h v y id ki g l d hip , by l , w ll on th e ou rn e to th e s a n a as u r n th e s a at or on j y id Mi d i g t y it , th e re u rn or ro an ar s of m a n om s an d or t , th ugh y p t y s id ki gd l d s s c e a en to o in d s c ar e of an de s hip by whi h th y h pp g , i h g y bt a soe er of m ara e s an d c a s an d o er n s c wh t v v di vi tu l th thi g , whi h th e cou n cils an d th e n atives an d residen ts of th e cities an d o n s an d ou ses ere e e or an ar cu ar ersons t w h , wh th y liv , y p ti l p a soe e of em or an o er coun c s an d er on s m a or wh t v r th , y th il p s , y s a owe or m a b e oun to e an d a in an m an n er h ll , y b d giv p y y whatsoever to other coun cils an d person s whatsoever of m y s aid om s an d or s or o e e or to a for se u res or kingd l d hips th rwis , p y iz reprisals which have been m ade or are m ade by any coun cils on o ers or an ar c ar er on s u on o er s c up th by y p ti ul p s p th s , u h e s or an of em n ot e n of c a n a re or m a e in s c d bt , y th b i g su h tu d u h orm ere ore act an d n e er e n or e r f , wh f by by right ith th y th i factors an d overs eers an d goods an d m erchan dise were or are e to su c de s an d re r a s or to a ereo an d ere h ld h bt p is l p rt th f, wh fore they have n ot carried an d do n ot carry to m y s aid kin gdom s an d do n ot rem ove from them such m erchan dise or other thin gs E AR L Y C AS T I L I AN VO Y AGE S TO W E S T AF R I C A 2 3 1

as have been or are forbidden by m y ordin ances ; for which reason e sa a n e er e n or an of e r sa ac or th y y th t ith th y , y th i id f t s , are to o on th e a d o a e for c com m ss on em d d g s i v y g , whi h I i i th , or to sail or n avigate throu gh th e said s eas or for th e ports an d haven s an d for m y said kin gdom s an d lordships or to go out e em or to com e a e an d ecu re an d e r s a d m er sid th s f s , with th i i ch an dise an d goods an d thin gs ; an d they begge d an d petition ed m e as a favou r that som e provision shou ld b e m ade for this by m com m an n m e er to b e en to em in order a y di g y l tt giv th , th t e an d e r sa ac ors cou d o ree on th e a o a e th y th i id f t l g f ly s id v y g , which I com m an d them to m ake for th e said Min a an d for these m a in om s an d to an d s e and ar e e r sa y s id k gd , buy ll b t r th i id oo s an d m erc n e an d at e ou n ot b e a en or g d ha dis , th th y sh ld t k de a ne or s ra n e s a e on for e r n o n de or as m t i d di t i d , v ly th i k w bt y ea re a b e and n r accor n com m an pl su sh ll , I thi k it ight; di gly , I d each an d all of you in your places an d jurisdiction s that from n ow onwards you shall allow an d con sen t freely an d without restrain t to th e said in habitan ts of th e said town of Palos an d of th e other parts of m y said kingdom s that in this way by m y com m an e m a o to th e sa n a an d e r sa m en an d d th y y g id Mi , th i id depen dan ts an d factors an d servan ts are to go on th e said voyage an d to sail for these m y said kin gdom s an d lordships an d throu gh th e sea an d for th e o s an d a en s ereo to con ac an d s , p rt h v th f, tr t an d e e r said oods an d m e c an d se an d a ou buy s ll th i g r h i , th t y s a n ot a e or se e or con ca e or n e res ra n or h ll t k iz fis t put u d r t i t , allow to b e taken or seize d or con fiscated or put un der restrain t th e ships an d vessels of them or their s aid factors an d m e n an d se an s an d o erseers or an of em an d th e m e c an e rv t v , y th , r h dis an d goods an d thin gs which they carry an d exchan ge b oth to th e said Min a an d for any parts whatsoever of m y said kingdom s an d lordships whereun to they happen to go both by lan d an d sea e er in d c ar e of on e or m ore e s of rea or ron or , ith is h g d bt b d i steel or any m aravedis or clothes or woollen s or oils or any other n s a soe er c th e cou n c s of th e a c es an d thi g wh t v , whi h il s id iti o n s an d ou ses ere e e owe or s a owe to th e in t w h , wh th y liv , h ll a an s an d res en of em or are or s a b e o e to h bit t id ts th , h ll blig d give to other cou n cils whatsoever an d particu lar persons of m y s a n om an d or or of a oa or to a for e e id ki gd s l dships br d , p y s izur s 2 2 R O P A S I N S T I 1 0 —1 6 0 3 E U E N W E AF R CA , 4 5 5 or reprisals which have been or are m ade by any coun cils upon o ers an d an ar cu ar erson U on o ers sav e on l for th by y p ti l p s p th , y e r own ac n o ed e e s or for a e e c e a e th i k wl g d d bt , pl dg whi h th y h v m a e or e or e r a ac ors or an of em are or d , if th y , th i s id f t , y th , have been held an d boun d by deed or right in any m ann er what s oe er to su c e s or re r a s or an of em or in a m en v h d bt p is l y th , p y t of m ara e s for m ren s a es an d d es b ut is m ea re v di y t , t x u ; it y pl su that th e in habitan ts of th e s aid town Of Palos an d of th e other ar s of m n om s wh o m com m an u s o to n a p t y ki gd , by y d th g Mi , or e r a ac ors a en s an d ser an s or an of em a th i s id f t , g t v t , y th , sh ll n ot an d m a n ot a e an oo s rom m n om to th e , y , t k y g d f y ki gd s kin gdom of Fran ce 1 or to th e kin gdom of Portugal; n or m ay e n or s a e carr su c oo s rom th e sa n om s th y , h ll th y , y h g d f id ki gd to m y said kin gdom s an d lordships without m y licen ce ; n or m ay e n or s a e r erm ore carr to m s a n om th y , h ll th y , fu th , y y id ki gd s an d or s s n or a e rom em a roa e er oo s or l d hip , t k f th b d , ith g d chattels or any oth er thin gs in clu de d am on g those forbidden an d prohibited by m e; an d likewise it is m y pleasure that they do n ot an d m a n ot carr in e r a s s an ren c or , y , y th i s id hip y F h o ese er on s or th e erson s of o er en em es Of m P rtugu p s , p th i y n om s or e r oo or an of e r m erc an se an d a ki gd , th i g ds , y th i h di , th t th e ord n an ce a ou s m a e m e is to b e accor n ob i b t thi , d by , di gly s er e u r erm ore e es re to e s s m v d . F th , if th y d i quip hip , it is y easure a rs e m s an d s a ro e a n eco n ed pl th t fi t th y u t h ll p vid pl i , r g is an d su fic en a an ors e ore th e s ces of th e a c es f i t gu r t b f ju ti s id iti , o n an d ou ses ere e are e u n in th e resen ce of t w s h , wh th y q ippi g , p a u ic n o ar a do no ron or arm to r en p bl t y , th t they will w g h f i ds , or to an o ers om m or th e n an d a e n o y th , with wh y l d ki g I h v war n ee e act con rar to e e e e a a ; if i d d th y t y th ir pl dg s , th y sh ll p y for e r o es an d o sess on s an d s m e er it with th i b di p s i , by thi y l tt , or a n e Co of as is sa a e an d rece e n o m by sig d py it , id , I t k iv i t y keepin g an d security an d un der m y favour an d royal protection th e a ores n a an of th e a d o n of a o an d of the f aid i h bit ts s i t w P l s , o er c e o n an d ouses of m s a n om an d or th iti s , t w s h y id ki gd s l d s s wh o m c om m an o to th e s a n a and e r sa hip , by y d g id Mi , th i id ac ors a en s e en an an d s e an s om in th e resen ce f t , g t , d p d ts rv t , wh p

1 At th is tim e Fran ce was allied to Portugal an d was displayin g at leas t an n n dl t s il u frie y n eutrali y towards Ca t e .

2 R O P EA S IN S T I 1 0—1 6 0 34 E U N W E AF R C A , 4 5 5

Ou r Lord Jesus Christ one thousan d four hundred and seven ty e ight . the een I qu . on o de a ec e ar of our a th e een ca ed I Alf s Avil , s r t y l dy qu , us to b e r en h er com m an this w itt by d .

EX OF PEDRO DE COBIDES To M PEDITION INA . QUEEN I To O E D DE VA E S RA. S 1 8 SABELLA M N IEGO L EVILLE . A 1 8 1 PRIL 47 . You already kn ow h ow th e count of Medina Ce li con c u e an arran em en to th e ef ec a his o n of E l d d g t f t th t this , t w l er o de San a aria s o n e ro e a e - aden Pu t [ t M ] , h uld xt p vid w ll l cara e as on e Of a ee to o n th e o er c m v l ﬂ t j i with th s , whi h by y com m an d are bein g equ ipped again st the people of Port ugal; an d eca se is n ece sar a s s o b e one m m e ae b u it s y th t thi h uld d i di t ly, en er to ou on o del Sa o an a en an ofm o e I s t thith y Alf s lt , tt d t yh us o so a h e m a en to s m a er 2 an d com m an h ld , th t ight [ tt d thi tt , I d ou all en ce to ca e the a cara e to e a s o a y with dilig us s id v l d p rt , th t m a n e in San car de arram e a th e o er c it y u it t Lu B d with th s , whi h r r You r will b e foun d there fo this pu pose . will give t ust an d cre in all to th e a on o del Sa o an d let ere b e dit this s id Alf s lt , th in m er for m s e ce n o delay this att y rvi .

AST IA RE UEST FOR PAPA S PPORT FOR THE V YAGE C IL N Q L U O . I 478 Instructions which the catholic king and queen gave to the bishop of Tu the abbot o S alia un and doctor uan Arias all bein y, f g j , g members o their council and their ambassadors in Rome touchin f , g c e r conduct n n hat court the negotiations whi h th y we e i g i t .

erm ore ou are to roc re a o ne m a Furth , y p u th t his h li ss y e cen ce an d a o to an d to th e e on to om we giv li uth rity us , p rs s wh or an of a oe er m a e cen ce so a e m a a e y us wh ts v y giv li , th t th y y tr d th e inﬁdels wh o o la m na del oro é de la nea th e with , h ld i Gui [

1 ‘ l H o a E a r l t . B oletin de la Rea Academia de la is t ri , LXIV, 37 1 xtr ct , t an s a ed 2 Gap in text . 3 F de av arrete Coleccion de docum en tos inéditos ara la historia de M . . N , p

E t an lat d. E ana I . U n date d. xtract r s e sp , VI 5 5 2 , E AR LY C AS T I L I AN V O Y A G E S T O WE S T AF R I C A 2 35

m ne of o an d of u n ea o ere n curr n en ence i g ld G i ] , with ut th by i i g s t f e a An d in an ase ou are o r o e s o xcom m un ic tion . y c y t t y t g t thi don e an d his holin ess to gran t on e of his bulls for this pu rpose all n ece sar an d o o n e c ause o n ran ce 1 with s y pp rtu l s with ut hi d .

’ ’ L E 1 8 2 PU GAR AC F B DE O AG . S COUNT O CO I S S V Y 47 .

2 ch e e in ose a s as m an as (pt . , . Lik wis th d y y thirty fiv e caravels from th e city of Sevilla an d from th e other ports f An a u r l n l r an m erc an s o d l cia depa ted for a Mi a de O o . M y h t an d o ers en in ese cara e s an d e ere s ose to th w t th v l , th y w di p d en re th e on sea- ourn e an d th e c nesses c ere du l g j y si k , whi h w com m on in a an ese m en oo th e s s oa e old th t l d . Th t k hip l d d with c o es s e s m or ars an d m an as of rass an d o er n s l th , h ll , t ill b , th thi g c ere in em an th e eo e wh o e in o e an whi h w d d by p pl liv d th s l ds . Th e kin g an d qu een sen t as captain in that fleet a kn ight wh o was ca e e ro de Co es an d e com m an e all th e cre ll d P d vid , th y d d ws an d m erc an s wh o en in a ee to ren er O e en ce to h t , w t th t fl t, d b di him Th e n an u een oo h ar of all h e o c . ki g d q t k t e fifth p t t g ld whi h m a ere e dre a rea ren was carr e ro an . i d f th t l d , wh by th y w g t t ch we a e recor e in th e rece n ear . 2 . (pt , As h v d d , p di g y [1 478] thirty-fiv e s hips set sail from th e seaports of An dalucia o o e an d re m n e of o as s a e Th e t go t th l whe th e i g ld w itu t d .

‘ 1 Th is ap p lic ation to Pop e Six tu s IV to p erm it Cas tilian s to s ail to Guin ea an d Min a th rows ligh t up on th e con tin uou s s tru ggle at Rom e between th e re res en tativ es of Portu al an d Castile w a ed at th is tim e to se cu re a al p g , g p p an cti n f th ir a Th a lls 8 an ar 1 s o or e ov erse s exp loration s . e p ap l bu of J u y 4 5 5 (R om anus pon tifex) an d 1 3 Marc h 1 4 5 6 (In ter caetera) h ad gran t e d all is lan ds an d m ain lan ds disc ov ere d or to b e discov ere d e on d Ca e o ador to , , b y p B j Prin c e Hen r of Portu al as ran d m ast er of th e O rder of Ch rist in th at y g , g coun tr . Castile h ad n ev er reco n ised this c on c es sion th ou h s om e of th e y g , g later m ediev al j u rists w ou ld p robably h av e argu ed th at p ap al gran ts were in din u n al h Kin Ferdin an d n ow wish ed th e ran ts of b g p o l C ris tian ru lers . g g - 6 b e v Th u c c s sion war a ain st Portu al an d 1 4 5 5 to re ersed in h is fav our . e s e g g th e re aration of a reat arm ada destin e d to sail rom An dalu sia to in a in p p g , f M order to ex el th e Port u ue se O ffered a suita le occasion for a roach in th e p g , b pp g

o e . av aila le ev iden ce m a b e tru sted h e was n ot su ccess ul. Th ere is n o p p If b y , f r rd a av m A th e n o th e war of su c c e eco of f ourable rep ly fro Sixtus IV. t e d f s s ion Kin Ferdin an d a reed to s urren der h is c laim an d Po e Sixtu s on , g g , p , 2 1 un e 1 8 1 con rm e d th e e arlie r ran ts to Portu al th e u ll A eterni J 4 , ﬁ g g by b regis . 2 Pul ar t . 2 ch s . 6 8 8 . Extracts tran s lated. g , p , 7 , , 2 6 R O P A S IN S T I 1 0 —1 6 0 3 EU E N W E AF R CA , 4 5 5

eo e wh o sa e in e e S m a e e r wa to os e a s p pl , il d th s hips , d th i y th p rt in sa e an d e ar ere a a for eces of o th e S e s f ty , th y b t d w y pi g ld h ll , rass oo s Old C o es an d o er n s c e carr e b g d , l th th thi g , whi h th y i d , so m uch sought after an d desired by th e savages wh o live in that W en r r er n an . e a n was o er e e ere m a l d h th i b t i g v , whil th y w ki g th e re u rn o n e a rea su m of o d th e o u ese t j ur y with g t g l , P rt gu , wh o h ad een arn ed h ow e h ad s et out to m a e a o a e b w th y k th t v y g , e quipped certain s hips an d awaited th e Castilian s at th e tim e en e n ers oo a e m re urn e m et em wh th y u d t d th t th y ight t . Th y th an d ca u re all th e -ﬁ ve s all th e o c pt d thirty hips with g ld , whi h e carr e an d e oo all o e wh h ad a e in th e s s th y i d , th y t k th s o s il d hip ; an d rom th e o er e s e re ereo the n of f g ld d iv d by this izu , wh f Ki g or a oo th e c e on e to h im h e h ad en ou P tug l t k ﬁfth , whi h b l g d , gh m one to a th e roo s an d to e th e orce c was y p y t p quip f , whi h e ea e th e m a er of San a 1 An d m an of the o d f t d by st ti go . y P rtu u ese wh o ere ca re in th e a e ere e c an e for g , w ptu d b ttl , w x h g d Ca an s wh o h ad een en th e an d the stili , b tak with ships , thus r n e s on s e er ree p iso r both id s w e f d .

2 P R G E E OF THE V YAGE F COBIDE 1 8 . O TU U S VERSION O O S . 47 An d because th e prin ce 3 in th e year before th e con clus ion of peace 4 heard that a ce rtain fleet h ad gon e from Castile against ro on to ra e at na h e e out a a n s an o e his p hibiti t d My , fitt d g i t it th r ee of c at on e m e or e Correa com m an er of Pin fl t, whi h ti J g , d e o was ca a n -m a or an d at an o er m e Mem a a o h ir , pt i j , th ti P lh , b th u a m n e e m en cam e on being hon o r ble en a d good knights . Th s up th e Cas an s at n a an d e a ac e em in c a wa tili My , th y tt k d th su h y

1 D on Alon so de Carden as . 2 A onso ed. . a da a Ru de Pin a Chronica del re D . V Corre S err y , y ﬁ ( J ;

xt ac an lat d. c h . 2 08 . E r t , tr s e 3 Prin c e oh n a terwards Kin oh n o f Portu al. J , f g J II g 4 P a Th e war of s ucc ess ion was brou gh t to an en d in 1 479 . relim in ry n e o iation s w ere c on du cte d at Alcan tara e twe en s a ella of Castile an d g t , b I b Prin cess eatric e of Portu al in arch 1 an d in th e ollowin un e B g , M 479 , f g J D octor Roderi o aldon ado de Talav era law er was s en t rom Castile g M , a y , f l w l ow e s to c n c d a t at wi th es e . He was uc ce s u ith fu l p r o lu e re y th e Portu gu s s f . W s ed At Alc a ov as on Se tem er eace was con c luded. Th e tre at a rati c , 4 p b , p y ﬁ Kin Affon so V at Ev ora a few da s later an d at T oledo on 6 arch 1 8 0 by g y , , M 4 , — b Kin Ferdin an d an d u een sa ella. S ee Dav en ort I 8 . y g Q I b p , , 3 3 4

2 8 R O P A S I N S T I 1 0 - 1 6 0 3 EU E N W E AF R CA , 4 5 5

Se e a o th e con on con a n e in th e eace w h th e [ vill ] , b ut diti s t i d p it n of ran ce 1 an d soon ere or in r o r o Ki g F , th , T uxill [T ujill ] , e e s oon a e a re or cam e to em of the ea of whith r th y p ss d , p t th d th th e n of ra on e r a er an d a erin -law c h a Ki g A g , th i f th f th , whi h p en e on th e n ne een of th e m on 2 ere ore on e r ar p d i t th th ; th f , F b u y e ere at as ec are n an d ueen of ra on An d 7 , th y w l t d l d Ki g Q A g . Melchor Maldon ado cam e to their cou rt to expre ss th e con dolen ce an d to n otify them h ow th e peace with Fran ce h ad been roc a m e at Se a an d h e re urn e accom an e Fer p l i d vill , t d , p i d by n an o de s am an e a e en an of the n an d u een d Bu t t , d p d t ki g q , with orders that m ore vigou r s hou ld b e put in to th e preparation of th e ee Of 2 0 cara e s c ere e n con ac to o ﬂ t v l , whi h w b i g built by tr t g o la n a de u n ea an d to e e h e u e r m t Mi G i xp l t Port gues f o it .

ROYAL ORDER FOR THE PREPARATION OF A FLEET To GO M TR 1 FE R AR 1 3 O . To INA . UJILL 7 B U Y 479

a ro a or er ssu e at ru o on 1 e ar 1 By y l d , i d T jill , 7 F bru y 479 , Kin g Ferdin an d an d Queen Isabella com m an ded that arm a m en s ou b e m a e rea so a th e cre of s s o t sh ld d dy , th t ws hip w uld b e o er u s ea an d s om e of ese ere to o to ra e at p w f l by , th w g t d d o er re o b e en o ro ec h e ra ers ce s n a an e t t t . ffi Mi , th s w s t p t t t d O r were appoin te d to take charge of th e equ ipm en t of 20 caravels r o o n a No-on e was to o to n a or th e which we e to g t Mi . g Mi c oas s of n ea ou a ro a cen ce on a n of ea an d t Gui , With t y l li , p i d th o e wh o es re to e u s for con ﬁscation of goods . Th s d i d q ip hips Min a were to have recourse to th e chief ju dicial officer of

1 In 1 Kin Affon s o V of Portu al u on th e occasion of h is in v asion of 47 5 , g g , p Cas tile h ad en tered in to n e otiation s with Ki n ouis XI of Fran ce as in , g g L , k g Th en ch in av e h im activ e su ort en c o a h im for h is sup p ort . e Fr k g g pp by ur g B t h a in g h is subj ec ts to raid Sp an is h territory in Guip us coa. u in t e utum n of ’ 1 8 ouis XI in uen c e d Affon so V s m ism an a em en t of th e war con 47 , L , ﬂ by g , clu ded a eac e with Kin F erdin an d at St . ean de Luz an d a reed to p g J , g aban don th e Portuguese allian c e . 2 — Kin g Joh n 11 of Nav arre ( 1 396 1 479) actually died on Jan uary 2 0 . 3 F ern an de de Nav arrete Coleccion de v ia es I xxxix . Ab M . z , g , Nav arrete doe s n ot rin t th e docum en t rom wh ich h e u otes b ut h e s tract . p , f q , ’

iv es its re eren ce as Arc h iv o de S ev illa . 1 . 0 . Znni a s n ote th at 2 0 g f , bk , f 37 g ’ c arav els were eq uip p ed to go to Min a in 1 479 suggests th at Nav arrete s referen ce is auth en tic . E AR L Y C AS T I L I AN VO Y AG E S T O W E S T AF R I C A 2 39

Se e or th e corre e or of e e wh o ou e em th e vill , g d J r z , w ld giv th n ecessar r r e r n n e a es y aid an d secu ity fo th i i te d d voy g .

‘ ’ ABSTRACT FROM THE VOYAGE OF EUSTACHE DE LA FOSSE TO M 1 —80 1 INA . 479 .

Eus ac e de la osse a n a e of ourn ai e r es at t h F , tiv T , l ft B ug Eas er 1 an d sa e to S a n an n at are o an d o n to t 479 il d p i , l di g L d g i g Se e er m as er h ad sen th e ood c h e was to vill , whith his t t g s whi h a e him h e m n e of o He oun a e ac or t k with to t i g ld . f d th t th ir f t h ad m a e ev er n rea in Se e a n th e oo s on d ythi g dy vill , h vi g put g d h e f r h e a e Th e s er ces t cara e c h ad een re o t o . v l , whi h b hi d v y g vi f f i r r an en o a e r o a o o N eb la e e sec e d e t C . pil t w u d , th y w t diz Aft a rs a em to u t to sea on c o er 2 e ot u n er wa fi t tt pt p O t b , th y g d y ‘ a ou e a s a er an d in due co rse reac e Sa hir Safi b t ight d y l t , u h d pp [ ] ’ in ar ar aw u e ara e in th e o e . e s two o e c [ B b i Th y P rt gu s v ls p rt , ‘ ’ en em s u s d n an o em e to an we ot t . i , did w t fight with th A s o m off Safi e a e e r ro re s b ut th e n eered ro n t r d l y d th i p g s , wi d v u d ’ on All Sain ts Day (Novem ber an d then they put in to that or ere s om e of th e cre s o e to th e ac ors of th e n of p t , wh w p k f t Ki g o a rom Safi e en to th e s e of Can are o c n P rtug l . F th y w t i l s , t u hi g at Lan cerot an aro e an d ro s on n at Fer erro at [L z t ] , p vi i i g [F ] ; f e en m n de er e e o n erro on e o oese a er . F , th ir G ri s s t d Th y f u d ‘ e era an s in th e ro of th e Can are as ou fi n d in s v l isl d g up , y will th e prin ted work called Le nouveau monde et navigations faictes ’ ar Emeric Ves uce Florent n 2 rom ere e s a e to th e p p , y . F th th y il d ‘ er of o Rio do ro in c r er th e S an ar s are riv g ld [ Ou ] , whi h iv p i d ’ acc s om e to o to e er ear on to Ca e an c an d so u t d g fish v y y , p Bl , to Ca e de ar as ere th e coas was low an d an ero s pp B b . H t d g u ; ‘ an d en r was os ere th e ac or of om as erro m er H y l t h , f t Th P t , c an of r es c ac or ru n e his m as er an d s h t B ug , whi h f t i d t , by thi cause an d others m ade him ban krupt; his s aid s hip was broken on th e s ores of th e sa an d h e ere cas on th e an h id gulf, t y w t l d

1 Revue his ani ue IV 1 — 0 1 p q , , 74 2 2 T u h e M ndus n ovus of Am eri o Ves ucci was rin ted in Paris in 1 1 6 . g p p , 5 Professor Alberto Magn aghi c on siders th at it was a forgery (Am erigo Ves

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e r e oa and e oo c ua s an d arm an d with th i littl b t , th y t k vi t l s , return e d overlan d to th e river of gold in th e hope of fin din g s om e S an s s e m en ere an d e ere con s ra ne p i h fi h r th , th y w t i d to e en em se es on th e a r er a a n s th e oors eca se d f d th lv s id iv g i t M , b u th e said fisherm en h ad all retu rn ed to Spain ; an d in th e en d they ’ e e all m r e e ere os e oors of ar ar e 1 w r u d r d th by th M B b i . E s ac e a e on to Ca e e de ere h e saw two cara e u t h s il d p V r , wh v ls , on e of c a roac e an d was o n to a e een e e whi h pp h d , f u d h v b quipp d a Ca at th e s am e m e as own to o o h m n e Th t t t e . e diz , ti his , g i two en en on in Com an a s n th e s e of th e ships th w t p y , p s i g i l Ydolles the s e de Los Ser e on n e an d th e oa s of [ i l s ] , r Ly , sh l Sa n e n ne an d so e eac e th e ace h ere th e raine de i t A , th y r h d pl w g n a r for r arad s was o . e r e e e e an d s a e ere p y gr w Th y b t d p pp l v s h , on e wom an and on e child costin g them 1 shavin g bowl an d 3 or r r n Th e n a es en a m os n a e 4 great b ass i gs . tiv w t l t k d an d were m e c ose to th e cara e s in r e es . e ca e almu des c thi v Th y l v l th i y , whi h ere e ar on an d n a ro m a e all in one ece and w littl b ks , l g r w, d pi , a en d or or m re n a in ea n e o n e t eac . o e en c e p i t d h 3 4 tiv s w t h , k l in an d e n a a e a s c a ou an ell in en an d g, th y vig t d with ti k , b t l gth r a r s r havin g at th e en d a b o d o qua e blade . E ac e eac e th e m ne of o on ecem e 1 and ere ust h r h d i g ld D b r 7 , h ‘ e h re o for o h ad e t o t e a e o . e h y s ld sl v s , p vi usly b ught , g ld Th y l ft th e o er ca a e on th e coa of th e s a raine de aradise th r v l st id g p , because th e crew wan ted m ore of it an d som e s laves in order to h a m ne An d e ore se ara n on e take them to s ell at t e s id i . b f p ti g rom th e o e we e o as to c of us s o o f th r, dr w l ts whi h h uld g six ea es ar er on for ere are two o s at th e a m ne Of l gu f th , th p rt s id i o th e r e n n am e C am a Sam m a and th e o er g ld , fi st b i g d h [ ] , th , c is Six ea e e on th e a e of two a s an d whi h l gu s b y d , vill g p rt , this ’

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2 2 R O P A S I N S T I 1 0—1 6 0 4 E U E N W E AF R C A , 4 5 5 an d n on o de am a o m erc an s an d to eac Of ou as A t i T y , h t , h y , person s wh o for certain reason s were to have th e fifth of goods from la Min a del Oro an d th e barter of Gu in ea to com e in th e cara e s la B alandra an d la Toca an d 1 c a e com e an d v l . , whi h h v are expecte d to com e from th e said Min a del Oro an d th e barter of u n ea an d to o e erson s a s oe er of a e er es a e G i , th r p wh t v , wh t v t t , con on reem n en ce or n e m a b e wh o o d a diti , p i dig ity th y y , h l s are in th e a o an d in an o er oo s c com e in h s id g ld , y th g d , whi h th e a ree cara e s 2 an d to ca a n m as ers m erc an s s id th v l , pt i s , t , h t , an d o er a oe er wh o o d a s are in o er cara e s a th s wh ts v , h l h th v l th t a e on e to th e sa m ne an d ar er an d to eac of ou to h v g id i b t , h y , om s ou r e er s a b e S o n or a co of s n ed a wh thi l tt h ll h w , py it ig by c n o ar ree n s an d an s n o a we u on th e publi t y , g ti g th k . K w th t , p petition of yourselves an d of others wh o hold a share in th e said cara e s a e en to the m o r ou s n an d r n ce of v l , h v s t st illust i Ki g p i s or a ou r m o ear an d e o e co s n s as n em to b e P tug l , st d b l v d u i , ki g th ea e to e a s a e - con c to all th e a cara e on con pl s d giv f du t s id v ls , di t on a H e ran th e a s a e - con c e or e i th t , th y g t s id f du t , th y th ir depu ty will re ceive th e fifth an d th e dues from th e said caravels ; an d e cau se e carr th e sa d sa e - con c th e s a r n ce b , if th y y i f du t , id p i will assu redly receive an d collect th e said fifth ; an d in order to secure th e fu lfilm en t of what ou ght by right to b e don e in this m a er an d th e rom o on of our ser ce an d eca se ou r tt p ti vi , b u it is pleasure that th e s aid fifth s hall b e m an ifestly levied on all gold an d o er oo c s a an d m a com e in th e s a ree th g ds , whi h h ll y id th cara e s we a ree to com m an s ou r e er in th e sa ca e v l , g d thi l tt id us to b e en to ou ere ore we com m an ou an d eac of ou giv y ; th f d y , h y , as s oon as ou m a b e re u re th e e er to ec a e n der y y q i d by l tt , d l r , u th e oa ic ou s a rs a e o c n m a er in th e th wh h y h ll fi t t k t u hi g this tt , resen ce of e o de er o a m em er of ou r cou n c an d our p Di g M l , b il a s an of th e m o n o e c of Se a or in th e re en ce of ssi t t st bl ity vill , p s his e all th e o d an d o er oods c a e een Or d puty , g l th g , whi h h v b , are e n rou rom th e sa n a del Oro an d ar er of b i g , b ght f id Mi b t Gu n ea an d a n m a e th e e c ara on ou our e e i ; , h vi g thus d d l ti , y y s lv s m a re a n a c ou a e to a as th e sa d th y t i th t whi h y will h v p y i fif ,

1 Gap in th e text . 2 Th is wou ld su ggest th at th e n am e of a th ird carav el h as been om itt ed m a n fro th e text in th e g p i dicated. E AR L Y C AS T I L I A N V O Y AGE S T O WE S T AF R I CA 243 provided that you give clear an d full security to repair with it to him om we com m an d ou to a roac an d ou th e sa wh y pp h; y , id or e de or es as aro de ed n a an d n on o de am a o J g T d ill , Alv M i A t i T y , an d o ers a soe er wh o for an reason a e rece ed th e th wh t v , y h v iv a d s or an a of em m a re a n a ou a e t e s i fifth y p rt th , y t i wh t y h v ceiv ed an d e e ro ed ou e him th e s a d sec r ; lik wis , p vid y giv i u ity an d th e ed e ou m a re a n th e for ou rse es an d pl g s , y y t i fifth y lv , you are n ot to repair with such to an y other person withou t ou r cen ce an d s ec a com m an d an d ou th e sa d or e de li p i l ; if y , i J g or e as aro de e n a an d n on o de am a o a e T d sill , Alv M di A t i T y , h v n ot rece e th e sa we com m an ou in u re n ot to iv d id fifths , d y f tu rece e em or an ar of em so a e s a a e em iv th y p t th , th t th y h ll h v th wh o are to a e em as is s a ere ou r com m an d to ou h v th , id , wh by y in s m a er m a b e o e e an d fil e an d we order erson s thi tt y b y d ful l d; p , wh o a ou th e a t a e e se s a ec are p y y s id fifths , h t th y lik wi h ll d l e ore th e sa ass s an a e a ou a n th e oa b f id i t t wh t th y p y y , t ki g th accor n to th e en or of s our e e c e er we di g t thi l tt r; by whi h l tt , com m an d th e said as sistan t to com pel an d oblige you to take th e sa oa an d to e th e sa d e es an d ou n ot id th giv i pl dg , if y will e em as is s a to se e o r od es an d con sca e ou r giv th , id , iz y u b i fi t y oods an d n ot to e ou e or cre u n ou a a e g , giv y lib rty dit , til y sh ll h v on e an d u e e er n con a n e in s e er We e d f lfill d v ythi g t i d thi l tt . giv full power to th e said assistan t or h is deputy for all an d each part an d section of this letter Given in th e n oble city of o edo on th e r da of e ar in th e ea of th e T l , thi d y F bru y y r birth of Ou r Lord Jesu s Christ on e thousan d fou r hun dred an d ei 1 ghty . h e n h t . t e een I ki g I qu . ern an are de o e o secre ar of th e n an d ueen I F Alv z T l d , t y ki g q , ou r or s cau e s to b e r en e r com m an l d , s d thi w itt by th i d .

1 oth this an d th e ollowin docum en t s eem to re er to v o a es B , f g, f y g in itiated e ore th e con c lu sion of eace etween Portu al an d Cas til It b f p b g e . is n ot un li el th at th e carav els m en tion e d in th ese re c ords were ori in all to k y , , g y ’ h av e orm ed art of th e lar e eet Of twen t wh ic h ZIIﬁ i a an d av arrete f p g ﬂ y , g N tell us was as sem bled in th e p ort s of An dalus ia at th e be gin n in g of 1 47 9 in t ai t h en n e tiation s f r th e con clu si n o a order o S l o Min a. W go o o f p e ce w ere e u n h owev er Kin Ferdin an d ro a l a an don ed h is re aration s an d b g , , g p b b y b p p with drew or with h eld official an cti n f th e in ten d d x dit n m , , s o or e e p e io . S o e of th e m ore en ter ris in m erch an ts ossi l an n o ed at th e ros ect of losin p g , p b y y p p g a ch an c e of eas wealth i n ore d th e ch an ed situation an d s en t th eir carav els y , g g to in a u st e r th e eace as si n ed M j b fo e p w g . 2 RO P A S I N S T F I 1 0 —1 6 0 44 E U E N W E A R C A , 4 5 5

THE VO AGE OF Two OTHER CARAVE S La Galiatu AND Y L , S an t Telm o RO A U TO M U THE , F M NDAL SIA INA D RING W OF 1 —80 DECREE OF THE H K INTER 479 . CAT OLIC INGS . T EDO FE AR 1 1 R 80 . OL . B U Y 4 ' T h f Se a Ca s Ca Ro a San LIIcar o t e es etc . o duk [ ] vill , li [ diz] , l , de arram e a an d all o er C es o n s an d ou ses of m n B d , th iti , t w h y ki g om s an d or s s an d to o ers to om s m e er d l d hip , th wh thi y l tt s a b e o n or a co ereo s n e a c n o ar h ll sh w , py th f ig d by publi t y, re e n s an d an s n o a a e en cen ce to e o g ti g th k . K w th t I h v giv li Di g a of a r a m e c an an d n a an of Se a an d to Di z M d id , r h t i h bit t vill , on s o de a a m erc an an d n a an of a a o d so Alf Avil , h t i h bit t V ll d li , that they m ay go with two caravels to th e barter of la Min a del Oro an d th e s es of n ea accor n as s an d o er n s I l Gui , di g thi th thi g are con tained m ore at large in th e letters an d an n exes tou chin g m m n m b e en e ore eace th e m a er c co a e e to . tt , whi h I d d th giv B f p was proclaim ed between these m y kin gdom s an d th e kin gdom s Of or u a e sen th e a two cara e s to th e sa n a del P t g l , th y t s id v l id Mi 010 an d th e ar er of th e es of n ea on e of c is ca e d b t Isl Gui , whi h ll la Galiota an d th e o er S ant Telmo an d a er e h ad een th ; , ft th y b s en ro e to th e s r ou s r n ce of or u a m m os dear t , I w t illu t i P i P t g l , y t an d e o e co s n so a h e o d ran a s a e - con d c for b l v d u i , th t sh ul g t f u t th e s a two cara e s accor n as s an d o e n s are id v l , di g thi th r thi g on a ne m ore at ar e in th e s a sa e—con c an d th e e er c t i d l g id f du t l tt , whic h th e said Prin ce of Portugal gave them ; an d n ow th e s aid Diego Diaz of Madrid an d Alfon s o de Avila have begged an d petition ed m e as a favour to com m an d m y letter to b e given to em in o er a th e s a s a e - con c an d e er c th e th , rd th t id f du t l tt , whi h a r n ce of or a a e em for th e s a d two cara e s s id P i P tug l g v th i v l , m b e rese e for em an d s was don e s n ce was m ight p rv d th ; thi , i it y s an d o e an d com m an e em to b e en wi h I th ught it w ll , I d d th giv , " an d a e em s m e er for ou on s accou n ere I g v th , thi y l tt y thi t; th ore com m an d eac an d all of ou in ou aces an d u r s f , I h y , y r pl j i c ons to O se e th e s a e er an d s a e -con u c c th e di ti , b rv id l tt f d t , whi h r n ce of o a ae em for th e s a two cara e s an d said P i P rtug l g v th id v l , e an d u em an d ereas at th e m e en to ke p f lﬁl th ; wh ti , wh I

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2 6 R O P A S I N S T I 1 0 —1 6 0 4 E U E N W E AF R C A , 4 5 5 to th e sa Guin eea to do s accor n an d to e em a id , thi di gly, giv th s ec a n s r c on to s effec accor n we e him p i l i t u ti thi t; di gly , giv full au o as we a e an d o to do s an d to com m an d th rity, h v h ld it , thi it T ll s e c m m an s ou r to b e so on e . o cer a w o e er d tify thi , d thi l tt , s n e u s an d ea e ou r s ea to b e ssu e him ig d by s l d with l , i d by . 80 on e in V an a on 6 r 1 . D j , Ap il 4